Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract
An experimental research is performed on the complete compressive stressstrain relationship for concrete after heating to temperatures of 100
800 C. All concrete specimens are 15 cm 30 cm standard cylinders, made with siliceous aggregate. The heated specimens are tested at 1 month after
they are cooled to room temperature. From the results of 108 specimens with two original unheated strengths, a single equation for the complete stress
strain curves of heated concrete is developed to consider the shape varying with temperature. Through the regression analysis, the relationships of the
mechanical properties with temperature are proposed to fit the test results, including the residual compressive strength, peak strain and elastic modulus.
Compared with the experimental curves, the proposed equation is shown to be applicable to unheated and heated concrete for different temperatures. In
addition, the split-cylinder tests of 54 specimens are also carried out to study the relationship of splitting tensile strength with temperature.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fig. 1 shows the test setup. The tests are performed with a
universal testing machine capable of 2000 kN. In the uniaxial
compression test, a compressometer is attached to the specimen
surface to measure the average strains over a central 20 cm length.
The tests are performed at a constant displacement rate to gain the
complete stressstrain curves of unheated and heated concrete.
The tensile strength of heated concrete for different temperatures Fig. 1. Test setup.
Y.F. Chang et al. / Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 19992005 2001
Fig. 3. Peak strain after heating for different temperatures. Fig. 5. Tensile strength after heating for different temperatures.
2002 Y.F. Chang et al. / Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 19992005
Fig. 3 shows that, for the temperature below 200 C, the peak
strain is approximately equal to the original unheated value. Above
200 C, however, the peak strain increases rapidly with an increase
in temperature, especially in the range of 500600 C. Besides, the Fig. 7. Experimental stressstrain curves after heating for different temperatures.
original strength fc has a significant effect on the normalized peak
strain for the temperature above 200 C, and the lower the original cooling down to room temperature is maintained equal to the
strength, the greater the increase in the normalized peak strain. The corresponding value during heating for the same maximum
effect is more evident for higher temperature. For example, the temperature. This is mainly due to the fact that the peak strain at
peak strain ratios at 400, 600 and 800 C are respectively about 1.5, elevated temperature during heating is including the transient
3.2 and 4.0 for fc = 40 MPa, and 1.7, 4.0 and 5.2 for fc = 27 MPa. strain.
By the regression analysis, the relationship between the
normalized peak strain or/o and temperature T for different 3.3. Elastic modulus in compression
original strength f c can be expressed as Eq. (3).
( Generally speaking, the compressive strength decreases and
1:00 ;20-C < T V200-C
eor =eo h i peak strain increases with an increase in temperature as mentioned
exp5:80:01T
0:1f Vc 7:7 1exp5:80:01T 0:0219 1:0; 200-C < T V800-C
above. In other word, concrete is softening with increasing tem-
(3) perature. Therefore, in evaluating the deformation of fire-damaged
The increase in the peak strain can be attributed to the cracks concrete structure, it is important to consider the effect of temper-
caused by thermal incompatibility of aggregate and cement paste ature on the elastic modulus of the concrete. For comparative
during heating and cooling. Dougill [11] has indicated that the purposes, the elastic modulus of heated concrete in compression is
differential strains between the aggregate and cement paste can taking the secant modulus at 40% of the peak stress from the
initially induce a small compressive stress in the paste. As the experimental compressive stressstrain curve as for the unheated
temperature increases, the compressive stress decreases and concrete. As shown in Fig. 4, the elastic modulus decreases with
changes to a larger tensile stress. Roux [12] has concluded that increasing temperature. For the same heat treatment, the reduction
the tensile stress may be large enough to cause cracks in concrete. in elastic modulus is greater than that in the compressive strength.
Fig. 6 shows the surface cracks after cooling. A visible network of Besides, the original strength fc has no significant effect on the
cracks is formed after heating to 300 C. As the temperature normalized elastic modulus after heating to various temperatures.
increases, larger cracks occur at 500 C and become numerous at The elastic moduli at 200, 400 and 600 C are respectively about
700 C. As a result, the peak strain does not increase for the 80%, 40% and 6% of the original unheated value. Through the
temperature below 200 C, but, rather, increases rapidly above regression analysis, the relationship of the normalized elastic
200 C. modulus Ecr/Ec in compression with temperature T can be
As shown in Fig. 3, the curves proposed by Eq. (3) fit the test expressed as Eq. (4). Alternatively, the relationship can be
data reasonably. However, they are significantly different from expressed in an approximately linear form as Eq. (5), neglecting
the curve given by EN 1994-1-2, in which the peak strain during the values at higher temperature above about 700 C. As shown in
Fig. 4, the proposed Eqs. (4) and (5) both fit the test data well.
Besides, they are also close to the experimental results of Nassif [5].
8
< 0:00165T 1:033 ;20-C < T V125-C
Ecr =Ec 1
: ;125-C < T V800-C 4
1:2 180:0015T 4:5
The values given by EN 1992-1-2 are larger than those give by Eq.
(6) for the temperature below 200 C, but smaller above 200 C.
secant modulus at the peak point. Base on the peak stress and strain
given by EN 1994-1-2, the elastic modulus can be calculated. As
shown in Fig. 4, the values given by EN 1994-1-2 are less than
those given by Eq. (5) due to the difference of the peak strain.
As shown in Fig. 5, the proposed Eq. (6) fits the test data well. Fig. 9. Comparison of proposed stressstrain curves with experimental results
Besides, it is also close to the experimental results of Harada [3]. for fc = 27 MPa.
2004 Y.F. Chang et al. / Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 19992005
15]. In this paper, the shape suggested by Tsai [15] is introduced as M Eor / Epr
the basic model equation. Tsai's model [15], Eq. (7), is a single n no(M / Mo)1.014-0.0007T
equation which has the advantage of not needing another descen- no [fc(MPa) / 12] + 0.77 > 1.0
ding branch equation. In Eq. (7), M and n are the independent Mo Eo / Epp
factors to control the shapes of the ascending and descending Eo 5000 fcVMPa [16]
curves respectively. The value of M is given by the ratio Eo/Ep.
When M =n/(n 1), Eq. (7) reverts to the Eq. (8) suggested by where fcr is the residual strength after heating, given by Eq. (1);
Popovics [14]. or is the peak strain after heating, given by Eq. (3); Epr is the
secant elastic modulus at peak stress after heating, determined
M eeoc by Eq. (1) and Eq. (3); Eor is initial tangent elastic modulus
fc ec 1 ec n f Vc 7 after heating, shown in detail later. For unheated concrete, fcr,
1 M n1 n
eo n1 eo or, Epr, Eor, M, n are equal to fc, o, Ep, Eo, Mo, no respectively.
Although the initial tangent modulus can be obtained by using
where fc is the compressive stress; c is the compressive strain; o is an experiment technique, this is not practical due to the difficulty
the peak strain corresponding to the compressive strength fc. of the procedure to obtain it. Since the relationship of the secant
elastic modulus with temperature is obtained and expressed as Eq.
n eeoc (4), the initial tangent modulus after heating can be given by the
fc n f Vc 8
relationship between Ecr and Eor. For unheated concrete, Eor is
n1 eeoc
almost identical with Ecr, and this relationship still exits for heated
Although the Eq. (8) is simpler than the Eq. (7), Tsai's model concrete after heating to temperatures below 500 C. Once the
equation [15] is more suitable to be extended to the heated exposure temperature is above 500 C, the stressstrain curve
concrete for the following reasons: becomes concave-up at the beginning of loading. Eor is less than
Ecr. Therefore, the relationship of Eor/Eo with temperature is
1. For unheated concrete, the ascending and descending curves proposed the same as Eq. (4) for the temperatures below 500 C.
are steeper with an increase in strength. The Popovics' model Above 500 C, Eq. (4) needs to be multiplied by the following
equation [14] only uses one factor n to control the shape of reduction coefficients: 1.0 for 500 C; 0.6 for 700 C; 1.0 for
complete stressstrain curves for different compressive 800 C. A linear interpolation may be used for 500 C < T < 700 C
strength and has good correction with the experimental results. and 700 C < T < 800 C.
For heated concrete, as the residual strength decreases with
increasing temperature, the ascending curve is more linear and 4.3. Verification of the proposed model equation
the descending curve is flatter. The change in the shape of the
stressstrain curves for heated concrete is different from those By redefining the parameters of M and n in Eq. (9), the
for the unheated concrete as the strength decreases with change in the shape of the complete stressstrain curves for
increasing temperature. Therefore, Tsai's model equation heated concrete could be considered with temperature. To verify
using two independent factors to control the shapes of the the validity of the proposed model equation, the theoretical
ascending and descending curves respectively is suitable to be curves are compared with the experimental curves of unheated
extended to the heated concrete. and heated concrete for different temperatures. The results for
2. The value n of Eq. (8) is given by Eo/(Eo Ep), Eo must be original unheated strengths of 40 MPa and 27 MPa are shown in
larger than Ep. However, in Tsai's model equation, the value Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. They show that the proposed model
M to control the shape of ascending curves is given by Eo/Ep provides a good simulation to the experimental stressstrain
in which Eo could be less than Ep. This is suitable for curves.
concrete after heating to higher temperatures. When the
value M is less than 1, the Eq. (7) can express the concave-up 5. Conclusions
part of curve at the beginning of loading for heated concrete.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the experi-
4.2. Suggestion of the model equation mental results on the concrete specimens made with siliceous
aggregate after heating to temperatures up to 800 C:
From the characteristics of experimental stressstrain curves,
this paper employs Tsai's model equation to both unheated and 1. The test data indicate that the original compressive strength
heated concrete for different temperatures by redefining some of concrete fc has no significant effect on residual percentage
parameters. The following equation is proposed: reductions in compressive strength fcr/fc, elastic modulus
Ecr/Ec and tensile strength ftr/ft. However, it has to be
M eeorc mentioned that variation in the strength of the tested material
fc e 1 e n f Vcr 9 was only limited.
1 M n1
n
eor n1 eor
c c
2. The reductions after exposure to temperatures decrease one
by one in this order: elastic modulus, tensile strength and
with compressive strength.
Y.F. Chang et al. / Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 19992005 2005
3. The relationships of the compressive strength, peak strain, [3] T. Harada, J. Takeda, S. Yamane, F. Furumura, Strength, elasticity and
elastic modulus and tensile strength with maximum exposed thermal properties of concrete subject to elevated temperature, concrete for
nuclear reactors, ACI SP-34, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1972,
temperature are proposed in this paper and in good agree- pp. 377406.
ment with test results. [4] J. Papayianni, T. Valiasis, Residual mechanical properties of heated
4. From experimental results of the complete stressstrain concrete incorporating different pozzolanic materials, Mater. Struct. 24
curves, as temperature increases, the ascending curve is (1991) 115121.
[5] A.Y. Nassif, E. Burley, S. Rigden, A new quantitative method of assessing
getting more linear while the descending curve is getting
fire damage to concrete structures, Mag. Concr. Res. 47 (172) (1995)
flatter. At 600 and 700 C, there are pronounced concave-up 271278.
curves at the beginning of loading, due to the closing of pre- [6] B. Wu, Z.C. Ma, J.P. Ou, Experimental research on deformation and
existing cracks caused by heating and cooling. constitutive relationship of concrete under axial loading and high
5. The single equation for the complete stressstrain curves of temperature, J. Build. Struct. 20 (5) (1999) 4249 (in Chinese).
heated concrete is developed to consider the shape of stress [7] M.S. Sheu, Y.H. Chen, Y.F. Chang, M.D. Yeh, Seismic resistance of fired-
damaged Interior RC columns, Project No. 092-301070000-G1020, ABRI,
strain curves varying with temperature. Compared with the Ministry of Interior, Taipei, Taiwan, 2004.
experimental curves, the proposed model equation is shown [8] Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures Part 12:
to be applicable to unheated and heated concrete for different General rules structure fire design, EN 1994-1-2, Final draft, European
temperatures. Committee for Standardization, 2005.
[9] Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Part 12: General rules
structure Fire Design, EN 1992-1-2, European Committee for Standard-
Acknowledgments ization, 2004.
[10] T.Z. Harmathy, Concrete at high temperatures: material properties and
This research was financed by the National Science Council mathematical models, Longman Group Limited, England, 1996.
in the Republic of China, under the grants NSC 92-2211-E-006- [11] J.W. Dougill, Some effects of thermal volume changes on the properties
068. The authors would like to thank all the staff and and behavior of concrete, The Structure of Concrete, Cement and Concrete
Association, London, 1968, pp. 499513.
technicians in the Fire Lab of the ABRI for their kind assistance [12] F.J.P. Roux, Concrete at elevated temperature, PhD Thesis, University of
during the heating tests. Cape Town, 1974.
[13] D.C. Kent, R. Park, Flexural members with confined concrete, J. Struct.
References Eng. 97 (7) (1971) 19691990.
[14] S. Popovics, A Numerical approach to the complete stressstrain curve of
[1] H.L. Molhotra, The effect of temperature on the compressive strength of concrete, Cem. Concr. Res. 3 (5) (1973) 583599.
[15] W.T. Tsai, Uniaxial compressional stressstrain relation of concrete, J. Struct.
concrete, Mag. Concr. Res. 8 (22) (1956) 8594.
[2] M.S. Abrams, Compressive strength of concrete at temperature to 1600F, Eng. 114 (9) (1988) 21332136.
temperature and concrete, ACI SP-25, American Concrete Institute, [16] J.B. Mander, M.J.N. Priestley, R. Park, Theoretical stressstrain model for
Detroit, 1971, pp. 3358. confined concrete, J. Struct. Eng. 114 (8) (1988) 18041826.