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Phycological Research 2016; 64: 194199 doi: 10.1111/pre.

12134

RESEARCH NOTE
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Circumtropical distribution of the epiphytic dinoagellate


Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae): Morphology and molecular
phylogeny from Puerto Rico and Brazil
Fernando Gmez,1* Dajun Qiu,2 Ernesto Otero-Morales,3 Rubens M Lopes1 and Senjie Lin4
1
Laboratory of Plankton Systems, Department of Biological Oceanography, Oceanographic Institute, University of So
Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil, 2CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of
Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China, 3Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagez, Puerto Rico and 4Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA

........................................................................................ Eastern Asia, Oceania and the Caribbean Sea were attributed
to the new species C. malayensis Leaw, P.-T. Lim & Usup
SUMMARY
(Leaw et al. 2010; Mohammad-Noor et al. 2013; Momigliano
The dinoagellate genus Coolia, which contains potentially et al. 2013; David et al. 2014; Rhodes et al. 2014; Tawong et
toxic species, is an important component of epiphytic assem- al. 2015). Hoppenrath et al. (2014) considered that
blages in marine ecosystems. The morphology of C. malayensis C. malayensis is a synonym of C. monotis, while Karafas et al.
has been illustrated from strains isolated in Asia and Oceania. (2015) described two new species within the C. monotis/
In this study, strains of C. malayensis isolated from the Carib-
C. malayensis clade: C. santacroce S. Karafas, C. Tomas &
bean Sea in Puerto Rico, and for the rst time from the South
Atlantic Ocean in Brazil, were investigated by light, epiuores- R. York and C. palmyrensis S. Karafas, C. Tomas & R. York.
cence and scanning electron microscopies. No signicant mor- Karafas et al. (2015) reported the presence of C. monotis for
phological differences between these new strains and other the rst time in the coasts of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
geographically distant strains of C. malayensis were observed. The species diagnosis within the genus Coolia was tradi-
In the LSU rDNA phylogeny, the C. malayensis sequences from tionally based on the epithecal tabulation. The width/length
Brazil and Puerto Rico branched within the clade of strains ratio of plate 700 is approximately 1 for C. monotis, 2 for
from Oceania and Asia. The recently described species C. san- C. canariensis and C. areolata, and 4 for C. tropicalis. In con-
tacroce branched as a sister group of C. monotis, and C. pal- trast, Coolia monotis and C. malayensis were separated based
myrensis was basal to the combined group of C. monotis/C. on the hypothecal tabulation. In C. monotis, the third (3000 )
malayensis/C. santacroce. A tentative undescribed species
and fourth (4000 ) postcingular plates are almost equal in size,
from Florida and New Zealand branched as a sister group of
while in C. malayensis the plate 3000 is the largest hypothecal
C. malayensis. Our results conrm that C. malayensis showed
a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical to subtropical waters, plate (Leaw et al. 2010). However, Jeong et al. (2012) found
while the type species C. monotis remains endemic for the cells whose 3000 plate size was similar to the 4000 plate size.
Mediterranean Sea and the temperate North Atlantic. Besides, like the European strains of C. monotis, the shape of
30 plate of most cells of the Korean strains of C. malayensis is
Key words: benthic dinophyta, Caribbean Sea, epiphyte, pentagonal, while that of the Malaysian strains is quadrangu-
harmful algal blooms, microalgae, South Atlantic Ocean, toxic lar (Leaw et al. 2010). The recently described species,
dinoagellata. C. palmyrensis and C. santacroce, have been separated from
........................................................................................ C. monotis and C. malayensis based on the cell size, apical
The species of the genus Coolia Meunier are an important com- pore size, and the size and density of pores. These new spe-
ponent of benthic dinoagellate assemblages, especially in cies have fewer pores than C. monotis and C. malayensis
tropical and subtropical waters (Karafas et al. 2015; Wakeman (Karafas et al. 2015).
et al. 2015). The type species, C. monotis Meunier, was In this study, we analyzed morphology and molecular data
described in the temperate waters and other species were of strains isolated from Puerto Rico and Brazil. The latter
described in tropical waters: C. tropicalis M. A. Faust, strain represents the rst study of the genus Coolia in the
C. areolata Ten-Hage, J. Turquet, J. P. Quod & Cout and South Atlantic Ocean. The present study provides data
C. canariensis S. Fraga (Meunier 1919; Faust 1995; Ten-Hage needed for better understanding on the distribution of
et al. 2000; Fraga et al. 2008). Further studies reported a
considerable morphological variability in C. monotis, and the
molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed genetic divergences .........................................................................................
among C. monotis isolates from the European Atlantic and *Present address: Carmen Campos 3, E-11500 Puerto Santa
Mediterranean coasts, and those from other world regions Mara, Spain.
(Penna et al. 2005; Dolapsakis et al. 2006). The clade con- Email: fernando.gomez@toplancton.com
taining a sequence from the Netherlands was attributed to the Communicating editor: Mitsunobu Kamiya
type species, C. monotis. A sister group of sequences from Received 9 November 2015; accepted 15 April 2016.

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C. malayensis from Puerto Rico and Brazil 195

C. monotis/C. malayensis in the world ocean and on the varia- ranged from 22 to 33 m long, and 19 to 33 m wide. In api-
tions in the morphology and DNA sequences. cal view, the apical pore plate (Po) was dorsally displaced and
We obtained morphological characteristics using light and located among the second (20 ), third (30 ) and rst (10 ) apical
electron microscopies for the Puerto Rico (Fig. S1 in the Sup- plates (Figs 1A,HI,R,W, S1b, np, S2). The Po was slightly
porting Information) and Brazilian (Figs 1, S2 in the Support- curved, measuring around 69 m (Figs 1HI,X, S1op).
ing Information) clonal cultures. The isolation, culturing, Plate 10 was oblong, hexagonal situated on the left side of the
morphological and molecular methods are described in the epitheca in apical view with its right side located in the mid-
Appendix S1 in the Supporting Information. The cells from dle of the dorso-ventral part of the cell, touching plate 600 ,
both locations were obliquely roundish in lateral view and con- which was the largest plate of the epitheca (Figs 1AD,MN,
tained many golden-brown chloroplasts. The anterior-posterior R,TW, S1mo, S2). Plate 20 was the smaller in the apical
axis was characteristically oblique; the apex is displaced dor- series, and harbored the Po in most of its area. It was adja-
sally and the antapex is displaced ventrally. The hypotheca cent to the plates 200 , 300 , 400 and 30 (Figs 2QR,VW, S1l, n
was slightly larger than the epitheca. Cells in clonal culture o, S2). Plate 30 was pentagonal and situated between plates

Fig. 1. Micrographs of the Brazilian strain of Coolia malayensis. (AI) Light micrographs, (A, B) detail of cingular plates, (CI) detail of the
epithecal plates, (JS) epiuorescence microscopy stained with Fluorescent Brightener, (TX) scanning electron micrographs, (T) ventral
view, (UV) apical view, (W) dorsal-apical view, (X) detail of the apical pore plate. Scale bars = 10 m, except 2 m in X.

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196 F. Gmez et al.

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Coolia spp. based on the LSU rDNA (D1D2) sequences. Sequences obtained in this study are bold-
typed. Support of nodes is based on bootstrap values of Maximum Likelihood (ML)/Neighbor Joining (NJ) methods with 1000 resamplings.
Only values greater than 60 are shown. Ostreopsis spp. were used as an outgroup.

10 , Po, 20 , 400 , 500 and 600 (Figs 1HI,QR, S1ko, S2). Plate was pentagonal, larger than 100 . The rectangular plate 300 was
100 was the smallest of the precingular series and connected situated on the dorsal side of the epitheca, adjacent and adja-
plates 700 , 10 and 200 . (Figs 1D,JM,R,T, S1ef,s, S2). Plate 200 cent to 100 , 300 , 20 and 10 (Figs 2QR,T,VW, S1no, 2s to 200 ,

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C. malayensis from Puerto Rico and Brazil 197

20 and 400 (Figs 1PR,W, S1ac,kl,o, S2). Plate 400 touched precingular plates. In contrast, all further observations of the
300 , 20 , 30 and 500 . In some cells of the Brazilian strain, plate European C. monotis showed seven precingulars (Fig. S4b-c
400 appeared to be divided into two plates (Fig. 1R). Plate 500 in the Supporting Information; Balech 1956; Penna et al.
was quadrangular, and surrounded by plates 400 , 30 and 600 2005; Dolapsakis et al. 2006; Aligizaki and Nikolaidis 2006;
(Figs 1PQ,W, S1a,k,o). The pentagonal plate 600 was the lar- Laza-Martnez et al. 2011; David et al. 2014). Jeong et al.
gest precingular plate and occupied the majority of the (2012) observed that under culture conditions some cells of
epitheca on the left side of the cell (Fig. 1M,UV, S1mn, C. malayensis showed the plate 40 split into two plates. The
S2). It was surrounded by plates 700 , 10 , 30 and 500 . Plate 700 same phenomenon was observed in some specimens of the
was pentagonal, about as wide as long, and surrounded by Brazilian strain (Fig. 1R). The occurrence of more than seven
plates 600 , 10 and 100 (Figs 1D,LM, S1ef,mn, S2). The cin- precingular plates is rare in gonyaulacoid dinoagellates
gulum was equatorial with six cingular plates (Figs 1AB,M, (except for genera with an exceptional multiplication of plates
PQ, S1d). The sulcus was narrow and did not reach the anta- such as Fragilidium Balech ex A. R. Loebl. and Pyrophacus
pex of the cell. Sulcal plates were very hard to distinguish, F. Stein). In addition, Jeong et al. (2012) found seven cingu-
since the sulcus was deeply excavated and indented, but it lar plates, which is an exceptional feature for gonyualacoid
was still possible to distinguish the posterior sulcal plate dinoagellates. We should consider whether the culture condi-
(S.p.), located just above plate 20000 in ventral view (Figs 1JM, tions can induce the anomalous tabulations.
O, S1e). The hypotheca contained seven plates: ve postcin- Meunier (1919) described C. monotis with an unusual tab-
gular (5000 ) and two antapical plates (2000 ). Plates 1000 and 5000 ulation, a very large plate 50 and a plate 30 with a hexagonal
were small and triangular. Plates 3000 and 4000 were equal in size shape (Fig. S4a in the Supporting Information). There is no
and the largest plates found on the hypotheca. Plate 3000 was further information on the morphology of specimens collected
quadrangular and in a mid-dorsal position of the hypotheca from the type locality. Two sequences of C. monotis from the
(Figs 1OQ,S, S1gl). The antapical plate 10000 was small and Netherlands, close to the type locality, branched with the
located adjacent to 1000 , 2000 and 3000 . Plate 20000 was very small other European Atlantic and Mediterranean strains (Penna et
and adjacent to plates 3000 , 4000 , 5000 and 10000 (Figs 1O, S1gh). al. 2005). The tabulation of C. monotis by Meunier (1919)
Plates 3000 , 4000 and 5000 surrounded the smallest antapical plate does not agree with further observations because subsequent
20000 , which was just below and slightly to the right of plate studies in the European Atlantic coasts showed a pentagonal
1000 . The plate formula was Po, 30 , 700 , 6c, 5 + s, 5000 , 20000 or plate 30 and seven precingular plates (Balech 1956; Laza-
alternatively interpreted as Po, 40 , 600 , 6c, 5 + s, 5000 , 20000 Martnez et al. 2011). The situation seems to reappear in the
(Figs 1, S2, S4gh). case of C. malayensis, described as result of the split of
Two new LSU rDNA sequences were obtained from the C. monotis. The line drawings by Leaw et al. (2010) repre-
strains isolated from Brazil and Puerto Rico. In the LSU rDNA sented C. malayensis with a plate 30 with a quadrangular
molecular phylogeny the new sequences of C. malayensis shape (Fig. S4d in the Supporting Information). However, all
from Brazil and Puerto Rico branched in a clade with further studies showed plate 30 with a pentagonal shape, even
sequences of strains from Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean Sea the one examined the specimen collected nearby the type
and one sequence from temperate Atlantic waters of North locality (Tawong et al. 2015, Fig. S4ef).
America (Fig. 2). The strains Coolia sp. FIU39 from Florida The morphological distinction between C. monotis and
and C. malayensis CAWD154 and CAWD175 from C. malayensis is difcult. Some authors considered that they
New Zealand branched in a sister clade of the main clade of are synonyms (Hoppenrath et al. 2014), while others have
C. malayensis (Fig. 2). Further studies are necessary to con- proposed additional new species within the clade of
rm whether these strains should be considered as a new C. monotis and C. malayensis (Karafas et al. 2015). The
species or just distinct genotypes. The strains of C. monotis epitheca tabulation is commonly used for genus or species
from Europe and one from the Atlantic coasts of North diagnosis. However, in the case of C. malayensis the hypothe-
America formed a clade distinct from C. malayensis. The cal tabulation was the morphological basis to propose
species C. santacroce branched in a sister group with C. malayensis as an independent species from C. monotis
C. monotis. The clade of C. palmeryensis, with sequences (Leaw et al. 2010). Plate 3000 is the largest hypotheca in the
from Australia and the Caribbean Sea, was basal to the original description of C. malayensis, whereas in C. monotis,
combined clade of C. monotis/malayensis/santacroce (Fig. 2). plates 3000 and 4000 are almost equal in size (Leaw et al. 2010).
The strains of C. canariensis branched into two distinct Our results agrees with Jeong et al. (2012) that reported simi-
groups, suggestive of existence of cryptic species. lar size in the plates 3000 and 4000 of C. malayensis.
Our sequencing effort also yielded two new ITS sequences For the new species C. palmyrensis and C. santacroce, the
of C. malayensis from the Brazilian and Puerto Rican strains. separation was based on the cell size, apical pore size, and
Currently, there are much fewer ITS sequences available in the size and density of pores (Karafas et al. 2015). It is
GenBank than the LSU rDNA. Our strains from Brazil and uncertain whether such characters justify the erection of new
Puerto Rico differed in 25 bp and both branched in a clade species. Karafas et al. (2015) did not solve the morphological
with the strains from Asia and the Caribbean Sea. The distinction C. monotis/C. malayensis. This situation could
sequences of a strain reported as CM01 from Malaysia reappear in the case of C. canariensis, which was phylogeneti-
showed a slight divergence from the main clade of cally divided into two clades, suggesting a cryptic speciation
C. malayensis (Fig. S3 in the Supporting Information). (Fig. 2; David et al. 2014).
Meunier (1919) described C. monotis from oyster beds in Although Coolia is more commonly found in warm waters,
the North Sea at Nieuport, Belgium. He reported an anoma- curiously it was rst described from temperate waters
lous tabulation with an epitheca composed of eight (Meunier 1919). This was very likely due to the paucity of

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198 F. Gmez et al.

studies on epiphytic dinoagellates in warm waters in the David, H., Laza-Martnez, A., Miguel, I. and Orive, E. 2014. Broad
past. Coolia could have been reported in even earlier studies distribution of Coolia monotis and restricted distribution of Coolia
because one of the line drawings of Glenodinium obliquum cf. canariensis (Dinophyceae) on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian
Peninsula. Phycologia 53: 34252.
C. H. G. Pouchet from the coast of Britany resembles Coolia
Dolapsakis, N. P., Kilpatrick, M. W., Economou-Amilli, A. and
(Pouchet 1883). It is usually assumed that benthic organisms
Triantafyllos, T. 2006. Morphology and rDNA phylogeny of a Medi-
have more dispersal constraints than their planktonic counter-
terranean Coolia monotis (Dinophyceae) strain from Greece. Sci.
parts. For example, more than 50% of the benthic fauna is Mar. 70: 6776.
endemic in the Mediterranean Sea (Fredj et al. 1992). Up to Faust, M. A. 1995. Observation of sand-dwelling toxic dinoagellate
date, C. monotis has been reported exclusively in the Atlantic (Dinophyceae) from widely differing sites, including two new spe-
and the Mediterranean Sea, while C. malayensis is mostly cies. J. Phycol. 31: 9961003.
found in the Pacic and Caribbean Sea, with the only excep- Fraga, S., Penna, A., Bianconi, I., Paz, B. and Zapata, M. 2008.
tion of a strain from North Carolina, USA, close to Rhode Coolia canariensis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new nontoxic epi-
Island from where the strain of C. monotis were collected phytic benthic dinoagellate from the Canary Islands. J. Phycol.
(Karafas et al. 2015). The phylogenetic placement of strains 44: 106070.
Fredj, G., Bellan-Santini, D. and Meinard, M. 1992. tat des connais-
from Puerto Rico and Brazil indicates that the apparent geo-
sances sur la faune marine mditerranenne. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr.
graphic separation is subtle. Our results based on the LSU
Monaco 9: 13345.
rDNA and ITS markers reveal that no signicant differences Gmez, F., Qiu, D., Lopes, R. M. and Lin, S. 2015. Fukuyoa paulensis
exist between the populations in the South and North Atlantic gen. et sp. nov., a new genus for the globular species of the dino-
Ocean, and Oceania and the Asian coasts (Fig. 2). Conse- agellate Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae). PLoS One 10 (4):
quently, C. malayensis shows a circumtropical cosmopolitan e0119676.
distribution and low degree of endemism. This feature has Hoppenrath, M., Murray, S. A., Chomrat, N. and Horiguchi, T.
been observed in other epiphytic toxic dinoagellates (Gmez 2014. Marine Benthic Dinoagellates-Unveiling their World-
et al. 2015). In contrast, the distribution of the type species, wide Biodiversity. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung,
C. monotis, was until recently restricted to the coasts of Stuttgart.
Jeong, H. J., Yih, W., Kang, N. S. et al. 2012. First report of the epi-
Europe and the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. S5 in the Supporting
phytic benthic dinoagellates Coolia canariensis and Coolia
Information). The report of C. monotis in Rhode Island, USA malayensis in the waters off Jeju Island, Korea: Morphology and
(Karafas et al. 2015) has extended the range but still within rDNA sequences. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 59: 11433.
the Atlantic Ocean. Until now, the populations of C. monotis Karafas, S., York, R. and Tomas, C. 2015. Morphological and
and C. malayensis do not overlap geographically, and genetic analysis of the Coolia monotis species complex with the
C. monotis shows a more cold water distribution. Taking into introduction of two new species, Coolia santacroce sp. nov. and
account the intense maritime trafc or exchange of live shell- Coolia palmyrensis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae). Harmful Algae
sh to and from Europe, we can expect that C. monotis will 46: 1833.
likely be introduced into other regions, as well as Laza-Martnez, A., Orive, E. and Miguel, I. 2011. Morphological and
genetic characterization of benthic dinoagellates of the genera
C. malayensis in the warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea.
Coolia, Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum from the South-Eastern Bay
Both species are morphologically similar, and the existence of
of Biscay. Eur. J. Phycol. 46: 4665.
physiological differences between them remains an open
Leaw, C.-P., Lim, P.-T., Cheng, K.-W., Ng, B.-K. and Usup, G. 2010.
question. It is clear that to fully understand the global distri- Morphology and molecular characterization of a new species of
bution and population differentiation in the genus Coolia, fur- thecate benthic dinoagellate, Coolia malayensis sp. nov.
ther studies with broader sampling of different geographic (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 46: 16271.
strains are required. Such studies are also needed in order to Meunier, A. 1919. Microplankton de la mer Flamande. III Les Pridi-
more precisely resolve the taxonomic relationships of these niens. Mem. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belgium 8: 3116.
taxa. Epiphytic dinoagellates from numerous regions of the Mohammad-Noor, N., Moestrup, ., Lundholm, N. et al. 2013. Autoe-
worlds oceans remain unexplored and our knowledge of the cology and phylogeny of Coolia tropicalis and Coolia malayensis
biogeography and distribution of Coolia remains incomplete. (Dinophyceae), with emphasis on taxonomy of C. tropicalis based
on light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and LSU rDNA.
J. Phycol. 49: 53645.
Momigliano, P., Sparrow, L. and Heomann, K. 2013. The diversity of
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Coolia spp. (Dinophyceae Ostreopsidaceae) in the central Great
Barrier reef region. PLoS One 8(10): e79278.
This research is supported by the Brazilian Conselho Nacional Penna, A., Vila, M., Fraga, S. et al. 2005. Characterization of Ostreop-
de Desenvolvimento Cientco e Tecnolgico (grant numbers sis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) isolates in the western Mediterranean
BJT 370646/2013-14 to F. G., and 402759/2012-5 and Sea based on morphology, toxicity and internal transcribed spacer
311936/2013-0 to R. M. L.), and United States National 5.8s rDNA sequences. J. Phycol. 41: 2125.
Science Foundation (EF-0629624 to S. L.). Rhodes, L., Smith, K., Gimnez Papiol, G., Adamson, J., Harwood, T.
and Munday, R. 2014. Epiphytic dinoagellates in sub-tropical
New Zealand, in particular the genus Coolia Meunier. Harmful
Algae 34: 3641.
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Aligizaki, K. and Nikolaidis, G. 2006. The presence of the potentially Physiol. Norm. Pathol. Homme Anim. 19: 399455.
toxic genera Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) in the North Tawong, W., Nishimura, T., Sakanari, H., Sato, S., Yamaguchi, H. and
Aegean Sea, Greece. Harmful Algae 5: 71730. Adachi, M. 2015. Characterization of Gambierdiscus and Coolia
Balech, E. 1956. tudes des dinoagells du sable de Roscoff. Rev. (Dinophyceae) isolates from Thailand based on morphology and
Algol. (n. ser.) 2: 2952. phylogeny. Phycol. Res. 63: 12533.

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C. malayensis from Puerto Rico and Brazil 199

Ten-Hage, L., Turquet, J., Quod, J. P. and Cout, A. 2000. Coolia are- Fig. S1. Micrographs of the Puerto Rican strain of Coolia
olata sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new sand-dwelling dinoagellate malayensis.
from the southwestern Indian Ocean. Phycologia 39: 37783.
Wakeman, K. C., Yamaguchi, A., Roy, M. C. and Jenke-Kodama, H. Fig. S2. Confocal overlay image showing the thecal plates of
2015. Morphology, phylogeny and novel chemical compounds the Brazilian strain of C. malayensis stained with Fluorescent
from Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae) from Okinawa, Japan. Brightener 28.
Harmful Algae 44: 819. Fig. S3. Maximum likelihood tree of Coolia spp. based on the
ITS1-5.8S-ITS2.
Fig. S4. Line drawings of C. monotis and C. malayensis.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Fig. S5. Geographical distribution based on the gene sequence
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online data of C. monotis, C. malayensis, C. palmyrensis and C.
version of this article at the publishers web-site: santacroce.

Appendix S1. Detailed description of materials and methods.

2016 Japanese Society of Phycology

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