CEGE Journal

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Effect of Fire to Compressive Strength of Historic

Masonry Material Used in the Restoration of
Panglao Watchtower

Miguel Gino S. Abalos, Mark Anthony A. Amores, Mikhael Thomas E. De Vera

Engr. Melchor F. Pilones

MAPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
miguel_abalos@yahoo.com
aloy.amores@gmail.com
mikidevera@yahoo.com
(+63)9172443284, (+63) 9219817704, (+63) 9363938654

July 2016
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ABSTRACT

Restoration process of historical structures is a complex task as it should protect the cultural
value as well as the structural integrity of the structure being restored. Panglao Watchtower is
one of the historical structures of the country that underwent restoration after the 2013 Bohol
earthquake. Aside from natural hazards, historical structures are also prone to anthropogenic
hazards such as fire. This study is an experimental investigation of the implications of fire to
the masonry material used in the restoration of the structure. The samples for this study were
composed of Coral Stone Blocks (CSB) and lime based mortars which were exposed to fire
scenario with a peak temperature of 435oC for a total duration of 255 minutes. Residual
compressive tests and X-ray Fluorescence Analysis were conducted to assess the effect of
fire to mechanical and chemical property of the masonry samples. The results showed that
CSB samples strength was reduced by 54.22 percent and lime-based mortar was reduced by
83.71 percent. The considerable decrease in the compressive strength can be linked with the
loss of calcium and calcium compounds after heating. Fire has significant effect to physical
appearance, chemical composition and mechanical property of the historic masonry.

Keywords: Historic Masonry, Fire Exposure, Residual Strength, Coral Stone Block
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1 Introduction
The Philippines has been colonized by the Spaniards for over 300 years, long
enough to bring their culture into the country and one of their major influences can be seen in
many historical structures. The Spaniards introduced a system of construction based on
uncut rectangular or roughly cleave stone blocks bounded by lime mortar. Bohol is one of
the provinces in the country famous for its historical structures built during the Spanish
colonial period. Due to the age of these structures they are susceptible to damages. The
geographical location of Bohol makes the province vulnerable to natural hazards. Aside from
tropical storms frequently passing the Visayas, the province of Bohol is located in one of the
most active seismic areas in the country.

In October 2013, the island province of Bohol was struck by a destructive 7.2
magnitude earthquake that caused major damages to Bohols historical churches and
watchtowers. These structures have been declared as national cultural treasures due to their
significance to the value of Bohols cultural heritage and architecture. Restoration efforts
are conducted by the government in order to preserve these structures.

The restoration process for historical structures is a complex matter and should not
affect the cultural and architectural value of these structures at the same time it should
consider their structural integrity. In addition, the materials used for restoration of the
structures are not based on the conventional material used in present day such as cement and
concrete blocks it is based on the original material used in the structure. These historical
structures were constructed as an unreinforced masonry structures using a method of
construction known as two leaf masonry. Site investigation of the National Museum of the
Philippines and other government agencies revealed that instead of using regular stone blocks
the builders of these structures mostly used coral stone blocks (CSB) and the original binder
mixture is a lime based mortar made up of sand, coral aggregates with lime and organic
additives such as egg white, tree saps and plant extracts. CSBs became the primary material
of Spanish colonial structures in Bohol due to the availability of material in the area.
Original coral stone blocks of the structure were still used in the restoration process however
the mortar mixture used were composed of cements, lime and crushed coral stone aggregates.
It is expected that these material will perform less regarding strength and durability
compared to modern materials. Masonry walls and columns of these structures are
constructed using a similar method known as two leaf masonry system where in the coral
stone blocks are placed outside and the lime based mortar serves as the filling at the center
and act as the binder.

Ochieng (2007) conducted a study regarding the use of natural coral stone blocks for
supplementary low cost building material in coastal regions. The study focuses on the
investigation of the durability, weathering and strength properties of natural coral stones.
Ochiengs study identified the factors that could affect one of most important mechanical
characteristics of the coral stone blocks. In addition his study had established important
parameters regarding the use of coral stone blocks as building material.
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Figure 1.1 Dry Condition Strength of Tested Coral Stones

Source: Ochieng, O.P., An Investigation into Durability, Weathering and
Strength Properties of Coral Stone, 2012

NC represents the samples collected at the North Coast quarries of Kenya

SC represents the samples collected at the South Coast quarries of Kenya

The study of Ochieng shows that the average compressive strength of the coral
blocks from north coast is about 3.34 N/mm2 for oven dried samples while the samples from
south coast is about 2.67 N/mm2 for oven dried samples. In addition the study found that the
compressive strength of natural coral stone blocks were to be relatively weaker compared to
common natural building stone material such as limestone, tuff, granite and sandstone. 1

The main concern in the restoration process of these structures is the materials to be
used. To protect its value original materials should be used however since the primary
materials such as the masonry blocks are centuries old and had undergone extreme
deterioration and damages it poses concerns about the integrity of the restored structure. In
addition the province of Bohol is not only vulnerable to natural hazards but also to
anthropogenic hazards such as fire. Fire accidents can be caused by human negligence or
damage to electrical wiring after a massive earthquake. Based on Bohols Provincial
Planning and Development Office PPDO the province experienced a total of 358 fire
incidents from 2012 to 2014 and from January of 2015 to March of 2016 fire incidents in the
province reached a total of 215 (Chiu, 2016). 2 Fire can cause significant damage to the
1
Ochieng, O.P. (2012). An Investigation into Durability, Weathering and Strength Properties of Coral Stone.
University of Nairobi Journal, ii.
2
Chiu, R. A. (2016). BFP records 215 fire Cases 53% of them, in Tagbilaran. Retrieved from Philippine
Information Agency.
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structural members of a building and it can cause the material to expand in an uneven manner
were the outer layer expands faster than its inner layer. The sudden rise of temperature
reduces the strength of the fire exposed material causing it to experience thermal cracking
and breakage. Furthermore firefighting efforts can also cause sudden temperature changes
and induce additional material damage.

1.1 Statement of the problem

The National Museum of the Philippines, the Association of Structural Engineers of

the Philippines and other agencies have conducted assessment about the current situation of
these historical structures in the province of Bohol. The problem is that the masonry
materials for the restoration of these structures have not been tested against fire hazards.
Thus this study will identify the effect of fire or extreme heat to the compressive strength of
the materials used for the restoration of the historical structure.

1.2 Objectives

The study is conducted to be able to provide a better understanding of the behavior

of historic masonry materials when exposed to a fire environment. Most importantly the
main objective of this study is to determine the relative decrease in the compressive strength
of the lime based mortar and CSB due to extreme heat exposure. This study also aims to
identify the initial compressive strength of the lime based mortar and CSB prior to fire
exposure test. This initial compressive strength is the strength of coral walls blocks that were
centuries old and the compressive strength of lime based mortar or the lime-cement mixture
that is being used for the restoration process. The study also aims to identify the design ratio
composition of the lime based mortar used in the restoration process of the structure.
Moreover the study expounds the understanding of the field about the origin of coral stone
blocks by identifying its chemical or mineralogical composition. Lastly the change in the
chemical or mineral composition due to extreme heat will be identified as well as its
relationship to the compressive strength.

1.3 Significance of the study

This research study will be significant in the technological sector especially those
who are concerned in the restoration and preservation of cultural or historical structures by
providing assessment and rationalization of the characteristics of the historic masonry
material particularly on the implications of fire to coral stone blocks and lime based mortars.
In addition the output of this research can be used as a comparative study for related topics
on restoration. It can serve as a reference for future researchers, scholars and engineers who
are interested in undertaking studies on similar field. Moreover this research study will also
be significant to the society by producing an output that could improve the understanding and
awareness about preservation and restoration of the cultural heritage of the community. The
results of this research would be mostly beneficial to the whole community of Bohol for
providing a study that can be used in the preservation and protection of their national cultural
treasures.
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1.4 Scope and limitations

The study is conducted to provide an assessment about the implication of extreme

heat or fire exposure to the historical masonry materials that were used in the restoration of
cultural structures in Bohol. The researchers focused on the samples that were collected in
the Panglao Watchtower which is located beside the Saint Agustine Church in the
southwestern side of the Panglao Island. Panglao watchtower is a five storey tower which is
octagonal in shape and was built in 1851. It is considered as the tallest structure of its kind in
the country. It was constructed to serve as a defensive outpost during the Spanish
colonialization in the Philippines however it was restored to serve as a tourist attraction. The
researchers focused on the implications of fire to the historic masonry material obtained in
the source structure. The samples were exposed to controlled simulated fire environment by
using an electric furnace. The group followed the same procedure used by Albrektsson
however the duration of the exposure as well as peak temperature was different due to the
limitations of the equipment used. The group patterned their fire curve to the moderate fire
curve of Albrektsson. Three CSB samples and two lime based mortar samples were used as
control samples while six CSB samples and two lime based mortar samples were used as
experimental samples. Experimental samples were exposed to a simulated fire environment
using the electric furnace of the Mapa Institute of Technology. For coral stone blocks the
dimension of the cube samples were roughly 50 mm and for the mortar the dimension of the
cylindrical sample were 100 mm in diameter and 127 mm in height. The size and amount of
samples have been limited due to the distance of the source of sample as well as the difficulty
of transporting historic masonry samples. Correction factor was applied for cylindrical
samples due to the nonstandard dimensions of the cylinders. In addition the samples
chemical compositions were determined using the standard operating procedure of x-ray
fluorescence analysis. Material analyses of the samples were performed with the aid of the
Chemistry and Conservation Laboratory of the Nation Museum of the Philippines. Lastly the
results of the material analysis particularly on the chemical element analysis were limited to
the capability of the X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer used.

2 Review of Related Literature

2.1 Fire and Concrete Material
Fire is considered one of major hazards of a structure. It can cause minor to severe
damage depending on the type of construction materials used. Concrete materials are
basically known for its fire resistivity property than of other building materials. However,
even though that concrete are made to resist extreme heat, it may also lessen its expected
strength as it will be exposed to fire or extreme heat with a temperature ranging from 250C
up to 300C Bilow and Kamara (2008). Concrete must be designed for fire effects and
thermal capacity that will be able to withstand heavy loading either dead or live load without
failure. An increase in temperature can trigger a decrease in the concretes compressive
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strength and modulus of elasticity. 3

According to Bilow and Kamara (2008), there are ways to analyze the fire capacity
and thermal expansion of a concrete material. One basic method is to graph a temperature
and time relationship; this may be presented with a standard curve. Using this, the rise of
temperature can be determined. The rise in temperature may cause the free water that is
included in the mixture of concrete to evaporate, or change from its liquid state to gaseous
state.3

There is basically an obvious effect observed on concretes physical appearance as it

is exposed to fire. The color changes, distortion, spalling, cracking, etc. Also, there are
changes on its inner property such decrease on its compressive strength and modulus of
elasticity. Changes in the concretes property that are exposed to extreme heat may vary on
the course aggregate used in the concrete. It is divided into three parts; carbonate aggregate,
siliceous aggregate, and lightweight aggregate. The carbonate aggregate includes dolomite
and limestone. Siliceous material includes materials that composed of sandstone, granite,
and silica. Lastly, lightweight aggregates are usually manufactures by heating clay, shale,
and slate (Bilow & Kamara, 2008).

Figure 2.1 Effect of High Temperature on the Compressive Strength of Concrete

Source: Billow D., Kamara M., Fire and Concrete Structures, 2008

The result of the study conducted by Bilow and Kamara (2008) shown in figure 2.1
shows that the specimens were stressed to 40 percent of their compressive strength during the
heating period. After reaching the set temperature the load was increased gradually until the
specimen failed. It revealed that the strength of the concrete with siliceous aggregate started

3
Bilow, D. and M. Kamara (2008). Fire and Concrete Structures. Structures Congress 2008, 1 10
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to drop at 800 degrees Fahrenheit and is reduced to about 55 percent at 1200 degrees
Fahrenheit. While those concrete with lightweight aggregates and carbonate aggregates
retain most of their compressive strength up to 1200 degrees Fahrenheit. Lightweight
concrete has insulating properties and can transmit heat at a slower rate compared to that of
normal weight concrete making its fire resistance characteristics was higher.

Figure 2.2 Effect of High Temperature on the Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Source: Billow D., Kamara M., Fire and Concrete Structures, 2008

Figure 2.2 shows that high temperature has a direct effect on the modulus of elasticity
of the concrete. The modulus of elasticity for concretes that were manufactured using three
types of aggregates is reduced with the increase in temperature. In addition high
temperatures, creep and relaxation for concrete increases significantly (Bilow & Kamara,
2008).

2.2 Historic Concrete, Masonry and Coral Blocks

According to an article by William B. Coney 1987, concrete like materials

composed of binder, stone block, sand and other coarse material was used in historical
structures such as in old churches, theatre, bridges, and other historical infrastructures. The
idea of mixing and binding such components in order to construct a versatile block formation
was conceive by the Romans. It is a mixture of lime putty with pozzolana, a fine volcanic
ash that would harden and bind underwater. It became the major building practice used in
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many construction and engineering projects during the middle age.4

Heritage care has been prioritized internationally during 19th century until now. The
knowledge about historic structures and concrete has been widely developed since the
awareness of conservation and preservation of historical buildings emerged. This period
focuses more on the architectural and structural perspective, but on the concreting aspect of
the structure was probably considered as the most important part. Although many concrete
building are listed to be restored and conserved, specialist and engineers must not forget to
acquaint the history and background of the historical structures. Also, though the history of
it has been addressed, little by now, theres still lack of knowledge about the composition and
surface finish of its historic concrete (Heinemann, 2013).5

In early ages of construction, most of the structures are made from materials present
in the locality. Examples of these local materials are corals blocks, lime, and etc. According
to the investigation of P. A. Hodwyshell in 1974 it is indicated that the used of corals was a
success for concrete in vertical construction. The only type of significant deterioration
observed in coral concrete structures was the cracking and spalling of concrete associated
with corroding reinforcing steel.6 In fact, from a study of Phelan et al in 1952 it was stated
that certain corals can be used successfully in some form or other as building materials if not
for direct building, then as a light-weight aggregate of moderate density. However the
method of using these coral blocks varies from location.

The report of the National Museum of the Philippines in 2015 about the heritage
structures of Bohol showed that most of the historical churches constructed during the
Spanish era was made up of rectangular, uncut or roughly-hewn stones joined together by a
lime based mortar. Investigation of the methods of construction used during Spanish
colonialization revealed that coral stone blocks filled in with lime mortar have been also used
for walls and foundations.7

In Bohol Philippines the Santo Nio Parish Church is one of the structures made up
of coral blocks with no steel reinforcements used. Churches were constructed using coral
stones, which approximately 200 laborers took from the sea and cut into blocks of squares.
The coral blocks were piled on top of each other using bamboo, and were made to stick to
one another using absolutely natural adhesive 2,000,000 egg whites (Berabegal et al.,
2013).8
On the other hand the use of coral aggregates and related material were questioned

4
Coney, W. B. (1987). Preservation Briefs: 15 Preservation of Historic Concrete: Problemsand General
Approaches. Historic Preservation - Technical Procedures.
5
Heinemann, H. A. (2013). Historic Concrete: From Concrete Repair to Concrete Conservation.
6
Howdyshell, P. A. (1974). The Use of Coral as an Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete Structures. Coral
Concretes and Coral Aggregates. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 2-16.
7
National Museum of the Philippines (2015). Detailed Engineering Studies (DES) of Heritage Structures
Declared as NCT/ICP in Bohol and Samar Affected by Calamities
8
Berabegal, D. and J. Joy (2013). Bohol: Finding Strength in the Darkest Hours. We find our greatest strengths
during the darkest hours of our lives. It is not ebbing the crisis that made us strong, but it was our resilience to
face adversities that helped us overcome.
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by many researchers. According to Cook (2010), the coral blocks used as an aggregates for
piers, docks, buildings and other sea-to-shore base structures only inherent fc (strength) was
somewhat below 30 to 40 percent. Also its flexural modulus was so low it was not
measurable by beam or similar test. Its weathering property was so poor, they have to rehab
sea exposure structures in only 12 or 20 months, as rebar was showing already. Lastly
reinforcing bars are rusting very quickly.9

In addition a journal written by Trizer D. Mansueto in 2013 about the restoration of

the collapsed historical structures stated that it will take years and decades before completion
and will be primarily dependent on the allotted funds. It is also stated that these fallen
historical structures in Bohol can be restore but it will take millions or even billions of pesos
and can be also hampered by non-availability of materials. In order to restore these
structures again they need to find the original materials that have been used.10 A portion of a
collapsed wall, for instance may be filled with core pilings to strengthen it and the damaged
portions may be filled with reinforced concrete. This is the best way of restoring it because if
they will just use the modern composition of concrete that are been used nowadays it may
have a chemical reaction to the local materials. These local materials composed of certain
minerals or chemicals may react to the new composition of concrete and may cause failure.

2.3 Implication of Fire to Concrete or Lime (CaOH)

High temperatures break down the hydraulic cementitious compound. The concrete
strength is not severely affected by temperatures below 250C, but drops to 80 percent at
about 450C and to 50 percent at about 650C.11 There will be more lose in strength when
you try to cool it. Concrete exposed to fires is prone to spalling because the low thermal
conductivity results in steep temperature gradients. Fire-affected concrete has a lumpy,
powdery appearance. Also the color of the concrete can indicate the exposure of it to high
temperature (Thomas Telford, 2002). While some of the failures that can be caused by
exposing the concrete in high temperatures are cracking, spalling of surface layers, reduction
of strength of the concrete. Also if the concrete have some reinforcements, it may expose it
to heat and loss the tension in pre-stressed tendons (M.S.J. Gani, 1997).12

Moreover the study conducted by D.H. Aquino, B. Pacheco and N. Miranda in 2015
revealed that the chemical composition of concrete is also affected when it is subjected to
elevated temperature. It may be seen in the integrity of a concrete structure. When the
concrete is subjected to fire exposure, the changes may be seen in the color of the concrete.
It was also found out that the temperature when a structure is burned may varies from 337C
9
Cook, R. (2010). Coral based concrete. Describing the use of corals as an concrete or aggregates extensively in
piers, dock, buildings, and etc. US Navy Civil Engineering Corps public data and the US Army Corps of
Engineering data Bases, 343-373
10
Mansueto, D. T. (2013). The challenging task of rebuilding heritage. For a stone church to rise during Spanish
era, construction took from several years to many decades to be completed, depending on availability of funds,
construction materials and laborers.
11
Telford, T. (2002). Guide to the Deterioration and Failure of Building Materials. Thomas Telford
Publishing, London.
12
Gani, M. S. J. (1997). Cement and Concrete. Chapman Hall, Weinheim.
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up to 550C.13

Uygunolu and Topus study identified that compressive strength, tensile strength
and loss of density of self-consolidating micro-concretes were compared with those of the
pure ordinary Portland concrete. While the addition of limestone powder to OPC improves
the performance of the produced blended micro-concrete when exposed to elevated
temperatures (2013).14

2.4 Lime Based Mortar

Limestones are quite impervious, hard, compact, fine to very fine grained of
calcareous rocks of sedimentary nature. Its density may vary to 2.5 and up to 2.7 kg/cm3.
Limestone usually have a very low porosity but when it comes to compressive strength it can
get about 60-170 MPa.15 Some of it chemical compositions are Silicon Dioxide (SiO2),
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3), and CaO (Calcium Oxide). Several studies
also showed that although setting time of cements containing limestone in the amounts that
are less than 5 percent increases the setting time, adding limestone to cement greater than 5
percent would decrease the setting time of cement paste (El-Didamony et al., 1995).

According to El-Didamony et al. (1995), the set time of cement decreases with
increasing the limestone additions greater than 5 percent even though the amount of water
needed to keep the consistency of the paste constant has to be increased.

As stated in the report of the National Museum of the Philippines in 2015,

traditional lime for building should be obtained from the limestone deposits that can be found
within the vicinity of the structure to be constructed. The stones should have a minimum of
95 percent calcium carbonate and should calcinate at 900 degrees centigrade or higher for the
production of calcium oxides.

3 Methodology
3.1 Conceptual framework

The result of this study is based on the outcomes of the tests conducted to historic
concrete material obtained in Panglao Watchtower in the province of Bohol. The test will be
composed of exposure of the samples to fire, X-ray fluorescence analysis and residual
compressive test. To obtain a more reliable result multiple samples will be collected and
analyzed. The output of the study will be able to provide a conclusion on the effect of fire to
13
Aquino, D. H., Miranda, N., Pacheco, B. (2015). Forensic Evaluation of Temperature History for Fire-
Damaged Concrete using an Ordinary Digital Camera: Case Study of the Burned Palma Hall Pavilion II.
Philippine Engineering Journal, Volume 36(1)
14
Uygunoglu, T. and I. B. Topcu (1997). Effect of Limestone Powder on High Temperature Resistance of Self-
Consolidating Micro-Concrete. Third International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and
Technology, 1-5.
15
El-Didamony, H, et. Al, (1995). Limestone As A Retarder And Filler In Limestone Blended Cement.
Ceramics-Silikaty, Volume 39(1), 15-19.
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the historic masonry that was used in the restoration of the watchtower. The general
conceptual framework involved in this study is shown in the Input Process Output or IPO
diagram represented by figure 3.1.

Input Process Output

Historic Masonry Fire exposure Test Interpretation
Material from Compressive Test Conclusion
Panglao X-ray Fluorescence Recommendation
Watchtower Analysis

Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework

3.2 Theoretical framework

This study aims to identify the residual compressive strength of fire exposed historic
masonry material used in the restoration of Panglao Watchtower in Bohol. Two set of
samples were prepared for Coral Stone Blocks (CSB) and lime based mortar, set A serves as
experimental samples in which CSB and lime mortar samples were exposed to fire or
extreme heat. Set B serves as control samples or the samples that were not exposed to fire.
The difference between the compressive strength of the samples on set A and set B will be
determined. In the succeeding pages the steps followed by the researchers will be discussed.
The theoretical framework for the study is represented by figure 3.2.
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Collection of Historic Masonry Samples

Coral Stone Blocks (CSB) and Lime based Preparation for Coral Stone Blocks
mortar from Panglao Watchtower Lime Mortar Sample Curing

Fire Exposure Test

Experimental samples will be exposed to fire scenario using an electric furnace

Residual Compressive Strength Test

Fire exposed and unexposed samples subjected to compressive testing

Material Analysis

X-ray Fluorescence Analysis

Analysis and Interpretation of Results and Gathered Data

Figure 3.2 Theoretical Framework

3.3 Historic masonry samples

Historic concrete masonry is obtained from Panglao Watchtower in the island of

Panglao, Bohol. Two types of samples were collected, the coral stone blocks (CSB) and the
lime based mortar that was used as filler or binder. CSB samples were obtained from the
original coral stone blocks that had been removed to the original structure due to the
earthquake. The width of the original CSB ranges from 20 cm to 30 cm its length ranges
from 30 cm to 40 cm and has a height between 20 cm to 25 cm. The CSB samples for testing
were obtained from the core of the original blocks using a grinder. The CSB sample cubes
were roughly 50 mm in dimension. The lime based mortar samples were obtained from
mixture used in the actual restoration process. The mortar sample was cylindrical in shape
with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 12.7 cm. The curing process for the mortar samples
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was conducted by sprinkling of water using a small sprayer. The mortar sample was 14 days
old during the start of the fire exposure test.

3.4 Fire exposure test

The historic masonry samples were exposed to a fire scenario following a moderate
fire curve using an electric furnace. The procedures followed by the researchers for this fire
exposure scenario was similar to the study of Albrektsson (2015) however the fire scenario or
the conditions were a little bit different due to the equipment used. Masonry samples were
exposed to fire with temperature ramp of 5 degrees per minute up to 435 degrees centigrade
after the set temperature was reached it was held constant for 175 minutes. The total fire
exposure duration of the sample was 255 minutes. The initial temperature of the furnace was
set to 36 degrees centigrade. Shown in the figure 3.3 is the fire curve (temperature vs time
curve) for the fire scenario implemented in the fire test.

Fire Curve
500
Temperature in Degrees

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Time Duration in Minutes

Figure 3.3 Fire Curve of the Process Implemented for the Fire Exposure Test

3.5 Compressive test

Both CSB and lime based mortar samples were tested for their compressive strength
using a Universal Testing Machine or UTM. The machine applied a standard compression
speed of 15 millimeters per minute. The residual compressive strength of the fire exposed
sample will be compared to the compressive strength of control samples or the samples
which were unexposed to the fire.

3.6 Material analysis

Material analysis involved in the study was X-ray Fluorescence Analysis or XRF
analysis. This analysis was conducted for both CSB and mortar samples. X-Ray
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Fluorescence Analysis or Spectroscopy (XRF analysis) is basically a non-destructive

analytical approach of identifying the elemental and mineralogical composition of rocks,
minerals and other materials such as concrete. The composition of the material can be
determined based on the principle of atom behavior when it interacts with high radiation
energy. The radiation energy emitted by the X-ray fluorescence apparatus disturbs the
stability of the atom forcing an electron from a low energy level to be released creating space
while an electron from a higher energy level is forced to fill this generated space. This action
creates an energy which is characterized by the composition of the sample material. In
addition this energy produces a wavelength that is unique for a particular element thus the
composition can be identified using the wavelengths characteristics. This procedure was
conducted with the help of the Chemistry and Conservation Laboratory of the Nation
Museum of the Philippines. The samples where labelled as per specimen then a handheld
XRF analyzer was used to identify the elements present in the samples.

3.7 Analysis and interpretation of the results

The effect of fire exposure to the compressive strength of historic masonry material
used in the restoration of Panglao Watchtower was identified based on the parameters of the
tests and analysis conducted to the samples. In addition the amount of breaking down of the
samples when exposed to fire or the percentage of weight loss was identified using the
equation 3.1.

% of Weight Loss = [(W1 W2) W1] 100 (3.1)

Where: W1 Initial Weight of the Sample
W2 Final Weight of the Sample

Through the X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis the researchers were able to identify the
mineralogical composition of the historic masonry. Thus the researchers were able to identify
the components of the CSB and lime based mortar that could affect the strength of the
samples after fire exposure. Similar to the percentage of weight loss the amount of chemical
element that changed during the fire exposure scenario can be computed using equation 3.2.

% of Element change = [(P1 P2) P1] 100 (3.2)

Where: P1 Initial Percentage of Element Present in the Sample
P2 Final Percentage of Element present in the Sample

The compressive strength of both the mortar samples and the CSB samples were
assessed using the general formula for stress which is represented by equation 3.3. In
addition the compressive strengths of the cylindrical samples were adjusted due to the
nonstandard dimension of the sample. Correction factor table based on ASTM: C - 42 is
shown below.

S=FA (3.3)
Where: S Compressive Strength of the Sample
F Breaking Force
A Cross Sectional Area of the Sample
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Table 3.1 Correction factor for the compressive strength of cylinder based on height-
diameter ratio
L/D Ratio ASTM: C-42 correction factor
(c)
2.00 1.0
1.75 0.98
1.50 0.96
1.25 0.93
1.00 0.87

Corrected Compressive Strength = c S (3.4)

Where: c Correction Factor
S Compressive Strength of the Sample

4 Results and Discussion

4.1 Fire exposure test

Fire exposure of the samples in the electric furnace for 225 minutes caused changes
in the physical characteristics of the samples. After fire exposure test it can be observed the
outer layer of the CSB cube samples turns into white powdered material. In addition hairline
cracks are visible to 3 out of 6 samples exposure to extreme heat. Another significant change
in the CSB samples is the foul odor that the samples emit after fire exposure. For lime based
mortar cracking and spalling damage is present in the samples. Aside from visible cracks in
the samples, present on the outer layer of the cylinders were powdered substance. The
results of fire exposure test in terms of weight loss of CSB and Lime-based mortar samples
are shown in the table 4.1 and table 4.2 respectively.

Table 4.1 Result of Fire Exposure Test for Coral Stone Block Samples
Sample W1 (initial weight) W2 (final weight) % Loss Weight Average
CSB 1 - Experimental 104.95 g 100.42 g 4.316341115
CSB 2 Experimental 169.56 g 158.78 g 6.357631517
CSB 3 Experimental 126.54 g 120.23 g 4.986565513
5.2153
CSB 4 Experimental 132.27 g 123.82 g 6.388447872
CSB 5 - Experimental 128.78 g 122.18 g 5.125019413
CSB 6 - Experimental 143.76 g 137.84 g 4.117974402
CSB 7 Control 120.19 g 120.19 g -
CSB 8 Control 118.35 g 118.35 g - -
CSB 9 Control 136.6 g 136.6 g -
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Table 4.2 Result of Fire Exposure Test for Mortar Cylinder Samples
W1 (initial weight) W2 (final weight) % Loss
Sample Average
g g Weight
Cylinder 1 Control 1524.32 1524.32 - -
Cylinder 2 Experimental 1519.92 1315.36 13.4586
12.9657
Cylinder 3 Experimental 1515.45 1326.43 12.4729
Cylinder 4 Control 1526.95 1526.95 - -

Tables 4.1 and 4.2 show the results of the individual and average weight loss of the
historic masonry samples after it had been exposed to extreme heat. The result shows that
there was a significant decrease in weight for the coral stone block samples as well as for the
lime based mortar samples. An average of 5.2153 percent weight reduction was experienced
by the CSB samples. While an average of 12.9657 percent weight reduction was observed
for the lime based mortar samples. The Mortar samples experienced a higher percentage of
weight loss compared to the coral stone blocks.

4.2 Residual compressive strength

Table 4.3 Result of Compressive Test for Coral Stone Blocks (CSB) samples
Cross
Maximum Average
Width Length Sectional Height Strength
Sample Load Strength
(mm) (mm) Area (mm) (MPa)
(KN) (MPa)
(mm2)
CSB 1 52 49 2548 49 12.63808 4.96
Experimental

CSB 2 48 47 2256 47 11.2813 5.0

CSB 3 50 51 2550 53 10.914 4.28 5.0117
CSB 4 48 50 2400 51 11.328 4.72
CSB 5 48 48 2304 49 11.84256 5.14
CSB 6 50 48 2400 49 14.328 5.97
CSB 7 49 48 2352 49 19.30992 8.21
Control

CSB 8 49 50 2450 49 24.304 9.92 10.9467

CSB 9 51 50 2550 50 37.5105 14.71

Table 4.4 Result of Compressive Test for Lime Based Mortar Samples
Cross Sectional Maximum
diameter Height Strength
` Area Load
(mm) (mm) (MPa)
(mm2) (KN)
Cylinder 1 Control 100 7853.9816 127 40.9192 5.21
Cylinder 2 Experimental 100 7853.9816 127 8.40376 1.07
Cylinder 3 Experimental 100 7853.9816 127 9.032079 1.15
Cylinder 4 Control 100 7853.9816 127 34.7146 4.42
Average of Experimental Sample 1.11 MPa
Average of Control Sample 4.815 MPa
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Corrected Strength of Experimental Samples = 1.11 0.93 = 1.0323 MPa

Corrected Strength of Control Samples = 4.815 0.93 = 4.47795 MPa

Tables 4.3 and 4.4 show the effect of the fire exposure to the compressive strength
of the coral stone block and lime based mortar samples. The average residual strength of the
CSB samples was 5.0117 MPa while the average compressive strength of the control samples
was 10.9467 MPa. It shows that the strength of the samples decreased by 54.2174 percent.
For the lime based mortar the average residual strength of the sample was 1.0323 MPa while
the average compressive strength of the control samples was 4.47795 MPa. It shows that the
strength of the samples decreased by 76.947 percent. The load capacity of the lime based
mortars was greatly reduced due to the visible cracks that extends from the top and bottom of
cylinder to its central portion.

4.3 Mineral composition

Table 4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Coral Stone Block Samples
Unexposed CSB Fire Exposed CSB
Element
Content (%) Error (%) Content (%) Error (%)
Calcium 42.7150 1.9141 39.8209 1.8627
Barium 1.5743 0.2938 1.6179 0.2991
Strontium 1.4232 0.0347 1.3679 0.0340
Hafnium 0.5549 0.0964 0.5554 0.0965
Nickel 0.2029 0.0361 0.2036 0.0362
Manganese 0.1897 0.0351 0.1905 0.0352
Tantalum 0.0973 0.0206 0.0971 0.0206
Vanadium 0.0966 0.0270 0.0948 0.0267
Tungsten 0.0511 0.0148 0.0504 0.0147
Lead 0.0347 0.0056 0.0347 0.0056
Mercury 0.0176 0.0034 0.0177 0.0034
Zinc 0.0055 0.0011 0.0056 0.0011
Niobium 0.0022 0.0003 0.0018 0.0003
Gold 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

The result of X-Ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF) revealed that the CSB samples are
mostly made up of calcium mineral deposits. Unexposed CSB samples had about 42.7150
percent with a 1.9141 percent error calcium content while fire exposed CSB samples had
39.8209 percent with a 1.8627 percent error calcium content. It shows that the samples
experienced a 6.7753 percent calcium loss due to the temperature increase. Moreover the
samples were also consist of barium, strontium, hafnium and other metallic elements such as
nickel and manganese however these metallic elements would have very small or almost
insignificant effect due to the very small amount present in the samples. Thus the researchers
will focus more on the calcium content of the samples. Past studies also reveal that calcium
has significant effect to the mechanical properties of concrete and other concrete like
material.
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Table 4.6 X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for Lime Based Mortar Samples
Unexposed Mortar Fire Exposed Mortar
Elements
Content (%) Error (%) Content (%) Error (%)
Calcium 32.4796 1.5620 28.4560 1.6540
Barium 1.5894 0.3641 2.2435 0.3681
Strontium 0.9353 0.041 0.0310 0.038
Hafnium 0.5554 0.0945 0.5663 0.0976
Nickel 0.2032 0.0412 0.2032 0.0361
Manganese 0.1896 0.0311 0.1702 0.0331
Tantalum 0.0974 0.0223 0.1053 0.0219
Vanadium 0.0961 0.0277 0.0969 0.0271
Tungsten 0.0507 0.0139 0.0462 0.0139
Lead 0.0348 0.00499 0.0356 0.0057
Mercury 0.0177 0.00401 0.0220 0.0039
Zinc 0.0056 0.0021 0.0085 0.0016
Niobium 0.0020 0.00144 0.0104 0.0014
Gold 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Table 4.6 shows the result of the x-ray fluorescence analysis conducted to the lime
based mortar samples. Similar to the coral block samples XRF analysis for the mortar
samples revealed that the samples have high calcium content. About 32.4796 percent of the
unexposed samples were calcium deposits or calcium based compounds with a 1.5620
percent error and for the fire exposed mortar samples have 28.4560 percent calcium content
with a 1.6540 percent error. The analysis also revealed other metallic elements or minerals
that can be read by the instruments used however the amount of these elements were very
small that any changes that occur in the element after the fire exposure test has almost
insignificant effect on the samples being analyzed. Based on the data gathered the calcium
content of the mortar samples decreased by 12.38808 percent which was larger than the
calcium loss on CSB samples. In addition the researchers found out that the proportion used
in the restoration for mortar was 1 part cement 3 parts lime and 7 crushed CSB aggregates.

5 Conclusion
Based on the test results, fire has significant effect on the compressive strength of
the historic masonry used in the restoration of Panglao Watchtower. At peak temperature of
435 degrees only half of the coral stone blocks or CSB samples experienced hairline cracks
however there was a significant decrease in the samples compressive strength. On the other
hand, the physical appearance of the mortar samples indicated that the mortar yielded due to
the thermal load imposed by the fire curve. This statement was supported by visible cracks
that extend from the edge of the samples to the middle portion of the cylinder. These thermal
cracking were caused by the uneven expansion of the material since the outer layer will
expand faster compared to that of the inner layer of the samples. In addition at 435 degrees
Celsius absorbed water of the samples evaporated which could also lead to the cracking of
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samples.

The result of the fire exposure test also shows that the average weight loss of the
CSB sample was 5.2153 percent of the total weight while the weight loss of lime based
mortar was 12.9657 percent. It simply shows that lime based mortar is about 200 percent
more fragile than the coral stone blocks when it comes to fire exposure. Thus it can be
concluded that the coral stone blocks are more fire durable than that of the lime mortar used.
The method of construction used in the watchtower is the two leaf masonry system where in
the coral stone blocks are placed in the outer layer and the mortar serves as the filler in the
inner layer. This makes the method of masonry construction more suitable in protecting the
structures integrity against fire. Coral stone block will be able to protect the mortar filler in
case of fire accident.

The XRF analysis also revealed that calcium is the highest element concentration
found in the CSB samples as well as in the lime based mortar samples. Around 42.7150
percent of CSB samples were calcium and for the lime based mortar samples the calcium
content were at 32.4796 percent. High calcium content also indicates that the sample have
high amount of calcium oxides and other calcium compounds. Therefore exposing the
historic masonry samples to high temperature would cause calcium compounds to
decompose. Fire could alter the chemical composition of the Coral Stone Blocks as well as
the Lime based mortar.

Moreover, since the samples were technically coral stone blocks, calcium oxide can
be obtained by burning shells, limestones and corals. The white powdery substances found
in the outer layer of the samples after fire exposure can be concluded as slightly burnt
calcium carbonate or also known as calcium oxide and quick lime.

In addition, at peak temperature of 435 degrees Celsius the amount of calcium of the
CSB samples were reduced by 6.7753 percent and the compressive strength of the samples
decreased by 54.2174 percent. For the lime based mortar the calcium content of the sample
decreased by 12.38808 percent and the compressive strength of the sample decreased by
76.947 percent. From this data the researchers were able to conclude that the decrease in
calcium content is directly proportional to the reduction of the compressive strength of the
samples. Thus, calcium content has significant effect on the compressive strength of the
sample.

The researchers were able to conclude that fire exposure had significant effect on the
physical appearance, chemical composition and mechanical property such as compressive
strength of the historic masonry material extreme environmental temperature caused by fire
incident would cause significant damage to the material used in the restoration of Panglao
Watchtower.
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6 Recommendation
The researchers recommend for future researchers, scholars and engineers who are
interested in taking related study to consider different fire curve scenarios or different heating
method. It is suggested that standard fire curve scenario should be used. In addition different
sets of samples should be exposed in different peak temperature, for example peak
temperature that was lower than what was used in study and a higher peak temperature.

The researchers also recommend to consider other factors that could affect the
compressive strength of the masonry materials to be used in historical structures such as
deterioration and the degree of deterioration at the moment of restoration activity. These
parameters regarding the deterioration of the samples could directly affect the initial
compressive strength of the samples as well as the residual compressive strength.

In addition the researchers also recommend to collect as much sample as possible in

order to obtain a more reliable and accurate results. It is highly recommended to test the
samples near the vicinity of the source due to some issues of transporting historic
construction materials since it can be considered as artifacts. The researchers would
recommend using a more advance X-ray fluorescence analyzer to identify other elements,
compounds and oxides that are present in the sample.

Lastly the researchers would like to recommend the use of fireproofing material not
only for the restoration of Panglao Watchtower but to other structure such as churches made
up of similar material.
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