School of Engineering and Information Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Matlab_Basics(tutorial)

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 1.Matlab
Matlab is an interactive system for doing numerical computations.

It has since evolved into a successful commercial software package.

Matlab relieves you of a lot of the mundane tasks associated with solving
problems numerically.
This allows you to spend more time thinking, and encourages you to
experiment.
Matlab makes use of highly respected algorithms and hence you can be
confident about your results.
Powerful operations can be performed using just one or two commands.
You can build up your own set of functions for a particular application.

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 2.Starting Up

You should have a directory reserved for saving files associated with
Matlab.
Create such a directory (mkdir) if you do not have one.
Change into this directory (cd).
After a short pause, the logo will be shown followed by where >> is the
Matlab prompt.
Type help help for help and quit to exit from Matlab

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3.Matlab as a Calculator

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4.Numbers and Formats

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 All computations in MATLAB are done in double precision, which means
about 15 significant figures.
The formathow Matlab prints numbersis controlled by the format

command. Type help format for full list.

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 5.Variables

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 so that x has the value 13 and y = 65.
These can be used in subsequent calculations.
These are examples of assignment statements: values are assigned to
variables.
Each variable must be assigned a value before it may be used on the right
of an assignment statement.

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 5.1.Variable Names

Legal names consist of any combination of letters and digits, starting with a
letter. These are allowable:

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 6.Suppressing Output

One often does not want to see the result of intermediate calculations
terminate the assignment statement or expression with semicolon

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 Exercise 6.1

In each case find the value of the expression in Matlab and explain precisely
the order in which the calculation was performed

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 7.Built in Functions
7.1 Trigonometric Functions

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7.2 Other Elementary Functions

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 8.Vectors
These come in two flavours and we shall first describe row vectors: they
are lists of numbers separated by either commas or spaces.
The number of entries is known as the length of the vector and the entries
are often referred to as elements or components of the vector.
The entries must be enclosed in square brackets.

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 We can do certain arithmetic operations with vectors of the same length,
such as v and v3 in the previous section.

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 A vector may be multiplied by a scalar (a numbersee v4 above), or
added/subtracted to another vector of the same length.
The operations are carried out element wise.

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 8.1.The Colon Notation
This is a shortcut for producing row vectors:

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 8.3.Column Vectors

These have similar constructs to row vectors. When defining them, entries
are separated by ; or new lines

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 8.4.Transposing
We can convert a row vector into a column vector (and vice versa) by a
process called transposingdenoted by .

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9.Keeping a record

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10.Ploting Functions

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10.1.Plotting-Titles and Labels

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 10.Grids

A dotted grid may be added by

>> grid

This can be removed using either grid again, or grid off

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10.3 Line Styles & Colours

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10.4 Multiplots

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 10.5 Hold

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 10.6 Subplot

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10.7 Controlling Axes

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 Flow Control

There are many problems which need to execute different sets of

commands if a specified condition is true or false.

If Statement

Is a conditional selection statement, it is used to test a condition or ask a

question:

If logical expression

statements

end

To perform switching actions use If statement in combination with else or

elseif

If - else - end
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 For

The for loop repeats a group of statements a fixed, predetermined number

of times.

While

The while loop repeats a group of statements an indefinite number of times

under control of a logical condition.

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 What Is the Symbolic Math Toolbox?
The Symbolic Math Toolbox incorporates symbolic computation into the
numeric environment of MATLAB.

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 Symbolic Objects

The Symbolic Math Toolbox defines a new MATLAB data type called a
symbolic object. Internally, a symbolic object is a data structure that stores a
string representation of the symbol.

The Symbolic Math Toolbox uses symbolic objects to represent symbolic

variables, expressions, and matrices.

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 When you create a fraction involving symbolic objects, MATLAB records the
numerator and denominator. For example:

If you add the same fractions as symbolic objects, MATLAB finds their
common denominator and combines them by the usual procedure for adding
rational numbers:

The Symbolic Math Toolbox enables you to perform a variety of symbolic

calculations that arise in mathematics and science.
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 Creating Symbolic Variables and Expressions

The sym command lets you construct symbolic variables and expressions.
For example, the commands

create a symbolic variable x that prints as x and a symbolic variable a that

prints as alpha.

Suppose you want to use a symbolic variable to represent the golden ratio

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 Note To create a symbolic expression that is a constant, you must use the
sym command. For example, to create the expression whose value is 5,
enter f = sym('5'). Note that the command f = 5 does not define f as a
symbolic expression.

If you set a variable equal to a symbolic expression, and then apply the
syms command to the variable, MATLAB removes the previously defined
expression from the variable. For example,

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 The findsym Command

To determine what symbolic variables are present in an expression, use the

findsym command.

For example, given the symbolic expressions f and g defined by

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 The subs Command

You can substitute a numerical value for a symbolic variable using the subs
command.

For example, to substitute the value x = 2 in the symbolic expression,

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 Symbolic and Numeric Conversions

Consider the ordinary MATLAB quantity

t = 0.1

The sym function has four options for returning a symbolic representation of
the numeric value stored in t. The 'f' option

sym(t,'f')

returns a symbolic floating-point representation

'1.999999999999a'*2^(-4)

The 'r' option

sym(t,'r')

returns the rational form

1/10
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 This is the default setting for sym. That is, calling sym without a second
argument is the same as using sym with the 'r' option:

sym(t)

ans =

1/10

The third option 'e' returns the rational form of t plus the difference between
the theoretical rational expression for t and its actual (machine) floating-point
value in terms of eps (the floating-point relative accuracy):

sym(t,'e')

ans =

1/10+eps/40

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 Creating Symbolic Math Functions

There are two ways to create functions:

Use symbolic expressions

Create an M-file

Using Symbolic Expressions

The sequence of commands

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 Using the Symbolic Math Toolbox
Differentiation
To illustrate how to take derivatives using the Symbolic Math Toolbox, first
create a symbolic expression:

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 In this example, MATLAB automatically simplifies the answer. However, in
some cases, MATLAB might not simply an answer, in which case you can
use the simplify command.
Note that to take the derivative of a constant, you must first define the
constant as a symbolic expression. For example, entering

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 Derivatives of Expressions with Several Variables

To differentiate an expression that contains more than one symbolic

variable, you must specify the variable that you want to differentiate with
respect to.

The diff command then calculates the partial derivative of the expression
with respect to that variable.

For example, given the symbolic expression

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 If you do not specify a variable to differentiate with respect to, MATLAB
chooses a default variable.

For one-letter variables, the default variable is the letter closest to x in the
alphabet.

In the preceding example, diff(f) takes the derivative of f with respect to t

because t is closer to x in the alphabet than s is.

To determine the default variable that MATLAB differentiates with respect to,
use the findsym command:

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 More Examples

To further illustrate the diff command, define a, b, x, n, t, and theta in the

MATLAB workspace by entering

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 Limits

The fundamental idea in calculus is to make calculations on functions as a

variable gets close to or approaches a certain value.

Recall that the definition of the derivative is given by a limit

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 Integration

If f is a symbolic expression, then

int(f)

attempts to find another symbolic expression, F, so that diff(F) = f.

That is, int(f) returns the indefinite integral or antiderivative of f (provided one
exists in closed form).

Similar to differentiation,

int(f,v)

uses the symbolic object v as the variable of integration, rather than the
variable determined by findsym. See how int works by looking at this table.

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 In contrast to differentiation, symbolic integration is a more complicated task.

A number of difficulties can arise in computing the integral:

The antiderivative, F, may not exist in closed form.

The antiderivative may define an unfamiliar function.

The antiderivative may exist, but the software cant find the it.

The software could find the antiderivative on a larger computer, but runs out
of time or memory on the available machine.

Nevertheless, in many cases, MATLAB can perform symbolic integration

successfully. For example, create the symbolic variables

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 Symbolic Summation
You can compute symbolic summations, when they exist, by using the
symsum command. For example, the p-series

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 Taylor Series
The statements

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 Calculus Example
The function in this example is

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 Finding the Asymptotes

To find the horizontal asymptote of the graph of f, take the limit of f as x

approaches positive infinity:

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 Using MATLAB to Compute the Fourier Transform

MATLAB has the built-in fourier and ifourier functions to compute the Fourier
transform and its inverse.

Their descriptions and examples, can be displayed with the help fourier and
help ifourier commands.

In examples below present some Fourier transform pairs, and how they are
verified with MATLAB.

Example.1

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 This time function, like the time function of Example , is its own Fourier
transform multiplied by the constant

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 Example.2

Example.3

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 Example.4

Ex.

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Solution

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Ex.

Solution

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