MOL CONCEPTS AND CALCULATION OF

CHEMICAL
MOL CONCEPTS AND CALCULATION OF CHEMICAL
You must have heard dozens of units, gross, rim, or scores to declare the number of objects. The
number of particles is expressed in mol. Mol is now expressed as the number of par-Tikel (atoms,
molecules, or ions) in a substance. Experts agree that a mole of a substance containing the
same number of particles with the number of particles in 12.0 grams of isotope C-12 which is
6.02 x 10 23 particles. Particle number is called Avogadro's number (NA = Avogadro's Number) or
in German Numbers Loschmidt (L).
Thus, the definition of a mole is as follows.
One mole of the stated amount of a substance that mengan-dung same number of particles with
a number partikeldalam 12.0 grams of isotope C-12.
For example:
1. 1 mol Na element containing 6.02 x 10 23 atoms Na.
2. 1 mol of water compounds containing 6.02 x 10 23 molecules of water.
3. 1 mol NaCl ionic compounds containing 6.02 x 10 23
ions Na + and 6.02 x 10 23 ions Cl -.
Relations Mol d ith Total Particles
Mol relationship with the number of particles can be formulated:
the quantity (in mol) = number of particles / NA
or
the number of particles = mol x NA
Problems example:
A sample containing 1.505 x 10 23 molecules Cl 2, how many moles of the content of Cl 2?
Answer:
The quantity (in mol) Cl 2 = number of particles Cl 2 / NA
= 1.505 x 10 23 / 6.02 x 10 23
= 0.25 mol
Relations Mol d ith Massa
Before discussing the mole relationship with the masses, you have to remember first about the
relative atomic mass (Ar) and Relative Molecular Mass (Mr). Remember? Then we check your
memory to do the problems below.
1. Calculate Mr H 2 SO 4 (Ar H = 1, S = 32, and O = 16)!
2. Known relative atomic mass (Ar) some elements as follows.
Ca = 40
O = 16
H=1
Determine the relative molecular mass (Mr) compounds Ca (OH) 2!
Already remember? Then we go straight to the next matter is the molar mass.
Massa molar mass stated owned by one mole of a substance, which is equal to Ar or Mr.
For elements:
1 mol elements = Ar grams, it can be formulated:
Massa 1 mole of a substance = Ar substance expressed in grams
or
The molar mass of the substance is a substance Ar = big g / mol
To compound:
1 mole of the compound = Mr grams, it can be formulated:
Massa 1mol substance = Mr substance expressed in grams
or
The molar mass of the substance of Mr. substance = g / mol
So the difference between the molar mass and the relative molecular mass is in the unit. The
molar mass has the unit g / mol, while the relative molecular mass has no units.
The relationship between the mass mole is:
The quantity (in mol) = Mass compound or element (gram) / molar mass compounds or elements
(g / mol)
Mol relationship with Volume
a. Gas at standard conditions
Measurement of the quantity of gas depends on the temperature and gas pressure. If the gas is
measured in the standard state, then the volume is called the molar volume. Molar volume is the
volume of 1 mol of gas measured at standard conditions. The standard state which is the state at
a temperature of 0 C (or 273 K) and pressure of 1 atmosphere (or 76 cmHg or 760 mmHg) or
abbreviated as STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure).
The amount of gas molar volume can be determined by the ideal gas equation: PV = nRT
P = pressure = 1 atm
n = mol = 1 mol gas
T = temperature in Kelvin = 273 K
R = the gas constant = 0.082 liters atm / mol K
Then:
PV = nRT
V = 1 x 0.082 x 273
V = 22.389
V = 22.4 liters
Thus, the standard volume = V STP = 22.4 liter / mole.
Can be formulated: V = nx V m
n = number of moles
V m = V STP = molar volume
Problems example:
1) What is the quantity (in mol) of hydrogen gas volume of 6.72 liters, when measured at a
temperature of 0 C and a pressure of 1 atm?
Answer:
The quantity (in mol) H 2 = volume H 2 / V STP
= 6.72 L / 22.4 mol / L
= 0.3 mol
2) Calculate the mass of 4.48 liters of C 2 H 2 gas measured at standard conditions!
Answer:
The quantity (in mol) C 2 H 2 = volume of C 2 H 2 / V STP
= 4.48 / 22 4
= 0.2 mol
Massa C 2 H 2 = mol x molar mass of C 2 H 2
Mol = 0.2 x 26 g / mol
= 5.2 grams
3) Calculate the volume of 3.01 x 10 23 molecules of NO 2 measured at a temperature of 0 C and
a pressure of 76 cmHg!
Answer:
the quantity (in mol) NO 2 = number of particles / NA
= 3.01 x 10 23 particles / 6.02 x 10 23 particles / mol
= 0.5 mol
NO Volume 2 = mol x V STP
= 0.5 mol x 22.4 L / mol
= 11.2 liter
b. Gas on the circumstances nonstandard
If the volume of gas measured on the state of ATP (Am-bient Temperature and Pressure), or
better known as a non-STP then using the formula:
PV = n RT
P = pressure, force P is the atmosphere (atm)
V = volume, unit V is liter
n = mol, n is moles unit
R = the gas constant = 0.082 liters atm / mol K
T = temperature, unit T is Kelvin (K)
Problems example:
Determine the volume of 1.7 grams of ammonia gas were measured at a temperature of 27 C
and a pressure of 76 cmHg!
Answer:
n = mass of ammonia / ammonia molar mass
= 1.7 g / 17 g / mol
= 0.1 mol
P = (76 cmHg / 76 cmHg) x 1 atm = 1 atm
T = (t + 273) K = 27 + 273 = 300 K
PV = n RT
1 atm V = 0.1 0.082 mol L atm / mol K 300 K
V = 2.46 L
Mol relationship with a mass, Avogadro's number and volume can be summarized in the chart
below.

Calculation of natural d Chemical Chemical Reaction

In the previous material has been explained that the comparison coefficient expressed ratio of the
amount of particles and volume ratio, while the Meru-feed mole divided by Avogadro's number of
particles. Comparison coefficient comparison of particle states, then the coefficient comparison is
also a mole ratio.
Thus, it can be concluded that:
Comparison coefficient = volume ratio
= Ratio of the number of particles
= Mole ratio
For example the reaction: N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) NH 3 (g)
a. Comparison of the volume of N 2 (g): H 2 (g: NH 3 (g) = 1: 3: 2
b. Comparison of particle number N 2 (g): H 2 (g): NH 3 (g) = 1: 3: 2
c. The mole ratio of N 2 (g): H 2 (g): NH 3 (g) = 1: 3: 2
Problems example
a. In the gas-forming reaction of ammonia (NH 3) from nitrogen and hydrogen gas, if gas nitrogen
reacted is 6 mol, determine:
1) the number of moles of hydrogen gas is required;
2) the number of moles of ammonia gas generated!
 Answer:
1) N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) 2 NH 3 (g)
Mol H 2 = (coefficient H 2 / N 2 coefficients) x moles of N 2
= (3/1) x 6 = 18 mol
2) moles of NH 3 = (coefficient of NH 3 / coefficient N 2) x moles of N 2
= (2/1) x 6 = 12 mol
reagent barrier
If in a box provided 6 nuts and 10 bolts, then we can make six pairs of bolts. Bolt remaining 4
pieces, while the nut has been exhausted. In a chemical reaction, if the mole ratio of reagent
substances are not the same as the ratio of the coefficient, then there is a reactant that runs out
first. Reagent is called the limiting reagent.
Problems example:
In the reaction of 0.5 moles of gas N 2 with 2.5 mol H 2 gas by the equation:
N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) 2 NH 3 (g)
Specify:
a. The limiting reagent;
b. how many grams of substance is left?
(Ar N = 14 and H = 1)!
Answer:
Looking moles residual reactants and are completely reacted
N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g)
At first, 0.5 mol 2.5 mol
Reacting: 0.5 mol 1.5 mol
After the reaction: 0 mol 1.0 mol
Residual reagent is H 2 as much as 1.0 mol
Mass H 2 mol remainder remainder = x Mr.
= 1.0 2
= 2 grams
levels of Substance
At the time of fever sister, your mother told mem-buy alcohol 70% in the pharmacy. Do you know
what that means 70% alcohol? That in 100 mL of solution containing 70 ml of alcohol and 30 mL
of water. Similarly, if you buy a packaged food products that contain vitamin C 1%. That is in 100
grams of food containing 1 gram of vitamin C content of substances commonly expressed in
percent by mass (mass%). To get mass percent can use the formula:
Substance X% = (mass X / mass of matter) x 100%
Problems example:
1. Calculate the mass of caffeine in a cup of coffee (200 grams) whose levels of 0,015%!
Answer:
 % By mass of caffeine = (mass of caffeine / coffee mass) x 100%
0.015% = (mass caffeine / 200) x 100%
Massa caffeine = 0.03%
2. Determine the percent of C in glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6), if known Ar C = 12 O = 16 and H = 1!
Answer:
Mass% C = ((number of atoms C x Ar C) / Mr glucose) / 100%
= ((6 x 12) / 180) / 100%
Empirical formula and Molecular formula
The chemical formula is divided into two, namely the empirical formula and molecular
formula. The empirical formula is a chemical formula that describes the smallest mole ratio of
atoms making up the compound.
One way to determine the empirical formula and the molecular formula to do the steps as follows.
The mass percent of each element mol mole ratio of the elements of the data Mr
empirical formula molecular formula.
Actual molecular formula is the formula of a compound. The molecular formula can be
determined if the molecular mass is relatively unknown. The following sample questions is one
way to determine the empirical formula and molecular formula.
Problems example:
A technician chemical burns 4.5 gram sample of Senya-wa-containing organic C, H, and O. If gas
is used pure oxygen it produces 6.6 grams of CO 2 and 2.7 grams of H 2 O. Determine:
1. The empirical formula of the organic compound (ARC = 12 O = 16 and H = 1);
2. The molecular formula of organic compound if known Mr her = 30!
Answer:
1. Massa C in CO 2
= ((Number of atoms C x Ar C) / Mr CO 2) x mass of CO 2
= ((1 x 12) / 44) x 6.6 grams = 1.8 grams
The quantity (in mol) C
= Mass of C / C Ar
= 1.8 / 12 = 0.15 mol
Massa H in H 2 O
= ((Number of H x Ar H) / Mr H 2 O) x mass of H 2 O
= ((2 x 1) / 18) x 2.7 gram
= 0.3 grams
The quantity (in mol) H
= Mass of H / Ar H
= 0.3 / 1 = 0.3 mol
Massa O = sample mass - the mass of C - H mass
= 4.5 to 1.8 - 0.3 = 2.4 grams
The quantity (in mol) O
= Mass of O / Ar O
= 2.4 / 16 = 0.15 mol
Mole ratio of C: H mole: mole O = 0.15: 0.3: 0.15
= 1: 2: 1
Thus, the carbon compound empirical formula is CH 2 O.
The empirical formula = (CH 2 O) n
then: Mr = (CH 2 O) n
30 = (12 + (2 x 1) + 16) n
30 = 30N
n=1
Thus, the molecular formula of carbon compounds is (CH 2 O) 1 = CH 2 O or formic acid.

salt hydrates
You would never hear gypsum (CaSO 4 .2H 2 O) are used to connect the bone or salt English /
epsom salts (MgSO 4 .7H 2 O) used to laxatives. Both of these compounds are examples of salt
hydrates. Salt hydrates are salts that bind water. If the salt hydrate releases water bound crystal
called anhydrous salt. How to find the number of crystal water bound to the salt hydrate is the
formula:
x = mole H 2 O / mol of salt hydrate
Problems example:
A total of 8.6 grams of salt hydrate crystals are heated until all the water evaporates and forms
6.8 grams of CaSO 4. If ARCA = 40, O = 16, S = 32, and H = 1, then specify
The formula of the salt hydrate!
Answer:
Quantity CaSO4 CaSO4 = mass / Mr CaSO4
= 6.8 / 136 = 0.05 mol
The mass of water = mass of salt hydrate - the mass of anhydrous salt
= 8.6 to 6.8 = 1.8 grams
The quantity of water = mass of water / Mr water
= 1.8 / 18 = 0.1 mol
x = mole H 2 O / mol CaSO 4
= 0.1 / 0.05
=2