SPECIMEN TITLE PAGE

INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PAPER

18th PSMG (PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT & GOVERNANCE)

FOR PROMOTION OF PMS OFFICERS (FROM BS-17 TO BS-18)

FULL TITLE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER

BY
ATHAR JALIL EADA (E&M) DG KHAN

A paper submitted to the faculty of the MPDD, in partial fulfillment of the

requirements of the _________________________________________________
The contents of this paper are the end product of our own efforts and research and
reflect our own personal views and are not necessary endorsed by MPDD.

Signature .
Dated:

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 PREFACE
I gratefully acknowledge the support and advice of Mr. Umar Farooq Alvi,
Director (Academics), MPDD for providing motivation and guidelines to complete this paper.
I am thankful to, Mrs. Afshan Mushtaq Faculty Advisor, (Instructor-Human Resource
Management), Mr. Sohail Munir Course Coordinator (Instructor IT) for providing persistent
guidance and support. I indebted to D. Atta ullah, Assistant Professor BZU Multan for
providing data and relevant material and guidance on core issues linked with the subject. I
also extend special thanks to Mr. Muhammad Wakeel Computer Operator, for his
instrumental help in compiling the report.

Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION..

LITERATURE REVIEW..

METHODOLOGY.

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION..

REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

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 It is known that gender mainstreaming as a concept to ensure that policy decisions
take into account the cultural barriers and challenges and different interests and needs of men
and women. Recent studies and reports have clearly shown that gender equality and gender
mainstreaming are highly recommended, recommended in the agricultural sector to reduce
poverty. Women play an important role in civil society and economic growth in rural areas of
developing countries. Women's work is important to the endurance and provides a means for
poor families to flee the poverty trap; though, in various cases, it is obvious that gender does
not support addition and input of women in policy and decision-making in the field of
agricultural development in Pakistan.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the significance and implications of gender
mainstreaming in agricultural development. However, referring to the lack of equality
between the sexes, men and women, since more than a focus on female mode, the role of men
will also be discussed the promotion of gender mainstreaming in agricultural sector of
Pakistan.

The content of the article is based on the various reviews of research literature and
based on the conclusions and recommendations contained in them on gender equality and
gender mainstreaming. This will describe and show the impact and the importance of gender
mainstreaming to achieve all the objectives development in agriculture. The document will
conclude with the recommendations that should be helpful to develop a profound perceptive
of the dynamics and the added value of impartiality in the field of agricultural development
and poverty reduction

INTRODUCTION

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 Pakistan is principally an agricultural country rich in natural resources and climatic
conditions suitable deep soil, favorable terrain and water resources, so the country has a vast
potential for agricultural production and livestock (Rahman et al., 2011). Agriculture plays a
significant part in Pakistan's economy by bringing about 19.8% of the total gross domestic
product (GDP), and works 42.3% of the total workforce and 60 % of the rural population
depends on this sector for their source of revenue. Agriculture in addition contributes to the
development by providing raw material to agro-based industries, such as textile materials and
food industries, sugar, margarine and dairy products, paper, leather, etc (Govt. of Pakistan,
2016). In spite of this importance, agriculture is evolving very low speeds in Pakistan.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (2008) and Rahman (2010), agricultural
production we have is much lower than many other countries. Women participate a major role
in civil society and in economic growth in rural areas of developing countries. For sustainable
development in agricultural sector, there needs improve the technical skills of rural female
farmers to increase the production their income Reddy (2003).

Women contributing a great share towards agricultural out but unfortunately they
barely getting benefit from production incentives due to the traditional suppressive practices
on the gender inequality. This gender in equality is due to the lack of women empowerment
rather than ignorance (Ogunlela and Mukhtar, 2009). This lack of gender diversity is key
threat to food security and socio-economic development in rural community. Females in rural
community are facing number of constraints in agricultural production operation and share in
income (Prakash, 2003). In Pakistan the share of female worker (40.7%) ratio in agriculture
sector is two times higher than male (Government of Pakistan, 2013). Female labuor force
takes part actively in agricultural production system from soil preparations to post harvest
management (Ahmed & Hussain, 2004). In spite of much share in agricultural production the
exploiting and discriminating behavior for women is also observed (Amnesty International,
2008). That is why; empowerment of woman, gender equality and share in decision making
and income is compulsory for optimum growth in agricultural sector of Pakistan.

In Pakistan, women are highly suppressed one than men, in all quanta particularly
in education and decision making (Khan, 1993). Pakistan the worlds second-worst country in
terms of equitable division of resources and opportunities among men and women (Haider,
2013). After a brief background of womans suppression in Pakistan, this paper is to
recognize and estimate the impacts of selected socio-economic and demographic parameters
on womens empowerment and gender equality for the sustainable agricultural development

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in Pakistan. This paper will also helpful in highlighting the succeeding question for the
gender equality and measures to be taken for women empowerment to participate in
sustainable agricultural development in Pakistan.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

THE CONCEPT OF GENDER MAINSTREAMING

GENDER

The characters, roles and behavior patterns, that socially and culturally women from men in
the society. Gender characteristics differ from one culture to another and change with the
passage of time (GoS, 2010). Often the term is misunderstood and used as synonym for sex
indiscrimination. As stated earlier, Gender represent the publicly constructed differences
among sexes, and gender represent the naturally fixed differentiation between man and
woman (Sanga, 2008).

ENGENDERING

The term engendering represents the ways through which gender based roles are allotted to
fix the participation of male and female in community development process. Engendering
development is equally engagement of both the sexes in production process. Equality
enhancement is compulsory for sustainable agricultural development in Pakistan. Due to the
changing circumstances of economy and human necessities, there is more need of
engendering development process and streamlining the gender that fulfill the development
criteria (Maseno and Kilonzo, 2010).

GENDER EQUALITY

Equal opportunity and outcomes regardless of gender in a community is called as gender

equality. It involves the elimination of favoritism and structural bias regarding the resources,
opportunities and promotion on equal basis (AfDB, 2010).

GENDER MAINSTREAMING

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Gender mainstreaming is practice of evaluating the implications for women and men of any
considered strategy, together with legislation and policies, in all areas and at all levels. It is a
approach for making the concerns and experiences of women and men an important aspect of
the plan, execution, monitoring and assessment of policies and programs in all political,
economic and social spheres so that women and men benefit equally (Dayanandan, 2011). It
includes the process of assessing the gaps among gender and actions to implement, monitor
and evaluation of policies and reforms that encouraged gender equality (GoS, 2010).

BACKGROUND OF GENDER MAINSTREAMING

At the globe gender mainstreaming has emerged following the 1995 Beijing womens
conference (Alston, 2006). Developing countries including Pakistan 70% population is rural
based and mainly rely on agriculture for livelihood. Among these the poorest of poor are
women and young girls who not have standard and descent job and income, which results in
hunger and malnutrition, poor health and education facilities (FAO, 2010). This is in
contradiction to the facts that being a main producers of food.

Now a days, there has been arising a compromise that there should be equality in men and
women role in the community for sustainable development. This objective can be achieved
through Gender and Development approach. Improvement in women status is not just an
issue, but it is a fundamental aim for the active participation of men and women for
community development.

GENDER AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Women are important in the production process of agricultural sector. They are often involves
in cultivation of crops and post harvest processing along with men for household incomes
(World Bank, 2009). Agricultural development can be achieved through educating the
women, the basic technical skills and economic empowerment.

WOMEN ROLES IN THE AGRICULTURE

Social and economic development of women is not just a question of equality between men
and women instead of the social and economic development issues in Pakistan (Jamali,
2009). This is known that women are involved in agricultural production, livestock and
cottage industries. Women often gave more time than male in agricultural production system.
The women of the village involves production practices, such as seeding and/or planting,

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weeding and harvesting, as well as all operations relating to the post harvest handling of the
crop products. In addition to normal household activities, and care for the children, elderly
and disabled, women have to bring water and fuel wood and clean the house and some other
domestic work in the conservation, especially in the rural areas of Pakistan (Saeeda, 2006).
At all, rural women do much more work than men.

Agricultural system, where crop production is mainly dependent on natural precipitation and
crop production is not sufficient to meet subsistence needs of the households. At such places
men have usually required employment in the non-farm sector due to which, women have to
take over a extra burden of the work in agricultural production in such areas. In cotton
producing regions of Pakistan, there is a much more demand for female labor for field
operation and picking.

CONSTRAINTS FOR WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION

Cultural atmosphere is not conducive to the participation of women in the agricultural

industry. Gender inequality and traditional circumstance in rural areas makes it difficult to
field work for women. According to Islamic law, there is impartiality among men and
women, but women are subject to discrimination because of misinterpretation of religious
thought. Access to a variety of social and cultural beliefs and prejudices as a result of this
property, education and employment opportunities for women is much lower than those of
Pakistani men. Owing to such limitations women cannot participate freely in rural
environment as their contribution is much important for agricultural development and poverty
alleviation (PCO, 2008).

GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN

PAKISTAN

Women have to play a very important role in the agricultural development to survive, but
they face many problems and obstacles. For example, due to the movement of women in
conservative societies is limited and restrictions on gender mainstreaming in agriculture in
some areas of Pakistan (Shahbaz et al., 2010). Agriculture could be a main sector for
development and poverty reduction (FAO, 2011). However, because of the constraints faced
by women which are an important resource in agriculture production system in rural areas,
this sector is bearing economic and productivity losses in many countries. When referring to

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Pakistan, women who working side by side in many areas of the agricultural sector in terms
of productive effort usually not found to be recognized at the national level (Begum and
Yasmeen (2011). Legal recognition of its role is limited due to a number of factors that must
be overlooked.

METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted in Rural Union Council of Kala Dera Ghazi Khan.The sample
consists of 60 individuals (30 men and 30 women) through questionnaire consisting of 25
questions regarding gender share in different activities in Livestock and Crop in Agriculture.
Random Sampling method was used to select the sample.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

ROLE OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE

Women Role in (Percentage %)

Fodder Cutting 65.65

Feeding 70.63

Watering 57.63

Shed Cleaning 53.02

Grazing 22.00

Milking 35.05

Yogurt Preparation 84.05

Ghee Making 76.32

Seed bed Preparation 17.20

Weeding 22.82

Harvesting 60.32

Picking of Fruits 12.39

Threshing 0.0

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Winnowing 14.39

Drying 12.39

Cleaning 56.00

Making Bundles 20.02

Storing 15.02

This study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the role of women in agriculture. The
role of women in rural areas of Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan was expressed for crop
production and livestock management. The majority of women (63.76%) started this work to
support their families economically. 20.77% of the respondents reported that they started
agricultural activities due to family profession, and 11.59% women adapted this profession
because no other work was available. However, only 3.9% of the respondents started the
profession of agriculture because of personal interest. The data shows that a majority of the
women were doing this kind of job only to support their families and they showed little
interest in this profession.

Table shows the role of women in agricultural activities such as crop production. Pre-
Harvesting activity like seed bed preparation was 17.20% and other activities were related
to post-harvesting, harvesting, 60.32% for picking of fruits, 12.39% for winnowing, 14.39%
for drying 12.39 figures are given above table.the problem faced by rural women is that
Women contribution is measured to be lower in a country not because of their least possible
involvement than that of men but because their involvement goes unacknowledged,
unrecorded and unrecognized. In fact, they are mainly accountable for pre-cultivating and
post-harvesting operations of food crops compulsory for household livelihood and their
struggle goes unrecognized and unpaid .

DISCUSSION

Women carry out almost all the domestic work on the top priorities and their roles in
outdoor productive activities are inevitable. This implies that women work very hard, but
their work is invisible and unfortunately unpaid. Our research study reveals that a majority of
the respondents belonged to the low income groups and illiterate. . A majority of the
respondents i.e. 98% reported that they were receiving low income and they were facing a lot
of problems due to want of technical experience, resources, technical guidance as well as
agricultural information.

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Our findings indicate that most of the respondents were not involved in agricultural
marketing. The reasons behind this fact include family opposition, limited business and
negotiation skills, lack of transportation and limited product. It clearly indicated that the
women of the study area were bound by cultural traditions and did not have the capacities and
skills for marketing. This study also shows that there were no training opportunities for the
women, no credit facilities and moreover, their sources of information were only the families
and friends.

Conclusively, our study focused on the participation of rural women in a variety of

productive activities and we found that different problems were faced by them like illiteracy,
time constraints, health problems, no access to extension services and gender discrimination.
The present study has focused on the causes of womens involvement in agriculture, domestic
problems faced by them, analysis of their role in agricultural marketing and exploration of the
factors which determine their empowerment.

CONCLUSION

There should be a free excess to training particularly some training modules for women about
latest agricultural technologies, land owner right and empowerment. There is need to change
the cultural taboos which discriminate women. If education and infrastructure facilities are
improved in the rural areas then women will work in the agricultural sector more actively and
ultimately help in poverty eradication trough rural agricultural development.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The aim of this project was to make recommendations to improve women's participation
particularly in the mango industry and generally in agriculture and dairy Industries in
Pakistan. There are many agencies and government departments who can contribute to the
improvement of womens roles in agriculture. However, as this paper is recommends
following strategies to improve women participation agriculture industry and reduces
poverty. .

It is recommended that ways to raise awareness and provide education to address

gender issues must be provided.
It is recommended that agriculture training for women be offered on farms like
mango and citrus picking training program at farm level.
It is recommended that developmental programmes, generally training programs
should be launched to engage urban women with rural women in order to develop
market skills in rural women.

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 It is recommended that agricultural extension services by providing technical training
on food, health and organizational aspects and latest agricultural technologies can
play an important role in the education of women socio-economic status
It is recommended that women should be encouraged to have economic
independence, economic empowerment.
It is recommended that to give the land rights to women and also give economic
incentive for her but also grant power .
It is recommended that give technical know-how to improve the income-generating
capacity. SDPI (2008)

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