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Volume30,Issue2,1April2015,Articlenumber6783697,Pages674683
OptimizationofSurgeArresterLocationsinOverheadDistribution
Networks(Article)
Bullich Sumper,A. Villafafila Rull
a Centre d'Innovaci
Massague, abcd , Robles, Duran,
E. R. J. Tecnolgica en
a , a , a
Convertidors Esttics i
Accionaments,Departamentd'EnginyeriaElctrica,UniversitatPolitcnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain
bEUd'EnginyeriaTcnicaIndustrialdeBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
cETSd'EnginyeriaIndustrialdeBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
dCataloniaInstituteforEnergyResearch(IREC),SantAdriadeBesos,Barcelona,Spain
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Viewreferences(17)
Abstract
Lightning is considered one of the main causes of faults in overhead distribution networks. Direct strokes
usuallyleadtoflashoversduetotheinsulationlevelsthatareused.Inducedovervoltagescausedbyindirect
lightningareusuallylowerandcanbeefficientlyreducedbymetaloxidesurgearresters.Hence,itsassociated
flashoverratecanbereduced.Inthispaper,aheuristicmethodisproposedtooptimizethenumberofsurge
arresters as well as their locations. The method presented is based on genetic algorithms and an economic
approachistakenintoaccountbymeansofevaluatingthecostofinsulationflashover.19862012IEEE.
Authorkeywords
Flashoverlightningoptimizationovervoltagesurgearrester
Indexedkeywords
Engineering controlled terms: Flammability testing Flashover Genetic algorithms Heuristic methods
LightningOptimizationSurgeprotection
Economic approach Flashover rate Indirect lightning Induced overvoltages Insulation level Metal oxide
surgearrestersOvervoltagesSurgearresters
Engineeringmainheading:Electricsurges
Publisher:InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineersInc.
1
Abstract Lightning is considered one of the main causes of The proposed methodology is analogue to [4] where the
faults in overhead distribution networks. Direct strokes lead optimization based on GA is done for a fixed number of
usually to flashovers due to the used insulation levels in those arresters. In the presented approach, the method is reaching
networks. Induced overvoltages caused by indirect lightning are
usually lower and can be efficiently reduced by metal oxide surge the optimization without predefinition of the number of surge
arresters, hence its associated flashover rate can be reduced. arrester and taking into account different insulation strength
In this paper an heuristic method is proposed to optimize the along the overhead line. The computer application presented
number of surge arrester as well as their location. The presented in this paper has been developed in MATLAB environment and
method is based on genetic algorithms (GA) and an economic the simulation software to calculate the induced over voltages
approach is taken into account by means of evaluation the cost
of insulation flashover. is EMTP-ATP.
Index Terms Lightning, Overvoltage, flashover, surge ar-
rester, optimization. II. L IGHTNING MODELLING AND FLASHOVER RATE
CALCULATION
us (x, t) i(x, t)
+ L0 = Exi (x, h, t) (4)
x t
(a) Line representation
i(x, t) us (x, t) Exi(x,h,t)dx
+ C0 =0 (5) i(x,t)
Ldx
i(x+dx,t)
x t
-ui(xb,t) -ui(xa,t)
where Exi (x, h, t) is the horizontal component of the electric
Us(x,t) Cdx Us(x+dx,t)
field along the x axis at the conductors height, h is the Rb Ra
line, us (x, t) is
R hthes so called scattered svoltage expressed as
s
u (x, t) = 0 Ez (x, z, t)dz being Ez (x, z, t) the vertical (b) Equivalent electrical scheme
component of the scattered electric field. Fig. 2. Line representation and its equivalent electrical scheme according to
The total line voltage then is expressed as the Agrawal coupling model
and flashover prediction can be calculated as one gene mutates, the value associated to this gene is
changed.
Nf = R Ng A (11) Termination: the GA ends when some condition criterion
is completed.
where R is the flashover risk, f (V ) the maximum overvolt-
age probability density, P (V ) the flashover probability func-
tion and Nf is the number of flashovers per year prediction Start
in the electrical grid.
60
Number of lightnings
40
C. Evaluation 10
base case (case without surge arresters) and in the case repre-
sented by an individual, the maximum overvoltage probability
Number of lightnings
reduction of flashover rate for a constant CFO.
In order to adapt the calculations for a network with a 50 0.5
where of f set is the offset applied to force all margins to Once risk is calculated for the base case and each case with
be positive. surge arresters, the benefits in eare determined by
5
K=1
E. Reproduction
Modify ATP file (add
In the reproduction process, two pairs of the selected surge arresters
acording to individual k)
individuals are chosen in order to combine their characteristics. Modify ATP File
Iteration=Iteration+
For each pair or individuals (parents) a random number rnd 1
(lightning
characteristics)
Simulation
rnd rnd
No K=8?
1 2 n-2 n-1 1 2 n-2 n-1
1 0 0 0 1 ... 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 ... 0 0 0 0 1 Yes
Parents No
Termination criterion?
Yes
MATLAB environment
Sons
End
1 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 ... 1 1 0 0 0
Grid geometry Fig. 11 and 12 show the results for two executions of the GA
Line
Poles
for the first case study. Red dots in Fig. 11(a) and Fig. 12(a)
3000
T1
represent the tower locations and blue dots the surge arrester
location. Fig. 11(b) and 12(b) show the mean (red dots) and
2500 T2
maximum (blue dots) of the objective function along the GA
iterations.
Distance (m)
2000 T3
T18 T4
T20 Poles
T19 T6 Surge arresters
1500 T17 T8 T5 3000 Line
T7
T11
T10 2500
1000 T12 T9
T14
Distance (m)
T13 2000
T15
500
T16 1500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Distance (m) 1000
Maximum 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
[kV] 4000
10 20
kA kA 5 10 20
Objective function (euros)
3000
1/5 1/5 kA kA kA
s s 2000
20 16 50.7 57.4 44.2 46.2 51.0
TABLE I 1000
-1000
Case 3: Surge impedance at the endings, CFO = 75 kV, (b) Objective function among GA iterations. Blue = max of
Ng = 2 lightning/km2 /year, ground conductivity = 10 population, red = mean of population
mS/m, surge arrester lifetime of 40 years. Fig. 11. Results for first execution and first case
Case study 1 and 2 are for the purpose of testing the
presented methodology. When terminals are open, due to the Analysing these results it can be observed that effectively
propagation and reflexion phenomena, over voltages tend to surge arresters have been located at the line terminations
be increased. So surge arresters should be placed on the grid or close to them. Furthermore, in both cases, the result are
termination or near them. Surge arrester life time is reduced remarkably similar and with convenient convergence. The
from its real value (around 40 years). With this condition, objective function is depending on the random lightning values
the GA puts only few surge arresters where we can see the generated but it impacts in the same way the base case as
appropriateness of their location. well as in the case with surge arresters. Because of this, it
The third case study represents a realistic grid situation due could be explained that both cases reached practically the same
to the installation of surge impedances at the endings avoid solution despite of the initial condition dependence. As it is
the reflection phenomena. Hence, it may represent that the said previously, the objective function is finally calculated by
conductor continues and we only study a part of the rest of Monte Carlo method which have result in 3173 e and 3693
the MV grid. In this case, the lifetime is the typical of electrical e for the first and second result respectively. The results of
devices (40 years). this study case obtained are in a good accordance with [4] by
means of surge arrester location.
Fig. 13 and 14 illustrate the results for two executions
VI. R ESULTS
of the GA for the second case study. The respective sub-
Case study 1 and 2 are optimized two times in order to figures (a) and (b) correspond to the arrester location and
prove that the GA does not depend on the initial condition or the convergence of the algorithm. In this case, a branch with
the lightning sample. higher CFO is added to the cases in order to test the impact
7
Poles Poles
Surge arresters Surge arresters
3000 Line 3000 Line
2500 2500
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
2000 2000
1500 1500
1000 1000
500 500
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Distance (m) Distance (m)
(a) Surge arrester location (blue points) (a) Surge arrester location (blue points)
3000 3000
Mean value of objective function
Max value of objective function
2500 2500
2000
2000
Objective function (euros)
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
-500
-500 -1000
Mean value of objective function
Max value of objective function
-1000 -1500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
GA iteration GA iteration
(b) Objective function among GA iterations. Blue = max of (b) Objective function among GA iterations. Blue = max of
population, red = mean of population population, red = mean of population
Fig. 12. Results for second execution and first case Fig. 13. Results for first execution and second case
VII. C ONCLUSION
on the arrester location. These results show that in both cases The aim of this work is to develop a method to determine the
the surge arrester in the high CFO branch have been moved number of surge arresters and their location in a MV network
and placed to the nearest pole with low CFO. The objective to protect against indirect lightning strokes, taking into account
functions calculated via Monte Carlo method are 3890 e/ and an economical criterion. Considering the random nature of
3571 e/ for the first and second execution respectively. lightning, statistics calculations have been done to estimate the
flashover risk. At this process, it is considered the possibility
From the first and second case study, it can be seen that
of having different CFO along the grid by applying the margin
although the objective function of the GA depend on the
concept explained above. The purposed GA is capable to find a
lightning generated from the initial conditions, the number
satisfying solution with reasonable number of surge arresters
and location of surge arresters have not been dependency on
as shown in the results of the study cases analysed. When
it. Furthermore, when the Monte Carlo study is performed,
insulators with different CFO voltages are installed along the
it can be observed that despite the little differences between
grid, the methodology have obtained reasonable results as well
the surge arrester location for the two executions of the case
as when a realistic case have been studied.
study 1 and 2, the objective function is considerably similar.
Once shown that the GA worked appropriately for the case
study 1 and 2, a more realistic scenario is optimized in study R EFERENCES
case 3. Results from Fig. 15 (analogously as in the previous
figures illustrating the location and convergence graph in the [1] IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power
sub-figures) show that only 3 surge arresters are placed. In Overhead Distribution Lines, IEEE Std. 1410, 2004.
[2] Santiago Bogarra, Angel L. Orille and M. Angela Grau, Surge Arresters
this case study this result was expected because the risk on Location Using Fuzzy Logic Techniques,17th International Conference on
the base case is lower due to the lower over voltages because Electricity Distribution, Session 2 Paper No 22. May 2003.
the terminal endings are connected to a surge impedance. It [3] R. Shariatinasab, B. Vahidi and S.H. Hosseinian, Statistical evaluation
of lightning-related failures for the optimal location of surge arresters
can be observed that surge arresters have been placed in the on the power networks, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2009, Vol. 3, pp.
less ramified part of the grid. 129144.
8
Poles Poles
Surge arresters Surge arresters
3000 Line 3000 Line
2500 2500
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
2000 2000
1500 1500
1000 1000
500 500
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Distance (m) Distance (m)
(a) Surge arrester location (blue points) (a) Surge arrester location (blue points)
4000 3500
Mean value of objective function Mean value of objective function
Max value of objective function Max value of objective function
3000
3000
2500
Objective function (euros)
1500
1000 1000
500
0
0
-500
-1000
-1000
-2000 -1500
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
GA iteration GA iteration
(b) Objective function among GA iterations. Blue = max of (b) Objective function among GA iterations. Blue = max of
population, red = mean of population population, red = mean of population
Fig. 14. Results for second execution and second case Fig. 15. Results for third case