1 i

(1576 - 1501) 1

.

:
(i )2 1
(i )3 i

n 4k k 0,1, 2,3,
1

i n 4k 1 k 0,1, 2,3,
(i )n
1 n 4k 2 k 0,1, 2,3,
i n 4k 3 k 0,1, 2,3,

1- Girolamo Cardano
 5 i 5

1 1 i i i i
i i i i 2 1

e xi cos(x ) i sin(x )
e xi cos(x ) i sin(x )
e i cos( ) i sin( ) 1 e i 1

2ln x i logix
logix
i e ln x

e ix e ix
cos(x )
2
ix
sin(x ) e e
ix

2i

2
1 e 1
cos(i ) e e cos(i ) 1.543080
2 2e
 1


) 2 ( .

1682 )sin(x
.

Ferdinand Von Lindemann 1882

e
.
e i 1 .

2
x 2 2 0

e i e i

1-Transcendental 2- Rational