Cameroon

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Cameroon
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Often called Africa in Miniature due to its cultural and geographic diversities,
Cameroon is a melting pot of ethnic groups comprised of three main sub-
nationalities: the Bantu in the south, the semi-Bantu of the west and the Sudanese
in the north.
Its location makes it a strategic outlet for landlocked countries in Central Africa. The
country has made remarkable economic growth in the last two decades; however, it
suffers from high levels of corruption.
The linguistic divideEnglish-speaking versus French-speakingcreates on-going

challenges for the Francophone government. Now banned, there had been a
secessionist movement in two mainly English-speaking southern provinces. The
mainly-Muslim far north has been drawn into the regional Islamist insurgency of
Boko Haram.
Culture Overview
Cultural Essentials
Hierarchy
Cameroon has a hierarchical culture where age is believed to confer
wisdom. Therefore, older people are treated with respect and deference.
The oldest person in a group is especially revered. They are greeted first,
served first, and offered prized foodstuffs such as chicken gizzards.
Titles are important since they are visible indicators of achievement and
status. People are initially addressed by their title and surname. Quite often
a person with an academic or professional title may want to be addressed
by their title.
Older people expect their status to be recognized. Elders are respected in

business, even if they are not in a senior position. A supervisor may call an
older male subordinate "Paa" ("Dad") and an older female subordinate
"Mami" ("Mom") as a visible sign of respect.
Even a slight difference in age grants seniority. In the case of twins, the
oldest is considered senior to the younger.
Role of the Family

The extended family is the focus of the social system. It includes
http://kpmg.culturewizard.com/DesktopModules/RW3Modules/CP2014/PrintView.aspx... 8.2.2017.
grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, sisters, brothers, and in-laws.

Members of the extended family are treated as close relatives. Cousins
may be referred to as brother or sister and older members of the family
may be addressed as "Paa" ("Dad") or "Mami" ("Mom").
Family obligations take precedence over business commitments.

Individuals achieve recognition and social standing through their extended
family. A family's honor is influenced by the actions of its members.
Individuals turn to members of the extended family for financial aid and
guidance, and the family is expected to provide for the welfare of its
members.
The young are expected to care for older members of the extended family.
Elderly relatives are cared for at home and are not put in nursing homes
unless they have a medical condition that requires special monitoring.
Nepotism does not have the negative connotation it has in many cultures.
Hiring relatives is part of the cultural context since it provides for the family
and ensures that Cameroonians work with those they know and trust.
Even in business, conversations start with prolonged inquires into the

health and well-being of the family. To do otherwise brands you as lacking
breeding and the basic rudiments of etiquette.
Interpersonal Relationships
As you might expect in a relationship-driven culture, personal relationships
are at the cornerstone of social and business interactions. In a social
setting, knowing which village and tribe someone comes from affords a
Cameroonian immediate knowledge about the person.
Relationships are the lifeblood of business. Support staff often determines

whose work to do first based on their personal relationship with the person.
Therefore, it is important to invest time cultivating personal relationships at
every level within the organization. Hiring decisions may be made on the
basis of personal recommendations. It is generally presumed that a new
hire got the job through connections.
As children, Cameroonians are taught the proverb "You need somebody to

become somebody". This phrase denotes the importance of relationships.
Cameroonians consider the friends of friends or members of their extended

family to be their friends.
"Kongossa" ("gossiping") is common among Cameroonians as a way to

develop relationships. Cameroonians may speak ill of a person in an
attempt to curry favor and enhance their relationships with others. If
someone speaks about a colleague in less than glowing terms, it is wise to
ask if this is Kongossa so that you know if you are being told the truth.
Concept of Time
Time is viewed as flexible and intangible rather than rigid or segmented. It
is viewed as a moveable feast that is to be enjoyed. There is sufficient time
to develop social relationships. Since personal relationships are important,
people who attempt to adhere to inflexible time schedules have little

success.
If a social event is expected to start on time, you will be told "white man
time". Most social situations involve "black man time" which can be as
much as two hours after the stipulated time.
Mutual Cooperation
Cameroonians who have a common background tend to organize
themselves into small groups commonly called associations. Associations
handle two major financial activities. A "trouble bank" is a special
assistance fund to which members contributes money at regular intervals
and from which money is given to members who are victims of misfortune.
A "njangi" is a financial activity similar to a bank based on mutual trust. An
unemployed but hard-working association member who does not own
property or real estate may receive a loan from the njangi.
Kamtok (Pidgin English)

Kamtok, or Pidgin English, has in many ways been the lingua franca of
Cameroon since the 1880s. It is commonly used to enhance
communication in this bilingual country with approximately 250 native
dialects. There are several variations on Kamtok based upon where it is
used -- in grass fields, in the Catholic Church, in the Francophone areas of
the country, in the southwest of the country, and among the Bororo cattle
traders.
Common phrases or words include:
af dai difficult
put han help
aidiaz ideas
machis matches
pleaz football players
advaisis pieces of advice
slangz slang terms
dantit identity card
jandam police officer
kamyong truck
komise commissary
kongku concurs
dei no sabi laik ohs they dont really like us
ma pickin my child or my children
wuman boku several women or several wives
kam bai fav come at five
Proverbs
Cameroonians are indirect communicators who use proverbs to express
their innermost thoughts and feelings. Although the various ethnic
communities have their own proverbs, the following are common across
ethnic lines:
Water always finds a way out.
Do not step on the dogs tail, and he will not bite you.
He who asks questions, cannot avoid the answers.
The heart of the wise man lies quiet like limpid water.
The cricket cries, the year changes.
Thought breaks the heart.
Rain does not fall on one roof alone.
If you dance, you vibrate and he who vibrates lives.
Religion
The constitution guarantees freedom of religion. About 40% of the

population follows some form of indigenous beliefs, 40% adhere to a form
of Christianity, and 20% follow Islam. The various religious groups get
along reasonably well, although there have been some problems reported
by religious minorities in various parts of the country. The north of the
country is primarily Muslim while the south tends to have more Christians.
The government station carries two hours per week of religious

programming, shared between Catholicism and Protestantism.
Although not a major part of the local culture, many public holidays are
religious in nature and it is a good idea not to schedule meetings during
prayer times or during Ramadan in Muslim areas.
Role of Women
Traditional beliefs about the role of women permeate the culture. When
coupled with religious influences, they place severe roadblocks against
womens equality. Girls may marry at 15. In the Islamic north, many marry
younger. Thus, girls leave school prematurely, since married students are
not permitted to attend.
The government demonstrates a surface-level commitment to improving

womens rights by creating the Ministry of Womens Affairs and allowing
NGOs to run gender-related training and empowerment programs.
NGOs promoted women becoming more actively involved in the 2013

elections. Their efforts led to a doubling of women in political office. Over
30% of the National Assembly are women and 20% of the Senate. A mere
15% of women are councilors and 6% of mayors are female. Women
comprise about 35% of all magistrates.
In the business arena, a woman must have her husbands permission to

work and he may determine which types of jobs are suitable. Although
nearly one-quarter of the workforce is female, less than 10% of women are
in skilled jobs. Even when they work outside the home, women bear
responsibility for domestic chores and child care.
The government is aware that they are losing a valuable resource and
claims to be making strides to improve the situation of women. Women
who complete secondary school often move to the city for employment.
These younger women may achieve more than their mothers, although it is
not yet known what will happen to them when they marry.
View of Foreign Women

Cameroonian businessmen, especially in the north, may initially be
reluctant to accept a foreign businesswoman as their equal or as a
decision maker. Foreign businesswomen may find that their Cameroonian
colleagues ask repeated questions about their credentials and experience
until they are comfortable that the businesswoman is an expert. This is part
of the getting-to-know you relationship building and it is a good idea not to
show impatience at what may appear an interrogation. In the southern
portion of the country, businessmen may be more accepting of women and
treat them more equally.
Tips for Businesswomen

Cameroonian women seldom make direct eye contact with men to whom
they are not related. Therefore, women should not make direct eye contact
while speaking, even to other women.
Businesswomen should act in a reserved manner with male business

colleagues. Although personal relationships are the cornerstone of
business dealings, it is best to treat businessmen formally.
Businesswomen should dress conservatively, especially in the north. Even

in the south, dressing well denotes status. Cameroonian businesspeople
may make inferences about a foreign businesswomans professionalism by
her clothing and demeanor.
If you must disagree with a Cameroonian, it is a good idea to remain polite,

diplomatic, and tactful. Even if the Cameroonian raises his voice or
appears emotional, maintaining a calm demeanor demonstrates
professionalism.
Cameroonian businessmen who are not accustomed to working for women

may have difficulty accepting instructions from them. It is a good idea to
mention company policy or directives when giving directions, because
Cameroonian businessmen understand the need to adhere to established
policies and practices.
Although most executives speak English or another language, being able

to speak key phrases in French in the Francophone area of the country
demonstrates goodwill and a sincere interest in doing business.
Expect it to take a considerable amount of time to develop more than

cordial relationships. Do not attempt to rush the process as this may make
you appear pushy.
Cameroonians ask what in many other cultures would be considered

intrusive personal questions. This is done as a way to get to know you; it is
not meant to be rude. Expect to be asked if you are married and if you
have children. You may want to prepare stock responses in advance if you
are uncomfortable responding to personal questions.
Establishing Credibility
Introductions can be pivotal when meeting someone older or someone who
works in an established industry. How you are introduced and the level of
the person handling the introduction helps lay the foundation for the way
you are perceived professionally.
If at all possible, have a higher-ranking person in your company who knows

the people with whom you will be working introduce you when you will be
doing business with a company for the first time. If this is not possible,
have a higher-ranking person in your company to send a letter outlining
your title, responsibilities, and background.
It is a good idea to establish your credentials at the outset. Ideally, this

should be done by the person handling the introduction. If not, forward a
brief bio of yourself, including your academic background and professional
accomplishments. Even with this, it is not unusual for businessmen to ask
questions that they might not ask of a foreign businessman.
It is important that a foreign businesswoman appear firm and not self-

deprecating. Any non-verbal sign that a woman is not confident in herself
will be interpreted to mean that the businesswoman is uncertain of her
technical competence.
Titles are important in Cameroon since they tell others how to behave
towards you and where to place you relative to themselves -- and relative
to the hierarchy. Without a title of manager or above, Cameroonians may
assume that the businesswoman does not have a position of authority. If
you are a business traveler, you may wish to invent a "business card title"
to facilitate smoother working relationships.
In most situations Cameroonians will defer to the men on a team. To avoid

this, it is a good idea to arrange with your team to allow you to respond to
certain types of questions to enhance your credibility.
Whenever possible, lead the business discussion when you are part of a
team. Even if all team members are equal, this visible taking charge
enhances your credibility.
View of Foreigners
Cameroon is a diverse country, blending their British and French

colonizers cultures with that of the ethnic African tribes. For the most part,
Cameroonians are warm and welcoming towards foreigners. If they are

not, it is a personal attribute and not a cultural imperative.
The ability to speak French generally makes the adjustment easier in

Francophone areas of the country. Since there are not a lot of expats or
tourists, foreigners may face stereotyping. For example, locals often think
Caucasians are rich and therefore charge them more than they would a
local for the same item.
Cross Culture Tips
The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

ICAM169; Cultural Model. They are designed to help you work and
understand people from other cultural backgrounds.
Please keep in mind that not all people from any given culture act the
same, but in order to describe cultural traits, we had to make
generalizations, which may not apply in some cases. Perhaps the most
important tip we can provide is that when interacting across cultures, you
need to approach every situation with an understanding of the basic tenets
of a given culture and yet remain alert to the specific cultural signals you
receive in each situation and adjust your behavior and expectations
accordingly.
Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

The defining characteristics of this dimension are:
How society is structured

How power is allocated or earned
Tolerance for social mobility
How organizations are structured and run
The amount of responsibility and control employees are given
Cameroon is hierarchical, so when interacting with people from Cameroon,

you should remember the following tips:
You will need to give clear, explicit directions regarding duties,

deadlines, and decisions.
As a manager, you will be expected to demonstrate an authoritative
leadership style.
Do not expect employees to display individual initiative; they expect
to take direction from the leader.
Be aware that people expect to be treated differently based on their
socio-economic backgrounds or levels in the organization.
Show the appropriate level of deference and respect, through
language and behavior, to the more senior members of society.
Expect to encounter more bureaucracy in organizations and
government agencies.
Formal vs. Informal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

status
The importance of protocol and etiquette
The appropriate use of titles, surnames and honorifics
The appropriateness of discussing personal matters at work
Appropriate ways of meeting people, building relationships and
entertaining
Cameroon is a formal society. When you interact with people from

Cameroon:
Address people by their appropriate title and name. Do not move to

first-name basis until invited.
In general, it is best to use the formal tense when using the local
language.
Status is important and you may be judged on the image you present,
the clothes you wear and where you live and what car you drive.
These external cues matter to locals.
Do not ask personal questions in a social setting unless you have
developed a close relationship with someone. Check to be certain it
is proper to use social functions to network.
Check with a colleague or local national about rules of protocol and
etiquette about specific circumstances since being correct with
etiquette is important.
Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

The relative importance of the individual versus the group
Whether legal systems will protect the rights of the individual or focus
on the group as a whole
Whether individuals prefer to work alone or be part of a group
Whether work teams operate as a seamless entity or as cooperating
individuals
The value of individual contributions vs. teamwork in accomplishing
and rewarding business goals
The roles and responsibilities of individuals to other family members
The appropriate levels of self-assertion and self-promotion within a
society
Cameroon is group-oriented culture. The following will help you when you
interact with people from Cameroon:
People value their role as a team member and identify themselves

first as part of a group, then as an individual.
They may be uncomfortable if too much focus is placed on them
individually.
In general, people will consult with others before stating their opinion.
Individuals are not generally comfortable taking credit for their

accomplishments, preferring the praise to be given to the entire
group.
Promotions tend to be based on seniority and relationships rather
than performance.
Individuals feel a strong sense of responsibility for family members.
Decision making may be a slow process since consensus is
important. Once a decision is reached, implementation may be quite
rapid.
Interpersonal vs. Transactional Relationships

What constitutes a relationship

What are the expectations
Whether trust is deemed critical to building social or business
relationships
What takes precedence in making a business decision: the people
involved or other more objective business criteria
The pace and degree of formalized rituals in building new
relationships
The appropriateness of mixing business and pleasure, or
professional and personal lives
Cameroon is an interpersonal, relationship-oriented culture. When you

have business or social interactions with people from Cameroon, you will
want to remember these points:
Relationship building is important and tends to be somewhat formal

and ritualized.
In general, relationship building takes time and attention. In return,
once developed, relationships are long lived.
Expect to be asked personal questions. This is how locals learn more
about you as a person so that they can be learn if the type of person
with whom they want a relationship.
In a business situation, personal relationships, trust and familiarity will
likely take precedence over price and perhaps even efficiency.
Employing or giving favorable treatment to family members and
friends may be good business, and what may be considered to be
"nepotism" in your culture may be openly accepted.
There are expectations that people have of relationship-based
behavior, which may include going out after work to socialize,
entertaining at ones home or even inviting someone for the weekend
and while these may be seen as casual in your culture, they carry an
underlying assumption of friendship.
Indirect vs. Direct Communication

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

The degree of directness or subtlety in the language
The relative importance of contextual versus tactical information in

conveying a message
The need to maintain harmony and dignity when communicating
The degree to which a society uses conciseness and clarity versus
eloquent language when communicating
Cameroon is an indirect communication culture. The following tips will give

you clues about how you might handle communication with people from
Cameroon:
Non-verbal gestures are important to enhance the meaning and

acceptance of the words being spoken.
Adding some context, background information, and dialog are
important to assure understanding.
Eloquence in verbal communication and meticulous preparation of
written or visual communication forms are highly valued.
Take care when making introductions to have a respectful, even
deferential demeanor.
Show you are considering the subject thoroughly when a topic is
presented.
Fluid vs. Controlled Time

The degree to which people feel that they can control time
The relative importance of relationships vs. schedules
Attitudes towards timekeeping and punctuality
Comfort level with short range vs. longer term planning
The feasibility / appropriateness of assigning set times for social
functions or business meetings to start and finish
Cameroon is a moderately Fluid Time culture. The following tips will give
you clues about how you may best interact with Cameroonian colleagues:
Be accepting of the fact that people do not feel a sense of urgency for
promptness, but they understand the need for deadlines and
schedules.
Since people have respect for schedules, it is often valuable to seek
concurrence from team members when establishing deadlines.
Plans are often fluid, changing frequently and often at the last minute.
Fluid Time cultures often strive for balance in professional and
personal lives. They may not share the same sense of urgency or
ambition about completing business projects, sourcing new business,
or personal career advancement.
It may be rude to interrupt a colleague who is taking a long time to
deliver a message, and brevity to maintain time schedules is not
considered a virtue.
External vs. Internal Control

The degree to which people feel they control their environment and
destiny-or the degree to which they feel their environment and
destiny control them
Openness to change and innovation
The preference for rules and structure
Willingness to take risks
The degree to which organizational practices encourage and reward
initiative and risk taking, and allow failure
Cameroon is a moderately External Control society. When interacting with

people from Cameroon, you should remember the following tips:
People in these societies believe they have limited control over their
destiny or environment.
Although change may be viewed in a positive light, people from
Cameroon may be reluctant to adopt new products or systems
without a great deal of research.
Employees expect managers to be strong leaders who care for their
staff and take a personal interest in their lives.
When delegating work to employees, it is a good idea to make
periodic checks on progress.
Risk tolerance is often a matter of position, with risk tolerance limited
to those in decision making positions.
Balance vs. Status Motivation

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

How status and success are defined by a society
The presence or absence of government-sponsored initiatives
relating to family welfare benefits
The source of an individual's identity and self-esteem
Tolerance for blurring the lines between professional and personal
lives
Cameroon is a Balance-Motivation culture. When interacting with people

from Cameroon, you should remember the following tips:
Individuals value their personal and family time.

Personal identity, status and sense of personal accomplishment are
derived from family, education and pursuits outside of the workplace.
Employees see a clear distinction between work time and personal
time and rarely blur those lines.
Family obligations will take precedence over professional loyalties or
advancement.
People are reluctant to permanently relocate and leave family and
friends.
Country Overview
The People
Cameroon has a diversified population comprising approximately 250

ethnic groups that form 5 regional/cultural groups western highlanders
(also called grassfielders), which include the Bamileke, Bamoun, and many
smaller groups in the northwest; coastal tropical forest people, which
include the Bassa, Doula, and many smaller groups in the southwest;
southern tropical forest people, which include the Beti, Beulu, Fang, and
Pygmies; Islamic people of the northern semi-arid regions and central
highlands, which include the Fulani; and the Kirdi, non-Islamic or recently
Islamic peoples of the northern desert and central highlands.
Equal percentages of the population (40%) adhere to indigenous beliefs or

Roman Catholicism. The remainder of the population is mostly Muslim.
The official languages are French and English. Approximately 80% of the
population speaks French with the remaining 20% speaking English. In
addition, 24 African languages including Bamileke, Ewondo, Bassa, and
Bamoun are spoken.
Nationality:
Noun: Cameroonian(s)
Adjective: Cameroonian
Population:
24,360,803
Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,
higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates,
and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would
otherwise be expected (July 2016 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.6% (2014 est.)
Ethnic groups:
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani

10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-
African less than 1%
Religions:
Catholic 38.4%, Protestant 26.3%, other Christian 4.5%, Muslim 20.9%,
animist 5.6%, other 1%, non-believer 3.2% (2005 est.)
Languages:
24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)
Source: The World Factbook
Cities & Regions
Cameroon borders the Gulf of Guinea on the southwest, Equatorial

Guinea, Gabon, and Republic of the Congo to the south, Central African
Republic and Chad to the east, Nigeria to the west, and Lake Chad to the
north.
The country is diverse topographically. A densely forested plateau extends

from the Sanaga River to the Gabon border in the south, with a coastal
plain that separates these highlands from the Atlantic Ocean. The land in
the central region rises slowly, culminating in the Adamawa (Adamaoua)
Plateau. In the far north of the country, the land falls towards Lake Chad. In
the west, the land is mountainous and along its western border with Nigeria
is the volcanic Cameroon Mountain, which is the highest point in West
Africa 13,451 feet (4,100 meters).
In the south, rain falls between April and November. The central region has
two dry and two wet seasons. In the north, rain falls between May and
October.
Douala
Cameroons economic capital, Douala is located near the sea, on the left
bank of the Wouri River, and is dominated by volcanic Mount Cameroon. It
is the largest city in the country and its port handles 95% of the countrys
maritime traffic.
The city is divided into quarters (quartiers). Akwa, the center of the city,
has a high quality crafts market, the Stand Municipal Artisanal where
jewelry, masks, antiques, and artwork can be found. Banajo is the
administrative district, and has several monuments. Lagos contains one of
the largest open-air markets in the region. Kassalafam is the fourth quarter
Yaound, the capital city, stands on seven hills. To the northwest, jungle-
clad mountains rise to an altitude of 3,280 feet (1000 meters). Mont Fb,
which overlooks the city, has been developed as a resort, with a luxury
hotel, nightclub, casino, gardens, and a golf course. Its high altitude
ensures a pleasant climate.
Once a sleepy colonial capital, Yaound is now a bustling urban center

complete with meandering streets and undulating hills. Avenue Kennedy is
the main commercial corridor. The lively African quarters of Messa,

Mokolo, and Briqueterie, just northwest of downtown, claim to serve the
best grilled chicken in the country. North of the city is the Benedictine
Monastery's Muse d'Art Cameroonais, which has one of the best
collections of Cameroonian art in the world.
Government
Country name:
Conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon

Conventional short form: Cameroon
Local long form: Republique du Cameroun/Republic of Cameroon
Local short form: Cameroun/Cameroon
Former: French Cameroon, British Cameroon, Federal Republic of
Cameroon, United Republic of Cameroon
Government type:
Presidential republic
Capital:
Yaounde
Independence:
1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
Legal system:
Mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and
customary law
More Government Information
Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members in Cameroon

https://www.cia.gov
An online directory of leaders updated weekly by the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Background Note: Cameroon

http://www.state.gov
An overview of government and political conditions published by the U.S.
Department of State.
Links to Government Web Sites

http://www.gksoft.com/govt
A comprehensive directory of Cameroon government Web sites.
Economy
Currency:
Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale franc (XAF)
Economy - overview:
Modest oil resources and favorable agricultural conditions provide

Cameroon with one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Oil remains Cameroons main export commodity, and
despite falling global oil prices, still accounts for nearly 40% of export
earnings. Cameroons economy suffers from factors that often impact
underdeveloped countries, such as stagnant per capita income, a relatively
inequitable distribution of income, a top-heavy civil service, endemic
corruption, continuing inefficiencies of a large parastatal system in key
sectors, and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise.
Since 1990, the government has embarked on various IMF and World
Bank programs designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency
in agriculture, improve trade, and recapitalize the nation's banks. The IMF
continues to press for economic reforms, including increased budget
transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs. The
Government of Cameroon provides subsidies for electricity, food, and fuel
that have strained the federal budget and diverted funds from education,
healthcare, and infrastructure projects, especially in 2015, as low oil prices
have led to lower revenues.
Cameroon devotes significant resources to several large infrastructure

projects currently under construction, including a deep sea port in Kribi and
the Lom Pangar Hydropower Project. Cameroons energy sector continues
to diversify, recently opening a natural gas powered electricity generating
plant. Cameroon continues to seek foreign investment to improve its
inadequate infrastructure, create jobs, and improve its economic footprint,
but its unfavorable business environment remains a significant deterrent to
foreign investment.
Industries:
Petroleum production and refining, aluminum production, food processing,
light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair
Exports - partners:
China 16.7%, India 15.7%, Spain 6.2%, Belgium 6.1%, France 6.1%,
Portugal 5.6%, Netherlands 5%, Italy 5% (2015)
More Economic Information
Economic and Financial Indicators

http://www.worldbank.org
Economic information prepared by the World Bank.
Geography & Climate
Location:
Central Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea
and Nigeria
Area:
Total: 475,440 sq km
Land: 472,710 sq km
Water: 2,730 sq km
Land boundaries:
Total: 5,018 km
Border Countries: Central African Republic 901 km, Chad 1,116 km,
Republic of the Congo 494 km, Equatorial Guinea 183 km, Gabon 349 km,
Nigeria 1,975 km
Coastline:
402 km
Climate:
Varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Terrain:
Diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center,
mountains in west, plains in north
Elevation extremes:
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Highest point: Fako 4,095 m (on Mount Cameroon)
Natural hazards:
Volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos
and Lake Monoun volcanoes
Volcanism: Mt. Cameroon (elev. 4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is
the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic
field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700
people in 1986
Environment - current issues:

Water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation; overgrazing;
desertification; poaching; overfishing
Geography - note:
Sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa; throughout the country there
are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic

activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west
Africa, is an active volcano.
History Overview
Portuguese mariners led by Fernando Po arrived in 1472 and gave

the name Cameroon to the country after what they thought to be
shrimp (camaroes) in the main river. Local chiefs increased their
power by making agreements with the Portuguese as well as traders
from the UK, the Netherlands, France, and Germany.
In the 1520, Portuguese settlers started plantations and the Trans-
Atlantic slave trade. Pastoral nomads were immigrating from Nigeria
and fighting with the indigenous people, thus providing refugees
vulnerable for slave trade.
The Dutch took over the slave trade in Cameroon in the 1600s.
In the 1700s, British missionaries began protesting against slave
trading. The USA abolished slavery in 1863. In connection with the
already existent European ban on the industry, only illegal slave
trading continued.
Germany, under Gustav Nachtigal, established the protectorate of
Kamerun in 1884 by signing a treaty with the Chiefs of Doula (Bell,
Akwa, and Dedo). Baron von Soden became governor. The largest
task facing him was fighting rebellious tribes inside the country.
The German governor was thrown out by the Allies in World War I
(1916). After the war, the League of Nations mandated 80% of the
country to the French and the balance to the UK. After World War II,
the mandates were converted to UN trust territories. This
administrative and linguistic division of the country has been the
cause of tensions and problems within the country ever since.
By 1922 the country was officially shared by France and the UK.
British Cameroon and Nigeria were administered as a single British
colony, although most of the UKs attention was focused on the
development of Nigeria. German settlers returned to British
Cameroon and developed private plantations. The French portion of
the country prospers, although the brutal French regime grew
increasingly unpopular.
During World War II, all German plantations were confiscated. In
1947, they were made into the Cameroon Development Corporation
(CDC), which remains one of the largest companies.
After World War II, political parties began to emerge in both French
and British Cameroon. They demanded independence and many
wanted the two sections of the country to be joined. Others wanted
British Cameroon to become part of Nigeria.
French East Cameroon gained independence in 1960. British West
Cameroon gained its independence the following year.
A unified country was formed in 1972. The Union Nationale

Camerounaise (UNC) dominated both the executive and legislative
branches of government. During the 1970s, President Ahidjo
developed agriculture and industry within the country. Human rights
abuses and political arrests were ignored. Ahidjo began clinging to
power and became unwilling to have a democratic nation.
Prime Minister Paul Biya became president in 1982 when President
Ahidjo resigned. In 1985 he re-named the ruling party the
Rassemblement Dmocratique du Peuple Camerounais (RDP) and
introduced cosmetic political reforms. In many ways, Cameroon
became a police state. Former President Ahidjo, from exile in Paris,
began criticizing the new government.
A military coup failed in 1984. Many suspected French involvement in
planning the coup.
Nearly 1,800 people were killed in August 1986 in the Lake Nyos
area when a cloud of deadly gases erupted from the lake.
The oil boom ended in 1987, which led to an economic crisis in the
country.
A multi-party system was legalized in 1990. Subsequent elections
were marred by irregularities and accusations of fraud.
Cameroon joined the British Commonwealth in 1993, although it
retained a close relationship with France via the membership in the
CFR Franc Zone.
President Biya was re-elected in 1997, although the elections were
boycotted by three main political opposition parties when their
complaints about the handling of voter registration went unheeded.
In 1999, English-speaking secessionists led by the Southern National
Council (SCNC) attempted to have the southern republic secede.
The International Court of Justice settled the dispute with Nigeria and
ceded the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon in 2002. In December
2003, Nigeria returned more than 32 villages to Cameroon. In
January, both countries agreed to mount joint border patrols. By
September, Nigeria had not met the deadline to hand over Bakassi.
In June 2006, a UN-mediated summit resulted in Nigeria agreeing to
withdraw troops from the Bakassi peninsula.
Later in the year, thousands of refugees entered Cameroon fleeing
conflicts in Chad and the Central African Republic.
In 2008, Parliament amended the constitution to allow a president a
third term.
Later in the year, Nigeria finally turned the Bakassi peninsula to
Cameroon. In October, the two countries joined together to protect
their border from militant attacks and pirates.
In September 2010, rumors of an impending coup led the
government to fire senior security officials.
With the changed term of president, Biya won another term in the
October 2011 elections. Opponents claim the voting was rigged. By
2013, he had been ruler for 30 years.
Country Information
Embassies
Public Holidays
Social Etiquette
Meeting People
Cameroonian greetings vary between the Francophone and Anglophone

areas. In both areas, men shake hands with each other. In the
Francophone south, close friends may embrace while brushing cheeks and
kissing the air with a token handshake. In the Anglophone north, close
friends have a unique handshake in which, as they pull their hands back
they snap the other persons middle finger with their thumb. Men often
lower their head and avert their eyes when greeting someone superior to
them in age or position.
Some religious Muslims will not shake hands with women. To avoid
embarrassment, a foreign woman should wait to see if the man extends his
hand to her. If he does not, she should bow her head and speak her
greeting.
Since this is a hierarchical society, elders are greeted first. It is customary

to bow when introduced to someone who is obviously older or has a more
senior position. In any greeting, women do not look the other person in the
eye, even if it is another woman.
In the Anglophone area of the country, a common greeting is "You are

there!" rather than "Hello". When leaving, Cameroonians in the north may
say, "Im coming".
As in most African countries, greetings should not be rushed. It is important

to take time to inquire about the persons family and other matters of
general interest during the greeting process.
In the Francophone area of the country, people use French professional,

academic or honorific titles (Docteur, Professeur, Monsieur, Madame, or
Mademoiselle), while in the Anglophone section, English titles (Doctor,
Professor, Mr. Mrs. or Miss) are used. In both cases, initial introductions
are made with the surname, although it is common to quickly move to a

first-name basis. It is a good idea to let the Cameroonian determine when
your relationship has reached this level of intimacy.
At any gathering it is polite to introduce yourself to each guest individually.

Take time for small talk with each person before moving on to the next
person. Expect to be asked what might appear to be intrusive personal
questions. Cameroonians are eager to get to know you as a person.
Gift Giving
In general, Cameroonians exchange gifts with family and close friends to

celebrate events of significance in a persons life. It is the fact that you
have given a gift rather than the cost of the gift that is important. Giving a
gift that is too expensive might embarrass the recipient if they are unable to
match the level of generosity.
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they are permitted under company policy):
If you are invited to an Cameroonians home, bring fruit, whiskey, or

wine to the host.
A small gift for the children would be appreciated.
Do not bring alcohol unless you know that your host drinks. Most
Muslims do not.
Gifts are not necessarily opened when received.
Gifts are given with two hands or the right hand only; not with the left
hand.
Entertaining
How Cameroonians Entertain

Cameroonians are hospitable people who enjoy entertaining friends and
family in their homes. An invitation to a private home is an honor and
should be accepted. If you must decline, offer your sincere apologies and
appear disappointed. To do otherwise could insult the invitee.
If you are invited to a Cameroonians house:
Unless told "white man time", arrive within half an hour after the
stipulated time.
Dress as you would in the office. Dressing well demonstrates respect
towards your hosts.
Shake hands with each guest individually.
Do not discuss business.
Expect to be shown the family photo album. Your hosts and the other
guests will be eager to see pictures of your family, so it's a good idea
to have some to show.
The home is private. Do not ask for a tour.
Send a handwritten thank you note to your hosts the following day.
Although not required, it marks you as someone with excellent
manners.
Table Manners
Cameroonians are somewhat formal and believe good table manners
demonstrate respect. Do not presume that because food is eaten with the
hands, there is a lack of decorum. When in doubt, watch what others do
and emulate their behavior.
In traditional homes, men eat first, then women, and then children. A
foreign woman will generally be invited to eat with the men since she
is a guest.
In many homes, a washing basin and soap is brought out before the
meal so that guests may wash their hands.
Food is often served from a communal bowl.
Expect to have your own shallow, over-sized bowl as you plate since
many meals include soups and various sauces.
Use the serving spoons to scoop food from the communal bowl onto
your bowl.
Hierarchy dictates that the eldest person is the first to take food from
the communal plate.
Many Cameroonians eat with their hands, although foreign guests
may be offered cutlery.
Only use the right hand for eating.
Keep both wrists on the table while eating.
"Fufu" is a starchy accompaniment for stews or dishes with sauce.
Use your right hand to tear off a bite-sized piece, shape it into a ball,
make an indentation in it, and scoop up what you are eating.
As a guest, you will be offered prized delicacies such as chicken
gizzards. This is considered an honor. If you cannot eat them, thank
your host profusely and suggest that the delicacy be given to the
eldest person instead.
If you do not want something that is offered, you may also say, "Cest
mon habitude" or "Its my custom" to mean that you do not generally
eat the item.
It is common to eat chicken bones, which are high in protein.
If offered the last serving of an item, offer an initial refusal and expect
your host to then offer the item a second or third time, in which case
you may accept.
Expect to offer a toast during the meal.
Dining Out
Not all restaurants include a service charge, so it is a good idea to check
your bill. If a service charge is not included, tip 10%.
The person who extends the invitation generally expects to pay. You may
reciprocate at a later date. Younger people may split the bill equally among
the diners, although this practice is less common with older Cameroonians.
Tipping
The following tipping hints are guidelines. You can find more explicit
information on restaurant tipping in the Dining Out section above.
Restaurants: 10% if no service charge

Porters: Loose change
Taxis: Round up
Approach to Time
Cameroonians see time as a moveable feast that readily adjusts to

changing circumstances. As with many other sub-Saharan Africans, they
see time as a lake, which is limitless, rather than a river, which once it has
passed, is gone forever. They believe that there will be time for what really
matters in life family and friends.
Personal relationships are considered more important than time. A

Cameroonian would think it rude to rush a conversation in order to arrive
on time for a meeting. At the same time, when with you, the Cameroonian
will give you sufficient time to conduct business without worrying about his
next appointment.
If a Cameroonian expects a guest to arrive on time, they will say, "white

man time", whereas "black man time" can mean up to 2 hours later than
invited.
Conversation Topics
Conversations between men often involve beer drinking. They begin with
inquiries into the health and well-being of the other persons family.
Cameroonians enjoy discussing their world renowned soccer team, the
Indomitable Lions. It is a good idea to avoid discussing politics and the
government, both of which can be sensitive subjects.
Cameroonians are superstitious about pregnancy. Therefore, it is best not

to refer to a womans pregnancy.
Cameroonians ask what in many other cultures would be considered

intrusive personal questions as a way to get to know someone. Expect to
be asked if you are married and if you have children. You may want to
prepare stock responses in advance if you are uncomfortable responding
to personal questions.
Cameroonians are expressive speakers who often use hand and facial
gestures and speak in loud voices. They enjoy joking and teasing one
another. If they do so with you, it is a sign of friendship.
Other Situations
Cameroonians often visit each other without an invitation. Since not

everyone has a telephone, you may do the same.
Begging is common in cities but not in rural areas, where beggars are
ostracized.
Cameroonians are respectful of hierarchy and pay particular deference to

their elders:
Stand when an elder enters or leaves the room.

Defer to an elders opinion, especially in public.
Allow the eldest person in the group to be the spokesman.
Prices in markets often vary by the perceived social status of the

purchaser. Those with more money are expected to pay more.
Faux Pas
Cameroonians have strict beliefs about how things should be done. The
following will help you avoid giving offense:
Do not use the left hand in public.

Do not point your finger at a person or object.
Avoid public displays of affection.
Shorts should only be worn when playing soccer.
Dressing well is critical. Do not wear torn or tattered clothing, even if
it is the latest fashion trend.
Do not point the soles of your feet or shoes at anyone.
Do not photograph anyone without permission.
At tourist areas, people may request a small payment as well as a
copy of the photograph. If you do not have an instant camera, take
down the persons name and address and mail them a photo later.
Do not attempt to photograph military installations, police,
government buildings, or factories.
Women should not make eye contact when speaking.
Communication
Communication Essentials
Cameroonians often give what they believe is the expected response

rather than say something that might embarrass the other person. Honor
and dignity are crucial and Cameroonians often go out of their way to keep
from doing something that could bring shame to another person.
They expect business colleagues and superiors to inquire about their

family before beginning a business discussion. If they have previously
mentioned that a family member was ill, they expect to be asked how they
are doing the next time you meet.
Despite the expressive nature of conversations and the sweeping hand

gestures they employ, Cameroonians are not necessarily direct
communicators. They hesitate to admit that they do not know something.
Instead, they will give a vague response. They are concerned with getting
their point across in a sensitive manner, especially when conversing with
people with whom they do not have a personal relationship.
The normal speaking tone of Cameroonians is somewhat loud. They also

use expressive hand and facial gestures. It is important for men to maintain
eye contact while conversing. To do otherwise indicates a lack of interest in
the other person and is considered rude. Women should not make direct
eye contact while speaking, even to other women.
Criticism should be given in private and should be delivered in a

circumspect manner with a general discussion of the work situation, praise
for what the employee does well, and finally suggestions for improvement.
Key Words/Phrases
English and French are the official and business languages of Cameroon.
However, over 200 native languages are also spoken.
Yes: Oui
No: Non
Hello (daytime): Bonjour
Hello (evening): Bonsoir
Goodbye: Au revoir
Please: Sil vous plat
Thank you: Merci
Excuse me: Pardon
Spoken Key Phrases

http://www.omniglot.com
The French alphabet, pronunciation guide, spoken phrases, and links to
more information.
Language Related Videos

http://www.youtube.com
Video featuring basic phrases in French for beginners.
http://www.ehow.com
A series of videos featuring lessons on key phrases in French.
Using Translators
Take care in selecting a translator and develop an early understanding of
what you expect--specifically, the translation must be exact, rather than
what the translator thinks each party wants to hear.
To be on the safe side you may want to meet with the translator prior to
your appointments so that the person learns your accent and can be
exposed to any technical or non-familiar terms that may be used.
Developing a thorough relationship with your translator enables them to
argue your points with a level of confidence they might not otherwise have.
Have your translator explain to you the most elementary of basic
courtesies.
Non-Verbal Language
Cameroonians do not require a great deal of personal space when

conversing. If you back away, you may give offense or the person may
step forward to close the gap.
When speaking to someone at the same level, direct eye contact indicates
sincerity. When speaking to someone who is senior to you in age or
position, indirect eye contact demonstrates respect. In general, women do
not make direct eye contact when conversing, even with other women.
There is little physical contact between people until a personal relationship

has developed.
Mail & Telephone
Letters/Email
Written communication is more formal in the Francophone portion of the
country. Letters should be addressed using the persons honorific and
professional or academic title and their full name.
In the Francophone portion of the country, written communication may be

more flowery and complimentary than in the Anglophone part, in keeping
with their speaking style. Therefore, it is a good idea to lace your own
communication with polite and thoughtful compliments.
Cameroonians prefer face-to-face communication to written

communication, which is viewed as too impersonal. Therefore, if you must
communicate by letter, it is a good idea not to immediately start with the

business topic. Consider the opening paragraph to be the equivalent of
small talk. Ask about the person and their family since this demonstrates a
sincere interest in the person, which is crucial to business success. The
closing of the letter should include a statement of farewell.
If you send a letter to schedule your first meeting, include background

information about yourself and the company you represent. In this is a
relationship-driven culture where business is personal, it is important that
Cameroonians know something about you as a person.
Younger employees may be more comfortable using email than their older
counterparts. Nonetheless, it is a good idea to remember that the way you
present yourself in writing says a great deal about you as a person. Avoid
using slang, jargon, or idioms that may not readily cross cultures. Even
when sending a brief note, courtesy counts. Address the person by their
title, and take time to ask about their health before delving into business.
Telephone
As you might expect in a relationship-driven culture, the telephone is not
the preferred medium of communication, especially before a relationship
has been developed. Cameroonians prefer to see a person when speaking
so they can assess their character using non-verbal clues.
You may schedule an initial meeting by telephone or re-confirm an

appointment. Once you have a personal relationship, it is easier to conduct
business over the telephone, but it can not completely replace personal
contact.
When speaking, modulate your speaking voice and enunciate your words
carefully. Do not immediately begin speaking about the matter at hand.
Small talk is important because it fosters the personal
relationship necessary to conduct business.
Presentations
Handouts
Handouts should be available in English or French, depending upon

location.
A brief written summary of the main points and the agenda should be
provided at the start of the presentation.
Handouts with additional details, background data, or charts and data
to substantiate what is presented should be given at the end of the
presentation.
Presentation Slides/Power Point
English presentation materials should be spell-checked for British

spelling.
Keep A/V slides simple and easy to read.

To emphasize a point, intersperse charts and graphs with written
material.
Use diagrams and pictures when possible rather than words.
Slides should be an outline; not the presentation.
Audience
Most will arrive on time.

You may ask the audience to turn off their mobile phones; not all will
comply.
Since they are expressive communicators, they may interrupt to ask
questions or clarify a point.
Presenter
If you are not fluent in French or English (depending upon location),

find out if you need an interpreter.
Work with the interpreter in advance so they become comfortable
with your material and speech pattern.
Introduce yourself to each participant as they enter the room and
make a modicum of small talk.
Establish a personal rapport with the audience before beginning the
presentation.
Strive to appear relaxed; this will impress the audience.
Make eye contact with your audience; do not focus entirely on one
member.
Avoid hype or hyperbole in Anglophone areas.
Use proper grammar, pronouncing words clearly and distinctly.
Strive not to sound arrogant or pompous.
Minimize slang, jargon, and idiomatic expressions.
Speak in a straightforward manner.
In Francophone parts of the country, use a more flowery speech
pattern.
Opening the Presentation
Welcome the audience.

Introduce yourself.
Begin with the business advantage of what you are about to discuss
and a big picture overview.
Body of the Presentation
Initial presentations should provide the big picture.

Presentations should be well-organized, succinct and to the point.
Presentations should incorporate a combination of analysis, opinion,
and interesting facts.
Provide supporting documentation including facts and figures.
Demonstrate how your idea has worked in the past.
Include context, especially if introducing new idea or concepts.
Incorporate a combination of analysis, opinion, and facts.
Examples and illustrations should be drawn from local companies.
When making a recommendation, including the rationale will help you

gain acceptance.
Closing the Presentation
You may present a summary at the end of the presentation or

discuss the next steps.
End with something for the audience to think about or consider.
Thank the audience.
Leave time for a Q&A session at the end of your presentation.
Do not respond immediately to questions; this shows that you have
considered your response.
Date/Time
Date
In Cameroon, dates are generally written in the day, month and year format
with either periods or slashes between each number. If the day or month is
less than 10, including leading zeroes is optional. The year may be written
using two or four digits. Example: July 9, 2011 could be written 09.07.2011
or 9/7/11.
To ensure there is no confusion, you may want to spell out the name of the
month. This leaves no ambiguity as to what is the day and what is the
month.
Time
The 24-hour clock is a timekeeping convention where the time of a day is
the number of hours since midnight. The 12-hour clock divides the day into
two periods (midnight to noon and noon to midnight), each with 12 hours.
Thus, 2 o'clock in the afternoon would be 14:00 in the 24-hour clock.
Cameroonians generally communicate in writing using the 24-hour clock,

although they may use the 12-hour clock when speaking.
Business Protocol
Meeting & Greeting
Greetings are formal and courteous.

Handshakes are firmer in the Anglophone area than in the
Francophone area. They are combined with direct eye contact.
Women should avoid making direct eye contact during the greeting
process.
Religious Muslims often do not shake hands with women.
Greetings follow the African protocol of extensive inquiries into each
others health and other social pleasantries. It is important not to rush
this process.
Government officials may be addressed as "Excellency" without their
surname.
Honorific and professional titles in French or English should be used
in the appropriate area of the country. These are used with the
person's surname.
Wait to be invited before moving to a first-name basis.
Business Cards
Business cards are given without formal ritual.

Present and receive business cards with the right hand only or with
both hands.
Present your card so it is readable to the recipient.
Make a point of studying any business card you receive. It is a
common practice to comment on some of the information or the card
design.
Business Attire
The way a businessperson dresses conveys their professional image and

their respect for the people with whom they conduct business. As such,
what we report is the conservative approach to business attire for a
country. Appropriate attire varies within countries based on location, event,
and individual organization culture. Some industries and companies may
have less stringent requirements. Before embarking on an international
trip, it is generally a good idea to check with the local office to determine
what the appropriate dress code is in a specific location.
Business attire is formal and conservative.

Men should wear dark-colored conservative business suits to the
initial meeting.
In the heat of the summer, it is often possible to dispense with the
suit jacket, although it is best to err on the side of formality.
Women should wear dark-colored, loose-fitting dresses and low-
heeled shoes.
Women should not wear expensive accessories or heavy perfume.
Gifts
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they comply with company policy):
Businesspeople enjoy receiving gifts.

Gifts should be small and not expensive.
Nice gifts include something from your home country or desk
accessories such as a pen and pencil set or a desk diary.
Business Entertaining
Business entertaining helps develop the personal relationship

necessary to conduct business.
Business is not always discussed at business meals. Wait for your
host to initiate the discussion; do not raise it yourself.
Meals are about being sociable and developing the personal
relationship.
The person extending the invitation usually pays. It may be difficult
for you to pick up the bill because the Cameroonian will want to
appear hospitable.
If you want to invite guests out, make payment arrangements in
advance. Even then, expect some haggling over the check.
When you host a meal. Urge your guests to help themselves to more
food. When you are the guest, expect to be prodded to eat more.
Business Hours
Offices: 7:30am-5:00pm Monday to Friday

Banks: 7:30am-3:30pm Monday to Friday
Shops: 7:30am-6:00pm Monday to Saturday
Business Meetings
Meeting Essentials
Structure: Agendas are not necessarily part of the business culture.
Role of Leader: The leader convenes the meeting, sets the pace, and
closes the meeting.
Purpose: Meetings are for discussion and to exchange ideas.
Decisions are not generally reached at meetings.
Who attends: Various levels will attend meetings.
Who participates/speaks: Key stakeholders may speak and even
disagree as long as it is done diplomatically. The general tone is
respectful towards the leader.
The first meeting is often used to get better acquainted and business is
generally not discussed. This is the time for both parties to become
comfortable with each other. Your Cameroonian business colleague will
decide when it is time to discuss business by asking questions about your
companys product and services. Quite often, introductory meetings with
expatriates are held in hotels that cater to the international traveler.
Meetings are not always as private as they are in other cultures. It may
appear that there are several meetings taking place in the same room.
However, most Cameroonians are adept at coming back to the discussion
at hand when the interruption is over.
Agendas are not part of the business culture. If provided, they generally act
as a starting point for discussions rather than an itemized list of what will
be covered. Attempting to rigidly adhere to an agenda is not
recommended.
There is a formal nature to meetings in Cameroon. Do not remove your suit

jacket unless invited to do so, because it is seen as too casual. A strong
French influence exists in the country and adhering to gracious good
manners demonstrates respect to the people with whom you are meeting.
Scheduling Meetings
Appointments are necessary and should be made, preferably by fax, about

one month in advance. When attempting to schedule a meeting with
government officials, it is a good idea to do so two months in advance.
It is often difficult to schedule meetings in May because there are several

holidays at that time.
Since familial obligations often occur without warning, confirm the meeting
when you arrive in the country, a day or two in advance, and again the day
of the meeting.
Workdays are shorter during Ramadan in the Muslim areas of the country.
Since Muslims cannot eat or drink during daylight hours during Ramadan, it
is not the most opportune time to schedule a meeting.
Strive to arrive at meetings on time and be prepared to wait. Even if a

Cameroonian businessperson attempts to arrive on time, it is often difficult
for them to do so because of traffic and personal commitments.
Agendas
Agendas are not part of the business culture.

If used, they serve as a broad outline of what will be discussed.
Do not expect the agenda to be discussed in a specific order.
You may add an item to the agenda during the meeting.
Conducting Meetings
Business communication is relatively formal and follows rules of etiquette

and protocol. It is rude to turn your back on someone who is senior to you,
even if it is merely to shake hands with someone else.
Do not address a Cameroonian by their first name until invited to do so.

Some people prefer to be addressed by their title while others use their title
and surname. It is best to address a person the way they were introduced.
When addressing someone superior to you in age or position, it is polite

to use their honorific title and the formal word for you ("vous"). In most
other situations, the informal ("tu") is appropriate.
Cameroonians are expressive communicators who may interrupt a

speaker. If they think that they know what you are about to say, they will
interrupt you to agree, disagree, or change the subject. Many
Cameroonians use proverbs when speaking to enhance their
communication.
Cameroonians speak in a loud voice. They also use expressive hand and
facial gestures. It is important for men to maintain eye contact while
conversing. To do otherwise indicates a lack of interest in the other person
and is considered rude. Women should not make direct eye contact while
speaking, even to other women.
Criticism should be given in private and should be delivered in a

circumspect manner with a general discussion of the work situation, praise
for what the employee does well, and finally suggestions for improvement.
Management Styles
Relationships
Since Cameroonians prefer to do business with those they know,

introductions are extremely important. If you do not know someone to
provide this service, contact the Cameroonian Embassy in your country,
your countrys embassy in Cameroon, the local chamber of commerce, or
other business group such as the Lions Club. Cold calls are generally not
successful.
Cameroonians only do business with those they know and respect,

therefore expect to spend time cultivating a personal relationship. Do not
attempt to rush the relationship-building process or you may jeopardize
potential business dealings. Socializing over a meal or a cup of coffee are
good ways to develop a relationship.
Be prepared to answer personal questions about yourself so that your

Cameroonian colleagues can get to know you as a person. You may
inquire about Cameroonian food and ask for suggestions on what you
should see in the country. Your business associate will signal when it is
time to discuss business.
Who you know can be as important as what you know. Therefore, it is a

good idea to network so you can cultivate a number of business contacts. It
is important to develop relationships with people at every level of the
company. In this relationship-driven culture, support staff may allocate their
time first to those with whom they have a personal relationship.
Management Essentials
If you were to think about the most important cultural attributes that you will
see operating in business in Cameroon, they would be:
Hierarchical structures
Formal style
Interpersonal relationships
Indirect communication
It is important to develop a personal relationship before attempting to

conduct business. By-passing or rushing this process could severely limit
business success.
It is wise to adopt a formal demeanor and demonstrate deference to

position, age, and rank in this hierarchical culture.
Exercise patience in business dealings. Do not appear irritated by the time

it takes to get things done. Things generally take longer than expected. It
often requires several meetings to accomplish what could be handled by a
telephone call at home.
Familial obligations are generally viewed as more important than business

ones. It is common for Cameroonians to spend what might be viewed in
other cultures as excessive amounts of time in the office tending to
personal matters.
Risk Tolerance
Cameroonians tend to have a low tolerance for risk and change. Lower
level employees, who have the least power to impact decisions, tend to
have little tolerance for risk. Managerial employees may accept greater
risks, although they will generally only do so after giving the matter a great
deal of thought and consideration. They would not want to be thought bad
managers by refusing to consider an alternative. At the same time, they
would not want to be thought rash by adopting a change without appearing
to have given the matter sufficient thought.
To foster a safe environment to accept risk, provide information about

where the same process worked successfully and demonstrate the benefits
that were achieved my implementing the change.
Since Cameroonians are concerned about their personal reputation, they

try to avoid looking foolish in the eyes of others. This may be translated
into a need to thoroughly examine every possible outcome before taking a
risk.
Schedules & Deadlines
Deadlines are generally considered more as a guideline than an absolute

date. In their desire to offer the response that they think you want to hear,
Cameroonians may agree to schedules and deadlines that they know will
not be attained. It is, therefore, important to repeatedly stress the
importance of the deadlines and explain how failure to reach it could
negatively affect others in the organization.
Decision Making
Company Structure
Business is extremely hierarchical and employees are expected to show
deference and respect towards those in superior positions.
The management style is generally autocratic, even if the company gives
lip service to participative management.
It is common for several members of the same family to work for one
company. Nepotism is not considered negative; it is considered a good
business practice.
Managing Employees
Managers do not seek a consensus before making decisions. Managers
tell subordinates what they want done and how they expect the task to be
performed. Employees follow a managers instructions without comment,
since it would be rude to challenge someone of a higher status.
Employees believe that the manager is there to make decisions and do not
make them on their own. Perhaps as a result of colonialism, there is a
tendency for employees to expect the company to take care of them.
Expatriates often feel that Cameroonians lack individual initiative, even at
the managerial level.
Managers tend to micro-manage more than they do in most Western

cultures. Many managers are suspicious of their subordinates and institute
checks and controls to avoid corruption.
Individualism is not prized in this culture that adheres to group loyalties.

For praise to be most effective, it should be given to the group, not an
individual.
Decision Making
Decisions are made by senior-level executives, especially in the
government. Some companies have pushed decision making lower in the
organization, to the managerial level.
Team Focus
Cameroonians prefer working with people they know and trust. Their ability
to work well on teams may depend, therefore, on the composition of the
team. If the other members are those they trust, the team should function
quite effectively. If not, or if many of the members are of a higher level,
lower level team members may hesitate to state their true opinions.
In a team environment, employees may accept greater responsibility than

they might when working on their own; however, since age is important in
the culture, younger workers will only accept roles one or two levels above
their current one.
Even if the leader is not the ultimate decision maker, he will be treated with
respect and deference.
If praising a team, it is best to offer the commendation to the entire team.
Singling out an individual is not expected and could hamper future team
efforts.
Negotiations
The social side of business is very important. Cameroonians must know

and like you to conduct business. Personal relationships are necessary for
long-term business.
Although negotiations may be conducted with lower-level staff, they are

seldom granted full authority to make commitments for the company.
Decisions are made slowly. Do not try to rush the process, as it would be
interpreted as an insult. Do not appear impatient or irritated at the time
involved.
Do not criticize anyone publicly. It is important that you do not cause your
Cameroonian business associates to lose face.
Do not remove your suit jacket without permission.
Do not use high-pressure sales tactics. They are seen as confrontational.

Cameroonians are non-confrontational. They may agree in meetings rather
than cause you to lose face. They do not like to say "no" overtly.
Expect a fair amount of haggling. Cameroonians seldom see an offer as

final.
Cameroonians generally expect concessions on price and terms.

Therefore, it is a good idea to include a wide margin in your initial offer.
When granting a concession, do so with great reluctance and make it
conditional on a concession from your Cameroonian counterparts.
Moving There
Advice and Tips for Moving
Customs Regulations
Entry Requirements
Getting Around
Getting There
Safety & Security
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Telephone Numbers

To reach emergency services from a local telephone, dial:
Fire: 18
Police: 17
Ambulance: 234-020
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Telephone Numbers

To reach emergency services from a local telephone, dial:
Fire: 18
Police: 17
Ambulance: 234-020
Safety Precautions
Today, we think of political situations as causing safety concerns, but

ordinary crime, weather and geographic problems also pose risks. The
wise traveler is cautious about hurricanes and earthquakes along with hotel
fires, pickpockets and spontaneous political demonstrations. Terrorist
attacks and kidnappings have simply brought all security concerns to our
awareness. With the exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this

information is compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying
degrees to your destination and personal situation.
Before You Go
Take time to get all of your financial and personal records in order,
including preparing a will.
Talk with a trusted family member or friend about what types of
emergencies might arise in your absence, and what to do in those
events.
Think about the small (and large) disasters that could occur at home
during your absence and be sure there is someone prepared to assist
you.
Make copies of all of your travel documents (including detailed
itinerary with contact numbers) and be sure two people have easy
access to them.
Do the same with crucial health documentation.
Be sure someone knows where you will be and how to contact you in
emergencies at all times.
Find out the services your company offers to you in case of
emergency; obtain and make several copies of important emergency
company contact numbers to keep and give to all members of your
family who might need them.
Be sure you have enough of your prescription medication so you are
all right if you cannot get a refill right away; take an extra pair of
glasses if you wear them.
In-Country
So many variables go into being safe, and many of them revolve around
understanding the specifics of where you are. Be sure to learn details of
your location -- how to dress, where you can go and where to avoid, how to
act in public, how to carry yourself, and who to be watchful of.
Seek information from cultural experts and local nationals whom you have
confidence in. When in comes to your safety, dont be afraid to ask.
Hotel Safety
Know how to call for help AND what to say.

Do not display your guest room key unnecessarily.
Lock your door and do not answer it until you feel comfortable that
you know who it is.
Dont let strangers into your room.
Use the room safe or hotel safe deposit box.
Hide personal documents, valuables and other important items.
(Remember to safeguard your passport.)
Read the fire safety information and know what you would do if you
need to evacuate. Know exactly where the nearest fire exits are.
In the event that you might need to leave your room quickly, keep
your room key, your glasses (if necessary), a pair of shoes and some
money by your bedside.
Travel with a flashlight.
Women traveling alone will have different issues depending upon the
mors of the society youre visiting.
As a rule, be extremely cautious and circumspect.
Find out all the gender-based restrictions and abide by them.
Use a hotel known for its security and be sure that whatever
type of transportation you use, it is reliable and safe.
Ask hotel concierge or front desk manager to assist you
whenever you have questions about your safety. (They will also
arrange for you to have help, if you wish walking you to your
room very late at night or escorting you from a parking lot to the
hotel lobby).
The following websites offer specific advice for women:
Travel Tips for Women

Best Women's Travel Tips
Her Own Way: A Woman's Safe Travel Tips
Tips for Solo Women Travelers Women Travelers
Travel Tips
Crowded Situations
When youre in crowded places, be very careful to guard your

property at all times.
Carry as few valuable items with you as possible when you know
youre going to a crowded area. For example, expensive cameras,
PDAs and cash are easy targets.
Watch out for pickpockets who will try to distract you in many different
ways while taking your money. Even groups of children can be
working together to divert your attention while one will steal your
money.
Safety in Your New Home City
Learn about your host country and culture. This is not only wise for
business and social purposes, but is extremely important so you can
understand what may be offensive or negligent behavior.
The more you know about your location, the safer youll be; certainly
understand written and unwritten laws and codes of conduct.
Use your Embassy. These people are here to help you.
Embassies Around the World
Even if you are living in a relatively safe country, always be sure that
close family or friends have accurate contact information so they can
find you quickly.
For helpful information: Helpful Tips
If you are living in a high-risk location, your company should have
guidelines for your safety. Be sure you have 24-hour hotline numbers
and appropriate contacts who can assist you.
No matter where you livehigh risk or low risk countriestodays
world is volatile, and you never know when a potentially dangerous
situation can develop. Keep informednot only with your countrys
published data and warnings, but by identifying sources of local
news, reading local papers and telling your local friends to keep you
informed.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Security Issues
Security is not simply a state-of-mind, nor is it a stroke of luck. Keeping

yourself and your family safe anywhere you gowhether it is an extended
trip within hours of your home or a long-term assignment halfway around
the worldrequires planning and active follow-through.
Clearly the length of time you spend and the geographic and political
profile of the countries youre living in--or traveling to--will make a
difference in your level of preparedness. Nonetheless, practicing common
sense based upon knowledge of your location will help you. Dont
underplay the importance of understanding what is culturally
appropriateit may help you avoid some difficult situations. With the
exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this information is
compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying degrees to your
destination and personal situation. Always check to see what services your
company may offer to you.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Prepare For Your Destination
Read about security and safety issues in the countries youll be

traveling to or living in.
For the most current, up-dated information, we recommend the
following government sites as quite comprehensive and easy-to-
understand:
Australian Travel Advisories

Canadian Travel Advisories
UK Travel Advice
US Travel Warnings
Read about other precautions you should take for weather- and
geographic-related concerns. For example, keep enough cash on
hand so you will be all right if there are power failures and ATM
machines dont work.
Be sure you know how to contact (and get to) your countrys
Embassy and Consulate wherever you are travelingyou need the
location details, phone and hours of operation. Embassies Around
the World
See if there are any health-related issues in the countries to which
youre traveling. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has in-
depth information regarding all regions of the world.
Be sure you know how to call for help in an emergency. You may need to
reach the police, fire and other emergency personnel. Be sure you know
the words to use in the local language.
En Route
Protect your passport; it is one of the most valuable items you

possess--so protect it as you would cash, credit cards and other
valuables. If it is lost or stolen, report it immediately to the nearest
appropriate Embassy or consulate.
Avoid calling attention to yourself by wearing fancy jewelry or carrying
other expensive items.
Whenever possible carry valuables and important prescription
medications in your carry-on luggage; do not pack valuables in your
checked luggage.
Do not leave laptops, computer bags or other luggage unattended at
any time.
Be able to answer questions about your luggage and be able to open
all suitcases and packages immediately, if asked.
Use your business address on your luggage tags, if possible.
Be sure to respond completely to requests by security officials and
avoid comments about security that could be misinterpreted.
When youre on the plane or train, read safety literature and be sure
you know where emergency exits are located.
For general information when you are en route, the U.S. State Dept.
offers a wide-range of information to travelers of all nationalities:
http://www.state.gov/travel/
Moving Around Safely
Always remain alert.

Avoid disturbances and loud arguments. When they occur, quickly
walk the other way.
Dress conservatively. Your interpretation of this guideline needs to be
based on local practices and customs. Attire you may think is
perfectly acceptable, may not be so youll be well served to learn
what is appropriate. Otherwise, you could run the risk of being
misinterpreted and perhaps becoming a target if your clothing is

provocative or offensive.
Ostentatious jewelry will also draw attention to you.
Learn about transportation in your locationwhats safe and what
can be problematic and when. Trains, subways, buses, independent
taxi cabs may pose specific problems. Find out before you go if it is
preferable to hire a private driver and car. Contact your Embassy for
detailed information.
You should also ask your company about specific transportation
guidelines theyve established for your safety.
Avoid areas where you can become a victim of crime, such as poorly-
lit streets, alleys, and deserted train stations.
If you drive, keep your doors locked and windows closed, and never
pick up hitchhikers.
Be wary when you are alone in lifts. Get off if someone suspicious
gets on.
If you find yourself alone in a train car or compartment after everyone
else leaves, you may feel safer moving to an occupied car. Identify
the location of the emergency alarm system.
Experts say that if someone does attack you, give them your
valuablesmoney and passportand do not fight back.
Be sure to know enough of the language to call for help. Consider
marking and tagging the pages of a phrase book with these types of
important phrases.
Even when you have a mobile phone, learn to use the local pay
phones and keep change with you.
Know Where Youre Going
Ask people in the hotel what areas you should avoid.

When you have a specific location youre going to, ask colleagues or
people who work in the hotel if there are things you should know
about that area.
If you cannot speak the local language, carry the card of your hotel or
your address with you at all times--as well as your destination
address.
Make others aware of your specific whereabouts, even when youre
going to business appointments.
*Sources: U.S. Transportation Security Administration
Settling In
Accommodation
Arrival Procedures
Conversions
Family Corner
Health and Safety
Media
Money and Banking

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The linguistic divideEnglish-speaking versus French-speakingcreates on-going

Older people expect their status to be recognized. Elders are respected in

Role of the Family

grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, sisters, brothers, and in-laws.

Family obligations take precedence over business commitments.

Even in business, conversations start with prolonged inquires into the

Relationships are the lifeblood of business. Support staff often determines

As children, Cameroonians are taught the proverb "You need somebody to

Cameroonians consider the friends of friends or members of their extended

"Kongossa" ("gossiping") is common among Cameroonians as a way to

people who attempt to adhere to inflexible time schedules have little

Kamtok (Pidgin English)

Common phrases or words include:

Water always finds a way out.

The constitution guarantees freedom of religion. About 40% of the

The government station carries two hours per week of religious

The government demonstrates a surface-level commitment to improving

NGOs promoted women becoming more actively involved in the 2013

In the business arena, a woman must have her husbands permission to

View of Foreign Women

Tips for Businesswomen

Businesswomen should act in a reserved manner with male business

Businesswomen should dress conservatively, especially in the north. Even

If you must disagree with a Cameroonian, it is a good idea to remain polite,

Cameroonian businessmen who are not accustomed to working for women

Although most executives speak English or another language, being able

Expect it to take a considerable amount of time to develop more than

Cameroonians ask what in many other cultures would be considered

If at all possible, have a higher-ranking person in your company who knows

It is a good idea to establish your credentials at the outset. Ideally, this

It is important that a foreign businesswoman appear firm and not self-

In most situations Cameroonians will defer to the men on a team. To avoid

Cameroon is a diverse country, blending their British and French

Cameroonians are warm and welcoming towards foreigners. If they are

The ability to speak French generally makes the adjustment easier in

Cross Culture Tips

The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

How society is structured

Cameroon is hierarchical, so when interacting with people from Cameroon,

You will need to give clear, explicit directions regarding duties,

Formal vs. Informal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

Cameroon is a formal society. When you interact with people from

Address people by their appropriate title and name. Do not move to

Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

People value their role as a team member and identify themselves

Individuals are not generally comfortable taking credit for their

Interpersonal vs. Transactional Relationships

What constitutes a relationship

Cameroon is an interpersonal, relationship-oriented culture. When you

Relationship building is important and tends to be somewhat formal

Indirect vs. Direct Communication

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

The relative importance of contextual versus tactical information in

Cameroon is an indirect communication culture. The following tips will give

Non-verbal gestures are important to enhance the meaning and

Fluid vs. Controlled Time

External vs. Internal Control

Cameroon is a moderately External Control society. When interacting with

Balance vs. Status Motivation