www.biblio-scientifique.

net
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

L'ouvrage complet est disponible auprs des ditions de l'cole Polytechnique

Cliquez ici pour accder au site des ditions
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

 POL
O L E  


C






   
 




 

 
                              
                      

U

E      

IQ



   
                         

N

 
   
                        



EC H

                     


                      

















Y T

 
  !                         

POL

" #                             


$ #  %                          

O L E

& 
  
                
 '
 

  ( )           















"

C  *                   

 +
 

 
 ,
   


+
 

 
 ,
 , . 





















"
-

" +
 
    
                 $
" /  0 0                     &
" ')  
 
 .         

   
 

 

 
                                 

 1( ) 
 ,
   
              

E
  1.                       

 
 

'          
0  #  2
     
























IQ
 U




"

&
  '.          
H
       
N
      
 "  
.
         
 $   
        
T E C 




























$

O LY

3
                                  "

P

 
 , .                         "

LE

 
                             "

C O 
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


  



U E
N
 

  



  
 

 IQ


EC H 

T

 4                                  $"

O LY

 
                             $"

P

 2
 
                        $$

LE


    
 ,                 $&

C O
 3 .          

  2
  4         

  2
 .     
















































$-
$-
&


5  67                            &


 '  0                            &


 3 
                      &&

     
 

UE
 
  .                        -

IQ
 2   0  . 80             -
  

  ,         

H N           -

C
  1. 80                           -

T E

1)                        -$

LY

 9 H 1 ()                             -$


P O
9 H01 ()                             

L E


5  8
  4                     

CO

  
                        &

" 9 H m ()                            -
 

 
                        
 1
5 
"             
 9 H(div)                            

9 W m,p ()                           "
 1
                                $
"  .  0
                          -

    
  

 



" 
                                  
" 

                            
U

E 

IQ
"  '  
   1                 
"  '  
   /
  
H
       
N
     -
" 
': .0         
"  * 
.        


T

E C




























 "
 

O LY
"
+
 ,
                           

"

P
#  ,                    


LE
"
 
  %                         &

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  

 

U E
IQ
HN
   
 



T E C
$ 3 .               
$ 
                    
















"
"

LY
$ 3                     "

P O
$
7   4%                         ""

LE
$ 7    ) ; 
<         ""
$  )   N = 1                     "$

C O $   ) P1                  
$  '.    ,
        
















"$
$
$ 
 ) P2                           $$
$  * 
.                        $-
$ "  ) ,=                       &
$
 )   N 2                     &
$
  ) 
                     &
$
 '.    ,
                 -$
$

 ) 
            
U

E       

IQ
$
  ) 
 %                      

H N
$
" >
  
 

               "

 
  
 

Y T EC
& 7.                             



&
P O L
& 
                    
+
  0      



















L E
& 5                                

CO
&  4                              

&  1  ,
 
          "
&
>
  ,
 0 
                  -
&
 *0 .                        -
&
 >
 
                   
&

3
                              $
& 7  

                            
& 1   )                   
& '.    ,
               

 
 !

 

E
- 7.                             
"
- 
                      
- 7    ,
 0
 








IQ
 U




"

$

H
-
7    ,
 #0

N
     
&

T E C
- 9 
    0
         
-  2
 .               













-

-
- 
O LY
 
                           

P
- 
3                             "

LE
-
9 
    #0
               "

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

.
  



U E
IQ
HN
-
 2
 .                      "
-


T E C
 
                       
-

3                         






"
"

LY
- * 
.    0
              "&

P O - ' #

                    "&

LE
- *

                        "
-
*  ? . )                     $

C O - +
  ( 
               
-" 
   
  
 ,         






$
$

-" * 
.    #0
              $"
-" +.0                          $"
-" ' #
  
  ,     $$
-"
>    )                     $&
-$ 7  

    0
               $
-$ 6                       $
-$ 1   6            
U E    &

IQ
-& 7  

    #0
              &
-&

H N
6                       &"

EC
-& 1   6                &$


 "
!



LY T 

O
 7.                              -

E P
 
                             -

L
 9                               -

CO

1)                         --
 @   )                   -
 9 ,
 
   )               
  9  6                     
  3# .                           
 
+
 ,                         &

 

 !


 
#
 
 4                                 

 
                            

 1(0                           


E
 '  ,                          
&
  
 ,9
   .
  7

             




















IQ
 U


&



*6A   B
  5
%A
 
H      
N
    



 5  B
  5
%        
T E C

 *6                    






















O LY


1
                               


P
 3                                 
-

LE
  
 
                 
-

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  

 .

U E
IQ
HN
 '                          



T E C

@  # 0
         
" 3  

                    














"


&

LY
" 
                            

&

P O
" 3   #   ;  <      

-

LE
"
3   #   ; . <      

" 7   /C                        
&

C O 
  



$%&'(% )* +,--./,0.1',* .2)+ 1%34.*) #.5/)016 
 
                                 
"
 *                            
"
  1)                        
"
  3 
                      
"&
 
3    
                 
$
  1
                               
U E
$

IQ

*#                                
$$

N

 * 
   .             
$$

EC H

 7 

                


*0  D                         

$

&

Y T
 *  #
                        
&$

POL
 * ,  E                 
&$
 *0  F )                      
&&

L E

*0
  G 
A 
,H    

O

-

C
" 3  
                            
-"
" 4 
    
             
-"
" 3   B
% 
  0  ,0 
. 
G 
                           
-$
$                             
--
$   .
 ;0  0
 <          
--
$ +  0 0             


 7     

 
 7 
8  
  



 

E

 +
  #                       

 + 
   

 '   0   




























IQ
 U








7             
H        
N
      "

 7  .        

" 7 
  I

  


T
 E C






























 -


O LY

 '
  .
  .
                     

P

  7    
                       

LE

  7   4.6=
                   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

.
  



U E
N IQ

 
7   F                         $

EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C

  
    
  
 
 
!"#$   %%  %
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

.  

U E



N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
' 
   
 
I A    ,
A  6

C

 
 J ,# 

  , 3. H  
 
 A  
  
 
,? . 
   ,0I8 
 
  ,
  
 
    9,&%-':.1',* 9.14%9.1';5) 
  :'95-.1',* *59%0';5) 
  
   0  
  
         
 ;

  , 
<    
  , ;
 A 
   .
<   ;
 8<
  #
   6
 0 0 ? ,#  

  
 

 A 0

   
   #

U E
GA  
 
   
 
  
  
    A

N IQ
7A 
 ,0 A 
   
 
 K 1 
, ,  

EC H

 
 .   
 
  
 8
 6
 9 (A  
        

Y T
0 
 
,  #  
A    ,   6

POL

 
       .  9
8A 
    . ,    
 
   

L E
 
   *
 
 
 
 
  , 
  


O
.
 
  
 J    ( 
.
  
.
A 


C
       
 , 
  8  


  ; 8  L 

M  ,
 8 
 #
<A     
 ,#     


  
  .

 
. 0  
 J ,  6

 

 '    
  
 
  ,

?  0 0

 
   A 
  . 6
 
 
)
A 

  
    ?  8

.  
 
. J ,    

@ 
    
 
   6

        
 

 1    .
A  6


A 
 8
A  #
A 
A 
A 06
U E

 
  
 ? ,  

  )
 J

IQ
 
A 
A    , 
 ;
   .0   

N
E C H


  (  , 
  ,

A
 
 , A  )A <    N B

LY T
: 
 8  0
  
  
 
  L 
  
 
  I

 0M  .
    8

P O
  
   
 
 ;  ,  

LE

,  .


      
  ?   L
M

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  

U E
N

 (    
 
< IQ
EC H
9    ,
 ) 0A  
 *6
  

  
 
      J &' ' $

Y T
( ")   .   0 G  #0   
 



POL
;  I ) 
, 
<A      
   ;

LE

I
 )  ?  <A    , .  ,# 

;
 
0   
  
    <

C O 3  ; < 

 
 
.  . 
   

,# 

     
 O  #    

   
 

 * 
 ,     6
  
  ,  8A   A 
 
,
 #   
  8  ', 


  
   
 ,/<)+1'=: &) +) +,50:   8  
 .  
 6
 ;
  
.  
 
 . <A 
    6

E

 

  
  E GA ,0   
   
U
IQ
 0 
  
 8

  
  0

,
 
 

N
 .    *,52).5> 9,&?-):   *,52).5> .-(,0'149):

EC H
*59%0';5): 
  0 
 
  
  ' A H

 
     ?
    H ? 0   

Y T
I
   
 

 9 (A  0
  
 

POL

    
  8  
 
 
 

 
  
   
     I
   ;5.-'1%    @./'-'1%

L E
 
 
 
   ' 
 
   P  

O
 
   .      
 



C
    
   
. 3
   ,


 
   L
M  ? 
 
 

A  '
  ? ,
     

  &'A%0)*+): @*'): ' 

   ,  . .  
 

 6
 
 .  . 
 
 
.  '
A A
 "   ?  
 
  -!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--)  6
  ;  
<   
  0 ,
  


  A   %-%9)*1: @*':A 
     

' $      )  ?  0  0

   

 
 
 
  ' &  -  
  
 
30,/-?9): '*:1.1',**.'0): ;
,.
  <A 
  .
 6
U E

 
 

   -      ? ,# 

A

IQ

  &!,31'9':.1',*  '  
  ,
N
E C H
  0 ,  
  ,  
 ?
 0  '  .    ; 

:< ,6

LY T
  
 '     
  .
 


 

 9     A    ?  0

P O
   

 
 
 . 2A  '  


LE

 ?  0)+4)0+4) ,3%0.1',**)--) 3 . 
   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  

U E
N IQ
A 
 
 O
    , 0 ;,6

EC H
?6   ,  .0 < 
   
  )

T
  
   Q  
     '


Y
POL
  
 
 
         
,
   
    
  
 J  
   

LE

     
 A  
    0
 .6
  
  

 

 L ,
 

 M 

C O
 8   . ,
 
.  
,
   ,   
 ,


.   8 
    

 
  

*
   
 
  

   , 

 1  

0  
 , .

L
6
M 
 . 
 8
 . ? ,
 
.  '  
 0 
 
0
 
 ,# 
    
  
 

A  
     .  ? 
  L0 M 

 
 
  L  
M  ) 1  

0A

U E

 .  
 
 A  
 ?  ,8  
 
L #)M 
 
 ,H 
  
 

  
IQ

 
   
 
     
    
N
   L  M 
EC H
 
    
  
 
       
$$  
""   *$"$
T
$" $ "+ "
    &,



 
 

 
 
 
Y
POL


  ) ,
    
   
A   

 ) ,
 
 
,
    
        

L E
0 ?  )  ,
. 

O
      
  
    8
 


C
  
.    

 
       )6



  0 
   C0
 


 




 
R  
 
    0   

  (
)A  
      )  
A    
    
  0 .  ,/+3  0 


   C0
 



  
  
       )   
  
0
 ? , 
  22SS .  2 =  @ *


 0 
 
   C0
 


U E
IQ
* 
A  
  )
 06      )
 6
N
E C H
    ? , 
  
 
. 
2O N
. ? ,9 *#
  
 0 
 
  
C0

LY
 


 
  T
P O
 

 
   C0 
  
 

 , . 
 
 ,

LE
 
 
 .       


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  

U E
  





! 
N IQ
EC H
 
 
 .
   

      .  6

T

 
 
 
 . 0)       7


Y
POL
3
  

 





LE


   
 A  # 8 
  3 76


C O
 




 .
  
  
8   ,  

 
 
 
 
.
  
    
  #
.6
 + 
,  :  8 
.  0

 ,  

 
I I? 0 
   
 9 
A  
  0
6

 ?   
   
 
  E 


A *6 A 
*63 +. 

  8 8    
 ,

  
 


E

  
 

A  2  EA E

U
IQ
1A   4
0 ;
   ?   
' < 

N
  
 ? @. *F 
  
, 

 .

EC H
0

 ,A 
  .)       
   ,

 6
 ? ,. 
 
 
 .
 0 
    .0 
 

Y T
8    A    
 
 ? , 

POL



" 


O L E
C 4 3
*A   N. "

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T


E  POL
O L
C
    
 
     U E
IQ
  
N
CH T E
Y
E POL
L




 

C O
'  
 
 ? 
  A   A  6

 
 J  9,&%-':.1',* 9.14%9.1';5)   :'95-.1',* *5
9%0';5)    
 
  

 
0    #
 
  0 ? ,#  

  
6
 

   
 
  
  
    A  
 
   #
 1  
A    
 
 
 
 
 
 .  ;
   0 <A ,6?6   

( ? 

 .0 ;   ,A  <
*
 , 
   
   8   6

 
A ? . ,# 
   A 
 
 


E
. 
 

 
    
. 9 
 

IQ U
 A 
 .
  

 A .  I
)   

 ,# 
 /
  .A  (A 
  
 

 

H N

     #
 . 8  
 ;  0< 
 

E C

. ,
  ,. 
 
 0   
 

T

 + 
 8   8  
 6

LY
  
 
A     
 

A 

O
P
H 
A 
 8
A    , 


LE
E 
  
  0    
 .  6

C O 
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



  
  


U E
N IQ

 
  8  *,*-'*%.'0): ;.   T
UA

EC H
T U<A 
 
     
.  
 0   
 

T
 1  H 8OA 
 ,.  
  0 A

Y
POL
,6?6   
 , 
 
 9)A    .
6
 
8  8A 
  
.
 
D
 ,


LE

 
   
  
 , 
  
  

 

 J 
   
   
   
  

C O
 
       
.      ?
 
    
 
 ? -!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.-)50   


 .
     
 
 .  
 , 6
    

  
A #
A 
  , 

   
 
 F 8 

 

  ?  6
   &'A%0)*+): @*'): 9)A 
     "  )
,
 30,/-?9) /')* 3,:%  
,
 ) ;<  
 

. 
U E
N IQ

 
   

EC H
Y T
   
   0
.


POL

  
  8 A  
  


A  
    )
 ? 
  ,
 9

L E
(A   0
     
 ,   0A 
0

O
 8
  
   

 0A 
  8


C
)    
    /A   
  
0 
          . I

 ,       J  8
 0  
     0  
 
 
 V ', 



 
  ? 
   . ,
   #
 

A  
 .#  
 
 , . 
 ?  
.  


 
 
   
 
    

   &!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.
-)50A 
,
  (

' 
   , ? N  ; RN A .  
N = 1, 2A 

< 
 , 
 
 
 
 A A 

U E


   
 @  x  .0 ,A ,6?6 
   A

IQ
 t  .0   1  
  
 ;.
 
8
N
E C H
   .0   <   
 8  f (x, t)A
  
  
 
 8 
 (x, t)  
  


LY T
  ?  
  .
 c R c 
  #

;
 
#  
<  
 )
 *
  

P O

 A 
 .  -,' &) +,*:)02.1',* &) -!%*)0(') 
  


LE
 
 1
 .
  V 
  A  .    

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

    


U E
N IQ

  
   0   
  
   
    
 

EC

 ? .   3
 A
H
T

   

Y
d

POL
c dx = f dx q n ds ;<
dt V V V

LE
R V   0  V ; ,  
8 ds<A n    

 

C O
V A  q   .
 D
  
   
    4
A  0

q n ds =

divq dx.
V V

+ 
  (   ;< 
  8 
  .
 
V  

A   
A   
 ,
  . 
, 

c + divq = f ; <

E
t

U

  
 
  x  ? 
  t + 
 ,
 . 

IQ
N
 ) 

H
N

EC
qi
divq = . q = (q1 , ..., qN )t .

T
x i

Y
i=1

POL
 8
    D
  
 ?  
A   8  ? 

, 
 -,' +,*:1'151'2) 1   A  ,      2


L E

   D
  
    
   


O
C
q = k, ;
<

R k 
  . ;
 
#  
<  
.

 + 
 ,
    ) 

t

= , ..., .
x1 xN

9 0    . ; <    

. ;
<A  0


 
  


c
t
k = f,

U E
R = div  ,
   
N IQ
N
2
E C H
T
= .

Y
x2i

L
i=1

P O
 8
 I
 ?  
 
  .0  
   A
 A

LE
 +,*&'1',* .5> -'9'1):A 
  
  
   ?  8 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  


U E
N IQ
n

EC H

Y T
POL
O LE
C

  W >
 
  . ,


0
A 
 
  
  
 
  ,   

E

 * .A   , t = 0 
 H   A 
 
 +,*&'1',* '*'1'.-)

IQ U
HN
(t = 0, x) = 0 (x), ;<

T E C
R 0   8  0
   
     9

P O LY
 
     
 A  
 #
  
  
 0  
  ? 
 A A

E

 ?  ) ,  
A  
 .)    


L
CO
  1

(t, x) = 0 
 
 x  t > 0. ;"<

    
  0
 

   ,
A 
 D
  
  
0  
   
 .)    

  /


(t, x) n(x) (t, x) = 0 
 
 x  t > 0, ;$<
n
R n    

  ;.  2
 <  
 6
  
 
 . 
J  D
  
  
0  

U


  
  ,
  ,
A   
 .) 
E
  
   2


N IQ

C H
(t, x) + (t, x) = 0 
 
 x ,  t > 0
E
;&<

T
n

LY
R 
  . *

, 8
  ;,
     6
O
P
<A 
      
   1 ;"< +6

LE
0 ) ,
A    A     
  8

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

    
 "

U E
  
A  0 ,

N
  
 IQ


EC H
T

c k = f 
 (x, t) R+

Y

t

POL
;-<

(t, x) = 0 
 (x, t) R+

(t = 0, x) = (x) 
 x

LE
0

C O
 0 ;-<   
 ,
 
 
 .  
 
  
   ,
    3 
      

 A   
 ;-< 
 30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1):A    
 

,
 30,/-?9) &) .5+4B ? 
      

)9.0;5) CC 1         

A  
 8
 

 
 #
 J  
 ,  B. ;K <A 

 )
 c  N
  %   B. ;J/(kg K)<A  
.

 ;
  < k  N
    %   B.

U E
   ;Jm2 /(kg K s)< 1,
   .
 
A 
  

IQ

. 
0 
A  H  A  
 
 c  k . 
; . ?     
 #
<
H N

Y T EC
)9.0;5) CC /
 .   #    
 A 16
A /
A 2
 ;    ,
< 
  

 ,   

POL
8  E GA  
     
 R    

    J 1 
 D A /
 
 N A  2
 
 F A

L E
. D , N , F 8
    8 
O

C
)9.0;5) CC ,
   
 ;-<  -'*%.'0) 
 R  

    (f, 0 ) 9 #
    
 
. 
 
  8 ,
   
 J
 0
   (f, 0 ) 
 ?
 
 
   H 0
  
   ? 
      
1,
   .
 #
A   , 
,
 #  ,
 9
(A 
  0 ? 8 .  
A    2
  8
A
  8
     
 
  
. 
 k   8
  
      ; 
   0 6<
9 A 
   H   ;A  < 
  ,0    H     2
 
 
 

U E
IQ

D
  
 q .      
  9 (A

N
 # ;L
M ?  .
< P
    J 

E C H

    ?
 . )     /
 . 
 
;.  +
  <  0    + 
 , 


Y T
  , 8  #   
   . 

P O
)9.0;5) CC  0 ;-< ,  

     

LE
  
    8
 
.A    
.   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

  
  


U E
N IQ
 0
   

   
 ; 8
  6

EC H
    . .0
0< * A ;-<  
 


T

   &!%;5.1',* &) &'A5:',*A     (
 
  ,


Y
POL
 
 ? .   ; 
 
 (
 
,A 
0
  
   
 
0< 1  A

LE
   
   
A q   D
  A k   (
6
.A  c    .

  , 1 HA    . ; <

C O

 0  A   
   
. ;
<     2%

)9.0;5) CC  0 ;-< . 

  ) R     
9,&?-) &) -.+D )1 +4,-):  .  ;-<   
.   
, , ;
< ,
  
 .
  x  
, 
 

 k 
 

 T  '    
 u 

u u 2u

E
ru + 1/2rx + 1/2 2 x2 2 = 0 
 (x, t) R (0, T )
;<
U
t x x

IQ
u(t = T, x) = max(x k, 0) 
 x R

H N
*
 A u(0, x)    
 t = 0  , ,  

Y T EC
, k ? , T > 0A  ,8 x  t = 0 @   . 
,  r  
 ,H +
 
 ;< 
 0 .  

POL
)    A  
      .       ?

  ;-< * 
A  .
 ;<  0
 

0


O L E

C
   0
 .  ,
   
 ;-<  
 6
   N

, 
 . 
 
  
   

 
0 


 ?  
,    

 
 
. A  A
 D
   ,
 . V (x, t)
;
 8 ? .
 .  RN < 3A  8
     
.
  D
  
    ,
 D
  (
 ;  < 
,
 D
  . ; ?  . V <A     
?  
   
 
 ?
 0A   +,*2)+1',*&'A5:',*



c + cV k = f  R+

E
t
;<

U

=0 
 R +

IQ
(t = 0, x) = (x) 

N
0

C H
 (  ;-<  ;<  , ,
   . @ 


E
T
 0   
.
  .     (
 
 0

O LY
 A  *,9/0) &) %+-)1A ) 

P
OLE
cV L
Pe = , ;<
k

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

    
 &

U E
N IQ
R L 
 

 

0 ;   
6

EC H
 <   0  *   A   ( (
8 

T
 ( .8A     ;-<  
: 
     

Y
POL
0  * ,  A   ;  
,   ,   ,
<A 
  ;<  
  
 ;-< * A   0  *  

LE
 A  
 ) ;<  
    (
 @ 0 
,
  &!.&2)+1',*

C O


c

t
+ cV = f  R+
; <

(t, x) = 0 
 (x, t) R+  V (x) n(x) < 0
(t = 0, x) = (x) 
0

+
  (     
   ; <   ? 
 ;< J  , 
 ?  
 ,H 
 
 
  0
 
   
0 R  . V  

U E
/
 .            
  .6

IQ
  (
A ;-<A ;<A ; <A 
      .   

N
?  .
 (
0  * E GA  
 #
 

H
EC


       F (  ,  ? ,
 
 
6

T
    
 J 

     
   8


.   L
M
Y
POL
3)  
    ( 8  
   

E
 A 
 
   . 
 R = R  , 


L
    ; 
 .
  
    
 <A R  
O
C

 f  
A  R  . V   @ 
  
 
 
     * A ;< .

2
+V 2 = 0 
 (x, t) R R+
t x x ;
<

(t = 0, x) = 0 (x) 
 x R
. = k/cA 
    

 +

1 (x V t y)2
(t, x) = 0 (y) exp dy. ;<
4t 4t

E
 
  ;-<  8 0
  8 V = 0  , ;<

U
>)0+'+) CC  



 

0
  

 

N IQ
E C H

 R 
 

 
 
  


T
3.  H # )A ,
 , . .


O LY

 (x, t) R R+
P
+V =0
t x ;"<

OLE
(t = 0, x) = (x) 
 x R
0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

  
  


U E
@ .) 

N IQ
EC H
(t, x) = 0 (x V t) ;$<

Y T

 
  ,
 ;"<

POL
>)0+'+) CC  



 

0
 


 


LE

 R 
 
 
 
 
  
! " 
 
 


C O



 



 

 
 #

)9.0;5) CC  , . ,

   
 ;-< 

 .
0 ;   
 ,<A  
 
 

 
 

 ,#  2
 ;.  
  
 T$U< ' 


 
 LM 
 ;<  )    ,
 
) +
 
 ,  
 
 ,
   
 

2
  . ,# 
   

U
)9.0;5) CC  X
  8  (   
 E
N IQ
;-<  ; < 9 (A 
 
   
  
A f = 0A    

EC H
  
 t  
   .A ,
 , . ; <   
;
    A    
< 3
A
  

Y T
  
  ,
   
 ;-<  
  H LM

POL

 

 .
    ', 8   8 

    
 J ;$<  .      

L E
 t  V A  
 ;< ;. V = 0 P    
  
  LDM

O

 @  
 ,
 , .  0%2)0:'/-)  A   


C
,
   
  '00%2)0:'/-)   ' 0. 

 8 ? ,
 #
 J    .0  A
,
  ;  (
 ,
 
   
   <

)9.0;5) CC  

 ( 8    
 ;-< 
; <  
   &!'*2.0'.*+) 3.0 +4.*()9)*1 &!%+4)--)


   
  
A f = 0   8  . 
  (x, t) 
 

 ,
   
 ;-<A A 
 
 > 0A ( x , t2 )  
 
 
 H 
 ;

   (< 1 HA  
 

 . V  A  (x, t) 
 
  ,
 , . ; <A

E
 ( x , t )  
 
 @ . 0 
   ? ,   .0 
 ,   H   
  +
 
 
A   
 A
,
  .       
IQ U

H N
E C
)9.0;5) CC   
 ;
  .
   #
< 
T
,
   
 ;-<  
  
  (x, t)   
  .


LY
     R ;.A  8
 ;<< 9 
A    
O
P
;
<A      . ? 
 A  
 
 

LE
t > 0 ;
  6<  
   . 
 
 R J 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

    
 

U E
N IQ
A ,(   
  8  LM ? ,) @  
  


EC H
 30,3.() .2)+ 5*) 2'1)::) '*@*') ; 
  0 G
 
 <

T
3
A  ,
 , . ;"<     . ? 

Y
. V ;.  8
 ;$<< J  #   30,3.(.1',* E 2'1)::) @*')

POL

)9.0;5) CC  4Q 

 8
  ;<  ;$<A  .) 

LE

  
  ,
  .6 (
 ;
<   ,
 , .6
O
C
 ;"< .)  

min 0 (x) (x, t) max 0 (x) 

 
 (x, t) R R+ ,
xR xR

 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 '  ; A 

 0

  .
 
 
 #
<   
 8 
 
 ,
  .6 (
 ;<   ,
 , . ; < /

,
    


U E

    
N IQ
EC H
1   
     8  

   6

T

  0
   
         
Y
POL
 ,
 
 .  
 
 
   
A  
 
  
 I

 X     )


O L E
 . 1 
   
  .0A  
  
) 
        ? 

C
   



' 
 .   .A ,
   
 .   
  0
 0    , 
 9 ,


u
u = f  R+
t
;&<

u=0 
 R +
u(t = 0) = u 
0

 ,  ,
 
 ,      ,    ;,   


U
 .   
 .< @  
  
  0
E
IQ
;. 
   
6 " < /
 . I? .
  
N



E C H
 
 J .0  A   ? . )A  

LY T
>)0+'+) CC  




 
  




 


P O


  

 

  
$
 

%

 & 


LE
 

 ' 

 $


(  
= (0, 1)
 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  


U E
N IQ
f = 0 ) u(t, x) 
  *

& '  
 $
 
 u


 *
 
 
 + x( 
 $*
 
EC H 1 2
T

 1 
u
Y
1 d

POL
u (t, x) dx =
2
x (t, x) dx
2 dt 0 0

" 
 

  v(x)  ,
 


 [0, 1](


v(0) = 0(

LE

$*
  
-

O
C

 2
1 dv1
v (x) dx
2
dx (x) dx.
0 0

1
' 





 



 
0 u2 (t, x) dx


 



f(x)
U E
Nx IQ

EC H
Y T u(x)
POL
L
E
C O  W 1 ,
   


,
           ,  

.0 * A  
  ,  
   
 

 .0 ,
 0 
 
 ;  
,
 0
< 9

  ,A   
  
    .0 3
A
 0 

    
 , ,
 8  ?  
, f A   8       u ;.  2

 < @ 
 
,  ) 
  0 A  
 
   
 
 1 ,
     u  
   
2
u

E

u = f  R+

U

t 2
u=0

IQ

 R+
;-<


u(t = 0) = u 0 
H N
C



u (t = 0) = u1 
t
Y T E
P O L
+
 
, ,  ,
 


      
, 8
 

    
 u @  
  
  #0
 ;.

LE

   
6 " <

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

    
 

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC  



 
 N = 1 $


  


 


EC H
 

 u0
u1  
   *
(

f = 0

 = R  
U1

T

 

u1  
 

Y
POL
1 1
u(t, x) = (u0 (x + t) + u0 (x t)) + (U1 (x + t) U1 (x t)) , ;<

LE
2 2

C O

 
  

. 
 



   *


,
      . ,
 , . ; <   6
  30,3.(.1',* E 2'1)::) @*') 9 (A ,9 

 
 

 
  (x, t)     
  .
   
 
  .
 
 .   &,9.'*) &) &%3)*
&.*+) ;
X  
 Y .  2
 
< + 
   ,
    ,
   
 

,  A ? .  8
 ;<A

  
  (x, t)   
  .
    

U E
 
   ,
      .   

N IQ

     t  tA  8  ,
     @ 

 L M ,
    .   8 
 8   H

EC H
 @  
 ,
     0%2)0:'/-) )* 1)93:

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC 
 

  /
  (x, t) 

 
 

 

 u0
u1 $+ 

 
 

  

*
 [x t, x + t] 

 

u1 (x)
O L E
u(t, x)
   
. 
 R 
+ %
*
 
*




 


C t
(x,t)

xt x+t x
U E

 
W 1 
X     ,
   
N IQ
E C H
LY T
>)0+'+) CC  


 
  



 
$
*

P O
 $
 
 
 . 
  
 



/ ' 



LE
$


(  
= (0, 1)
 
f = 0 ) u(t, x) 
  *


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  


U E
. '  
 $
 
 u

N IQ


  *
 
 
 + x( 
 $*
 
H
t

EC
$
*
  2  2 

T
d 1 u 1 u

Y
(t, x) dx + (t, x) dx = 0.

POL
dt t x
0 0

0



 + 
 


 $
 

%



O LE
C


   

*
  
 
 f A  
  ,
   
 ;&<

  :1.1',**.'0)A ,6?6  
 u(t, x)  
  u (x) 

  t  . ,) 
.A     
  
  1  A 

  
 f (x)   
A 


 


    

E
u = f 
; <
u=0 
 ,

IQ U
H N

 ,   

   @  
  
 

EC

 ;. 
   
6 " < +
 
    


T
 .   ,
    ;<   . 


Y
POL
   0
     , 
 * A ; < 6
   . ,
 0 
 
 ?
 8 

L E
f  ) 
  


O  



 C


,
  !    ,.
   8 ,  u ,
 


 ?
  V  + 
 u(t, x) 
 8  R+ RN ? .

 C  
  
 
 |u|2 ,     00

  
  
  
. 
 (t, x)   V (x) 

8 ? .
   8 ,  u  
 

u
i + u V u = 0  RN R+
t ; <
u(t = 0) = u  RN
0

 ,#      
    ; < 

 ,
 
U E

 
 , ;
 ,   0 < /A 
 . 
,
 
N IQ
E C H
L0M , 8  
 
   
 P
 8
     ? ,)  u 
 
 , 

     
  ? ,)

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC  


 
 
 
 


 
$
*

LE
 $
 
)%1*
 2 ) u(t, x) 
  *

2
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

    
 

U E
IQ
HN

 $


 3 
 # 
 
x 
u

|x| + " 
 

T C
 
  

v(t) 

E


LY
v 1 |v|2
R v = ,

P O t 2 t

LE
4 R *


 



v 


5* 
v  '  
 $


C O

 u

  *
 
 
 + x( 
 $*
  $
*


2
|u(t, x)| dx =

|u0 (x)|2 dx.
R R

'  

 $
 
 t (
u
 
 

  2    2 
u u0
(t, x) + V (x) |u(t, x)| dx =
2 2
x x (x) + V (x) |u0 (x)| dx.

E
R R


   

IQ U
H N
EC
 #   
  
  
   ,6
  
    8 ,
   
 ,#  

Y T
8     ;.  
6 "
 
 
  

POL

   < *
 0  #  A  
 
    
    
,  ) 
  0    ( .  6

L E
    
, ,   ,
 :B:1?9) ,
A ,6?6   



O
C

 
      
 

   ,
RN  
 , ,
 8 f   8A  
  x    x+ u(x)
 8 f (x) 
 8 .   RN A    u(x)
'   
 

u ( + )(divu) = f 
; <
u=0 


R   
 A   A 


6
    
    *
   
  
.) > 0  2 + N > 0    
   1 
 u 

 8 
     
 )  0 
  0 
 # ; <      .    fi  ui A 

U E
IQ
1 i N A    f  u   0 
  RN A ; < 

. ?
H N
C
ui ( + ) (divu) = fi 

E
xi

T
ui = 0 


LY

 1 i N  +
 
A  ( + ) = 0A   
 
 

O
P
 ui  
     .  . A  

LE
N = 1A  #   , 
,
 
 
   
 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  


U E


    
N IQ
EC H
T
 #  %   ,
 ,
 D
  .

 0

Y
?  . @ 
 
  D
  

   
,   ? 

POL
  
6A ,6?6  
  .  
 
   ; 
 
 ?

  
   1< 
 , ,
 8 f (x) ;
 8 

LE
 RN <A  . u(x) ;
 .
<    p(x) ;
 <  

O
C


p u = f 
divu = 0  ;
<

u=0 


R > 0   .
D
  +
 
, 
  N 
 p
u = f ;  ?  +,*:)02.1',* &) -. ;5.*1'1% &) 9,52)9)*1<A
 # 
 
 
 divu = 0  +,*&'1',* &!'*+,930)::'/'-'1% ;


U E
 ?  +,*:)02.1',* &) -. 9.::)<    ,  N = 1A 

N IQ
#  %   H   . 8 
  .  
  

  
 .   8 *    N 2A  # 

EC H
%  0
  J  
A      . 0

T
 .
 ; A  A
 <

Y



  P
OL
L E  

CO
@    8 
 ,
 
  ,
  ;6
 0 .  
 <     
8 #   
A
 f (x) ;
 8   R<  
   8A   6
 
 u(x) ;
 <  
  ,
  

;   D<

(u) = f 
u=0 
 ; <
u
n = 0 


R   n = un . n  .
 
 
 ?  +
 
,
E
u

,  ,
 
 
 . 

     ;

IQ U

 06< ', 

    ,. 
   
 

H N
'   
  
 ,   
 ;  
  
0   
<

T E C
+
 
,  0  I
) ,
  
 ; < 


LY
 #
 ? 
#   ; <  
  8
O
P
  ,
   
 . F  ,  ? ,
    

LE



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
 
 

!!
 ! "

U E


N
 
   
 
 IQ


!
     C
E H
Y T
OL
3   

   
A   0  
 6

P
  
  (    6 
    

LE
,. 
 

 

 
  
 
  
. 

C O

.  
    
     
 
6

  
 
 .   ,0  .
 


 ;,6?6   0 )< 
 F.330,+4)*1G ;
  .0 ?
<  
  1     8
 0 H   
 
8 
 J A   
   
   6
 Y 
A  &':+0%1':)  0    8 

 0 )  .
A ,6?6  
 -!,* 3.::) &5 F+,*1'*5G .5 F&':+0)1GC
   0
   , 

  
 ,
6

E
 
 .  /
  
  
  

IQ U
 
 A     ( ) ;
 . 
 


  A    )< *
 )  A 
 


H N
 ?  
 , ;.  
6  $ 
  

EC


< /
 ,0  
 , 
   
   6

T
 A ,6?6   
   
,   :+4%9.: *59%0';5):
Y
POL
/
 . 
  '  I
) 
   A ,6?6
 ,
  
 .  ; 
   
   

O L E
  
  
<

C
t

nt (tn, x j)

U E
IQ
x
j x

H N
T E C

  W 7   ( )

LY
*
   

 6A  


 3.: &!):3.+)
O
P
x > 0 
 3.: &) 1)93: t > 0 
   
   

LE
    

 @ )
   
    

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

  
  


U E
, 
 ;.  2
 <
N IQ
EC H
(tn , xj ) = (nt, jx) 
 n 0, j Z.

Y T
POL
@  unj  .
 ,
 
   
 (tn , xj )A  u(t, x)
 
  ;
<        ( )  

LE
  .   ( ) 
  8
  5#

C O
 
       * A    .   
 ;   
< 
2u unj1 + 2unj unj+1
2
(tn , xj ) ; "<
x (x)2
R , P  8
  5#
2u
u(t, x x) + 2u(t, x) u(t, x + x) = (x)2 (t, x)

E
x2

U
; $<
 

IQ
(x)4 4 u
O 6

N
(t, x) + (x)

H
12 x4

EC
 x  LMA  8
 ; "< 
 L0M  ;  


T
 

<  8
 ; "<   +)*10%)    #
  j 
Y
POL
*
  ,
  .6 (


E
u u 2u

L
+V 2 =0 ; &<

O
t x x

C
 8
 
     .  8
  

V
u
(tn , xj ) V
unj+1 unj1
x 2x
   
 
,? 8  H  
  .   @   
   8
  ( ) J  A   9
 8
 L
M
 9  
A  ( ) 

u un+1
j un1
j
(tn , xj )
t 2t

U E
IQ

 
  #
   ? n  j ;
  
:+4%9. &) '+4.0&:,*<
H N
un+1
j un1
j unj+1 unj1
T E C
unj1 + 2unj unj+1
; -<
Y
+V + = 0.

L
2t 2x (x)2

P O
3
 L
M  .  6A +) :+4%9. ):1 '*+.3./-) &) +.-+5-)0

LE
&): :,-51',*: .330,+4%):  ,
  .6 (
 ; &< ;.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
 
 

!!
 ! &

U E
N IQ
, 

   2
 "< V /
 I
)  

EC H
 ?   
      
 *
 ,A 6

T

  
  :
 .
    (

Y
POL
) 
   .  
  
     ( )   ;  

LE
 Y   
  :+4%9. &!5-)0 0%10,(0.&)<

C O u
t
(tn , xj )
unj un1
t
j


 
 


unj un1
j unj+1 unj1 unj1 + 2unj unj+1
+V + = 0. ; <
t 2x (x)2

U E

      #

  J  ( ) 

IQ
. ; .    Y   
  :+4%9. &!5-)0 30,(0)::'=<

N
u
EC H
un+1 unj

T
j
(tn , xj )

Y
t t

POL

 


O L E
un+1
j unj unj+1 unj1 unj1 + 2unj unj+1
;
<

C
+V + = 0.
t 2x (x)2

 (    

    
 ; <   '9
3-'+'1)   8
 

 # ,
  
 
  .

(unj )jZ  8  .
   (un1
j )jZ A   
 ;
<   )>
3-'+'1) 

,     .
 (un+1j )jZ  8  (unj )jZ 
     
 ,  n    ; <  ;
< , . 

, 

, 
    
. ;
< 
  8

unj un1
j j+1 uj1
un1 n1
un1 n1
j1 + 2uj un1
j+1
+V + = 0.

E
t 2x (x)2

1    

 
 .  )A  #  0 G
 
IQ U
H N
 
     n J  .
  (u0j )jZ  )A

E C
 A  u0j = u0 (jx) R u0      ,
  .6

T
(
 ; &< +
 
 
  L
.M   ; -<  # 


LY
:
 
 
  J 
 n = 1   
 0  P
O
P
 .
 (u1j )jZ 
, 8
  
 
 ; A  

LE
,
  
 
 <

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

  
  


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C  



U E

 " W N IQ
H
  0 . t = 0.1(x)2 

EC
Y T


 " 
   #
   

POL
'O  8 

  

      R V = 0
E
L
 = 1A ,6?6  
 -!,* 0%:,51 *59%0';5)9)*1 -!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.-)50C

O
C
@        8

u0 (x) = max(1 x2 , 0).

*
 
.   
 

  .  
 
;<A 
 .
 . 
   ) = RA ,6?6  
A

 
 n 0A
 )  .
 (unj )jZ A  , 
   
     ) V 9  A 
 O  R
  L  M  = (10, +10) 
    
   1
/
    .     ;
  )   6
 

 6 
< /
 )   , ? x = 0.05 J  # 

E
  .
 (unj )200j+200 ? 
 + 
  
  .


IQ U
unj 
  , 
   ,
 ,      
 .
     J A   
  A

H N
 
 ,      0     

  

E C

  (  
 
  0.
 
  )
 


T
  
 A 
 .  8
  ;<A   

 

  
O LY
P
+  
  
  
  ; -< J  
 ,. 6

LE
A    0  
  
   ,
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
 
 

!!
 ! 

U E
N IQ
 
 
 
   
   tA    '*:1./-)A ,6

EC H
?6  
  
 

     0  , 
 

T
.
   x  t '   
 ; , 

Y
 <  
   2
 "  
  8 
 ;5)- ;5) :,'1 -) +4,'>

POL
  t  xA  0.   ; #
A 0 G< @  
 

LE
    0  I
)  

   

 
. ;.    
<

C O

 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C
 $ W   . t = 2(x)2 

3 ,
  A    ; < 
  L0M

   ,
   
 ;5)- ;5) :,'1     t ;.
 2
 $< 9 
A  ,0. I , 

 
 

     t  x @  
      
0
'      ;
< J   


 8 
   .

   t   
6

U E

  
 ;.  2
 &<    0  8 ?

.  J 
 
      t  x 
 2%0'@)*1 
 
N IQ
2t (x)2

E C H ;
<

LY T
   0A   
  ;
< ,  .)A     6
0 @  
       0    

P O
0 ;
<  5*) &): 0)9.0;5): -): 3-5: :'93-): )1 -): 3-5: 30,=,*&):

LE
&) -!.*.-B:) *59%0';5) 9 8
 
.   - ;. ,  6

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  


U E
N IQ
  
 V<  '
A 2 A  C# 9  
   

EC H
+,*&'1',* 
,5 +,*&'1',* &) ,50.*1H 0')&0'+4:H )1
)IB

Y T
POL
O LE
C #


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C 


 & W   . t = 0.4(x)2 ;

<  t = 0.51(x)2 ;0<

U E
IQ
/
  I
) 0.     0 ;
 # 
 
6

N
  (
 
 < +.    
  8

t n


t


E C Ht n

T
n+1
uj = uj1 + 1 2 unj + u . ;
<

Y
(x) 2 (x) 2 (x)2 j+1

P O L
    '2  .)A  ;
<  
 un+1 
 0

LE
j
.  .
 
   unj1 , unj , unj+1 ;
  :  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
 
 

!!
 ! 

U E
N IQ
0    ;
<  8  
  .
 < 9 
A  

EC H
  u0  0  
  m  M  


Y T m u0j M 
 
 j Z,

POL

 
 8  
  H    . 
 


LE
 



C O m unj M 
 
 j Z  
 
 n 0. ;

<

  ;

< H   ,    0 J   
0 
    '2   ;

<   


 J  ,   ,
. &':+0)1


 +,*1'*5 
 

  
 
 . .
?  +
  

 
 
    '2    .)A ,6?6  


2t > (x)2 .
U E
N IQ
3A 
       0 ; 
 H 0 


  ) 

EC H
   LM J  A  u0 0 V< * 

Y T u0j = (1)j

POL

  0
8 0  
   


O L E

unj = (1)j 1 4
t
n

C
(x)2


   
 . ,) 
 n  . ,)  1 4 (x)
t
2 < 1 

    0     '2 ,  8

>)0+'+) CC
 





 
 
 

%


2/(


 V = 0( 

 

 
 
  

  


 
6%
( $
 +



2/
 


 1 j J


un0 = unJ+1 = 0   n N ) 
 

 m 0 M

 

m u0j M  1 j J  
 
$ 
 
 

 





 un+1
   
 unj  " 
 
  

 n 0 





E
j
*
  m unj M  1 j J 

 
    t
x

IQ U
 
 . ? 
 
   
   0
 A

H N

 ,.   
  . A ,6?6  
   ?  6

E C
  
  /
    

 ?  
 

T
  +
 
  0 A 0 GA
   

LY
 . A   
: ' 
 
 ,  .) 6
O
P
  . 
A ,6?6  
 
   , 

LE
  .  
  
   
 

  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



  
  


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C 
   


U E

 - W N IQ
H
  . t = 0.4(x)2 
 . .
  x

EC
Y T
POL
.   
 
   0  
  ;
 
. .)  6
  

,  
   0<
  2
 - 
 .)

O L E


 
A  , :   , x ;
    .
 0.5A 0.1A
 0.05<  
     t       t/(x)2 ;

C
0 '2<A   
 

   
  
    

 ;  ,(
 
H  ) t = 1A   0  
  
 
     t 
< '    F2%0'@+.
1',* *59%0';5) &) -. +,*2)0()*+)G        I 
? ,
 8
  
 ;,6?6   ,# 
   .  
0 
 :<


 " 

   #
#$

9(

 
  , 

 
 -!%;5.1',* &) +,*
2)+1',*&'A5:',* ; &< .
 . V = 1  
 /
  
H  
    
     .
U E
IQ
t = 0.4(x)2  /
    ,D
   .
     (
6
N
E C H
 ;
.
0  *< 
  0
  2
 
 
    0 
 = 1A 0 
 = 0.01A  
 
 

LY T
.
   = 0.1A   0 0   
  
  (   
  @  0 
 
 ,.

P O
0  *  A 
   .8    
  

LE
(
8 * 
A    '2 ;
<A 0
 
  . V 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
 
 

!!
 !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
OLE
  #


U E
N IQ
EC H
T
  

Y
E POL
O L
C

 


U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
O

  W   
 ,
  .6 (
 . t =
P
LE
0.4(x)2  V = 1 9 
A = 1A 

= 0.1A   0 = 0.01

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  


U E
N IQ

A      .0 
8
  ? 
 
 


EC H
*
    A  -!%;5.1',* &!.&2)+1',* 
 ,06

T
 ?   = 0 +
 
 ,0 
    '2 ;
< 

Y
POL


 8  = 0 ;
 
  t  x<A  
 0 6
 .  
 
0   2
 

O LE
C

#


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
L

  W    
 ,
 , . . t = 0.9xA
O
C
V = 1A = 0

*
 ,
 , . ;,6?6  ; &< . = 0<A   
;
< 
  
V t n V t n
un+1 = uj1 + unj u . ;
<
j
2x 2x j+1
'  
 
    2
    H   6
 
  0   2
  @ . 0 
 un+1 j , I ;


  t<
 0 .  unj1 A unj A  unj+1    
  # .
 

  
  A  
 
   
6

E
   0 ;
 
.  

    
 
<

IQ
    .8    /
 
.    U
,    0  
A     ;
<A 
 . 

H N
  
 ,. 8 
  .   1
   0 J

E C
 .   
.  
      . V  0 G 
 J

T
 
 
 
 V > 0 ;
 
 #
  .0  V < 0< *


LY
V > 0A   ?    &%+)*10)9)*1 .2.- J  0
O
P unj+1 unj

LE
u
V (tn , xj ) V
x x

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
 
 

!!
 ! "

U E
N IQ
   L,8M  
.  
 '  
 ?
 
 . L 
M

EC H
Y T un+1 unj unj+1 unj

POL
j
+V =0 ;
"<
t x

LE

  
 
 0 
    3
  &%+)*10)9)*1
.9,*1 ;,6?6  ? 
  V > 0<A 
 .  L,8M  

C O
 

V
u
(tn , xj ) V
unj unj1
x x

 
   
un+1
j unj unj unj1
+V =0 ;
$<
t x

   
   2
  @ .)  
   ;
$< 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C




  W     

 ,
 , . . t =
0.9xA V = 1

U E
IQ
0 

 
.   '2 ; (       '2
N
;
<<
|V |t x.
E C H ;
&<

Y
9 (A  
  ;
$< 
  8
L T
P O
V t n


V t


LE
un+1 = u + 1 unj ,
j
x j1 x

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

  
  


U E
N

  
A     ;
&<  8Aun+1 IQ

 0 .
H
j

EC
 unj1  unj  * 
A     ;
$< .)
 

T


 A  
 P  0   , 
&%+)*10)

Y
9)*1 .9,*1 ):1 5*) .510) '&%) 9.<)50) &) -!.*.-B:) *59%0';5) 9 

POL

 
  
  0  
  D
  R  8

,0 
. ;      53I'*&'*(A ,6?6    

LE
. 
 
<A   P  0 ,
  
O
C
 
   
 
 ,
 , .  
 
    
.6 (
 . 80 .
     (
 A  8
 0

 . ,   .8  
.    '2 ;
&< 
X 

 ;
< 3    
   
   2
 

>)0+'+) CC " 
 
(  

  07 & $
 
 


( 
%


 
    $
 $

 
 

 

 


u0j = (1)j 
U E
N IQ
EC H
>)0+'+) CC 8
 %



 



 $
 
 

.
 

 $







 -
 
 

 


Y T
 


 
 $


$ 9







*
+ 


POL
    
 
7*
 ' 

(  
%

*
( 
 
 



$



 



 



  
:
07  t x

O L E
C
 
     0
  . 
  D

  5
 ,0 A 
   

 L0M 
8 A  , 8
 @   0  0 ; 
 . < 
  ,#     J ,   ,H
 ,# 

 
  0I8 
  
 
 9)A 
L0M  

 . 
  0   ;
 A  

 A 
  < 
 
 
  
 ;
.
<   #
 


 ,
 
 .  * *) 3)51 &,*+ 3.: =.'0) -!%+,*,9')
&!5*) /,**) +,930%4)*:',* &) -. 9,&%-':.1',* 34B:';5) )1 &): 30,30'%1%:
9.14%9.1';5): &): 9,&?-): :' -!,* 2)51 0%.-':)0 &) /,**): :'95-.1',*:
*59%0';5):C
U E
N IQ

         
E C H
LY T
/
    
  0  ) 
 

P O


  ,# 
.   .0
 #     
. 

LE

 
 ,# 



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"


 
   

 &

U E


% 
  &  &
 
N IQ
%@*'1',* CC
EC H
$ ))

 30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1): $  "$  & - )
T
"

  $  $ "$  &
"  
 ""
" 
 $"+ $  
Y
POL

 


 " ),

LE
* A   ; < 
 0 
  3 A ,

(  

C O dy
dt = f (t, y) 
 0 < t < T
y(t = 0) = y0
;
-<

, 
 0 
  

,  

   (0, T )A .
0 < T +A  ,    L
0 M 
, t = 0 ;   t = T <

%@*'1',* CC $ ))

 30,/-?9) &) .5+4B $  "$  & - )
"

 .' )   $ $ -/
 0$
$"
 ") t'
 $ "$ 1
/ 2 $"  $ "$ $"
 "  $ )"$"     $ / t = 0' "
) $ t = T ,
U E
N IQ
* A ,
 (   ;
-< 
 0  '
#A 

EC H
   ; < ;
 
         .0 ,

T
x ? 
  8 I
  X
<

Y
POL
1 0
    ?  8  0 
    0 
'
# 3A ,
   
 ;-< 
 0  '
#  

E
?  .0   t 
 0 
    ?  .0 ,

O L
x 5
    
 
  
   
  
  

C

    0

 8 
,
   
 
 0  '
# 

 0

  ,
  

 
, ,  ,
 L0M   ,6
 /,* 9,&?-) ,  #  
    #


     

A  
    
 ' 

  .   
 
    . 

. H .   
 

    #

  N
 =   
 )   
,
 L0M
 A    30,/-?9) /')* 3,:% ;
 0     
,
 0 0 < @     f   ;  0A 

E
 A  A <A u  
 A  A L,
M 

U
IQ
  
 u  ,     0A A   ?  8 ,
 


N
.    #     

   0 
  
. u 
 
A(u) = f
E C H ;
<

%@*'1',* CC
LY T
$ "  
 )/
+ ,3 " /')* 3,:%  )  " " $$
f
P O

 " $ 
"$ $  u' "  "" 
"$ u )$ $"$4$" 

LE
$$ f ,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

  
  


U E
N IQ
9    )  =  J    8 

EC H
  
 
,
 0  0  *A  8
 
,  

T

 
 J , 0      ?   ?
   

Y
POL
   V 1
A  8
 
  
 

 J ,

 
  A ,   
A 
     .  

LE

, . 8 A  .
 
 
.   LM 
L
M ;.
 L
M

8<    
 .    A   ,
 0 


C O
  L0M 

 

 )  
 * A 
0  
 
    
. 

 
 J 
 

X 

X  
   .A   HA 
   . 
* ? /C Z%A .    .#  .
 8  X  E
 

 A 
X 
,
 I A  
 
  .
   
 6

 =  
   )  #  0   
 

 
  
  J 
  )
 
 
 
 
   
 
A 

 
  ;
, . L
6

E
0M I

 ?<   A  I  
 
 
80 ',
U
IQ

 
 
  
 
 J 

     

N
 
A  8
 
 I

      L0M 
 ;.

EC H
, #
   #
  F T-U< 5A  ,   
  .   A  8
 
  
   G  

Y T
3
 0 A  0
 8  A  , 


POL

 
 . &!.330,>'9.1',* *59%0';5) 9 (A 8
 



 ,
 
   ;
< . ? 
0   ;


L E
 
 . <  ? 
 ;
< 
   
0

O
   
0   
 ?    
0  

C

A  ,#  

  
 
  
 

    
 ;

   
 < * 
A    

  
   
  
   0
  

.   
 

  +
 
    

   ,
   .
 #
     
 #

  , 
,
  . J  ,  0  
 

    
 ?    (A   
  ;
< , 

 .
  .A  
 H 
 ? 

 

5  .
 
,?  .
   1) ;"
<  0
D
A  
 
 
 
  
   8
 0 G  

U E
IQ

   8         
A  


N
 
  
 
  
  ,    ( 
,



,
 8 ( V
E C H
  , ;0    < P   ,

LY T
>)0+'+) CC
P O

 





 
 
 



0
%:  

LE




 
  ) 




 = (0, 1) (0, 2)  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"


 
   

 

U E
N



0
%:
 x



 

 y 
 IQ

2u 2u
EC H
T



x2 y 2 = 0

O LY
u(x, 0) = u(x, 2) = 0  0 < x < 1

P



u(0, y) = 0, u (0, y) = e n sin(ny)

LE
 0 < y < 2
x

C O

n

 
u(x, y) = e n sin(ny)sh(nx)
 
  " 
 

 
 



 
 

 x = 0 
*
  
 
 ;(
 
( 
 x > 0( 
  
u(x, y)

 
 
 
 
  
 n

 
 $ 0



 ' (

 
 ) $  

  

  


         

     
 
 


U E
N IQ
      ! 
 "
 

    "
 "

  "
 #! 
 "
 
"
   $ 
 
% 
EC H
  &  %'    t    &  %'  x   

Y T
"
 "
  "
   (
 )!  
       

 
    "
 "
   )!  

     

POL

    %'
 
%   "
 
 %  
         
  '%  
 
L E
"
 
 %   

    
  * 
O
 
 %'  u(x, y) 
  (( '
  & +

 

C
  "
  
  ! ,  "
 
a
2u
+ b
2u
+ c
2u
+d
u
+e
u
+ f u = g. # !
x2 xy y 2 x y

  
 
 
 "
   a, b, c, d, e, f  

  

 

  
  b 4ac < 0  
 
2

b 4ac = 0
2
  
  b 4ac > 0
2

    %'
  ' -  
  "
 
 
 "

 .
 //  "
 0 +   ' 
"
 "
 

   
ax2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + f = 0
U E
N I Q



 
'  "
  
*    !
   b 4ac < 0
2

'  b2 4ac = 0 
 ('  b2 4ac > 0
E C H
1  "
  .
 // 
 %  

   "
 
 %

LY T
%"
   (   2  
 (x, y)   %' (t, x) 
  
 ! 
 
 "
 
         
O
"
 "
  %+
! "
        "
 

P
LE
         ,  "
   
  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  


U E
  "
 "
 %  ('"
  "
IQ
H
N
 
 "
  "
 0   
 
 !     C
"
  13 
 '   
%
     
4
 % 
  "
 Y T E
'"

"
  "
  ' 

('"


P L 

O

 %  "

'  
    '  
  "

 "
  '   5
(     


O L E
    

('"
 6 
'
 

 "
 
 %  '"

+         
C
"

      "
 '"
 
('"
  "
 # !
  
 
 (    %' 1 (x, y) (X, Y )
  (  
 %'  
 &  "
  7' J = Xx Yy Xy Yx  

   Zz  %  Z   & z! , 
      
     "
 # ! %
2u 2u 2u
E
u u

U
A 2
+B +C +D +E + F u = G,
X XY Y 2 X Y
%   A
IQ
= aXx2 + bXx Xy + cXy2  B = 2aXx Yx + b(Xx Yy + Xy Yx ) + 2cXy Yy 
N
C = aYx2

EC H
+ bYx Yy + cYy2    %
 "
 B 2 4AC = J 2 (b2 4ac) 0 


 (    %' "
     
 "
 
 % 
T
# ! 
    
  *  8"
9  
 "
 "
 
 
Y
POL
  
 X 2
2

+ Y  
 "
 '"
 & "
   (

2
2

2
  
 "
 ('"
 & "
   X
2
Y

 2

E
X Y2 2 2

L
    $  ' "
 "
   "
 
  

  'O

 C
%
    :    

 "
 
  ' 

 
     
    
 % 
%
"
 
 %  # !    "
 2u
%
= 1 
a = 1
x2
b=c=d=e=f =0   '"
    
 ' "
 b2 4ac = 0!
 "
   
  %' y  ;
  

 <! 6 *
  *


 %  
 
     "
 8 9

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

 POL
O LE
C
  
   
U E
N IQ




EC H
Y T
POL
1   
 #   

  ( ) /

)  :1./'-'1%   +,*:':1.*+) ,
   
  
A 
 

L E

 
 .   ? : A  0 0
O
C
?   ,
  
  +,*2)0()*+)
       
.        ,
  

 
 
'    
  
   

  ,
    
 ,
 , .   0
   
  8

      ,#    ( )

    0

 
 
  
  .  .   ?
      ?    8  ? .   


  

5  
   
     ( ) 

  
     
 

 
  
 

 A     ,  ;
 
 6

U

< 
 
  D
  0 *
 ,
 A E
IQ
 

  
  D
  0A  
 8 
. 
N
E C H
    ) /A  0
   ( )
 
.  
  
   

 3A   
6

LY T


' - 0   ) 
    
 ( ) 
        

P O
     ( ) .      0
 

LE
 
. 

C O

 www.biblio-scientifique.net



     !!
 !

U E


N
!
 
  " 
    IQ
E C


*$ )    H
L Y T
O
/
 
  ?  
 ,  
 .# ?  
6

P
 $ 
    

  , /
   ,
  

LE

    0 (0, 1)

C O
u 2u
2 = 0 
 (x, t) (0, 1) R+
; <
t
u(0, x
x) = u0 (x) 
 x (0, 1).

*
    (0, 1)R+ A  

  , x = 1/(N +1) >
0 ;. N
  8< 
    t > 0A   )  
 ,

  


(tn , xj ) = (nt, jx) 

 n 0, j {0, 1, ..., N + 1}.
U E
N IQ
@  unj  .
 ,
 
   
 (tn , xj )A  u(t, x) 

EC H

   ; <      

Y T
POL
u0j = u0 (xj ) 
 j {0, 1, ..., N + 1}.

E
   
   ; < 
. H  

 #A  
 

L
,.    )   A 

    

O
C
  1

u(t, 0) = u(t, 1) = 0 
 
 t R+


  
 
un0 = unN +1 = 0 
 
 n > 0.
* 
A ? 
    
 . ? 
  .
 (unj )1jN

 8
 .
  RN  /
   

  0

 ,
   
 ; < 5
    )  N 

; 
  xj A 1 j N < 
   
  / .
 unj  3

'  
 . I? 
:+4%9. )>3-'+'1)

U E
un+1 unj unj1 + 2unj unj+1
IQ
HN
j
+ =0 ;  <

C
t (x)2

T E

 n 0  j {1, ..., N }A  

:+4%9. '93-'+'1)
Y
un+1 unj
PO
un+1L n+1
j1 + 2uj un+1

LE
j j+1
+ = 0. ; 
<
t (x)2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  



U E
N IQ
  8  .) 
    ; 
<  (. 0 )A ,6
?6  
, 
 
  .
 un+1
j

EC H  8  unj J  (A  8

 .

T
        N

Y
POL

1 + 2c c 0
c 1 + 2c c

LE

   t
. c = ; <
O    (x)2
,

C
c 1 + 2c c
0 c 1 + 2c

     .)   ) 8A  .0 9 8

0 .  ;  <  ; 
<A 
 0 1A  0  :+4%9.

un+1
j unj un+1 n+1
j1 + 2uj un+1
j+1 unj1 + 2unj unj+1
+ + (1 ) = 0. ; "<
t (x)2 (x)2

U E
E GA  
.    ;  <  = 0A     ; 
<

IQ
 = 1  6 ; "<    
 = 0 *
  .
 = 1/2A
N
A   
EC H
 0  :+4%9. &) 0.*D'+4,-:,*  
  A  ? 

Y T
POL
j+1 uj+1
un+1 5(un+1 unj ) un+1
j1 uj1
n n
j
+ +
12t 6t 12t

E
; $<

L un+1 un+1 unj1 + 2unj unj+1

n+1
j1 + 2uj

O
j+1
+ + = 0.

C
2(x)2 2(x)2

>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%

2  $
 
 $
 


%



= 1/2 (x)2 /12t
5
   
     E &)5> *'2).5>    8 .

 
     @ 
 0 G 
   
.
 J
 
 
  ?  .
 9 

 ;0<  + 
.

' A    :+4%9. &) 5,010.*D)-

un+1
j un1
j unj1 + un+1
j + un1
j unj+1
+ = 0, ; &<

E
2t (x)2
 :+4%9. &) #).0
IQ U
3un+1 4unj + un1 un+1 n+1
un+1
H N
C
j j j1 + 2uj j+1
; -<
E
+ = 0.

T
2t (x)2

LY
/
 .?  8  0

    V 9   6 
 , 
O
P

. V   0
  ,# 

 . H     

LE
 
  
.    A  GA 
 0


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC , # 
  0 f (t, x)  ,
   


EC H
; <A      )  O F 
 0 


T
   f (t, x) 
 (tn , xj ) * A   

Y
POL
, f (tn , xj )A    ;  < .

un+1 unj unj1 + 2unj unj+1

LE
j
+ = f (tn , xj ).

O
t (x)2

)9.0;5) CC   6 

 
 
 
 
 A
,6?6  
, 8 .
 0 )A 
 
 A  .
 unj 
   
 (n , j  ) 
 .  ,
  

(n, j)   :1)*+'-
 ;   
, 
 #  
 
:533,01< 9 A 
     A 
    G
  :
?   ;  ? 
  L(  0 MA ,6?6    R 
 
 (n , j  ) 
  
<
U E

N IQ
)9.0;5) CC @ 
     
   1 

EC H
; <     
   /
A 
0    
 

T
   ; 
< 'O   
  ( 

Y
     /


POL
u u
(t, 0) = 0 
E
(t, 1) = 0.

L
x x

C O
5
 ,0 A  
 
un1 un0 un unN
= 0  N +1 =0
x x

  ,  .
 un0  unN +1    
 
  N .

(unj )1jN  '       /
 , 


     

  A    
    

0  ', 

  
 
  ;

  <
un1 un1 un unN
= 0  N +2 =0
2x 2x

E

  
 A   ,I
  L )8M x1  xN +2  @ 
U
IQ
 .
 un1  unN +2 A   ?   )8A     N +2

N
.
 ? 
A ? . (unj )0jN +1 

E C H
1,
 A    
     ,.

LY T
u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x) 
 
 x [0, 1], t 0.

P O
9       un0 = unN +1 
 
 n 0A  
 

LE
unj = unN +1+j 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  



"

U E


 '

  

N IQ
EC H
E GA  8
   6 
     
 J 

Y T

 ,
   ,
  .  5#  


POL
,. 
 
'  *
 8    ,
 

.    ( )A  
    +,*:':1.*+) 

LE
 30%+':',* E 
 
 , 
    
 ,
   


C O
; <A 
  
 )    .0 
 , 


 
 .  
 
  F (u) = 0 +
 
 F (u) 

  

 8  u    .   
  (t, x)
1  
  
 ( )  )A 
 
   
0 n, j A   8

 
Ft,x {uj+k
n+m
}m mm+ , k kk+ = 0 ; <

R   m , m+ , k , k + )   



 ;. 
+
   <
U E
%@*'1',* CC Q-
 
' ' )  " " 
"$N I  6$"
 #  & 5$ *$ , " " $"$"
"$  & - )"


0
+  ""  "$'
F (u) = 0
-!)00)50 &) 10,*+.150)
E C H
#'
u(t, x)
*$ )

Y T
L  '
  " "$ $" - 7
Ft,x {u(t + mt, x + kx)}m mm+ ,

, ; <
O
k kk+

"$ - 7' $$"

$ )$ $", E P ) ))" (t, x) t x

$ "L
8 )
' O  
 # " ) 
  $ ) " 
  $ ")
C  "$"  , "$ - 7 
p  q

  O (x) + (t)
p

  q
t
" "$ $" - 7,
x

)9.0;5) CC  8
       8
 ; < ?
  0
[

 ?  )
 9 (A  
 
I
 
 , 

8
 
 
 
: .  t  x   ?  
 ,

 
   . F '    , 
  V *

.  .A  
 
I
 
  8
 Ft,x ({uj+k n+m
}) = 0
      
A 

 8 
 u(t, x) 
 , 

  ,
   
A    ,
  
 ,  


U E
'  
 ,
  
 ,
   O uj+k
n+m

N IQ

     
.
E C H
 8
 ; <  u(t + mt, x + kx) '    1)  A

LY T

)99) CC  # &)
" , " $"$"' ) 
   $ ")
O
"  $ ), 8 )
'  $ #"  0  $"$"
 ))" t/(x)2 = 1/6'
P
LE

  # " ) 
   $ ") " 9 $ ),

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC 1  
   ,
  $    6

EC H
  )  )     )    t  x

T

,   . F '     ,.
 

Y
POL
    ,
  
 9 
A  0. (6
.            0   

LE
 t  x

C O
%9,*:10.1',*C  v(t, x)
 8   C 6  * .  5#



 (t, x)A  
 ,
  

 ;  <

v(t + t, x) v(t, x) v(t, x x) + 2v(t, x) v(t, x + x)

+
t (x)2
  t (x)2  
= vt vxx + vtt vxxxx + O (t)2 + (x)4 ,
2 12

U E
R vt , vx    .   v   v 
 
  ,
  

IQ

 ; <A  0      
   ? ,  

N
       
  
 
 t/(x)2 = 1/6A   
H
EC
 t   (x)2  )  vtt = vtxx = 2 vxxxx 

Y T
POL
 9
  
 0
 
9 ;  < O t + (x)2 0 L2  L 

O L E     '2 2t (x)2

C
 ; 
< O t + (x)2 0 L2  L
 
'%6/ ; "< O (t)2 + (x)2 0 L2
;. = 1/2<  
6 ; "< O t + (x)2 0 L2   
;. = 1/2<   '2 2(1 2)t (x)2
 ? $  ; $< O (t)2 + (x)4 0 L2
 
1
262% ; &< O ( x
t 2
) + (x)2 0 L2
 
4 ; -< O (t)2 + (x)2 0 L2

  W 9
  
  0  .  
 ,
  
U E


N IQ
E C H
LY T
>)0+'+) CC - %
 
 %
 

)
  22( 
 
$



P O




 
  :

 
 
<


 2  




 


LE
%
  
  
 
 
67 7
=


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  



&

U E


 &   
   + 
N IQ
EC H
1  '  
 . .
  0    ( )

Y T
  
 )  5
 

 . 
 
 
A 
6

POL

A ,0  8     0   



      
 ) 
   06

LE
 *
  
 . 0  )
  
  
 



C O
un = (unj )1jN  /
    
 
 RN 
   
    , x J
1/p
N
un p = x|unj |p 
 1 p +, ; <
j=1

R    p = +  H     un  = max1jN |unj |

+
 
    )   x ? .    

E

 ? . , N  x = 1/(N +1) 4Q ?     xA  
U
IQ
un p   
 ?   Lp (0, 1) 
  8   


N

  
6. [xj , xj+1 [  [0, 1] 
.A  ,  L Lp M

H
"C
9 
 
 

     
 .
 p = 2, +

%@*'1',* CC :$ #  & 5$T

Y E
*$ " ) 
 $ '
:1./-) 

O L
*$ ) ,' 
&" $ $"$" K>0 $ )$ $"  " 
 
t x

P
 -
  "$ $" - 7 "


E
O L un  Ku0  )  " " n 0, ;  <

 

 C"
 $$ $"
 ,
  u0
 , $
   )   ) " "$"  "$ $0
"' $
t x
"  
 # " +,*&'1',**)--)9)*1 :1./-),
)9.0;5) CC *

 
    
.  RN A  

   
  
  0   ?
  
  06
   ? 
   7

  ,      
 
  0   ?
      ?
 

;. 
  ,
  6\ ( .  9 
  

<
9 (A   
   1)  -  
  I 
8
  ? x  H 
   )  ; <    x
U E
%@*'1',* CC  :$ #  & 5$ *$ " " -'*%.'0) 
 

N IQ
n+m
Ft,x ({uj+k

E C H
}) = 0  
 *$" "
$ ) ))"   0 $" uj+k
n+m
,

LY T
 0 ,
   ? 
 .
   8 ?  9
(A   
   ? 
 .
 
 , 
  8
 
P O
LE
un+1 = Aun , ; 
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
R A 
 
  ;
 A  ,<  RN  RN  *

EC H
A 
    ;  <   A .


1 2c
Y T

POL
c 0
c 1 2c c

   t

LE
   . c = , ; <
(x)2

O
c 1 2c c

C
0 c 1 2c

  
 
    ; 
<   A  ,.   
; < 3 ,     ,A   un = An u0 ;A  
An     
 n6  A<A   
  0
 

. ?
An u0  Ku0  n 0, u0 RN .

E

    
0  ;.  1) 
<

M u
IQ U
N
M  = sup ,
uRN ,u=0 u

EC H
T
 0
  
. ?

Y
POL
An  K n 0, ; "<

L E

 .
  
  
  
  A  0

O
C
1./'-'1% )* *,09) LC
 0   L    .  

  


 . I? .

'  +  )   

%@*'1',* CC :$ #  & 5$ *$ -*
 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'
959 &':+0)1  )  " " n 0 " " " 1 j N $ 



min 0, min u0j unj max 0, max u0j
0jN +1 0jN +1

 

   "
 $$ $"
 u0 ,

U E
IQ
)9.0;5) CC  1  1)         
6


 

  u0  
  F 
   .
 

H N
C

0     
   1 '     

 
    
Y E
 u0  .)     
   1 ; 
 ,   <A
T

P O L
' 
 ,. .

'  ;. ;

<  ,9 <A  .)6

LE



       
.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  





U E

)99) CC 
N Q ,3
I)
"
 # &)
" , " "/
 $ $  " 
$" 
L

" H

 $ "$ ;< " "",  # " "/
 $
 
  "
 )  ") C
2t (x) 2

$ L
"$$

$" "/
,
Y T E ) $ "  
" $$ 
t x

P OL
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%

0
=>% 2! 

 = 1/2


O LE



 
L  t (x)2 (


%

67 7
=
 2&
 


C

 
L  2t (x)2

1./'-'1% )* *,09) L2 C
1 0
   .)   

   
  L0M  *
 
6?A  8
 .)  0 
 

 
   L    L2  H  0 ? ,
   0 Q
? ,
  
  ,#  2
 
 
   *

 8A 
 
  
    
  
 ,
  

E

   +,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 3%0',&'+'1%A 
 ,. u(t, x+ 1) =

U
IQ
u(t, x) 
 
 x [0, 1]  
 t 0 *
   

A  


N

   un0 = unN +1 
 
 n 0A  
  unj = unN +1+j   
 ? 
 N + 1 .
 unj 

EC H
3 
 .
 un = (unj )0jN  
 8 un (x)A  

Y T

A  
    A ) 
 [0, 1] 

POL
un (x) = unj  xj1/2 < x < xj+1/2

L E
. xj+1/2 = (j + 1/2)x 
 0 j N A x1/2 = 0A  xN +1+1/2 = 1 3
O
C
)A  8 un (x)  ? L2 (0, 1) @A , ,#  2
A 

8  L2 (0, 1) 
   
   2
 ;.  
"
 T$U< *
   

un (x) = n (k) exp(2ikx),
u ; $<
kZ

1
. u
n (k) = 0
un (x) exp(2ikx) dx   8
  *
 1 
|un (x)|2 dx = |
un (k)|2 . ; &<
0 kZ

+
 
 H  un 
 8 A  : u
U E
n (k)   

IQ
 2
      
  
   8

N
 2
  8  
   
. J    v n (x) = un (x + x)A
H
 vn (k) = un (k) exp(2ikx)

T E C
9
     
 ,
  ;  < 3.

LY
 A  
   A 
 0 x 1A

O
un+1 (x) un (x)
P
un (x x) + 2un (x) un (x + x)

LE
+ = 0.
t (x)2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     !!
 !

U E
N
*    8  2
A  . IQ


t
EC H 
(k) = 1
T ( exp(2ikx) + 2 exp(2ikx)) u
n+1
u n (k).

Y
(x)2

POL
3
 

OLE
4t
un+1 (k) = A(k) 0 (k) . A(k) = 1
un (k) = A(k)n+1 u (sin(kx))2 .

C
(x)2
*
 k ZA  :  2
 un (k)  0 
 n  . ,)  

   8
 ,) .) |A(k)| 1A ,6?6 
2t(sin(kx))2 (x)2 . ; -<
    '2 ;
<A  2t (x)2 A  8A  ,  ; -<
 . 

      2
 k ZA    8
  *  

E



u 2 =
n 2
 1
|u (x)| dx =
n 2

|
u (k)|
n 2

| 0 2
 1

IQ U
|u0 (x)|2 dx = u0 22 ,
N
u (k)| =

H
0 0

EC
kZ kZ

T
 
 ,  ,
 
  0 L2
      '2

Y
,  8A    0 9 (A  
:   x ;.
6

POL
 
: <  k0 ;
:  < 
   #

E

 
   2
  
 u 0 (k0 ) = 0 . k0 x /2 ;
 <

L
   
 |A(k0 )| > 1 @      
.
O # &)
" , " "/
 $ $
C;<

)99) CC 

 $ "$ 2t (x) 2
" "",
L2  " 
$" 

1  H 8O  .   0

 

)99) CC   # )
" ,3 " "/
 $ $ L2 ,
)9.0;5) CC  *
    ;  <   ; 
<    
0 L2   H 
   0 L  ' ,  
I
   

,
 
%9,*:10.1',*C   
 ? 

 
   
U E
IQ

A 
 0 x 1A ?
un+1 (x) un (x)
H
un+1 (x x) + 2un+1 (x) un+1 (x + x)
N
C
+ = 0,

E
t (x)2

Y
     8  2

L T


t
P O 

LE
un+1 (k) 1 + ( exp(2ikx) + 2 exp(2ikx)) n (k).
=u
(x)2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  




U E
3
 
N IQ
EC H

4t
1

T (k) . A(k) =

n+1 n n+1 0 2
u
(k) = A(k)
u (k) = A(k) u 1+ (sin(kx)) .

Y (x)2

POL
' |A(k)| 1 
 
    2
 k A  8
  *  

LE

 ?  0 L2


C O
)9.0;5) CC  ,#  2
  
      
 
   @ 
 
 ,(
  ,
 
 .   



 R 

 [0, 1] ;   ( ?
    2
 
X 
,?

  2
< /A  ,        



 
 R 

  

 0 )  .
 unj ? 
  
 n  
,
  
  
 
 
 0 )  .

 0 L2 
 
         
  
1  8
        ,#  2
 * A  


U E
  8  2
       

 0 

IQ
.
     , ; 
< 
   
.
 un

.
 un+1 
H N

Y T EC
)9.0;5) CC  $::)*1')--) &!5* 3,'*1 &) 25) 30.1';5)6 5
 

8  LM     ,#  2
 
 
.  0 L2

POL
,
  @ I   
    2


O L E unj = A(k)n exp(2ikxj ) . xj = jx,

C
   
  .

8
 ,) A(k) + 
A 
 ,6
A 
 
   
 A ,6?6  
 A(k) 
 0
  C @  +,*&'1',* &) :1./'-'1% &) ,* )59.** , 

|A(k)| 1 
 
   k Z. ; <

     0  > /
  8 ;. .
 
 
 t  x<A     0 
   L2 A    
0
9 A
  0 ; <  .  ;.  
6
 < 9 
A
  0   L
0M 9 (A H
   ,
       ?  
,

 

U E
   2
 0     A  .0 
 , 

N IQ
.     
 ;0 
  <   
 
 

E C H
  0       0 P 
,

 

     LM   . LM  


Y
     
 



L T

P O
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%
2!
 


 
L2  


LE


  1/2 1(
 
  07 2(1 2)t (x)2  0 < 1/2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%
+   2 
  


 



 
L2 
EC H
T
   ! 5 



 
 
   ' 
Y
POL
% "
  .
 )  
   .  
  (  
 ' 
       
 
   T > 0  
  K(T ) > 0
LE
  t  x  "


C O un  K(T )u0  

 
 0 n T /t,

"
 "
     u0  5 
% 
   &  
  =
%            
  
  "

2u
u
t
2 = cu
x

 (t, x) R+ R,
"
   (   
 v(t, x) = ectu(t, x)    & "
   (

 
 c > 0 
    
 u =     ! %
E

  
   '    '  > 4
 %  
U
|A(k)| 1 + Ct 
 
  k Z.
N IQ
EC H
 
    
 * 
   &  .
 )   '

Y T
POL


 '
$
  

E
/
 .  
  
 
   .   

L
 ( )  
    
6   5 
O
C
 
 : 
A 

  A +,*:':1.*+) )1 :1./'-'1% '93-';5)
+,*2)0()*+)     
   8  0

    
( ) *
 
   

 ; ( )A  )A
<  .     I

 
 
 J 0  6
 ;
 )  . ,
   ? ,
< 1,
   .


A  5     
 J  ,

  
;  
 
   <  
 , ,0.  , 
6

 ;,6?6  
,  0<A   
 

    

  ;  . <

4%,0?9) CC $
.>6 " u(t, x)
 
"$  6$" 0
+ 
 "$

 #
  , -  $ "$  &
" ))), " unj
 
"$
$   +" /"$  ) $ #  5$ *$ -
 $$ $"
 U E
u0j = u0 (xj ), $  ))  
 # "
$'   & $- &' $"$"' "
N IQ
"/
 )  $ $  ,

 # " $-0$"  $ .
E C H
T


T > 0, lim

O
t,x0
L Y sup en 
tn T
= 0, ;  <

 -"  1 2 *$ )P

- en
O L E  )$" enj = unj u(tn , xj ),

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  




U E
8 )
' 
 # " ) 
  $ ) "IQ

&" $ $"$" H N
p
  $ ")' 
q
)  " " ") "

  
T >0

T E C 
CT > 0


O L Y sup en  CT (x)p + (t)q .

tn T
;  <

P
LE
)9.0;5) CC /
 ,.    ,  ,
  

C O 
  ,
   
 ; < ;.    
   1

 
< *
 , 
 8  ,#  ,  ,

,
  
 ; 
   
<A  
 . 
' - 

 
  .   
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 )A  
 
    
   
1  H   
 .0 
    
 
   
   
   /
 ; 
  
 .  H     
  <    ?

 .
 
 , 
  8   ; 
<A 
U E
u n+1
= Au , n

N IQ
EC H
R A    , ;   N <  u  
 ;


Y T

: 
<  ,
   
 ; < @  u n = (unj )1jN

POL
. u
j = u(tn , xj ) '    A  
 .
 n  

n

O L E un + tn .
n+1 = A
u lim
t,x0
n  = 0, ;  <

C
  .   n 
8 
 
   0 tn T     
 ? ,  p    ? ,  q  A  n  C((x)p + (t)q )
9  enj = unj u(tn , xj )  0  
  ;  < ? ; 
<

en+1 = Aen tn

,R  


n
en = An e0 t Ank k1 . ; 
<
k=1

E
@A  0
 .
  
 un  = An u0  Ku0 
 
 
A ,6?6  
 An  K R   K     n 1,

A e0 = 0A  ; 
< 
IQ U
H N
C

n  
en  t
E
Ank k1  tnKC (x)p + (t)q ,

Y T
L
k=1

P O
 
  ,  ;  < .   CT = T KC    

LE
;  <  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  5        8 .0 
 
 


EC H

 .     
 
 
 R
  

T
 ? 
 .
 
 .    0 +
 
 

Y
POL
.  .   ;  <    
 9)A 
 0   
   ;  < , .0 
 

 . 0

LE
  [0, T ]  
,    
0    
N
O
C

   
$)
N

, 
 .  #   ? 
 .
A ,6?6
   
   .
  un+1 ?   un 
 @ 

8 .    
.
A   
 
 . I?

   ?  .
 R un+1   un  un1 ; 
  + A  1
262%A 
 4< 9  

 
   
  ?  .
<
U E

     
  
.
 ;
 
 

N IQ
 1)  -   0 ,
        0

EC H
 .
 5
8A ,   0     ,

 

 
 

   ?  .
 9 (A un+1

Y T
   un  un1 A    
     ; 
< *

POL
A   

un

E
Un = , ;  <

L
un1

C O
   
  ,  N A A1  A2 A  



A1 A2

U n+1
= AU =n
U n, ;  "<
Id 0

R   , A     2N  '  A U n = An U 1

  0  
. ?

An U 1 
An  = sup K n 1.
U 1 R2N ,U 1 =0 U 
1

1  H     ,#  2

 , 
  ? 

U
.
 Q ?   . ;  < 9
 ,A 
 
E

 
  
' 

N IQ

)99) CC
E C H
 # $" , " $"/
 $ $ L2 ,

Y T
%9,*:10.1',*C 3.  

   ; -< ,A 
 x [0, 1]A
L
un+1 (x) un1 (x)
P O
un (x x) + 2un (x) un (x + x)

LE
+ = 0,
2t (x)2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  


"

U E
     8  2

N IQ
8t
EC H
T
u n+1
(k) + (sin(kx))2 un (k) u
n1 (k) = 0.

Y
(x)2

POL
3
 A

OLE

n+1 

n+1 (k) = u (k) (x)
8t
2 (sin(kx))
2
1 n (k) = A(k)U
n (k),
U = U

C
n
u (k) 1 0

 U
n+1 (k) = A(k)n U 1 (k) A A(k) 
  ,   
 
 
 ? 
 .
 ,
  *
 k ZA  .
 U n (k)A   
:  2
 un (k)A  0 
 n  . ,)   
  
 ,) .)
A(k)n U 2
A(k)n 2 = sup K n 1, ;  $<
U 2

E
UR2 ,U=0

IQ U
R U 2    
   R2  * 
A  ,  ;  $< 

 
H N
. 

      2
 k ZA   8
  *   


EC

un 22 = |
un (k)|2 K | u1 (k)|2 = u0 22 + u1 22 ,
u0 (k)|2 + |
kZ

Y T kZ

POL
,6?6   0 L2
 3 ,.A ,  k0  
 A(k0 )n  ,

E
 0 
 n  . ,)A    .0  

O L
 .
 
   u 0 (k0 ) ; 
 u1 (k0 )<A  0 ,0 L2

C

'   ,) A(k)  #
 A    
A(k)2 = (A(k))  A(k)n 2 = A(k)n2 A R (M )    #   
 M ;.   
$< 1A ,  ;  $<  8   

 (A(k)) 1  .
   A(k)   
#X


 
8t
2 + (sin(kx))2 1 = 0
(x)2

   
I
 
      
 .
 1 * 6

A ,
  
   
   
  ;<  .
 0
A 
 (A(k)) > 1 * 
A       0
  L2 
U


E
)9.0;5) CC     ,#  2
 
 
 . ,

N IQ
C H
  
  

 

 
    

E
T
 
.
 
    ? 
 .
 ;.  +
  -<

n+1 
1 
O Y

, I   
    2
A  0
L
uj
P
uj

LE
n
= A(k) exp(2ikxj )
unj u0j

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
R A(k)  
 9.10'+) ,) ;  

 8
 <

EC H
@  +,*&'1',* &) :1./'-'1% &) ,* )59.**   

LY T
(A(k)) 1 
 
   k Z, ;  &<

P O
R (A(k))   #     A(k) ' 

  
6

 B  

O LE B (B)  B n  (B)n ,

C
   
     0  > /
 
 +,*&'1',* *%
+)::.'0)  0 L2
 ;   . < 
   A(k)
 A  .) A(k)2 = (A(k))  A(k)n 2 = A(k)n2 ;.  

$<A      > /
 ;  &<    
: ;

. 
 LM    
  
 0  
 8.0< ' A  A(k) ,  A       
0  > /
 , 3.: :5J:.*1)   8
 8
 # 0



   A(k) ;      
<

U E
)9.0;5) CC  5         :
 
 6

N IQ
 
.
      L2        6

EC H
 J 
 ,#  2
    . ;  <

T
)9.0;5) CC 5
  
 
 .   
  0   . 
Y
POL
  
.
     
  
  #6
 ,
 1   A   
 ( ?
 
 . 

<
O E
   
 ;  "<  ?
  ,) ;

,
 8

L

C
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%

?

 2.
  


 



 
*

 
L2 
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%

67 7
=
 2&
  






 
L2  " 
 
(  


t
x 
 ; 








 t/(x)2 

(
 
%

67 7
=

 
*
  
 $
 @ 


 A 
*
 



    


E
    ( ) ,  :
 
 0  
6

IQ U

  , '    ,
   
  

 , ;    

  , ,  
 6

H N

A
  <    
 = (0, 1) (0, L) .
   
   1

T E C
Y
u
2u 2u

L
2 2 = 0 
 (x, y, t) R+

O
t x y ;  -<


P
u(t = 0, x, y) = u0 (x, y) 
 (x, y)

LE

u(t, x, y) = 0 
 t R , (x, y) .
+

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  


&

U E
N IQ
*
    A  
 
  , x = 1/(Nx + 1) > 0

EC H
 y = L/(Ny + 1) > 0 ;. Nx  Ny 
  8< 3.    

T
t > 0A  )   
 ,
   
 ;.  2
 <

Y
POL
(tn , xj , yk ) = (nt, jx, ky) 
 n 0, 0 j Nx + 1, 0 k Ny + 1.

LE
@  unj,k  .
 ,
 
   
 (tn , xj , yk )A 
u(t, x, y)  
   ;  -<

C O y

(x j, y k)
k y

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
x
j x

O L E

C
 W 7  ,
    ( )

   
   1  
A 
 n > 0A 
un0,k = unNx +1,k = 0, k,  unj,0 = unj,Ny +1 = 0, j.
     
u0j,k = u0 (xj , yk ) j, k.
  
 0 
:+4%9. )>3-'+'1)  . 

j,k uj,k
un+1 unj1,k + 2unj,k unj+1,k unj,k1 + 2unj,k unj,k+1
n
+ + = 0 ;  <

E
t (x)2 (y)2

 n 0A j {1, ..., Nx}  k {1, ..., Ny }  
 ( 0 .  
IQ U

     
 8 
 .     '2

H N
E C
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%


22/
 


 
L 

T
O LY
B
$ 


 
  
  07

P
t t 1
+ .

LE
(x)2 (y)2 2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
/
 
    ;  < ;

 
 I

  

EC H
.<   2
  
   .6 (
 ,
 L0M ;

T
:  (
 .
 0.01   . (1., 0.)<

Y
POL
O LE
C
  


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C  


  W   

 ,
  .6 (
  
 6
U E
IQ
 J   ;
<  
 ;0<

1 HA    :+4%9. '93-'+'1)

H N
un+1
j,k unj,k un+1
j1,k + 2uj,k uj+1,k
n+1 n+1
un+1
T E C
j,k1 + 2uj,k uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
= 0. ; 
<
Y
+ +

L
t (x)2 (y)2

P O
+
 
    A 
 
 un+1  8  un A

LE
 
 ,
 #  0 
 
 
,
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !!
 ! 
#
  




U E
N IQ
, ; 
      < + 
, 6

EC H

A  
: ,.
     /
  . 
, 

T

   
 

   ,
  unj,k    

Y
POL

  j  k A   
 

 
   
 % un 
 
8 ,
 .
  , 
   ;  :<    

LE

 
 .
  
 unj,k  ,

C O un = (un1,1 , ..., un1,Ny , un2,1 , ..., un2,Ny , ..., unNx ,1 , ..., unNx ,Ny ).

+
 
,     
 L  MA  
, 


 0 
 8 L    M  L 
M ,0 ,  j 
X 
 k
;Nx   0    Ny 
   < 3.  .A  
 ; 
< 
 ,.    #
    L 0M

D1 E1 0
E1 D2
E
E2

U
     

IQ
M =

N
ENx 2 DNx 1 ENx 1
0 ENx 1 DN x

EC H
Y T
R  0  
 Dj       Ny

POL

1 + 2(cy + cx ) cy 0



O L Ec y 1 + 2(c

y + c x ) c

y


C
Dj =   

cy 1 + 2(cy + cx ) cy
0 cy 1 + 2(cy + cx )

. cx = (x)
t
2  cy = (y)2 A   0 6  
 Ej = (Ej )
t t
 
    Ny

cx 0 0
0 cx 0

     
Ej = .

0
E
0 cx
0 0 cx

IQ U
H
3
   M      #
 '     
N
T E C
   
]A  
 P
 
  0
G  

 ,
 #   ? M ;. , 
 ,# 



LY
    +
 
   
<  
  

O
P
   

O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

     !!
 !

U E
N
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%

-



C
%  IQ
n+1/2
unj,k
n+1/2 n+1/2
uj1,k + 2uj,k
EC H
n+1/2
uj+1,k unj,k1 + 2unj,k unj,k+1
T
uj,k

Y
+ + =0

L
t 2(x)2 2(y)2

P O
LE
n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2
j,k uj,k
un+1 uj1,k + 2uj,k uj+1,k un+1
j,k1 + 2uj,k uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
+ + = 0.

C O t 2(x)2 2(y)2

  $
2







 


 


 
L2 

  
 
 
  
 %


 
3 
   G  
 .A   
.    

  ? 

  ,  
 A 06

 
 
  &'0)+1',*: .-1)0*%): ;  
   ,
A

:3-'11'*(   < ,    
A 

 ,
 0 
;  -<A .  
 

 

U E
u 2u
2 2 = 0 
u 2u

N
2 2 = 0
IQ
H
t x t y

T EC
  L#M   ;  -< * A 
  
 


Y
  '%6/ 

     /2A  0
 :+4%9.

POL
&) &'0)+1',*: .-1)0*%):
uj,k
n+1/2
unj,k

O L E+
n+1/2 n+1/2
uj1,k + 2uj,k
n+1/2
uj+1,k
+
unj1,k + 2unj,k unj+1,k
=0

C
t 2(x)2 2(x)2
n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2
j,k uj,k
un+1 un+1
j,k1 + 2uj,k uj,k+1 uj,k1 + 2uj,k uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
+ + =0
t 2(y)2 2(y)2
; 
<
,.    #    
, 
:A ? 
    A ,.

      #
  ;, 
 
 
< 9
 A  
:  8  6     

   '    
 0   . ,

0  ;  -<

>)0+'+) CC  " 
 

%



 


 2
  $

U E
IQ
2






 


 


 
L2  
  

 
 
  
 %


 
H N
E C
'
    

   
 ?    6

T
   ( )  .      
 0 6

LY

 
    
. 8
 9   
  0
O
P
 8
 
A 
  0
 0 A 
 8 8 ,
 6

LE
      ) ;.  ' $  -<   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



   "

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C
zone o lon veut de la prcision

 
W +:     ( ) J  F 

   R
, .
 
  
U E
N IQ
EC H
      
,  8 
 
    
A

T
 0)+1.*(5-.'0):  ,  
I
 8  .
  

 

Y
POL
,    
 V * 
A  ,  0  :
    
 .
 
  
   

O L E
  
   0  8 .  
    ,6
   . 
8     
 ;x  y

C

.       x  y A .A   . 
6
8      Y .  2
 
<  :   
 ( ) 
        F ,H *

A     
  ( )  
 
6
 
  :   
 
 .   .0
 
  0  6


 # 




#$

U E
IQ
/
   ,
 , . 
  ,   6
N
 
E C H
 0 (0, 1) .
 .  V > 0     
  

u
+V
u
LY T
= 0 
 (x, t) (0, 1) R+

O

t x
P
u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x) 
 (x, t) (0, 1) R+ ; 
<

LE

u(0, x) = u0 (x) 
 x (0, 1).

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
@  
I
 , .
  x = 1/(N +1) > 0 ;N  8<  

EC H
 . t > 0A    (tn , xj ) = (nt, jx) 
 n 0, j {0, 1, ..., N + 1}A

T
unj  .
 ,
 
   
 (tn , xj )A  u(t, x)  


Y
POL
  ; 
<    
     
 
  
un0 = unN +1 
 
 n 0A  
  unj = unN +1+j  * 
A ,6

LE

  ? 
    
 .
 un = (unj )0jN RN +1  /

 

  0 
 ,
 , . ; 
< 3
' 

C O

 . I?   
.  


:+4%9. )>3-'+'1)
+)*10%
un+1
j unj unj+1 unj1
+V =0 ; 

<
t 2x

 n 0  j {0, ..., N }   0     )  
 
.

)99) CC  # &)
" $" ,33 " $"$" -
 "$  

$"/
 $ $ L2, U E

-"$ ,3' ) 
   $ ") "  $ )'  $$ "$$

$"

N IQ
H
%9,*:10.1',*C 3 ,  ,
 .  5# 


 (tn , xj )A

EC
 .) 8 
    A  ? ,     

T
  * #  2
A  
  0 L2  3.    
Y
POL

6  
A    2
 un (k)  un .)



E
V t
n+1 (k) = 1 i n (k) = A(k)un (k).
L
u sin(2kx) u

O
x

C
@ .) 
  

8
 ,)  
I
 
  
 A

2
V t
|A(k)| = 1 +
2
sin(2kx) 1,
x
.     
 2kx ,   1    0

@ 
 
 . 
   
 . 0 J ,
 :+4%9. '93-'+'1) +)*10%
un+1
j unj j+1 uj1
un+1 n+1
+V = 0. ; 
<
t 2x

E
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%


  2
 


 $

U
IQ
 $

  22(  + $



2



(  






 
L2 (  
*
 
H N
E C
 ,  0
 ?    A  :+4%9. &)
.>0')&0'+4:

T
2un+1
j unj+1 unj1

O LY
+V
unj+1 unj1
=0 ; 
"<

P
2t 2x

LE

  A 0
A    

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



   "

U E

)99) CC  #  &< # ,3= " I
N Q$ $  

"/
 L2
$ "$ ;<
C H
E
  " "$ $" - 7' 
"
T
|V |t x.

 ))"
L Y
" 0  $"$"
"O
t/x t x

 $ $"' 
P

$"$" -
 "$  -"$ ,3 " ) 
   $ ) " "),
LE
$ "$$

$" $-0$",

C O %9,*:10.1',*C * #  2

  


V t
n+1 (k) =
u cos(2kx) i sin(2kx) un (k) = A(k)
un (k).
x

 

8
 ,)   

2
V t
|A(k)|2 = cos2 (2kx) + sin2 (2kx).
x

U E
IQ
@ .)  
 |A(k)| 1 
 
 k     |V |t x  8A
N
EC H
  
,     0 k  
 |A(k)| > 1      
  0 *
 
  A  (

 .

T
 5# 

  (tn , xj ) 
  
 u J
Y
POL
2u(tn+1 , xj ) u(tn , xj+1 ) u(tn , xj1 ) u(tn , xj+1 ) u(tn , xj1 )

E
+V =

L
2t 2x

C O
(ut + V ux ) (tn , xj )
(x)2
2t


1
(V t)2
(x)2

u xx (t n , xj ) + O

(x)2
+
(x)4 
t
. ; 
$<
 
' ,
  
 
   O (x)2 /t A   ,
   t  . F 
 . 
 (x)2  * A   
  ,      t/x   *
 0  . 
   
5      ,
 en  
I

I  ,
  
A   
 (x)2 
en  tnKC + t .
t
    )   x/t ,
   I 
  8 t
U E

  0 . FA ,R  . 

N IQ
E C H
)9.0;5) CC    62  ,   ; 

LY T

.  1)  < /       .6
  8
   8  
        t 0



P O

  
  
       '2  0A  .  

LE
  9 
    62  ,   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
  A A 
    :+4%9. &)
.>K)*&0,A

unj unj+1 unj1

EC H 
unj1 2unj + unj+1
T
un+1
j V 2 t
; 
&<
Y
+V = 0.

L
t 2x 2 (x)2

P O
 . ,   A 
 
     @ 

LE
 
 . ? ,      
 

O
C (t)2  
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) + (t)ut (tn , xj ) + utt (tn , xj ) + O (t)3 .
2
9
 ,
 , .    .     .
 

(V t)2  
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) (V t)ux (tn , xj ) + uxx (tn , xj ) + O (t)3 .
2
9)A    .     8
  , 
U E
N IQ
H
u(tn , xj+1 ) u(tn , xj1 )

EC
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) V t
2x

Y T
(V t)2 u(tn , xj+1 ) 2u(tn , xj ) + u(tn , xj1 )  

POL
+ + O (t)3
+ t(x)2
.
2 (x)2

L E
@ 
. 0    6\ (      


O
    O u(tn , xj )  unj  +
 
A   
  

C
A    L
M  .       ,
6
 , . * 
A    6\ (   ? , 
     @ 
  
,  .)   


 ;. ,9 

< * A   0   L2   . 

    '2 |V |t x

>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%



D
E
 



*



L2  |V |t x

>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%



7
% 



 

 
 
  07 |V |t x
 


(
 

%



D
E 




 
  V t/x 
 1, 0,  1
U E
N IQ
+ $
2





    :

E C H
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%


D
E 2&
 

 %


LY T
O
un+1 = unj1 + unj + unj+1 ,

P
j

LE
4 , , 

 


 
V t/x

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



   ""

U E
N IQ
' 
 ,. I?  
' A
   8  
 0

EC H
 L0M  
 ,
 , . ; 
<   &%+)*10)9)*1 .9,*1

T
/
   8 
:+4%9. &%+)*10% .9,*1

Y
POL
un+1
j unj unj unj1
+V =0  V >0

OLE
t x
; 
-<
un+1 unj unj+1 unj

C
j
+V =0  V < 0.
t x
@  I? .

'  
      0   L
    '2A |V |t xA  8 '     
,      A  .    L ,    
 H 
  .   L2 .  H   '2

>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%



 
 2.
 

E


 $
 $

  22(  + $






( 



U
IQ

*

 
L2  
  07 |V |t x
 




H N
EC
)9.0;5) CC *
  0 6 ;R  . V  6

T
H  ,
 u<A   
    ,
  D
 A

Y
POL
     . 

 
 
   ?  
 
0
 A 0

 
  
 ,  ;. ?  
I

E
 
 T-U< 9 
A 0 
      
 ,  A 

O L
   . ,  

C  0 9

  

 
9  ; 

< 0 O t + (x)2
 
 ; 
< 0 L2 O t + (x)2
 2

62  ; 
"< 0 L2  L  O t + (x)
t
  '2 |V |t x  
6\ ( ; 
&< 0 L2  O (t)2 + (x)2
  '2 |V |t x  
1  ; 
-< 0 L2  L  O t + x
U E
  '2 |V |t x

N IQ

C H
 W +
    .  
 ,
 , .

E
LY T
*
   .  ,
   .
 
A
  

P O
;

 8<  
 ,
 
.

O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"$ 

     !!
 !

U E
%@*'1',* CC$ ))


N
%;5.1',* %;5'2.-)*1) IQ
 $ #
 "$ /"

E C
$$" 
   "$"  #, H
$  $ > "$"   +
 " 
 )" )$)
 " 
 "  

Y T
P OL
O LE
C
 



U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C  




U

  W D
   '2 
  (
 


  62  E
;
< 
   ;0<
N IQ
E C H
5
   
 
 .  .   ' A  

LY T
I
 ? ,
     ,
  
 ,
 A  
   
   .  
. 
 L
.MA

P O
  H  
  
  
 
. 9 ,


LE
A    L
 M . ,
 
. 
,. ,
6

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



   "&

U E
N IQ
 ,  * ,
  62  ; 
"< 
 ,
6
 , .
 J ,

EC H
; 
$<A      
  
 

T
2
(V t)2
(x) 1 u  * 
A ,
 
.
  6

Y
2t (x)2 xx

POL
2  



LE
u u 2u (x)2 (V t)2
+V 2 = 0 . = 1 . ; 
<

O
t x x 2t (x)2

C' 
 
. . 
     
 
  6
 


 9 (A    62  
 0
 ;? ,  <  ,
  .6 (
 ; 
< R  :6
  (
   ;. 
     '2   8A
 x = |V |t< +
 
         A  :6
  (
 
 H      
.    ? 
(
 ;.  2
 <  :  (
  ,
 
.

E
  &'A5:',* *59%0';5) ,   A   
    &'A5:'=

U
IQ
;
8<   #
 ,
  (
8     ? 

N
)    


    (
8 
  L
.M 

EC H
Y T
>)0+'+) CC " 
 
$
 


 %

 
 2.

POL


u u |V | 2u

E
+V (x |V |t) 2 = 0.

L
t x 2 x

C O
     
 (
8 ;
8     '2  6
 8A  x = |V |t< 9 
 A  :  (
  ,


.    . ,)       . F ;? x )<A
 
 
     
  62  ;. 
2
 < ' (  (
 

  
   2
  R ,

 ,
 , . 

 .  

  .    

   A
   
[ A
  , x = 0.01A

. V = 1 
  ) T = 5 @  
 .

  
t = 0.9x  t = 0.45x

>)0+'+) CC " 
 
$

 


 %


D
E 2&



U E
IQ
u u V (x)2 (V t)2 3 u
1
N
+V + = 0.
t x 6 (x)2 x3

E C H
'    6\ (   ,  A ,
 
. 

LY T
     (
 
 
  A  &':3)0:'=
+
 
  : .   8 
   
  


P O
 :  (
  
 
.   (
8 ', 
6

LE

  ( 8  
  .A  A 
 

   (
8 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"- 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
 #
 ,
  8  
, 
   


EC H
 
  
 ;.  2
 "< 9 (A   8  ) 

T
.        
   2
   
 ;
6

Y
POL
     8
 .<A  
,
  (
8  8 
,

 
 ;. ,9 
-<

O LE
C
 




U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C
 




U E


N IQ
" W '    62 A  6\ (A  

E C H
 

   
[  ;
< 
 
;0<

LY T
3) ,
   
   
 (
 

 .
 

  .    
    A
  , x =

P O
0.01A
    t = 0.9 xA
 . V = 1 
  ) T = 5 1


LE
#       J 
 ,0
    

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



   "

U E
N IQ

A
 
A 

    
A
 
;.  2


EC H
"<    ? ,     (
8 J    


T
   6\ (  ? ,    0 

 
 


Y
POL
  
  
   8   ,
 
.
      



LE
>)0+'+) CC ) $

O
C
2 3
u + V u u u = 0  (x, t) R R+

t x x2 x3

u(t = 0, x) = sin(x + )  x R,


 V, , , , R " 
 

 

 
u(t, x) = exp( 2 t) sin (x (V + 2 )t) +

E



   ' 


E

$
 


 (
U
IQ

 


 





*


H N
>)0+'+) CC   
%
@

 A 

 *(

*

un+1
j un1
j

Y T unj+1 EC
unj1

L
+V = 0.

O
2t 2x

E P
8 
 



$

 




%
 " 
 


:


L
7
 $
 

 
  07 |V |t M x

 M < 1

CO
>)0+'+) CC    
%

0
=>%
un+1
j unj j+1 uj1
un+1 n+1
unj+1 unj1
+V +V = 0.
t 4x 4x
8 
 



$

 




%
 " 
 


:


7
 $
  


 





 


/
   ,
       0 (0, 1) .  

    
U E
IQ
2

N

u 2u

H
2 = 0 
 (x, t) (0, 1) R+

C
2

t x

E

u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x) 
 (x, t) (0, 1) R+

LY
u(t = 0, x) = u0 (x) 
 x (0, 1)
T
; <





P O
LE
u
(t = 0, x) = u1 (x) 
 x (0, 1).
t

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     !!
 !

U E
N
3.  H  
  A ,
  ? 
   IQ
EC H
 
 .
 un = (unj )0jN RN +1     
   6

T
  
 
   un0 = unN +1 
 
 n 0A  
 

Y
POL
unj = unN +1+j  '    
   )   .
  u 
 6
  ,. (0, 1) ;F ? ,      .0<A 

LE

 u 
    0  A  
 
 ,
   0
  

 * A  u0 0  u1 C  (0, 1)A  
 

C O
; <  u(t, x) = Ct *
   (A  8  ,# 
  .
   # 

 1
u1 (x) dx = 0. ; <
0

*
 ,
    ; <   0
   :+4%9. +)*10% J 

n 1  j {0, ..., N }A

E
un+1 2unj + un1 un+1 n+1
j1 + 2uj un+1

U
j j j+1
+

IQ
(t)2 (x)2
;  <
unj1 + 2unj unj+1 un1
N un1
n1
j1 + 2uj

H
j+1
+(1 2) + =0

EC
(x)2 (x)2

Y T
. 0 1/2 
 = 0  0
  A   
  

POL
   = 0         

O L E u0j = u0 (xj ) 
u1j u0j
=
 xj+1/2
u1 (x) dx,

C
t xj1/2

 
  
  .   .) 
    ; < '

  ( )  
   .    ;  <
 ,  A  6  ;  <   ? ,     
+
 
    .      
 ; 
 
0 .    .0    ,
   A .

   
6 
 <

)99) CC  1/4 1/2'
 # $" ,9 " $$ "$$

$"
"/
 $ $ L2,  0 < 1/4' 
" "/
  
 $ "$ ;<

U E
IQ
t 1

N
< ,
x 1 4

" $"/
  t/x > 1/

1 4,
E C H
LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C '   
 ,#  2
 
 0

P
 O 

LE
u
n+1
(k) 2n
u (k) + u n1
un+1 (k) + (1 2)
(k) + (k) un (k) +
un1 (k) = 0,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



   $

U E
.
N IQ
H

2

EC
t
(k) = 4 sin2 (kx).

T
x

Y
POL
 ,  ,
  ?  .
 
, 

n+1   2(12)(k) 

LE
n+1 u (k) 1+(k) 1 n (k),
n (k) = A(k)U
U (k) = = U

C O
 U n+1 (k) = A(k)n U
un (k) 1 0

1 (k)  .

  (1 , 2 )    A(k)  

#X

  
2 (1 2)(k)
2 + 1 = 0.
1 + (k)
    
 
(k)(4 (1 4)(k))
U E
IQ
= .

N
(1 + (k))2

EC H
,
   0
      A(k) , 
 

T
  A(k)n 2 = (A(k))n R (A(k)) = max(|1 |, |2 |)   # 

Y
POL
 A(k) @     .)    *%+)::.'0)  0  >
/
A (A(k)) 1 ;.  +
   <A   . ? ,9 


E


   
:  t/x > 1/ 1 4A
  I

  k ; 


O L
sin2 (kx) 1< 
 ? > 0A      
  1  2  A

C
 
   ?  ,
  
  8  
   
  
.
 0
A (A(k)) > 1A      0  t/x < 1/ 1 4A
 0 
 
 k A   
    I

  

  ?  * 
A (A(k)) = 1      0  > /

 8

>)0+'+) CC 7 

 
 

2
 

 A(k)n (
 



   %
   07 *F
+ 2

>)0+'+)
CC   


 


2 ( $
 +
t/x =
1/ 1 4

 0 < 1/4 " 
 

%

  22
 


 

E


 
 
unj = (1)n+j (2n 1)
 
  


# $ $
* $

U
IQ

  @

A 




un
 




 



H N
/
 
     2
 $ 
 
   

E C

 0
 .       6  ;
 =

T
0.25<  
  (
 

 .  

  .   

LY

    A
  , x = 0.01A
    t = 0.9 xA
O
P

  ) T = 5     u0 
 
A   
 u1  


O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C  


U E

 N IQ
H
$ W  
 ,
   

EC
Y T
POL
/
 . .
  ,9 
 
 ,
    ; < .)

  .  , A ,6?6  
A 
 
 t > 0A

O L E
E(t) = E(0) . E(t) =
 1
u
2

(t, x) dx +
 1
u
2

(t, x) dx.

C
t x
0 0

  
. 0 
,
  

 .) ; 
6
.<
 .    .  ,  *
  6 

 -!%*)0(') &':+0?1)
 2

N
un+1
j unj
E n+1 = + ax (un+1 , un ) + ax (un+1 un , un+1 un )
t
j=0

.
N

 

uj+1 uj vj+1 vj
ax (u, v) = .
U E
IQ
j=0
x x

H
'A E n+1 
 A ? O(x + t) A  ,  
N
 ,  
T E C
E(tn+1 ) /
  

    
   .

O LY
P
>)0+'+) CC  " 
 

%

  22 

$
*

(

LE
$
 +

E = E   n 0
n 0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



   $

U E
N IQ
 
 8O  )   
 ,
      

EC H
  ; < 
 # ,

   


T
t  w = x A ; <  
. ?
v = u u

Y
POL





v 0 1 v

 (x, t) (0, 1) R+

=

LE

t w 1 0 x w

O
v(t, x + 1) = v(t, x), w(t, x + 1) = w(t, x) 
 (x, t) (0, 1) R+ ; 
<

C


u
w(t = 0, x) =
0
(x) 
 x (0, 1)



x
v(t = 0, x) = u1 (x) 
 x (0, 1).

@ 
 
  #
 

   
. .0
 u  
  ;
     .0A  <A  v 

 .  w 
 8  #  
 
 ; 
< P

   ,
 , . @ 
  )
 
 #
.>0')&0'+4:
U E
1


2vjn+1 vj+1
n
vj1
n

1


0 1

n

N
vj+1 vj1
n

IQ
H
= 0, ; <
wj1

EC
2t 2wjn+1 wj+1
n
wj1
n
2x 1 0 n
wj+1 n

T

0
   #
.>K)*&0,A
Y
POL

n+1 

n 
1 vj vjn 1 0 1 vj+1 vj1
n

E
; "<
wjn+1 wjn wj1
L
n n
t 2x 1 0 wj+1

C O +
t
2(x)2


0 1
1 0
2

vj1
n
+ 2vjn vj+1
n

wj1 + 2wj wj+1

n n n

= 0.

>)0+'+) CC  " 
 

%



7
% 2
 


 

L2  
  07 t x(
$
  + $






 


 t/x
 *
 
 
t
x

 
 #

>)0+'+) CC  " 
 

%



D
E 2!
 


 

L2  
  07 t x(
$
  + $
2






' 
 ,
 , .A
   8  
 0  L0M
   &%+)*10)9)*1 .9,*1 ' A   ,  ,
 #  

U E
IQ

   ,    . 
   . 
   . 

   9 8A  
:     
H N
J=


0 1


T E C
O LY1 0

P

 0 
 
 , . 
 
     6

LE
  ( ,
  ,
 '    .
    

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
J ;1  1  ,
< 
 I
  X   .A    

EC H
     

 0  .
    6

T
 ' #    #

 
  # #0


Y
POL
A  
A 
  #
  F ;. T-U 

 
 .# 


  <

O LE
C

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T


E
POL
O L
C
 
   
  
UE
N IQ
E C H

$
 
LY T



P O
,
 

L E
CO
1   
 
  ? ,# 
  %;5.1',*:
.5> &%0'2%): 3.01')--): &) 1B3) )--'31';5) ;.  1) ""< 9   6
  
 
   ?    #
 A
,6?6    
 /
   
  0 
 6
  0  
    
A ,6?6  
,  


A

A    G   , 
 
 

.   .330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--) 1 
  
 
 ,H 
  A   A       
  H   
,# 
 L
M 

 
 
   
 , 9 86
8A 
     . 
  0 ,.
 
 ;   # 0
 
#0
<A    
 
 6
     

   ) 
 
 . 
'

U E
$ * 
A    
  #
 

 

IQ

 3
  
  
  
  8 ,   

N
H

 
    . V

T E C
3

      
.A , # ,
 
 6
.   # 
    
 
 
 
 
0 
  
.

O LY
P
u = f 

LE
;
<
u=0 


C O $"
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$$ 

  !

 $




U E
N IQ
R 
     
   1 ;
 .# ?  
6

EC H
 



     < 1 ;
<A 
 
. 

T
, RN A   0 ;
8<A f 
  0 ;
 

Y
POL
0<A  u  ,
 E GA 
  
' "  0


  ,
 
 .   # 
 
 
.

LE
,
 Q ? , .
       
. 1  
 
  



C O
8
 ,   A  =,095-): &) #0))*A 
 
 ) 

,
 =,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--)  

  
14%,0?9)
&)
.>'-(0.9 
  ,
      

,  ,
  
  8
 . /
 . 


 
. 
     
0  . 0  ,
C 1 ()  8 G (0 
)   L MA ,6
  0. H 1 ()
'
  
   , ,
   

E

  
 
 .   
   
 

U
IQ

 
 
 , . ;
 .# ? ,#  T&U
 
 

  
 
<

H N


 +  
 
Y T EC
POL
 8
 L
M  ;
<A 
 
 P L
M ? 
.
A   
 
:  
 
  
 u ) 
  
6

L E
  ;
< 
   
   
  + 
 ,0

O
C


  ,  8 


%@*'1',* C C " $  -"  RN '  " , $ $" C() )

"-$"' C()
)  $"$ $"$  $ )"-$"' $ ,
" $ $" k 0, $ $" C k () )"-$"' C k ()
)  $"$
k  $"$4$" -/
 $ )"-$"' $ ,

 :,-51',* +-.::';5) ;  

  :,-51',* =,01)<  ;
< 


 u C 2 () C()A  
 
 
   0 f  
? C() ' 8
 
  


  0 
0 V     A   
A 
  
 # f

E
C()A  ,     
   C 2 
 ;
<   

IQ U
,  
   
 
 ;N 2< 9 8A   0
 
A 

  . 
 A   ,    C 2 ; 
 


H N

 
8    f  
 
 
 C()<     


E C
, ;N = 1<  
 

,  8  
.  
 


T
;. ,9
<A  
 .  
A H    8.0A

LY
 8
 
  
 
O
P
1  
A 
 
 ;
<A 
   8
 
 

LE

 8
A  .A 0

 
 . 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 %

  $&

U E


     


#I Q
H N
E C
9
  , ;N = 1<A  = (0, 1)A  0 
  ;
<

T
Y
.

P O L d2 u

2 =f
dx

 0 < x < 1
;
 <

LE
u(0) = u(1) = 0.

C O
' 0    
,  
 
  V

>)0+'+) C C ) f
 
   
 [0, 1](  
 
2

 


 C 2 ([0, 1]) 

 


 1  x
u(x) = x f (s)(1 s)ds f (s)(x s)ds  x [0, 1]. ;

<
0 0

E
*
     
6 
  
0  8
  ;

< 

,  
I
 ,
. 
  0 
 


IQ
9
  ,A , L
 
 . M   U
H N
 I
 

A   ,#  
 
,
 
 .0A  
 
 

EC
 L ,
 (  M ' A ,
 ;
 < , 


T

 ( L

M 
 R  
  8    L

Y
POL

 0
M 
X 
,
    
 
   ,. [0, 1]
', ?   ( 
 0 
  ;.   

0
M<
O L E
L
 
 0
M< 
 0  '
# ;.
     L
 


C
      . 

A H  
A   

 ,
 (         
 

;
 < ;      

< *

 
m RA     0  '
# 
   .   

d2 u
2 = f 
 0 < x < 1
dx ;
<

u(0) = 0, du dx (0) = m.
1 8O .   


 
  ;
< J  
: ,  

  ;

  ,
   ,  '
#6
F<  , 

 A  A 
  
  ;
< [ 
.   ;
 < ;  <  
 
     . , 
U E

  m  
  
  ;
< .) 
 u(1) = 0   

N IQ
E C H

  ;
 < ',     9%14,&) &5 1'0 
   
A

 0 ,
   .
 
 
 

A  0 
  ;
 <

LY T
.A   
 .
  m ; 
 <A     0
 '
# ;
< ; 
  I
<A 
   
 u(1)   

P O
 .
  m 9 
 ,
   
: 
  ,. I


LE
       



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$- 

  !

 $




U E
N IQ
 
  
, 8
     
 0 
  


EC H
,  ? . .   
 0  '
#

Y T
POL

 #  %  



LE
   , . 
  
  
 
 6

C O
.     ,
 
 8
 
.A  .6
A 0
    ,
 
 
 8 

A
  '       ?       ,6
0   8
 .A 
 O   



  ?  
I



+    -

E
1 
  
6 
 
.  , RN ;0 
<A

IQ U
  0 ;
 8<    /
 
 
 
 
 
.
0%(5-')0   C 1   )  ,
 
. 
   
 0

H N
  1)
 "A    , 0
   


EC
 0    
   
  
: I
  . 
,
 
.

T

  0  
 
.   0 
 #
8 ;
 . 
Y
POL
 N 1< 
A  
  
.   
 ,
 
   
8 @ )   *,09.-) )>1%0')50) 
0    .


O L E

 n = (ni )1iN   
  
      .
,
  ;.  2
 < 1 RN   dx  
 .

A

C


  0
   N 
 A   ds  
 
8
A


  0
   N 1 
  .   
 
  
6    
. 
 
   ;.  
&$  T &U 

  
 8  ?  
  
(A 
  "  T$U<

4%,0?9) CC $,095-) &) #0))*6 " $  -" 0
  
 C 1 , "
w $ $"$  C 1 ()   ))" /$ $
  ,
 

 -*
 

 ?$  
w
(x) dx = w(x)ni (x) ds, ;
"<
xi

. ni "
 i+ )$" 
 $
 &"  $"  ,

IQ U
H N
)9.0;5) CC 1 
,
 8 
 w   
 0   8

E C
.
  
, ,
 ? ,)   8 ,  0 @  
 
 

T
8 w 
 
   ; J  ,
  
 w

LY
,
 
  0 < 9 
A ,#
5
  ? 

O
P

 0   8 w   
  ,
.  0  ,

LE
 0A  # 
 
     ;
"<  )

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



 $


 $

U E
N IQ
EC H
LY T yN

P O Q+
OL E0 i
y
C i+1
Q
i
i1

U E


 W 1)   
 ,
 
.
N IQ
EC H
T
 5
    0
  
  
  
 6
Y
POL
    8
  4 ;
"<  
 
 .
   
    
  8
  4 ;
"< V

O L E
,0,--.'0) CC $,095-) &!'*1%(0.1',* 3.0 3.01')6 " $  -" 0

C
 
 C , " "  & $"$ C 1 ()   ))" /$ $
  ,
1
u v

 

 -*$"
 
 $"0"$ ) )"
  
v u
u(x) (x) dx = v(x) (x) dx + u(x)v(x)ni (x) ds. ;
$<
xi xi

%9,*:10.1',*C  
:    w = uv   5
 

,0,--.'0) CC " $  -" 0
  
 C 1 , " u $ $"$  C 2 ()
" v $ $"$  C 1 ()' " "  &   ))" /$ $
  ,
 


-*$"
 
 $"0"$ ) )"
  
U E
IQ
u
u(x)v(x) dx = u(x) v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds, ;
&<

H
n
N
C
 
. u = "
 -"  0 $"  u' "
T E = u n,
u u
xi n

Y
1iN

P O L
%9,*:10.1',*C @ 
  '
 
? v  u
xi     i

O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

  !

 $




U E
$"  
&" $ $/ *$  -"H N "
  
%@*'1',* CC $ "   $  -"  R I Q  
 - $
" 0

N
Ck
k1
0 ,
T E
CIi=0 i ,
(i )0iI
Ii=1 i ,
"  ' )  # 
 
 ' P O L Y-
 <0  3,' 
&" $ ))
"$ />"-
i {1, ..., I}
$
$/

E
i Ck i

O L  
Q = y = (y  , yN ) RN 1 R, |y  | < 1, |yN | < 1 ,

C $"
$- "    
 ' " "

  


Ck

y = (y  , yN ) RN 1 R, yN > 0 = Q+ ,
i (i ) = Q 
i (i ) = Q y = (y  , yN ) RN 1 R, yN = 0 .

U E
N IQ
EC H
T


 W 1
  ,
.  
 J 
. )
 ? 
A 
. .
Y
POL

   0
 ? 

L E
)9.0;5) CC E 
  2

 
 
. 
 
  0A
O
C
 1)
 " ,
 
 ?  
.  0  1)
 " ,6

  
  
.   0 , 
 
8 
A 
 
 
  
. 
     
 ,
 
   

8  2

  
  #
 ,
.  
 


 
  0A   0
  )
A  
  
0
 '      L. 
M J ,
.
)
  #

 
 
  0  )
  

 

 @ 
  
 
   
. 


 
. L
  
MA ?   
  
  8 
LM  8    (   ; ,
   0
< 

 2 ; ,
 )
< 5
           
A
 
 .#  
 ?  +
 
& 

 
  
 

U E
IQ
0  


>)0+'+) CC 6





?

 ! 


) =

H N

div(x)(x) dx =

(x) (x) dx +


T E C (x) n(x) (x) ds,

O LY

P
4
 
  



C 1 ()

  + 

 
 

 
C 1 ()(

LE
+    
 

 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



 $


 &

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ' 
 N = 3   


 $
  



EC H
R3 ( = (1 , 2 , 3 )( 

  

 R3 



Y T


POL
3 2 1 3 2 1
rot = , , .
x2 x3 x3 x1 x1 x2

LE
-
(   + 

 
 

 
C 1 ()( +    
 


O
C
( 




?

 !
  
rot dx rot dx = ( n) ds.



 +  

$

 
*
 )  A 
 
 
 ,
.  0  
A
 
   0 f  ;
<  

   
   

6    
.
U E
0,3,:'1',* CC " u $ $"$  C 2 ()
N Q )
, "
)I *$
H
X

X = C 1 () "
  = 0
T E C
 

.

Y
POL

 u " $ 
"$ )/
+  &
" 3,  " 
$"  u ))"$"
 X " -*
0
"

O L E 

C
u(x) v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx )  " " $"$ v X. ;
-<

0
" 3, " ))

 =,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) )/
+  &
"

3,,
)9.0;5) CC  H     8
 . ;
-< 

, 
    
 u  

 8  C 1 ()A 6
 ?  8
 L
M ;
< 
 
 
 u  ? C 2 () @
  I? 
,  
   
 ;
-< 
 ;
< 

,  
  
  
   


E
1  8
 . ;
-<A  8 v   =,*+1',* 1):1
 8
 .  
 8  8
 80
0

  ;
< 9 
A  8
 .  
 
  
IQ U
H
 L  .
 .
M 9 #
A   
 ,
  0 

N
 8
  

T E C

,  v = u  ;
-<A  0  
,  .
,


LY
%(.-'1% &!%*)0(')A 
   ,  
   % 
O
P
  ;   
  ;
-<< 
     ? f ;

LE
    ;
-<<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

  !

 $




U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C  u  

0 
  ;
<A  
 ,
6

EC H
  v X  
  8
 ,   
'
 

T
  

Y
u

POL
u(x)v(x) dx = u(x) v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds.
n

LE
@ v = 0 
 

 v X A 

C O 
f (x)v(x) dx =


u(x) v(x) dx,


 ,  ,
 
  8
 ;
-< +
A  u X .) ;
-<A 

 L? ,.M  8
 ,       0
  
u(x) + f (x) v(x) dx = 0 
 
 8 v X.

U E
' (u + f ) 
 8 
A Q 

   
 


IQ
u(x) = f (x) 
 
 x  * 
A  u X A  
.   

N

  u = 0 
 A ,6?6  
 u  

0 
  ;
<
H
EC

)99) CC
Y T
" $  -"  RN , " g(x) $ $"$ $"$  $ , 

POL
)  " " $"$  C ()   ))" )" $ ' $ 
E


O L g(x)(x) dx = 0,



 $"$ g " $

 $ ,

%9,*:10.1',*C
 
, 
  x0  
 g(x0 ) = 0  
 A  
 
 
 g(x0 ) > 0 ;   g < * 
A 

  .  
.  x0  
 g(x) > 0 
 
 x  

 8  .A  
A ? 
 
   @ 
 
g(x)(x) dx = g(x)(x) dx = 0,

E

 
   . ,# 
 g  1 g(x) = 0 
 
 x 

)9.0;5) CC  9    

   8
 .6
IQ U
 ;
-< 
  8 J 
. u X  

H N
T E
a(u, v) = L(v) 
 
 8 v X,C
. 
O LY
P
OLE
a(u, v) = u(x) v(x) dx

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



 $


 &

U E
 
N IQ
L(v) =
EC H f (x)v(x) dx,

Y
POL
R a(, ) 
 8 0 
 X  L() 
 8  
 X  ', 

 8 0 
 
 
 ;. 

 #<  8


LE
.    

C O ,    -!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--)    ,  ,

6
   
   8
 . ;
-<A  
 P  H

 
 ,
 ;
< ? 
   *
 & 9 (A 
 
. 
, 
  ?  8   
 
 #  8
6
 . /    8 
  , 

    
   
    8  ;  
  A , X < 
   =0A  
 ,   

 X = {v C 1 (), v = 0 
 } 


  L
M 
 

U E
0   :
  ,  , . 
 
, 8


 
  
 X A ? . ,  0. H01 ()

  0
   =0 ;.  ' <
N IQ
EC H
>)0+'+) CC  






  
 
 
>



Y T

POL
u = f 

;
<
u
n = 0  .

O L E
) u 
  
C 2 () " 
 
u
 
   

 


C
/ 



  u

 
 + C 1 ()

$*
 
 
u(x) v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx  
  v C 1 (). ;
<

' 


$
  


$


$
  
 C () 
/
2

 
f (x)dx = 0

>)0+'+) CC  
$

 
 



(u) = f 


E
u=0  ;
<

U
u


IQ
n = 0

 
X $



   v 
C 2 ()

 
v
n
v

H N
$

   )
4





  u

 
 + X

$*
 
T E C
u 
  
C () " 
 
u
 
   

 
 

 
O LY
P
f (x)v(x) dx  
  v X. ;
 <

LE
u(x)v(x) dx =

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

  !

 $




U E

 &   ' () 
N IQ


' &
EC H
Y T
POL
/
 .
  0 
 0 ,  ,
  

 ,
 8
 . 
   =0 @  V


LE
  =0   
  ,      
.  +


C O

  
  
 8
 .
# J


. u V  
 a(u, v) = L(v) 
 
 8 v V. ;

<

 # 
 a  L 
 L() 
 8  
 
 V A ,6?6  
 v L(v)  
 V  R    C > 0  


|L(v)| Cv 
 
 v V ;

U E
 a(, ) 
 8 0 
 V A ,6?6  
 w a(w, v) 
 8

IQ
  V  R 
 
 v V A  v a(w, v) 
 8  
N
V  R 
 
 w V Y

EC H

 a(, )  
A ,6?6  
,  M > 0  


Y T
POL
|a(w, v)| M w v 
 
 w, v V ; ;
<

O L E
 a(, )  +,)0+'2) ;

<A ,6?6  
,  > 0  


C
a(v, v) v2 
 
 v V. ;
"<

' 
  . 

   
6A 
  # 6 

  
 
. 
 ;

< 9 
A  .  a(, )
 

4%,0?9) CC $
.>'-(0.96 " V $ )  @
/" 
' L() $ 

$ $"$    V ' a(, ) $  /
$ $"$  -   V ,



"$ -"$$

 3,3  " $ $  
"$, 8 )
 "" 
"$
)$ $"$4$" 
 
$ L,
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
 w V A , v a(w, v) 
 8 

 
 V J  
A  5  -    +F
U E
P 
, 
   V A  A(w)A  

N IQ
a(w, v) = A(w), v 
 
 v V.

E C H
Y T
* 
A  0  a(w, v) 
 .     ,
L
O
w A(w) 1 
A   v = A(w)A  
 ;
<  a(w, v)  


P
LE
A(w) = a(w, A(w)) M wA(w),
2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  
&%

 &"

U E
N IQ
,6?6  
 A(w) M w   w A(w)  
  
 6

EC H

5  -    +F 
 
, 
 

T
 V A  f A  
 f V = LV  

Y
POL
L(v) = f, v 
 
 v V.

LE
2A  0 . ;

<  
. ? J

C O 
. u V  
 A(u) = f. ;
$<
*
     
 8
   
 ,
 A  0I8 
V  V ; 
 
 ,  ,
  u<  
  .  

; 
 
.    
  u   ? L<
 . ;
"<  a(w, v)  

w2 a(w, w) = A(w), w A(w)w,
 
 
w A(w) 
 
 w V,
U E ;
&<

IQ
,6?6  
 A  I8 *
  
 A  
I8A ,6?6  

N
EC H
Im(A) = V ; 
 ,  .   V    )<A  
:  

 Im(A)  8  V  
 Im(A) = {0} 9 (A     . 


T
V = {0} = ( Im(A) ) = Im(A) = Im(A)A  
 
. 0 
 A  
I8
Y
POL
 A(wn )
 
  Im(A) 
 .  . b  V  9 .
 ;
&< 


O L E wn wp  A(wn ) A(wp )

C

  . F 
 n  p   . ,) 1 wn 
 
  '
#
 ,  =0 V A ,6?6  
, .  .
  w V  3A
 
  A   
 
 A(wn ) .  . A(w) = bA ,6?6  

b Im(A)  Im(A)   8 1,
 A  v Im(A) Y  .
;
"<  a(w, v) 
 

v2 a(v, v) = A(v), v = 0,
,6?6  
 v = 0  Im(A) = {0}A  
 
. 
 A  0I8  A1
 . J ,  ;
&< . w = A1 (v) 
. 
 A1  
A  

 u  G  f 

)9.0;5) CC  ,  =0 V    ) ; 

 , 6
  I   
   
 
 .<A  

U E
IQ
5

  67   )  0 9 (A  
N
E C H
) 
     
  ,I. ;
&<  A 

. ?  .0 @ . 0    ;    <

LY T

 ,#  .   8 0 a(w, v)   0 


,  
  ,I.  A +
 
 ) 
A  V = RN A


P O
8
 . , 
 ,
A Au, v = f, v 
 
 v RN A

LE
,
  #  Au = f 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

&$ 

  !

 $




U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  
  ;
 
 
  
 6

EC H

D
 
 
 <
5

  67   

T

. @     I

,?  8
 ;
$<
6

Y
POL
0 *
  ,  ,
   
 u  ;
$<A  


  : T  V  V A ) 

LE
 
T (w) = w A(w) f . = 2 ,

C O M
  .  
,   A  
 
. , 
,
  u V  
 T (u) = u ; ,R  
< 9 (A  

T (v) T (w)2 = v w A(v w)2

= v w2 2A(v w), v w + 2 A(v w)2
= v w2 2a(v w, v w) + 2 A(v w)2
(1 2 + 2 M 2 )v w2

U E
IQ
(1 2 /M 2 )v w2 .

H N

T EC
 8
 .   
.
  #
A 
Y
POL

   8 0  #
 9 (   A  
  
8
 . ;

<   9'*'959 &!5*) %*)0(') ; 


L E
 #
 
 
<

O $  )
  
 #!)"#+ A#+ 3,3,  &

C
0,3,:'1',* CC
B
0, $  )) $ )
  
  /
$ " !"  a(w, v) = a(v, w)
)  " " v, w V , " J(v)
$0 *$ )  v V )
1
J(v) = a(v, v) L(v). ;
-<
2
" u V
 
"$ $  
 
"$ -"$$

 3,3,
 u "
 
 $  )$"  $  
$0' "   
J(u) = min J(v).

E
vV

IQ
C) $"'  u V " $ )$"  $  
$0 J(v)' 
 u "
 U

"$ $  
 
"$ -"$$

 3,3,
H N
T E C
%9,*:10.1',*C  u  
   8
 . ;

<A  .6
 ; Q ?  #  a<

O LY
P
LE
1 1
J(u + v) = J(u) + a(v, v) + a(u, v) L(v) = J(u) + a(v, v) J(u).
2 2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  
&%

 &&

U E
N IQ
' u + v  

  V A u  0 ,  J  V  +6

A  u V  


EC H
T
J(u) = min J(v).

Y
vV

O L
*
 v V  )
 8 j(t) = J(u + tv)  R  R ; ,  ,


P
#X

    t< ' t = 0 
 
  j A   


LE

 j  (0) = 0 
A 
 
 A    8
 .

O
C
;

<

)9.0;5) CC /
 . 
  
'  
A 
  8 06
 a  #
A  
 
 
 
  5

  6
7  
 
 ? ,  ,
 ,
 
  ;

< 9 (A 
  , ,


   
  ,  J(v)
9 .
  *

A   ,  ,
   

  8
 .



 . 

  

U E
N IQ
H
9# ,
  5

  67  ?  8
 .6

EC
 ;
-<
 .   
   1 '6 ,
0 
  8 ;

< .

Y T
POL

a(u, v) = u(x) v(x) dx


O L 

C L(v) =

f (x)v(x) dx,

R  a(, ) 

 8 0A  L()
 8  , V
;   X < 
 
V = v C 1 (), v = 0 
 . ;
<
' 
  
 V 
 

w, v = w(x) v(x) dx, ;
 <


  
  

U E
IQ

 1/2
v = |v(x)|2 dx .

H N
C

T E
@ .)  
 ;
 < )
 
  
 V J  
  


Y
L
  ,#      v = 0 v = 0 9 (A  , 

P O
OLE
|v(x)|2 dx = 0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

&- 

  !

 $




U E
N IQ
 
 
 v 
   A   v = 0 
   0 v = 0

EC H
 .
  ;
 <  
   0 G  8 
 

T
8 0 a(, )  .51,9.1';5)9)*1 +,)0+'2) 
 ;
 < @ .) 

Y
POL

  
 a  
 *
  
 L  
A  8
 8
 ? ,   *


$ J   

LE

 1/2
 1/2

f (x)v(x) dx
O |f (x)|2
dx |v(x)|2
dx Cv,

R C 
  
   f    v  1 L  
 

V  5
  #
5

  67  0 .)A 

   

 
 H   J , V , 
 
 =0   ,   
   
  ;
 < V ,0

 .  


  
  ,   
 C 1
 8  , V   8O  A 

 
A  

 :
    V  V A  8
 
  
  ;
 <

U E
. A  , 8 
   :
 J ? 
 
 0 0 ,

IQ
V K     
'  J V  ,  0. H01 ()  

N
   
  8 
  
 
0  

H
EC
:
   .  
   *
 & ;
  ,
. 

T
 0 
  ;
<   8
 . ;
-<<  . 

  , V  V 
Y
POL
/
  .  .
 

+.0.+1?0) *.150)- )1 '*%-5+
1./-) &): ):3.+): &) ,/,-)2 &.*: -. 0%:,-51',* &): =,095-.1',*: 2.0'.1',*

L E
*)--): ,
 
 .  
 5   

O
C
 
A     *A 
 
 .

 





)99) CC " $  -"  RN /$ $  $ $ "$ 
),

&" $ $"$" C > 0 "

  ' )  " " $"$ v C 1 ()   $$

 
 / '  
|v(x)|2 dx C |v(x)|2 dx.

%9,*:10.1',*C ,# 
   0   ;
 .

< 
 
 
 x    x1  0A < a
x1 b < +  v
 8  C 1 () 
  
 
  @ 
 , 
 
  F    ;v  
 8 
   C 1
U E
IQ
 
  RN <  A 
 x A
 x1
v
H N
C
v(x) = (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt,
a x1

Y
,R , 
  ,   '
#6 CF T E
 x1
v

P O L 2


 b
v

2

LE
|v(x)| (x1 a)
2
x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt (b a) x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt.

O
a a

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  
&%

 &

U E
  
  0
N IQ

EC
  H
v
2

T
b
|v(x)|2 dx (b a)

Y x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt dx,

POL
a

 
  
     ? t  x1 A  


O LE  
v
2



C
|v(x)| dx (b a)
2 2 (x) dx (b a)2 |v(x)|2 dx.

x1

>)0+'+) CC
 





 
 
 
$



V (  
 /

   


2;( $
 
 
 ) 

  



RN  ) N = 1(   



x 1  1 < x < n1 ,
U E
IQ
un (x) = (n/2)x 1 + 1/(2n)  n1 x n1 ,
2

x1  n1 < x < 1.
H N
) N = 2(  0 < < 1/2(   


Y T EC
POL
un (x) = | log(|x|2 + n1 )|/2 | log(1 + n1 )|/2 .

O L E
) N 3(  0 < < (N 2)/2(   


C
1 1
un (x) = 1
.
(|x|2 +n ) /2 (1 + n1 )/2

" 
 



un
 
0
%: 
 V 
 $



*

 
 V

n
 
 $

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

  !

 $




U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
LE 


O
C
  
U E



 %

N IQ
EC H
T
1   
 )    0. 
  -): ):3.+):

Y
POL
F*.150)-:G &) =,*+1',*: 3)09)11.*1 &) 0%:,5&0) -): =,095-.1',*: 2.0'.1',*
*)--): &!%;5.1',*: .5> &%0'2%): 3.01')--): *#
A    0.

O L E
,     =,*+1',*: &!%*)0(') @*') '   

 L
M   
.   .   ,
 
  


C
L
M /A     0 P  
 6 
 

0   


A #      
 

 9  
A  ,    P     
 ;
8

  
    

< ' A 
   

 
) ,.   8
 . ? ,
 
. A 
 . 
  
6
    
 A 

  

A # 
.
     
  
 
   0    

 
,H    0.
*:':1,*: )*+,0) 3,50 &'0) ;5) +!):1 -!):30'1
&): 0%:5-1.1: 3-5: ;5) -. -)110) &): &%9,*:10.1',*: ;5' ):1 '93,01.*1 '+'
       
. '    0.  
6
 ?      8 
0   , L2  8 

U
 0A     

  ?  
I @ # 
 E
IQ

    &%0'2.1',* =.'/-)   
 
  ) 
N
E C H
 
 
, 8
 0
 P 
    0. 
 
.
 

     

 
  
 

LY T

 

 9)A   "  

 
 P   
0
 ;
 ,   <A  8      0. 

P O
0
 3  )
  ./-).5 C 0%+.3'15-) 1,5: -): 0%:5-1.1:

LE
*%+)::.'0): 3,50 -. :5'1)C

C O -
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

  
  $

U E


N
*

     +  % 
, + IQ
E C H


/    #


L Y T
5
  
   
6     
  6

P O

 T$U 
 
.  RN 
   
  0
 @ ) ,

LE
L2 ()  8 
0   0   7


 

C O f, g =

f (x)g(x) dx,

L2 () 
   =0 ;.  

  T$U< @ 

 1/2
f L2 () = |f (x)| dx
2

E
    + 
  8 
0   )

IQ U
30):;5) 3.01,51  J      .
 ,
 8 
0 f 


 
60   
 
A       8 
0 f 

H N
3
 A 
 8 
0 f  g      f (x) = g(x)

EC

 
  A ,6?6  ,  E  
  
  0


T
 E  
  f (x) = g(x) 
 
 x ( \ E)
Y
POL
@  Cc () ;
D()< ,  8   C ? 
 
  +
 
 , Cc () ,  
 ?  
 8 


O L E

 ; 
 ,  .  V >  
 $  T$U< / 
 

 8  Cc () ,
A  
 
 
 .A 
  0  

C
/
   
   
. ;.  

 T$U<

4%,0?9) CC ) Cc () " $ $ L2 ()' "    )  " "
f L 2
() 
&" $  " fn Cc () "

  

lim f fn L2 () = 0.
n+

  
.   
 

,0,--.'0) CC " f L2 (),  )  " " $"$ Cc () $ 


f (x)(x) dx = 0,
U E
IQ


 f (x) = 0 )  )" " $ ,

H N
E C
%9,*:10.1',*C  fn Cc ()  
  8 
 
 .  .
T
f  L2 ()  .

5   @ 

O LY 
P
OLE
0 = lim f (x)fn (x) dx = |f (x)|2 dx,
n+

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   

 
  
$
 !
 -

U E

    
 
   H N
,R , 
 
 f (x) = 0 
 
   IQ


T E C
   * 
' 
%


p
L ()
 
 

 '
1 p +

  ?

1p<

Y
+ Lp () p
   
P O L f Lp () =


|f (x)|p dx
1/p
#!
E  @( &
  %     
 
,

L


C O


Lp ()

L ()

 
 * 
'   ' 
  & "

C>0  "

f
"
 
   ?
    
|f (x)| C

p = +

 
f L () = inf C R+  "
 |f (x)| C   , #!
L () 
   @( A "
  
 
% '  Lp ()
Lq () 
 1 q p +



 *$
0& 
U E
N
@ ) 
 ,0    . 80  L () '  2
IQ
EC H
  .

 ;8 A  A . 8< 

  
   . 
  0
 ;. T$U 
 
" 

 08 
<
Y T
%@*'1',* CC " v $ O L  , $ "  
P$"$ v " -/
  $
E
L2 ()

O
2

L
/
 $ L () 
&"  $"$ wi L2 ()' )  i {1, ..., N }' "

  '
)  " " $"$ Cc ()' $ 
C 
v(x)

xi
(x) dx =

wi (x)(x) dx.

;#  wi " ))

 i+ - )"

 /
  v " $"  v
xi ,
 1)  
 0
  J  
A   wi = x
v
i

.

A  .

'   A  8 wi 

 ;  < E
GA  v  .0 


  
  .   ?
L2 ()A   .

  80  v [  1 
  


   
 
  
 8  .0 
 80

U E

)99) CC " v $ $"$  L2 (), 
&" $ $"$" C > 0 "


N IQ
E C H
 ' )  " " $"$ Cc () " )  " " $  i {1, ..., N }' $ 

T


xi
O LY
v(x) (x) dx CL2 () ,
;
<

" -/
  $ /
, P

LE

 v

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

  
  $

U E
%9,*:10.1',*C  L  8  ) 
N IQ


EC H
Y T L() = v(x) (x) dx.

POL
xi

3  L() , ) 

 
 Cc ()A  Q ? ,  ;
<A 

LE

   L  
 ? 
  8  L2 ()  Cc ()  

C O
 L2 () ,  5   9 8A ,  ;
< 
. 
  8
 L  
 
 L2 () 9 .

5  -   
+FA  
 8 (wi ) L2 ()  


L() = wi (x)(x) dx,

 
 
. 
 v  .0 
 80  L2 ()

E
>)0+'+) CC ) = (0, 1) " 
 

  x
 


 



U
IQ

 L2 () 



  > 1/2

H N
>)0+'+) CC )  
  " 
 $
   
 (
C 1

 


 


 



 L2 ()

Y T EC
POL
>)0+'+) CC )  
  " 
 $
  C 1 
 

 


  
$
 
 


 



 L2 ()

O L E
@ 
.
 
 0 

  .



C " $ $"$ 

0,3,:'1',* CC v L2 () -/
  $ /
 " "


  " "  - )"

 /
 ' ) 
v
1 i N ' $" $

,
' ) 
#  )$" $$&  ' 
&" $ $"$" C "

   v(x) = C ) 
xi

)" " $ "" )$" $$&,

%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
 Cc ()A   


v(x) (x) dx = 0. ;<
xi

 Q =] , +[N
 
0 
. 
  ;.  > 0<A   (t)
Cc (, +)  

U E
 +

N IQ
H
(t) dt = 1.

*
 
 8 Cc (Q)


 )
T E C
 xi 
O L
 +Y 

P  
(x , s) ds (x , t) dt,

OLE
(x , xi ) = (t)
 

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   

 
  
$
 !
 -"

U E

.   x = (x , xi ) 
 x R 

N
N 1
IQ
 xi R @ .) 8 

 
 ? Cc (Q)  


EC H

LY T  +
(x , s) ds (x , xi ).
O
(x , xi ) = (xi )

P
xi 

LE
3.
  8 ,
 ;< .
O
C    
+
v(x)(x) dx = v(x)(xi ) (x , s) ds dx dxi

Q

Q
 
+

= (x , s) v(x , xi )(xi ) dxi dx ds
Q 

Q 
  2
0 '  

A  
'
    
  +
U E
IQ
v(x) = v(x , s)(s) ds,


H N
EC
,6?6  
 v     xi  Q 9   
 
 


T
  xi A  0  
 v(x)    Q ' 
 


Y
POL
  
 H    
. H  
 P
  
0 ;   .0< 
  
A  
  
 
 v(x) 

O L E
  
    

C
@ 
 8   1)  
  . 80 ? 

 ( 
  8 . 
  0  .
 ;   
< ',       .  ,
 8
? .
 . 
 
 
   


%@*'1',* CC " $ $"$  $ RN $" " "
 )$"

))"$$$"  L () $ $" L2 ()N , $ "    " $ -0$
2

 $ /
 $ L2() 
&" $ $"$ w L2() "

  ' )  " "
$"$ Cc ()' $ 
 

E
(x) (x) dx = w(x)(x) dx.

 $"$ w " ))

 -0$ /
  " $"  div,
N IQ
E C H
 I
)   1)  $  
A  
 8 
A 

LY T

      ;.  '
 
<  
 ,  0
w = div    8
  . 80
  

P O
    
 
. ;  
    

 

LE

 ,<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-$ 

  
  $

U E

)99) CC " $ $"$ 
N Q$"$"
, 
&"I $2 N
"


H
L () C >0
 ' )  " " $"$ ' $ 
T E C
Cc ()

L
(x) (x) dx CL2 () ,

O LE

  " $ -0$  $ /
,

C >)0+'+) CC )  
     

 
  1
2 



 


= 1 2  " 
 $
  
 




C 1 
%



 1
2



*




 L2 () 



  






  
+ 

 




 
 "    % *'  
  
   

 
  Lp () 
 1 p + 5  
 p = 2  Lp () 

   B'    % *' #C!     

U E
IQ

v(x) (x) dx C p % 1 1
 1 < p +,
N
+  =1

H
L ()
xi p p

EC

  D(  )    AE     

 


Lp ()  Lp () % FGH!


Y T

E POL





C
L
!

 
  
O H ()
1
1

" $  -" 
%@*'1',* CC RN , )  /
- H 1 () " *$ )

H 1 () = v L2 () "
  i {1, ..., N } v
xi
L2 () , ;"<

. v
xi "
 - )"

 /
  v  $ 
 8*$"$ 9,,3,
9 #
 
 
 ,  0.  
.  ):3.+)
&!%*)0(') 
 R   
  8 ,  ) ;,6?6  
 uH 1 () )<  8 ,  ) 
. .
 H L6
U E
IQ

M  
 
  #
 0 ; 
  

N
  
< @ 
 . H     ,9

 
 " 



E C H
0,3,:'1',* CC B $ ) " 

LY T
 
P O 

LE
u, v = u(x)v(x) + u(x) v(x) dx ;$<

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   


 

  -&

U E
" 
 $
N IQ
H

 1/2

EC
 
uH 1 () = |u(x)|2 + |u(x)|2 dx

)  /
- H 1
"Y
L
() T
$ )  @
/",
P O
%9,*:10.1',*C   .  
 ;$<  0
 
   H 1 () 

LE
  ?  
 H 1 ()   
     (un )n1

O
C

  '
#  H 1 () * )     H 1 ()A (un )n1  

xi )n1 
 i {1, ..., N }   
  '
#  L () ' L ()
( un 2 2

 A     u  wi  

 un .  . u  xi . 
un

. wi  L2 () @A  )   . 80  un A 

 
 8
Cc ()A  
 
un
un (x) (x) dx = (x)(x) dx. ;&<
x i xi

* ?   n +  ;&<A  0

U E
IQ
 

N

u(x) (x) dx = wi (x)(x) dx,
xi

EC H
T
 
 
. 
 u  .0 
 80  
 wi   i6 . 
80  uA x
Y
 1A u  0 ? H 1 ()  (un )n1 .  . u 
u

POL
i
H ()
1

L E
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

    
( C 1 
 


+ 
O
C
 
 (

 

 + H 1 ()
9  N 2A  8  H 1 ()     *' +,*1'*5): *'
/,0*%):A     6 
.
>)0+'+) CC ) B 

  


RN  ) N = 2(  
 

 
u(x) = | log(|x|)|

 
 + H 1 (B)  0 < < 1/2( 
 $
 
 



*

$*
 ) N 3(  
 

  u(x) = |x|

 
 +
H 1 (B)  0 < < (N 2)/2( 
 $
 
 

 
*

$*

  , N = 1 8 LM ?  6
  8
 H 1 ()  ,:   
. RA    A  
= (0, 1)

U E

)99) CC
N IQ
  " " $"$ v H 1 (0, 1) " )  " " x, y [0, 1]' $ 
H


C
y

E
v(y) = v(x) + v  (s) ds. ;-<

LY
x
T

 0$
$"' )  " " x [0, 1]'
))
"$ v v(x)' *$  H 1 (0, 1)
O
$ R' " $ 
$ $"$    H 1 (0, 1), $ )"
' " " $"$
P
LE
v H 1 (0, 1) " $"$    [0, 1],

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-- 

  
  $

U E
N
%9,*:10.1',*C  v H (0, 1) @ )
 8 w(x) 
 [0, 1] 
1
IQ
EC

H x
v  (s) ds.
T
w(x) =

Y
POL
0
' ) 
  A  ,   '
#6 CFA
 x  

LE
 1
x

v (s) ds x 
|v (s)| ds |v  (s)|2 ds < +.
O
2

C
0 0 0

9 8A  H   

  8 w  
 
 [0, 1]
 x  
   1
x
|w(x) w(y)| = v  (s) ds |x y| |v  (s)|2 ds |x y| |v  (s)|2 ds.
y y 0

7 
 w  .0 
 80  
 w = v    Cc (0, 1) 9
 T    T = {(x, s) R2 , 0 s x 1}A  
 1
 x 
E
 1 

U
  
v  (s) (x) ds dx.

IQ
w(x) (x) dx = v (s) ds (x) dx =

N
0 0 0 T

H
* 
  2
0A  

EC
  1
 1   1
v  (s) (x) ds dx =
T
 (x) dx v  (s) ds =
Y
(s)v  (s) ds,

POL
T 0 s 0
  '
#6 CF   


E
 1

L

w(x) (x) dx v  L2 (0,1) L2 (0,1) .


C O
0

1A w  0 .0 

 80   )  w  
 1  1  1
 
w (x)(x) dx = w(x) (x) dx = (s)v  (s) ds,
0 0 0

 
 Cc (0, 1)A  
 
 
 w = v      " 
  

 w v    ?
  
 
  (0, 1)A  
 0 ;-<
3   ;-<  
 '
#6 CF  0
 
 y  1
|v(x)| |v(y)| + |y x| |v  (s)|2 ds |v(y)| + |v  (s)|2 ds,

E
x 0

      ? y

 1


IQ U
N
1
|v(x)| |v(y)| dy +
0

0

|v  (s)|2 ds

E C H

 1
|v(y)|2 dy +
LY
 1
T
|v  (s)|2 ds

2vH 1 (0,1) ,
0

P O 0

OLE
 
 
. 
 v v(x) 
 8  
 
 H 1 (0, 1)

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   


 

  -

U E
 
#
  "
 
 *  H (0, 1)
N
1
I Q 
 
  '
EC H
&   %
  %  * "
  *  H 1 (0, 1)   
 
* 
'   
 "
 "
 
 
    
 ( 
T
 %
 
  v  (   *  H 1 (0, 1)   
 
Y
POL

  v! 
 
     *
   "

 * 
H 1 (0, 1)   *
   * 
"
  
 
 *  

LE
"
 
 
   
  
     * 
 
 "
 
! .    
 
  #CC    
C O
   "
 
      * v H 1 (0, 1) "
  


     

  .  -): =,*+1',*: 0%(5-'?0): :,*1
&)*:): &.*: -!):3.+) &) ,/,-)2 H 1 () ' I
)     ,6
  0. 
 P     ,0  8

      
  8 
    
,  uH 1 ()  '    8  0
 

 L M ;.      5 

 
"
U E
  0 ,0 
  8 
 
 

 


6 
<
N IQ
4%,0?9) CC $&) &)*:'1%6
EC H
 " $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1 ' 
T
/$  = RN+ '  $  = RN ' 
 Cc () " $ $ H 1 (),
Y
POL
 
5 
" ;
, 
     
< 

E +    6 {x

. ?    + 
   RN

L
RN  
 xN > 0}
O
C
)9.0;5) CC , Cc () 
    H 1 ()  
  86
 
   C ? 
 0 ;
<   8  9

A   0A 
  8  C ()  
 
6
 0A   Cc () = C () * 
  8  Cc () 
,
   
  0  ,
. A  
 (  
 Cc () ;.  +

  < * A  ,  0A  8 
Cc () ,
 L? ,)M

)9.0;5) CC    

 ,
 
.   
   16
)
 "  ,    P   )  

 ,
 
.  
:  . 0   
 ,   
  0
 ,
. 
 
8 
  
 , 
  L M ;. 
U E
+

 $< 
 
 O
 
 

 #  

N IQ
E C H
 ,
.A  
  
I
  ; 
 0  8
 

 
.  
A .  6  ,9 

< /A

LY T
,#  
 
.  1)
 " 
 
. H (0 J ,6
 ?    8 C 1 
 H   , ? 

P O
  8 F ;. T&U< E 
     6

LE
      
A 
 8  
 ) 
  
 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  $

U E
N IQ
 ,
   
 

   
 ;R ,#  


EC H
 <    ,
. L.  M 
  


T
 
  
 

 ;.  (      
 

 
<
LY

HO


 1P
LE
1
() 0

C O 1) 

 
   0. 
 
 
6 
H 1 ()  
 
  
 
  0 .   
  
1

%@*'1',* CC " Cc ()
)  $"$  
 C   ))" )"
$ , )  /
- H01 () " *$ 
 #$  Cc () $
H 1 (),

E
@ .
 

  ;.  ' 
$< 
 H01 ()   8  
6
  H 1 () 
  =,*+1',*: ;5' :!.**5-)*1 :50 -) /,0& 



IQ U
     8  Cc () 9 A H01 ()  :10'+1)9)*1 3-5: 3)1'1

H N

 H 1 ()  Cc () 
 
6 :10'+1  Cc () ;.  5 
" 

EC
 +
 
$<       R = RN J  (A  

T
 = RN =   5 
" : 
 Cc (RN )    H 1 (RN )A
Y
POL
   H01 (RN ) = H 1 (RN ) '     

 ,
 RN ,   0 

" $O
0,3,:'1',* CC E ) " 
 9,% 
LB $ H 1 ()'
)  /
-
C
H01 () )  @
/",
%9,*:10.1',*C * ) H01 () 
 
6 8  H 1 () ;
 

   =0<A  , 

   =0

 
  
  
   ,  
6
.

0,3,:'1',* CC  $
*%(.-'1% &) ,'*+.0%6 " $  -"  RN /$ $

 $ $ "$ 
), 
&" $ $"$" C > 0 "

  ' )  " "
$"$ v H01 ()'  
|v(x)|2 dx C |v(x)|2 dx.
U E
;<

IQ

%9,*:10.1',*C *
  8 v Cc ()   I?  ,  
H N
C
* ;<   

$ *
 
    
  .

Y T
 1) 
-<A  
 
 vn Cc ()  
E

 
 8 v H01 () 9 (A  Cc ()    H01 () ;

P

O L
 

OLE
lim v vn 2H 1 () = lim |v vn |2 + |(v vn )|2 dx = 0.
n+ n+

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   


 

  

U E
9 
A   
 

N IQ
 
EC H  
lim
n+
|vn | dx =
2

LY T
|v| dx 
2
lim
n+
|vn | dx =
2

|v|2 dx.

P O
* 


$A  

O LE  

C
|vn (x)| dx C
2
|vn (x)|2 dx. ;<

@   ?   n +  

  
   ,  ;<

 0  
  ' # ,
 L M   
.
   


)9.0;5) CC ,   * ;< ,  . 

  8 
H 1 () 9 (A  8  ; 
< 
     
U E
;<      
 ,# 
6I   , 

N IQ
H
 *  
  8  H01 () ,
 
  0  ,
.

EC
;.  +
 
- 
  .   #<

Y T
POL
    ,   *   
 
. 
 8


  
. 
   H01 ()

O L E
" $  -"  /$ $  $ $ "$ 

),C

,0,--.'0) CC  RN

 $

 1/2
|v|H01 () = |v(x)|2 dx

" $ $   H01 ()  -
$" 
 $  

 $ " ) 

  H 1 (),
%9,*:10.1',*C  v H01 ()    

 1/2

E
 2 

U
|v|H01 () vH 1 () = |v| + |v| dx
2

IQ

 .  1,

 A ,   *


$ 
 ?
H N

T E C
v2H 1 () (C + 1)

O

LY|v|2 dx = (C + 1)|v|2H 1 () ,
0

P
OLE
 
 
. 
 |v|H01 () 
  
. ? vH 1 () 

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  $

U E


 2  0    -

N IQ
EC H
/
 . .

,  N 2  8  H 1 ()    


Y T
;.  6  ,9 
 < ' 
 
 8 
0A

POL
  
     .
 
 ,
 8 v H 1 () 
 L


M   9 
A  ,    .   
 )  L.


LE

0 MA 
LM  v 
  0  
 0   0 


C O

 
 2 

 
  0 
  
 
 
A 
#  
  H
 # 
 )   v| ,
 8  H 1 () '

 A    A   
.

4%,0?9) CC  $&) 10.+)6 " $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1 '  /$
= RN
+ , $ *$"
))
"$ " 0
H 1 () C() L2 () C()
;<
0 (v) = v| .
E
v

;"" ))
"$ 0  )
$0 ) $"$ " $ $ ))
"$
$ $"$ 
 H 1 () $ L2 ()' $" $ 0 , $ )"
' 
&" $ $"$" C > 0 IQ U
"

  ' )  " " $"$ v H 1 ()' $ 
H N
Y T
vL2 () CvH 1 () . EC ; <

P O L
)9.0;5) CC  4Q 
5   

 
    

L E
.
 ,
 8  H 1 () 
  0  ' 
  
0  

CO
,  . 

 8  L2 () ;.  
 ,9 
<
%9,*:10.1',*C 1  
 
  6 = RN
+ = {x
RN , xN > 0}  v Cc (RN 
+ ) 3.   x = (x , xN )A  
 +
v
|v(x , 0)|2 = 2 v(x , xN ) (x , xN ) dxN ,
0 xN

A 
 ,  2ab a2 + b2 A
  2 
+ v

|v(x , 0)|
2
|v(x , xN )| +

(x , xN ) dxN .
2 

E
0 xN

*    x A   


IQ U
  
H
2 
N
C
v
|v(x)| +
E (x) dx,
 
|v(x , 0)| dx
2 2
RN 1

LY
RN
+
T xN

,6?6  vL2 (RN ) vH 1 (RN

P O
)  *   Cc (R+ )  H (R+ )A  06
N 1 N

LE
+ +
   


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   


 

  

U E
N IQ
*

 
. 0 
   C A 

 
  
1

EC H

0 
     
  = RN +  /
   

T
 
    ;F 
< 
   H 
 

 

Y
POL
    *  6 


 5   

   
 8  H 1 () 

LE
8
  4   0 
  8   C 1 
'

C O

 


4%,0?9) CC  $,095-) &) #0))*6 " $  -" /$ 0
  

C 1,  u " v $"  $"$  H 1 ()' 

 -*$"
  
v u
u(x) (x) dx = v(x) (x) dx + u(x)v(x)ni (x) ds, ;
<
xi xi

. n = (ni )1iN "
 $
 $" &"   ,

%9,*:10.1',*C + 
  8
 ;
<   0 
  8 
U E
IQ
 C 1   '
 
 @
 ? 
.

 
   *

N
  Cc ()  H 1 () ;.  5 
"<A    
 (un )n1

.

'
 
 
EC H
 (vn )n1  Cc () 
 .   H 1 () . u  v A . 9


Y T
 

POL
vn un
un dx = vn dx + un vn ni ds. ;<
xi xi

un  u L E
@ 
  ?   n +   
    ;< 

O
xi ;.A vn  xi < .  . u  xi ;.A v
vn u

C
n

 x
v
i
<  L2 () *
  ?         ;<A 

  
  ,  0 A ,6?6  ,  ; <A 
 
,: 
 0 (un ) ;.A 0 (vn )< .  . 0 (u) ;.A
0 (v)<  L2 () @ 0   8
 ;
< 
  8 u  v 
H 1 ()

' 

5   

 0
 
   , H01 ()

,0,--.'0) CC  " $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1 , ) H01 ()
D$  -
  )  H 1 () $""   $"$   $$
$"  

/ ,
U E
%9,*:10.1',*C ' 
 8  H01 ()   ,
 
  8
N IQ
E C H
 ? Cc () 
  0 G
  
A  
  ,
 0 
 
       
 
 @  
 
 H01 () 

LY T

  
6  H 1 ()  8 
 ,
 
  0  

  
 
  
 ,
 
0      ;.

P O
 
.   *  < 
  
    ; ?

LE
 
.
5 < /
 .# ? T&UA T
"U 
 
  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  $

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC   ' 
$ : 
  #
 ,  0

EC H
  H01 ()  
 
A  0

 
 A  

T
 ,   0  ' 
   
    Im(0 ) , 

Y
POL
L2 ()A 
 
6 A   L2 ()A 
  8 L


MA   H 1/2 () *
 
  A 
 .# ? T
U

O LE
4Q 
' 
$ 
 
. 
 
   

C
* 
 ?   ,   * ' 
. 
, 
 L
.M   0 

 
    
  
      8 9 (A    0
 .
 ,   *A   
 (   ,
 
 .
 3
.
 ,     
  
A  ,  

 , 
    0 ? 
    )

510) &%9,*:10.1',* &) -. 0,3,:'1',* CC C @     
, ,    C > 0  
A 
 
 8 v H01 ()A
 
U E
|v(x)|2 dx C |v(x)|2 dx,
N IQ
H


Y  EC
 .
  
, 
 
 vn H01 ()  

T
POL
1= |vn (x)|2 dx > n |vn (x)|2 dx. ;"<

O L
9 
A ;"< 
 
  
 vn  0  H01 () * 

C

5  + 
 A  
 
6
 vn 
 .   L2 ()
1 
A ;"<  
  
 vn .  . F  L2 () ;
 < * 
A vn 
 
  '
#  H01 ()A 
 

   =0A   .   H01 () .
  v  '  
 
1
|v(x)|2 dx = lim |vn (x)|2 dx lim = 0,
n+ n+ n

  
A  .

  "A 
 v 
   
 6
    7  v  
 
  0 ; .

'

$<A v   
 
  
  * 
A
 
U E
IQ
|v(x)|2 dx = lim |vn (x)|2 dx = 1,

N
n+

 
 
   .  8 
 v = 0

T E C

LY
)9.0;5) CC         * 
 
O
P
 8 *  A   ,
 
. A 0  

LE

   C 1 A   0    
  I 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   


 

  "

U E
N IQ
N  D   
 
)   
 ;.  2
 < @
)
  V 

EC H
Y TV = {v H 1 ()  
 v = 0 
 D }.

POL
* 
5   

A   8  . 
 V 
 
6

LE
 8  H 1 ()A  
   =0 
  
  

C O
H 1 () ' 
 H01 ()A ,
       ,6
 ,
  C > 0  
 
 8 v V .) ,  
* ;<
*    8
  4
5 
"A 
 
.


 8 ,  8  ? H 1 () ' 8
, 
  
   
 
 
  
6  6
 )  H 1 ()

)99) CC
U E
" $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1 , " (i)1iI $
)""$ 0
+  ' "    #  i " $  -" 0
  

IQ
C 1 ' i j =  i = j ' " = Ii=1 i , " v $ $"$ $"
 ""$ 
N
 H 1 (),
i

EC H
#  i' vi = v| ' ))"$"  H 1 (i ),  v " $"$    ' 
 v ))"$"

Y T
POL
%9,*:10.1',*C '
  . 80  v J 
 Cc ()A  
  8
  4  
 i  


O L
E I 


C
v(x) (x) dx = vi (x) (x) dx
xj i=1 i xj
I 
 I 
vi
= (x)(x) dx + vi (x)(x)nij (x) ds
i=1 i
xj i=1 i

I 
vi
= (x)(x) dx,
i=1 i xj

     0 ,

 
 ? 
 9 (A 
   = i k

0 
 
 
 
. i  k   nij (x) = nkj (x)  A 

  v  A
 

U E
IQ
vi (x)(x)nij (x) ds + vk (x)(x)nkj (x) ds = 0.

@  
  
 v  .0 
 80  


E C H
v
=
vi

LY . T
O
xj i xj

P
OLE
9 
A  
 
 v  ? H 1 ()

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

  
  $

U E
N D IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C
N

  W *  

  I
0 ,
 
.

 
# $ 6   *  *   
 
% 
 
U E

  
% 
 (i )1iI  B

     #CI  %'
IQ
  
% i  
  
 8 
9 4

 * 
N
    
  #CI
EC H

Y T
POL
y

O L E y=xr

  W 9 ,
 
.  


>)0+'+) CC
 





 
 
 

<%





$
 
 
  $
 $
 
 *
 ) $
 R2  
 0 < x < 1

0 < y < xr

 r > 2  
7*
2 ) 
  v(x) = x  " 

U E
N IQ

v H 1 () 



  2 + r > 1(
 
v L2 () 




 2 > 1 0
  

  


 
B





<%

C H
! 

 

-  2 
*

 
 
 
  

E

 

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC
 





 
 
 $ 

 
 :
 
 

LE



 
   
L ()( $
 +
$ $


 


C > 0
2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   


 

  &

U E



(  
  v L ()( 

N IQ
EC H
T
 v| L2 () CvL2 () .

Y
POL
- 
(  % 

 

  0 



 
*
 
 *

 +  
 


 L2 ()
 
 # 0


O L3
E    
C



/
   
6 ? ,
 ,
    


      + 
 I

 X     
 0 
  ;.  ' &< 
 

 
 
 
0 ,.
   + 
 ,0 
A 
  
=0   )A  ,  . 
A  
 
 0A  


 
6
 .  ;
   
    
)A . ,9 
"<

U E
4%,0?9) CC $&) )--'+46
N IQ
 " $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1 ' 

H
 " "  " /$  H () $ ) " &" $   " $-0$" $ L2()
1

Y T EC
$ "  
$>"$ $$   H 1 () $ L2 () " )",

POL
 5 
  
 H 8
  ,
. ,  0 * A 
= RN A ,I 
  H 1 (RN )  L2 (RN ) ,   *


O L E
, .  
:     
 un (x) = u(x + ne) R e 
 .

 
  u
 8  H 1 (RN ) ;  u    e<   

C

,

 
6
  un  .   L2 (RN )

)9.0;5) CC  ,  H 1 ()  H01 ()A   

  56
 
   +  .A   
  ,    
 

,
.  


 
5 
   
   ; 8   ?
 8  2
A  
   ,3 Y .A  A
T&UA T
"U< /
  
   
  
   

LM   N = 1
%9,*:10.1',*C @   
  , N = 1 A   
U E
IQ
A  
 
 = (0, 1)  (un )n1
 
 0  H 1 (0, 1)A

N
,6?6  
,  K > 0  


E
un H 1 (0,1) K n 1.
C H
LY
1,   

A 
 
 x, y [0, 1]   T
P O 

OLE
|un (x)| CK  |un (x) un (y)| CK |x y|. ;$<

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

  
  $

U E
N IQ
;@  
 ,   '
#6 CF ? ;-<< 
 
 ; 00<

EC H
(xp )p1    [0, 1] 
     . ; A  

T
 Q [0, 1]< *
 p )A  
 un (xp )  0  R ? 
   

Y
POL
   ;$< @ 
   
 
6
 
 .   R @

 ,0    ?  
 un (x1 )   0
 
6
 un1 (x1 )

LE

 .   R *
     
6
A    n1 A
 
.

6
A    n2 A  
 un2 (x2 ) .   R ;A 0 GA   


C O
un2 (x1 ) 
 . < 9 # 
.
 
6
    A
 
A  
 
 
6
A    np A  
 unp (xp )
. A  
 unp (xk ) 
 1 k p . A  
6
 unp 
 
  
 L M ? 
 
 p    *
 . 
, ,  

 L?  MA 

 
 ,  
   3

A  
  
6
 ;   <   0  
6
A
,6?6  
,        
6
 un1 A 
 

    
 un2 A    
  p6    p6

E
unp   
  0
   um   . 
A 
 
 p 1A  

U
IQ
um (xp ) .   R

N
  x [0, 1]   > 0 ;
  < '  
 (xp )p1

H
EC
   [0, 1]A  
  xp  
 |x xp |  * 
A 
um (xp ) .   R 
 m  . ,)A   m0  
A 
 


Y T
m, m m0 A   |um (xp ) um (xp )|  * 
A  0

|um (x) um (x)|

E POL
|um (xp ) um (x)| + |um (xp ) um (xp )| + |um (xp ) um (x)|

O L  + 2CK 

C
 
 
. 
  
 um (x)   '
#  RA   .  
 

x [0, 1] * 
  .    0
A 

 
  
 um .   L2 (0, 1)

>)0+'+) CC ) = (0, 1)
un (x) = sin(2nx) " 
 



un

 
 

 L2 ()( 
 $ $





*

 -


  

( *F
+ 
 *
 
 
 
( 
(  
  Cc ()(

 1
lim un (x)(x) dx = 0,

E
n+ 0


 
 



+ H 1 ()
 

 
 

un 
IQ U


 

 
   


un 
*

 L2 () ?


H N


 1 H m ()
T E C
LY
@ 
    1) 
  ,  0. H 1 () 

O
P
8 
  m 0 8 .0 
 80 'O  


LE
. ,
 0
  = (1 , ..., N )
 95-1''*+'&)A ,6?6 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 !   


 

  

U E
IQ N

HN

 .
 ? N   . i 0 @  || = i=1 i A


 8 v A

T E C || v

LY
v(x) = (x).
x1 x
1 N

O
N

P
3    1)  
  .  80A  )  


LE

 m  . ,  m 80 J   
,
 8 v L2 ()  m 8 .0

O
C

 80  
  .  80 ,  m 1  .0
80 
   1)  
 +
 
A   ) ,

. A ,   . ,  A ? 

 
2 2
CF xi x
v
j
= xj x
v
i
A  
 I
)   v R ,   . ,
  


%@*'1',* CC   $ $" m 0'
)  /
- H m () " *$ )

 
H m () = v L2 () "
 ' - || m, v L2 () ,
U E ;&<

.
 - )"


v "  )$   $ /
,
N IQ
EC H
/
  

    .)  
 8 
.

Y T
POL
0,3,:'1',* CC B $ ) " 

E
 

O L u, v = u(x) v(x) dx ;-<

C
||m


" 
 $ uH m () = u, u'
)  /
- H m () " $ ) 
@
/",
 8  H m ()    
I
 
 

 ; 
 m     N <A   m  
:   
 8 
H m ()  
 + 
, .

 

A   ,
N = 1A  8  H 1 ()  
 /
    
 
.

    


  

 ;.    

 A 
 A ,
 
 <

U E
4%,0?9) CC  " $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1 ' "  m > N/2'

 H m() " $  ) 
$/
 C()  $"$ $"$    ,
N IQ
E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC *  
5 
 " ?
 8  ?
 .A  
  8   
 , 
  k 0  


P O
m N/2 > k A  H m () 
 
6  ,0 C k ()  8 k

LE
8 (0 
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  $

U E
N IQ
 LM
5 
 "  
 
 m   A 
  8

EC H
 H m ()  
A ,6?6  .0 


 ; 
: ,


T

.  5 
 " ?
 8 v H m ()  ?  . v

Y
POL
H m|| ()<
' 
 H 1 ()A  8 
    H m () ;


LE
,
.  
 Y .  1)
 "<  
5 
 
"    8 ? H m () /
      


C O
O 
  
   
.

4%,0?9) CC  " $  -" /$ 0
  
 C m '  /$  = RN+ '

 Cc () " $ $ H m (),
@ 
 
 0  
     8
  4 ,  

. 
 , H m () * 
  A 
 
   
  m = 2 ;
   
 
 

   
<

4%,0?9) CC
U E
" $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1 , $ *$"
))

"$ " 1
N IQ
EC H
H 2 () C 1 () L2 () C()

v ;<

T
v 1 (v) = ,
n
Y
POL

- n
v
= u n, ;"" ))
"$ 1  )
$0 ) $"$ " $ $ ))
"$

$ $"$   H 2 () $ L2 (), $ )"
' 
&" $ $"$" C > 0
L E
"

  ' )  " " $"$ v H 2 ()' $ 
O
C
 
 v 
  CvH 2 () . ; <
 n  2
L ()

%9,*:10.1',*C ,  ,  1 ;  < 

 

  5   


  8 
H 1 () 9 (A  v H 2 ()A  v H 1 ()N   
  )  
 v 
 
 8  L2 ()N  '   
 8

 0 
 A   
 0 
 n v
L2 ()

 
# ! 1 
 
% ' 
   C   
   
2

 D(    #CC $ 
   0

U E
H 2 () C() H 1 () C()

N IQ #!
H
v 0 (v) = v| ,

E C
"
     
 
   
  H 2 ()  H 1 ()
T

     0 (v)    %   1 = RN+   
 
LY
E * & %  &   .     *
 % 

  
O
P
1'% 

 %  !  "
          
 4 

LE
     
"
    
   "
 
 %

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

       

U E
 8%%9 &  * 
    
  ' I
N Q%
"

     
  "
 
*"
!
E C H
+
 %
"
  
*"
 
'
   
 %


L Y
 5   
 -    
 8  H 2 ()

O
P
8
  4   0 
  8   C 2 
'

L E " $  -" /$ 0
  
 , 

 

C O4%,0?9) CC
v H ()
1
' $ 
C2" u H 2 ()

  
u
u(x)v(x) dx = u(x) v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds. ; <
n

%9,*:10.1',*C ' ; <  . 

  8   C 2  

 8 
    H 2 ()  H 1 ()A 

 
 
 /
 .# ?  
5 
" 
 
  
U E
IQ
 
 
 
.
  
, 8

  
  , 
1 A ,6?6  ,  ; <

H N


  
 
Y T EC
POL
'  
 H    


E



O L
*

 2  

  

C
4
  2    = RN "
   
  
%
&

  C N
c (R )  

   C    ! 

RN  
 
 H 1 (RN )

nN

n
1

E
n

IQ U
1 1 2n n

H
n 2n
N
C
n n

T E

 
W 2 n  
 ;? 
<A  n  
 ;? <
Y
%  '

!  P O L

    +
  


 
 1
Cc (B) B

O L E "
  0 B
(x) dx = 1 $ 

 


C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  $

U E
8
9 N
  
  
I
N Q '



H
n (x) = n (nx) 1/n
%  J
 #C! $ 
  %

 *
C
v H 1 (RN )

Y T E 

L
vn (x) = v  n (x) = n (x y)v(y) dy,

O
RN

"
   
P   "
  $ %
 *  "
 %
 E
C vn = (v)  n vn

 !L
 ! % 
vn % %  v !  K  %  %
L2 (RN )

O
v v

     * 
  %  D( 
C
  
 
 
   1
v L2 (RN )
#!  
  & 
 *  2

L (R ) 6 
N
 
 "
& "
  

vn  "

 Cc (RN ) 
01 (x) = 1
 |x| 1 (x) = 0  |x| 2 $  n (x) = nx % J
 #C!   "
 vn
 
 vn (x) = vn (x)n (x) $ %
 *  
 "
 vn %  vn !
%  % v %  v!  L2 (RN )

 D(  #C/   

 
% 
 

    

"
   

 
%  ' %  D(  ##   
  RN 
U E
'

 "  
  
    C   
 = R   
  
    
!
 P  H () 
 H (R )
1 1
1
N

N Q


 I 

N
+


 

 
     v H 1 ()
 P v| = v
E C H
# P vL (R ) CvL ()
LY T
O
2 N 2

$ P vH (R ) CvH ()
E P
1 N 1

%  

 C > 0  
 !
  

L
CO

 D
 '     
 
 = RN+  $  x = (x , xN )
% x = (x1 , ..., xN1 ) 1 v H 1 (RN+ ) $ 



v(x , xN )  xN > 0
v(x , xN )  xN < 0.
P v(x) =

$ %
  "
 
 1 i N 1
P v
v
x
i
(x , xN )  xN > 0
(x) =
xi v
x
i
(x , xN )  xN < 0,


 "

 xN > 0
E
P v
v
(x , xN )

U
x
N
(x) =
x (x , xN )  xN < 0.

IQ
xN v 

N
N

5    %  v 

 * 
  
 ;



E C H
"
 v  %' "
 *'  4
      
 *! "

;

     *
  
     L  P v M % FC/H

  ! $  


P %   C = 2    = RN
L + !
T
    
 
    
Y
P O
1 
 
% ' 
   C 1  

 
  8 9

LE

    
 = RN+  0      .
 C/ 
 
%

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

       

U E
N IQ
EC H
LY T yN

P O 0 i Q+

OLE
y
C i Q

  W '  ,
 
. 

U E
I$Q

  
 
% 
    
%

H

 8  
9  &  
%  &  N 
 
(i )0iI
* 
Cc (RN )  "

T E C (i )0iI

O L Y 
I

E P
i Cc (i ), 0 i (x) 1, 
i (x) = 1 .

L
i=0

C
$ % 
 O
 

Pv
   
  "
 K %  (  CI  FNH!

  * 

I

Pv = Pi (i v),
i=0

: ("
 
 Pi  
    i  5  0 v  & 
  
   
 P0 (0 v)     0 v  E  (   
 ("

i {1, ..., I}  i  "
 *  i 
    * Q %
 .
 C/   J
 ##!  

wi = (i v) ( 1
i
+)
Q
% Q+ = Q RN+ .
5 * wi  & H 1 (Q+)   
 
 %   Q+ RN+  1
U E
    RN+ \ Q+  '
 * wi H 1 (RN+ ) $ 
 
N
   L wi 
 '
 * P wi H 1 (RN ) 
 
 IQ
E C H
    P "
 %  
 
 RN+ ! $ %  i   

LY i ) i .
Pi (i v) = (P w
T
P O
  
 C 1  i    %  '    
 Pi  

LE
P

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  $

U E
 

# 
  8 9
 

N IQ   "
  


E
("
 
 %"
 *   C H
 
    '
   5 

  
 
    E



 1 H(div)LY

P O
& %
L
O E
4
 

%

 
      L2 ()  
  *
H 1 ()
5   
    %   
C
 A "
 //!




 H(div)   &
 
 
H(div) = L2 ()N 
 div L2 () , #C!
% div   
    
   ' &

#(
$ %
 *  "
 
   B'      

U E
IQ

 
 !

H N
EC
'

 )
    

Y T
POL
,  = ((x) (x) + div(x)div (x)) dx ##!

L E
  
! H(div) =
O

,   H(div)  
  *

C
5  
    1'%  
  
 
    *
 
 
      "
       &  

D(  #C/!
%
&

 "  
  
    C   
 = R   
1 N
+
Cc ()N  
 
 H(div)
,     H(div)  "
     
 (    

 *
  O %    
 "
    1'% H 1 ()
0 +   & H(div)   8<9 "

 
  '   %
    
    H 1 ()!   
   
 
&    n 
 
U E
IQ
5 2   "
 0      H 1 ()  L2 () %

H N
 D(    #CC!  "
 Im(0 ) = H 1/2 () "
 
 
  
L2 () %  A "
 #CG! $ 

 H 1/2 ()     
%

 "
 E C
YT
 
vH 1/2 () = inf H 1 () 0 () = v

"
  *
   @(   
O
P L
  B'! $ 
  H 1/2 ()
   
  H 1/2

O

L
()
E
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

       "

U E
%
&

 ()   * +  , "  

N I Q 
   
H


 &
 
+
!,
C
C1 n

Y T E
H(div) C() H 1/2 () C()

%
P O L 
    - 
  

= (i )1iN


!
n () = ( n)|

E
n = (ni )1iN n

O L
 





 

 

 



  '  
H(div) H 1/2 ()

C
H(div) H 1 ()

div dx +


#/!
dx = n, 0 ()H 1/2 ,H 1/2 () .

 1 

 
% 
   C  0 C *
  *

1

     %    

%
  
div dx + dx = n ds, #N!
E


  * 
   $  "
  '  "
  8%9   
  #/!  
 "
  8 9    '

  #N! $
IQ U
N
%   "
  
    
(  #N!  '
  
 H 1 () 
H
EC
H(div)     * 
  H 1 ()  H(div)    

Y T

(  #N!  
  
       =  
 * 
 
 
       Im(0 )  H 1/2 () ,  * 

POL
        *
 #/!      n ()  
' 
  
    H 1/2 ()
E

O L
$ 
 ' - 
 
 "
%  H01 () 
  H(div) $ 
 
C

 H0 (div)  H(div)   (  Cc ()  H(div) 5 

  B' "
   
%  
!    
  *
 H(div)       



 1 W m,p ()

    
 
   W m,p () 

  m 0  


  1 p + 5   
 
   @( Lp () % #!
 #!! 5  
 %  &  A "
 #)    % *'  &
Lp () 4
 
%    
 
%



" .    
 m 0   "   W m,p
()
U E
  &
 
W m,p p

  || m,
() = {v L ()
vL p

N
()} ,
IQ #G!
%      v  
  
 
E C H
?
    
LY 1/p T
O


P
uW m,p () =  up

OLE
||m

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

  
  $

U E
 %
 "

N I Q
   

   @( 5  
m,p

 H
W ()
 
  '   "
 
 '   %    FIH!
 
   '    C
 2    1 
Y T E

 
%
' 
+
  - * 4


 
'  
 = RN = RN

L
+



E P
p<N O %
W 1,p () Lq () q [1, p ] 1/p = 1/p 1/N

O L
p=N W 1,p () Lq () q [1, +[ #)!
C  p>N W 1,p () C(),

% ; 

 & "
 %
  "
 
 
W 1,p () E C
 "
 
 
 u W 1,p
()

uE CuW 1,p () .

  
 p = 1  m = N   "
'   
      

     1'%
 

!  W (RN ) 
/


0!
 
   

 
1
U E
IQ
N,1


  
  R 
 Cb (RN )   

  u W N,1 (RN )

N
N

uL (R ) uW (R ) .
N

EC
N,1
HN #I!
T

 1 u Cc (RN ) 
 x = (x1, ..., xN )  
Y
POL
 x1  xN
N u

E
u(x) = (y) dy1 ...dyN ,

:  
O L

x1 xN

C uL (RN ) 
N u
 1 N uW N,1 (RN ) .
x1 xN L (R )

$ Cc (RN )    W N,1 (RN )        D(  ##  

 H 1 (RN )! .    '   #I! 
 
 u W N,1 (RN ) 

  * 
  Cc (RN ) 
     L (RN )    Cb (RN )  *
 
       ! . #I!  "
 "
  *  W N,1 (RN )
 
  '



 * 

A "
  
 V  
   B' V   '  *  
U E

 
 V    
D(  )    AE  
 
N IQ
0 
  
  H01 () ;

 < 
   

E C H
L2 ()  
 & L2 () 
   $ 
 
 
  
 
   1'%



$      "  
L Y   T



H01 () H 1 ()
L, H 1 ,H 1 () = L()
P O 
     
  
      ! 1
H01 ()

OLE
0

 

 L H 1 ()    

H01 ()

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

       &

U E
$ 
   

N I Q
% % FGH!
 $    

1

H
H ()

'

 
T E C
   
H 1 ()

O L Y 

N
vi
!

P
1 2
H () = f = v0 + v0 , v1 , ..., vN L () .

E
xi

L    ! 
 

  
 

i=1

C O
2!

H01 ()
 
      

N
H01 ()

L H 1 ()

L() = v0 vi dx

xi
i=1

 v0 , v1 , ..., vN L2 ()

OP &  H 1 ()  
 

 
%   % 
 
*  L2 () 
 *'  "
  % *'   .
 #C! .%
 Q
    % 
  
 "
   "
  

 %   % 
  '
  ;
 
    
U E
(  '
 

  %   %!
N IQ
EC H
 

 "  v L () .  1 i N 
  &
 
  ! 
 


2


 H    !

T
v 1

Y
()

POL
xi


v
, H 1 ,H 1 () = v

dx H01 (), #C !
E
xi 0 xi

  &
C O  
 v 

xi

H 1 ()
vL2 () .

"      ! 
 



v H 1 () v
 3
       
 L2 ()
 v
xi

 $ %
 *  "

   '    #C ! 
 * 
 
 
 H01 ()  "
  
   Li H 1 ()  "



Li () = v dx.

xi

$ %
 
 *  "
  v Li   
  L2 () 
H 1 ()  "
    %

 
  * v 
 
 
U E
IQ
% *' 
 v H 1 ()!  "
  
   
  %
& 
 *  L2 ()   Li = xv 
H N

C
i


  
 
   B' % 
   5
 0 +   
 Y 
E


 

# OP 
(     AE   "
 
 
T "
  

; 
! 
H 1 ()
L2 ()
 H01 ()

O
  
  ;

 % P
L
 $   ;&  
 
  
H01 ()


  

L2 ()

!

LE
 
%!    
   


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

  
  $

U E

 1
 H01 () Q  


%
 
 
 ! I

N
H
H ()
 
E C  

:  
   Y T
H01 () L2 () L2 () H 1 (),

OL

E P


O L '
%  +


C D
   
   ( 
  %  (  '

%  
 FNH! 1 

 %  '   (  '
 


    1'%  
  '  
   ("
  
'
   "
 ( ( "
  
     1'%
 ( % 
 
  "
 
 % ! 5
 (  '
 
 


 
 
    
  

"
    "
      "
     (
  "
 
 %  R
 
 
  *  %  ( 
E

%       
    &  '  '
 5
U
IQ

 *  
' 
 "
 
 %    "
  %

 !
'*  
 
   (  '

H N
1
 
%  RN  $  Cc () 
D()!   *   C

T EC
& 
     $
 Cc () 
 8
 9 & "



   %   Cc () $  "

 
 (n )n1  Cc ()
Y
POL
%  % Cc () 
  
  n  
   K  

O L E
 
 

  n % 
*    K % 
     D ()   8
9  D() &   * 
C
 8
9 
 D() 
   
          
 

D()    
   %  4   
 
  
D ()       


  4
 
T D ()  
  ! 
  D()
  &


lim T (n ) = T ()
n+

     (n )n1  Cc ()
 
  Cc ()  
  &
 1
$  T,  = T ()  
  
 
 '

T D () 

* D() K  
  
 8 9  

 T dx 0 +
'
 Tf  U E
 %
 "
  f 
 *    '  !   
 




N IQ
H
Tf ,  = f dx.

E C
 "
  
  *   '
  Tf f 
T
LY
$ 
 

 D () 
   %  K   "

 
 Tn D ()
* +       % T D()  
 
 D()
O
P
OLE
lim Tn ,  = T, .
n+

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 
$  

  

U E
N
5 %  
  '
 
 %  IQ    *' 


 H
 !    &
 %    
8 9
.
   
*  C

 T


D ()
Y T E    K   
T D ()

L
xi

O
T

P
,  = T,  D().

E
xi xi

L
$ %
 "
+%   % 
 '
 & "
  '

T

O
  
  %' S 5 & 
  
    '
 $
xi

C

 "
T
%

'

 
 * %' 
 "
   % 
 
f
%  %


@ -  =   % *' 
   .
 #C
  

  % 
  '
 . 
 
   Lp () 
 
 1'% H m ()   
    '
 D () 0 

 %
 "
 
  %      "
  %  

 '
    "
  *
! 0
      *

U E
% "
 
 %       "
 
!  "

IQ
 
     
      
  '

N
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

  
  $

U E
N IQ
  
H
 L () 
.0 
 80 A iA
2

EC
u

T
; . 80< u dx CL2 () Cc ()

Y
xi

POL

* 
 H 1 () 

   =0 
  


LE


O
 u, v = (u v + uv) dx

5 
" Cc ()    H 1 ()

;  <

* 
 u H01 () ; 0<

;   *< uL2() CuL2 ()

5 

u u|  


U E
IQ
;  <  H 1 ()  L2 ()

H N
EC
5 
" u, v H 1 () 
 

T
v u

Y
;8
  4< u dx = v dx + uv ni ds

POL
xi xi

O L E
' 
$
;  H01 ()<
H01 ()   
6  8  H 1 ()

 ,
 


C 5 
 
;  +<
,I  H 1 ()  L2 ()  
; 0 
<

5 


 u H (), v  H ()
2 1

u
;8
  4< vu dx = u v dx + v ds
n

  W *
 
 
    0. 
, 8
 0

P

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
LE 


O
C
    
  E
  IQ U
H N
T E C
P O LY


L E



CO
1   
  ,# 
  
 
 6
.   # 
  
'
 *
  
 
0 
   0  
    
A ,6?6  
,
 
 
A

A    G  A 
 
.
-!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--)  
'
 

  ):3.+): &)
,/,-)2 
 
' 

       

. 1   " 
 
  

  
  /
   0%:5-1.1: &!)>':1)*+) )1 &!5*'+'1%
U E
 8  , . 
   . . # 

IQ
&): :,-51',*: /
  
 
  
 9'*'9':)*1 5*) %*)0(') 
N
E C H

, .)
  0  30,30'%1%: ;5.-'1.1'2):  
 

  .
   ;

A 
< 

LY T
 "
  H    
 ,
   
 

 
  -!%-.:1'+'1% -'*%.0':%) 

  %;5.1',*: &) 1,D):  

P O
 ,  ,
   00 
  A  ,   

LE
H  
   
.

C O 
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 " 
   

U E

 -  '  

N IQ
C


'

 ) E
H
L Y T * 

O
/
    0 
  
.

LE
u = f 
;"<

C O u=0 


R 
 
. 0  , RN A  f 
  0 
 
? , L2 () , . 
 
 ;"<  
  
 
 
 
1.3) 7 0 ,
 8
 .
1
    8
 
 8
 .
6
0 
  ;"<A ,6?6  
, 8
 
.
 8 0 a(, )A


U E
8  L()A 
   =0 V  
 ;"<  
. ? J

IQ
HN
5
. u V  
 a(u, v) = L(v) 
 
 v V. ;" <

E C
 0
      
  
.  8
 .

T
LY
;" < Y  .) ,
.  . ;"< 
  

   


P O
*
 
.  8
 .  
 ,
 ;"< 


L E
8  
 v       ' 
   8

CO

 R , 
 ,   
   
 u ) 
 
 

 (
   3 ,    8
  4 ; < ;. 
 ;
&<<
 
.    
u
f v dx = uv dx = u v dx v ds. ;"
<
n
' u  8
   
   1A u = 0 
 A 

   =0 V  
 
 8 v V .) 
 v = 0 

 1  A ,  ;"
< .
 
u(x) v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx. ;"<

*
 
    
  ;"< 
   
: 
 u  v 
U E
IQ
? L2 () ;  <A  
 
      ;"< 

N


   
: 
 v  ? L2 () ;  
 
 f L2 ()<
H
C
* 
A
  0 
 ,  =0  V = H01 ()A 

T E

6  H 1 ()    ,
 
  0 

Y
9 
A  8
 .  
 ;"<  J

P O L 

OLE

. u H01 ()  
 u v dx = f v dx v H01 (). ;""<

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 

U E
N IQ
. A 
 . 8
  0   
 . ? ;""< Y ,


EC H
 
 
 
 ? ,
 8
 . 0  I
6

T
)  ;""< ,(
    J 
 ,0 A  
 

Y
POL
 ? .) 
 ;""<   0


 
A 
   

  
  ;""<  

 

0 
  ;"< ; 


LE
 ? <

C O
1.3)  7 +
   8
 .
1  
  
 .) 
  8
 . ;""<
 
 


 *
  

  5  67 


  
 .)  # .  
 
a(u, v) = u(x) v(x) dx  L(v) = f (x)v(x) dx.

@ . 8 
 ,   '
#6 CF 
 a 
 8

U E
0 
 
 H01 ()  
 L 
 8  
 
 H01 ()

IQ
1 
A  .
 ,   * ;.  ' 
 Y 
 

N
  0  ,
. <A  8 0 a  .A ,6?6  
,
H
EC
 > 0  


T


Y
POL
a(v, v) = |v(x)|2 dx v2H 1 () v H01 ().
0

O L E
' H01 () 
   =0 ;.  * 
<A 
  #6

5  67 

  8   
  


C

, 


 
 u H01 ()   8
 . ;""<

)9.0;5) CC /
 . 
  
'  
A    A
  8 0 a  #
A  
 
 
 
  56
  67  
 
 9 (A  
   8
 .6
     ,

   
  ,  ) 
1
J(v) = a(v, v) L(v) v H01 ()
2
;.  * " &< * 
A    
 J 


 

E
 
A    0
 
   8
 .
1.3)  7 
. . ,

IQ U
H N
   ;    
 <  ? .) 
, .

E C
 8
 . ;""<   0 
 0 
  ;"<A 

T
?   
   
  ;""<  

 
  ;"< 9

LY
,
 A  ,  ,  8
 .   
 ?
O
P
,
 *
     
 H     
  
 ?

LE
 8
 .A    .A    I
)  


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
' I
)   8  , 
 
  
 u   8


EC H
. ;""<  
 ;  u H 2 ()<  
 ,
. 

T

 
A  
 
 8 
   9 (A  
: ,.


Y
POL
 8
  4 ; < 
 
 A 
 v H01 ()A
 

OLE
u v dx = vu dx

C


 v = 0 
  0  @  
 

(u + f ) v dx = 0 v Cc (),

 
 
A  .

'   A 
 u = f  L2 ()A   
, 
u = f 
 
  . ;"$<

U E
1 
A  
 
. 0 
   C 1 A   5  

IQ


;

   ' 
$< : 
 
 8  H01 ()

N
H

  
 
  L2 () @  
A  
A 


T EC
u = 0 
 
 
 .

Y
;"&<

O L
@   0 
. ,
     
   ;"<
P
 ,  
 
 
  
 u  ;""<  ,
.  
A  8


L E
. .  ;  
 

  8
  4 ; < 
 

CO

 u H 2 ()< @  = u 
 
 8 ? .
 . 
L2 ()N  * ,   '
#6 CFA  
   8
 .
;""< 
A 
 
 v H01 ()A
 

v dx = f v dx CvL2 () . ;"-<

' Cc () H01 ()A ;"-< ,  ,

 
   , ,

.  80   L2 () ;.  1)  $     &< 

.)A 
 
 v Cc ()A
 
v dx = divv dx.

U E
IQ

@  
  

H N

(div + f ) v dx = 0
T E C
v Cc (),

O LY
P
 
 
A  .

'   A 
 div = f  L2 () * 6

LE

 div = u  ? L2 () ; 
 div = <A   
.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 "

U E
N IQ
,
 ;"$< @ 
.    
  ;"&<    

EC H
,
.  
   C 1   ,  
A    
 

T
.
  5   


 0 ;"&< /A   8

Y
POL
, ? H01 () 
      
   1


 
.  
A   
 ?  =,09)--)9)*1 
 u = 0 


LE

9 
 
 .   
 
.

C O
4%,0?9) CC " $  -" /$  RN , " f L2 (), 
&" $ $ 

"$ u H01 () 
 
"$ -"$$

 =,=, 8 )
' u -*
u = f )  )" " $ , " u H01 (). ;"<
 $  )) $ )
   " 0
  
 C 1 ' 
 u " 
"$ )/
+
 &
" =,  $ .
u = f )  )" " $ , u = 0 )  )" "   .

U E
@   
 u H01 ()   8
 . ;""< :,-5

IQ
1',* 2.0'.1',**)--)
0 
  ;"< *
 
     0
N
EC H
 A ,* &'0. ;5) -!5*';5) :,-51',* u H01 () &) -. =,095-.1',* 2.0'.
1',**)--) $C6 ):1 -!5*';5) :,-51',* &5 30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1): $C 6 '

Y T
  0 G I
)   5 "  

POL
 
  ;"<A 
 
 . ,0A  .)  ) ,
  
  
  
 
  L80MA ,6?6  
 
 ;
H

L E
 
    
   ,
. ,  
< @   

O
:,-51',* =.'/-)   
 
 8 
, 
 
 0

C
  8
 
  ;"< ;.  
6
 < 1 HA  
8  8
 . =,095-.1',* =.'/-)  ,


)9.0;5) CC 9 8A  

 80 
 H
 
 8   
0 f  
 
 3
 A ,
     
  
;"< 
. H .) 
  
A ,6?6  
 
 x A 

 x A . ',  
, 
 
  
 
 

 ;. 
   ' "  &<

)9.0;5) CC  8
 0       , u 
,  ;"<
5 "   *

 8 

 v  H01 () 

,.     ;H 80< ?   v  * A 
 
U E
IQ

 u H01 ()   8
 . ;""<A 
 .  
 u
 ? L2 ()
H N

E C
*
 
  0 
  ;"<  0  ;
  =  Y .

T
 1) "
<A  8
A  
  ,   ,
   
A 

LY

  
  G   ',
 
  
O
P

5  67 

  
  
 
.  


LE

. 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 " 
   

U E
" $  -" /$  ' " "I Q , ))
"$
0,3,:'1',* CC
N R f L2 ()
N

H

   " )$ 
 
"$ $  
 
"$
f L ()
C u H01 ()
2


&" $ $"$"
Y T
"

  ' E
-"$$

  =, "
$ " $"$  
)  " "
$ 2
L ()
' $ 
, $ )"
'
H 1 ()

L
C>0 f L ()
2

P O ;"<

LE
uH 1 () Cf L2 () .

C O
)9.0;5) CC ,  ;"<   
, 
 ):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(')
9  
 ,    
  X      
 ,    
 ,
   .
 #
  

,
   .
 


%9,*:10.1',*C    f u  .  *

 0  
 
 v = u   8
 . ;""<
 
|u|2 dx = f u dx.
U E
IQ

H N
@ I     ? ,   ,   '
#6 CFA   

  
   .   8 0

Y T EC
POL
u2H 1 () f L2 () uL2 () f L2() uH 1 () ,

L E
,R , 
  


O

C
/
 . I?  
  8
 .   
.
 6
 #
 ;,A  A    .
 .
  
< 9
8A  
   8
 . ;""<   
 ,
  
; 
  #
 
 
<  
 
. 
 
    *



0,3,:'1',* CC " J(v)
$0 *$ )  v H01 () )

 
1
J(v) = |v| dx
2
f v dx. ;"<
2

" u H01 ()
 
"$ $  
 
"$ -"$$

 =,=,
 u "
 
 $  )$"  $  
$0' "    IQ U
H N
J(u) = min
1
J(v).
T E C
Y
vH0 ()

O L
C) $"'  u H01 () " $ )$"  $  
$0 J(v)' 
 u "
P

 
"$ $  
 
"$ -"$$

 =,=,
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 &

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  * " &    
 
  8 
 

EC H
8 0   8
 .  #
   ,  

T
A  
   8
 .    ,  ;. 

Y
POL
6  ,9 " 
<

. ,  #

   8     

LE
,  J(v)   
0 
  0      
  
 u   
 
 ,
 
 .  ;
 


C O
.   ) J(u)   
,  8
 
 
 u< ' 
)   L
M   8
 . 
 #


 
 . 

>)0+'+) CC G $


$
%




 
 $



$ 


  

u + u = f 

;" <
u=0 

E
4
  
 


$


RN (
f L2 () " 

 
 
 

U
IQ
$
5 $

$
#



 





 
 
$%: %



 

H N
Y T EC
>)0+'+) CC )  
  
RN  G $


$
%





 
 $



$  

   

 

 E

POL

V u u = f 

;"
<

E
u=0 

O L
4 f L2 ()
V
 
  *
+ 

 
 




divV = 0

C

 

>)0+'+) CC  

 
 


%: %
 
$'

!22 " 
 

 v H01 () 

vV v dx = 0.

" 
 

  


 



 


 
E 


 
 H01 () $
*

 
1  
J(v) = |v|2 + vV v dx f v dx.

E
2

  L
M
5 "  
 
    
IQ U
N
#  , 
 , 
.

E C H
>)0+'+) CC  
+ 

 


 
 !  


LY T
$

 : 

 
 + $%:

 xN = 0 
B



f 

f (x , xN ) = f (x , xN ) " 
 

  
!

B
: 
 " 


P O

!
 

 +  

 
   + = {xN > 0}



LE

 
 
 
>

  {xN = 0}

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC N

, 
 . 
 
   0 f  ;"< 6

EC H
 ? L2 ()A 
     
  .0   


T

 
 f H 1 () ;  L8M  
<  

6
Y
POL
    
 ?     , 

 f v dx
  
 
 f, vH 1 ,H01 () ; 
 L(v)  0
 8

LE
 
 
 H01 ()< 1   A ,  u = f , 
 


,
  ,     H 1 () ;  
 
 
 

C O
<
' : 
 
   ?
   #
 6
 *     ,
  0  

 #6

8 
X 
 0
  
  
 #
8 ;
 . 
 N 1< 
 
   *
  
  
 

 A   f L2 ()   ) f H 1 () 

f, vH 1 ,H01 () = fv ds,

U E

  0
 8  
 
 H01 ()
IQ
Q 
5   



N
H

T EC
)9.0;5) CC  1 ;"< 
 .  
   
  
Y
POL
1 L MA ,6?6  
A  
 
. 
 0   
   6  '   0 
 

O L u = f 
;"<

C
u = u0 
 ,

R u0    
 ,
 8  H 1 ()A 
I
  u0  *
 #
;"<   u = u0 + uA     
 

u = f = f + u0 
;""<
u
=0 
 .

.  +
 "   
 
 ;""<  , . 
f  ? H 1 () 9 (A
 
f, vH 1 ,H01 () = f v dx u0 v dx

U E
IQ
 0
 8  
 
 H01 ()

H N


 '

 )   %

T E C

O LY
/
    0 
  
.

P
u + u = f 

LE
;"$<
u
n = g 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 

U E
N IQ
R 
 
. ;  0<  , RN A f L2 () 

EC H
g L2 () ,
  ;"$< 
 .
 R 
 . I


T

  ,  F ) ,. ;  0 <
 :
 
 
  6

Y
POL
 
  
5 " - , . 
 
 ;"$< 
0 (    ?  
6     6

LE
    
  ', 

 
  ? 
.
 
  ,

C O
1.3) 7 0 ,
 8
 .
*
 
.  8
 .  
 ,
 ;"$< 

8  
 v          
  
 u 

: 
 ) 
 
  
 (
    8
 
4 ; < ;. 
 ;
&<< 
 

E
f (x)v(x) dx = (u(x) + u(x)) v(x) dx

IQ
 
u

HN
= (u(x) v(x) + u(x)v(x)) dx (x)v(x) ds ;"&<
n

TEC

 
(u(x) v(x) + u(x)v(x)) dx
Y
= g(x)v(x) ds.

P O
/
 .
    
   /
  ;"&<   , 

L E
  ,     ,  =0 V  *
 
   

O
 
    ;"&< 
   
:    V = H 1 () ;

C

  5   


 I
) ,   0 <
9 
A  8
 .  
 ;"$<  J 
.
u H 1 ()  

  
(u v + uv) dx = gv ds + f v dx v H 1 (). ;"-<

  
. I
)    ;"-<

)9.0;5) CC   (   8

 . ;"-<


   
   /
   ;""< 

   


U E
  1 .   
     1     
 ,  
     /
 P   8  

N IQ
  ,     1   )::)*1')--) ;
<  

C H
 8  , ?
 A   
     /
 
E
?  8
 .
L T
 *.150)--) ;
<   
  ,    
 


P O
LE
1.3)  7 +
   8
 .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
1  
  
 .) 
  8
 . ;"-<

EC H
 
 


 *
  

  5  67 

T


  
 .)  # .  

Y  

POL
a(u, v) = (u v + uv) dx  L(v) = gv ds + f v dx.

LE

O
9
 ,   '
#6 CF  ? , 
5   

A

C
 .  
 a 
 8 0 
 
 H 1 ()  
 L 

8  
 
 H 1 () * 
A  8 0 a  8
. ;, 
  
,  I

  ,  F 
< 

a(v, v) = v2H 1 () v H 1 ().

' H 1 () 
   =0 ;.  * 
 <A 
  #6

5  67 

  8   
  


E

, 


 
 u H 1 ()   8
 . ;"-<

U
IQ
)9.0;5) CC  *
 #  0 
  ;"$<    R g = 0A
N
H
 
 
H  ,    
   /
  , 

EC
=0 V   ,  0   V = {v H 1 (), n
v
= 0 
 } A 


Y T

 8 v H () n ,    
  9 (A v , 
,
 8
1 v

POL
 L2 () ;  <    
, ,#       


  8  L2 () @ 
  V = {v H 2 (), n
v
= 0 
 }

O L E

  0
 
6 8  H ()  .

5   
 -
2

7 .   
 
. :
 
  J  8 0 a ,

C
 . 
 V    
  
  5  67   ,# 
  #         
   /
  
  ,  =0
1.3)  7 
. . ,

/
    8
 . ;"-< 
 .)

,  0 
 0 
  ;"$<A 
  ?  /

 
 
    
 ;.  +
 " " 
 ,
 8   #< *
  
  
 
 
 
    ,
 
.  
 
 
  

E
;.  
6 "  
  
 <

)99) CC 
IQ U
" $  -" 0
  
 C 1  RN , " f L2 () "
N
g
 "    $ $"$  H 1 (),

 
"$ u 
 
"$
H
-"$$

 =, ))"$"  H 2 (),
T E C
 
O LY
4Q 
 " 
 

  8
  4
5 



P u

LE
u(x)v(x) dx = u(x) v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds. ;"<
n

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

  

U E
N IQ

  .0 
 u H ()  v H () + 
 ,   0
2 1

EC H
 ;"<  0
  ? 

5   
 - 
 : 
 


T
u H 2 ()  .  n
u

   L2 () @ 
   ;"-<

Y
POL
 ;"< 
A 
 
 v H ()A
1

 


LE
u
(u u + f )v dx = g v ds. ;" <

O
n

C  ,  v Cc () H 1 ()  ;" <A    0 P  ,


A  .

'   A 
 u u + f = 0  L2 ()A  


   * 
A  0  
  ;" <  
A 


u
g v ds = 0 v H 1 ().
n

@ ,   H 1 ()  ,     L2 () ;.  



&<A  
 P 
 g n
u

U E
= 0  L2 ()A   
 
 
 
9 
 
 .   
 
.

N IQ
4%,0?9) CC 
EC H
" $  -" 0
  
 C 1  RN , " f L2 () "

Y T
g
 "    $ $"$  H 1 (), 
&" $ $  
"$ u H 1 ()

 
"$ -"$$

 =,, 8 )
' u ))"$"  H 2 () " " 
"$
POL
 =,%  $ .

O L
u + u = fE
)  )" " $ u
)  )" "   .
C
, =g
n

>)0+'+) CC 6 
 
$
  u H 1 () 



 




!. 
$
 
 $
*



 
uH 1 () C f L2() + gL2 () ,

4 C > 0
 



 

 
 
u, f
g 
'   
6  A  0
 ; 
   
H  ? 8
<   
 ,

 
 u H 1 ()   8

. ;"-<  ,

 :,-51',* =.'/-)
0 
  ;"$<

U E
   
    

"
 
 I Q
    (
 , "
 
%   
  "
 g  
 

 *  2
L ()

H
  *
 % /)! 
  "
  
 N "

%

1
u H ()

u + u = f
T E
"
 
    *


 
C 

  "

0  = u L2 ()N
 
O L
 Y
  
  /)! "
 



 v Cc ()

P
v dx uv dx + f v dx CvL2 ()

E

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 " 
   

U E
N Q  %
"
   
 "
    
 % I*' L2 ()

H

 .
 #N     #G! $   
C
div L2 ()


Y T E
L # "

(div u + f ) v dx = 0 v Cc (),

P O
5

L E
 "
  "
  %

$ 
 

O

div = u = f u 

%   
    4
 
   *'
L2 ()

C
 
%  
    ! 
  * 
 
1
 ##  
 
g 
 "

H(div) = L2 ()N

 & 
H(div)
 D( 
div L2 () .
##G   "
  
 
% 
   C 1     *
   
 
%
 
divv dx + v dx = n, vH 1/2 ,H 1/2 () , /!


 v H 1 ()  H(div)       /!    
  

 H 1/2 ()   
  H 1/2 () 1  v 
 * 
 
U E
IQ
8%9    
 "
    '

 v n ds 1  *


H N
/! 
  & n 
     

 H 1/2 ()! 
 H(div)
1  "
  
 &  
  /)! % = u!   
 "
  

Y T EC
 
    4
  %
        

 H 1/2 ()
 g L2 () H 1/2 ()! 5 
  '   "
   "


POL
     "
  *
 % 
   
 
    4
   ('
  
 &  .   
"
 n
u

O L E
= g 
 

C
'   
6  A  
  
  
  ;"$<

   +
 
A  g = 0A  ,  ;" <   H

  ;"< ) 
   .   
   1
/A 
        H    


  (A ? . H01 ()  H 1 ()  * 
. 

     *



0,3,:'1',* CC  " J(v)
$0 *$ )  v H 1 () )

  
1  
J(v) = |v|2 + |v|2 dx f v dx gv ds. ;" <

E
2

" u H 1 ()
 
"$ $  
 
"$ -"$$

 =,,
 u "

IQ U
 
 $  )$"  $  
$0' "   
H N
J(u) = min J(v).
T E C
Y
1
vH ()

O L
C) $"'  u H 1 () " $ )$"  $  
$0 J(v)' 
 u "
P

 
"$ $  
 
"$ -"$$

 =,,
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC  


  
  *
 


C 1  G $


EC H

$
%




 
 $



$  

  




T


 
 
 
 
7


POL
u = f 

;"
<
u
n + u = g 

O LE
4 f L2 ()
g
 


 $
  
H 1 ()   

$*
 

C

 *




-

 
vL2 () C vL2 () + vL2 () v H 1 ().

>)0+'+) CC  


  
  

 G $



$
%





 
 $



$  

  




 
 

 
 B

u = f 

u
n
=0  N
U E ;" <

IQ
u=0  D

H N
4 f L2 ()(
(N , D )
 

   




 

 




EC

N
D   
  
7*
 H 
 
C


.

Y T
POL
/
 .  
.0 
  ; I
 ,
 
,  F   ;"$<<  
    0 
 

O L E
u = f 

C
;" "<
u
n = g 


R 
 
. 0   , RN A f L2 ()  g L2 () 
:
 
.  ;" "<   ? ;"$<  
, ,
 
 

   f  g .)
 +,*&'1',* &) +,93.1'/'-'1% 9 (A   8
 . 
 , 
 
 u H 2 ()A    ,
 
 ;

0
  8
  4 ; <<   
 
f (x) dx + g(x) ds = 0. ;" $<

+
 
 
  u  
  u + C A . C RA  
 

9 8A ;" $< 
     
: , ,
 

U E
IQ
 H 1 ()A

 ? ,  ,
   +
 
A  ,
.
N
E C H
,  A   8
  ;" $< 
 
   
 ,
   
 .
 ? ,   ,
   

LY T
 ;.   ) 
  
 
 
.  .0<

P O
)9.0;5) CC  *#
A     0 ;" $< ,

LE

 +,*&'1',* &!%;5'-'/0) J f  ?
 
 .

A  g ?


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
D
  
0  *
 
, 
   
,
0 ;,6?6 

EC H

 
  ;" "<<A  8
 
  
   0 8 1

T
HA ,
 L?
   . M  ? ,0 ,  

Y
POL
8 
 , 
 
  .
  u ; 
  
A 
<

L E
4%,0?9) CC " $  -" /$ $$& 0
  
 C 1  RN , "
$O
" g L2 ()   -*$"
 $ "$  )"/
" =,%, 
&"
C f L2 ()


"$ /
 u H 1 ()  =,=' $  
 "$  $ $"$" )+,

%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
.  8
 .     

,
 ;"$<  
  
 ?
  
u v dx = gv ds + f v dx


 
 8  
 v  *
 
  ? 
    
U E
IQ
 A  
  H 1 ()    =0 V A  
  


N
  .   8 0 ' :
    
8

H
EC

A  u  
A  u + C  
 
 *
 .  .A
 . ,      .   . 
,. 

Y T
8  # 
 3
 A  

POL
 

E
V = v H 1 (), v(x) dx = 0

O L

C
  8
 .  ;" "<  J
  

. u V  
 u v dx = gv ds + f v dx v V. ;" &<

@ 
    V = H 1 ()/RA ,6?6  
 H 1 ()  
 ;   H 1 ()/R     8  H 1 ()   ?

  <
*
 
. 
  5  67  ?  8
 .6
 ;" &<A  
 #  ? .)   .   8 0
'6 ,0 Q ?
   ,   *A 
 

  ,   *6\  J   0  A  

U E
IQ
 C > 0  
A 
 
 v H 1 ()A

H
v dx
N
v m(v)L2 () CvL2 () . m(v) =

T E C dx
. ;" -<

LY
,  ;" -<         
 6
O
P
   * 
 ;
   

  < '

LE
m(v) = 0 
 
 v V A ;" -< 
. 
 vL2 () 
   V A

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

  "

U E
N IQ

. ?  

 vH 1 () A   
  8 0  .

 V 

EC H
T
2A 
  
  


  ;" &<  0
 


Y
POL

0 
  ;" "<A          6

5 "  @ 0  
 
 v V A



LE

u
g ;" <
O
(u + f )v dx = v ds.

C
n
@A 

  w H 1 ()A  8 v = w m(w)  ? V  9 

  8  ;" <A   
    8
  

m(w)  
     0 ;" $<  
 ,  u dx =

u
n
dsA  
   ;" <
 

u
(u + f )w dx = g w ds w H 1 ().
n

;" "<
IQ U
@ 
  
  ,0
 
 u .) 0  0 
 

H N
EC
>)0+'+) CC 6 
 $*
  
-
D *
 !2.

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC  


  
  

*
 ) f L2 ()
 


 





I 
 u H 1 ()
 



O L E
u v dx +


u dx

  
v dx = f v dx v H 1 ().

6 
 $



$  


  



 





J



 

 
  K ' 
 
(   

f dx = 0(

 
5+   

  K



 ' 4

 $& 
1  
 
6   
 .    0 

 
 ,
  @ 
 8   
 0

?  
 
 
A  


   E +,)J+')*1:
2.0'./-): ' #  0  
     
  

U
 ,  ,   
   
 ;    ' <A
E
,

 1  A     0 
 
N IQ

 
   
. k(x) 
 8 .0 ,
  ?

div(ku) = f 
E C H
u=0
LY T


;"
<

P O
R 
 
. 0  , RN A  f L2 () E GA  k(x) 1A 

LE

.     8    5 "  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 $ 

 " 
   

U E
" $  -" /$  , " I Q , $  ))  
 
N
0,3,:'1',* CC R N
f L ()
2

" $ $"$  /
 "H

 6$" &"  & $"$" ""
$" )"-
k(x)
0 < k k+ "

  
T C
E)  )" "
Y
L /

O 
"$
0 < k k(x) k + x . ;"
<

' 
&" $P

O L E $   =,3,
u H01 ()

C
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
.  8
 .  
 ,

;"
< 
 8  v       
  8
  4
 ,9
 
  
div(x)v(x) dx = (x) v(x) dx + (x) n(x) v(x) ds,

. = ku *
       
   1  
H01 ()    =0A   
.  8
 .  ;"
< J
 
U E

. u H01 ()  
 ku v dx = f v dx v H01 ().
N
;"
<
IQ
H


Y
EC
4Q ? ,# ;"
<  .) 
  8 0  ;"
<  

T
POL

ku v dx k + uL2 () vL2 () ,

O L
 
,  .

C
 
ku u dx k |u|2 dx uH01 () ,

. > 0 Q ? ,   * @ 

  
  5 
67 A  
  ,  ,
   
   8

. ;"
< *
  
  
 .  0
 6


0 
  ;"
<A         

5 "  

)9.0;5) CC       ,

 ;"
< 
 8 
.  J  
  ) , 


U E
IQ
div(ku) = ku k u,

H N
C
   8 ,   
   : k  .0 3
A
,
 ;"
< 
  H  k  


Y T E

P O L
9 8A 
 ,
 ;"
<  
 8  . A  
L
 80M  
 ,8 
  
 
 *
 6

LE
A    .  80    
,  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

  &

U E
N IQ
+,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 10.*:9'::',*  
 
6  
 

EC H

 
  
. ( ' 
  R (1 , 2 ) 

T

   
 
 k(x)    


Y
POL
k(x) = ki > 0 
 x i , i = 1, 2. ;"

<

LE
@  = 1 2 ,8 ;
 
  
  <  1 

C O
2 ;.  2
 "<A  ui = u|i     
 u ? i 

2
1

U E
N IQ

 " W 8  
 
6      

EC H

)99) CC
Y T
 
#!)"#+ =,33
 )/
+ =,3 "  -
$" 

POL


ki ui = f $ i, i = 1, 2,
E

  ,
L
u1 = 0
;"
<

C O


u 1 = u 2   ,
k1 u1 n = k2 u2 n   .

  & $+
0$  =,39 $" ))
 +,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 10.*:
9'::',*  
$" ,
%9,*:10.1',*C  u H01 ()  
  ;"
<A  
5
  

A   . u1 = u2 
     = ku  i = |i = ki ui
  ? i A   
 A  
  . A  ? L2 ()
3A  .

5 &A    n 
  
  
 . 1 n = 2 n 
 
+
A  

 8
 .  ;"
< 
 6
 
,  


 
 
 [  .  
 u  ;"
< @
U E
IQ
 ui H 1 (i )   
 
 
  i   H 8

N
 v H01 () 9         0
  

u1 u2


E C H  

T
u1 v dx+ u2 v dx+ k1 + k2 v ds = f v dx+ f v dx.

Y
n1 n2

L
1 2 1 2
;"
"<

P O
' n1 = n2 ,  
 ,8 P ? 
     


LE
   1,
 A  u  )  u1  1  u2 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 - 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
2 A      u1 = u2 
 
 
 u H 1 ()  .

EC H
 
 * 
A ;"
"< ,  ,
 
  8
 .6

T
 ;"
<

Y
POL
>)0+'+) CC  )  
 
K  
 


RN  

 

\ K
 *
 ) f L2 ()  
 

LE

  
 4 K
 
 



  
( $
 +


O
C
$
u 



 

 
 
 
( 




 



K 





 
  
$ $:

 





K  0






u = f 
 \ K


u=C
  K
u

ds = 0  K

n
K
u=0  ,
U E
N
4 C
 



+ 

 <
 

 





IQ
E H



 

 
 $



$  $
  (u, C)
C 
 
 %  
 A(x) = (aij (x))1i,jN T
$ 
    "
  &  

LY& "
 
 
 $ 
 "
   
*  
A

 "
 "
 
 P O

 % 
 
% 
"
!
>0

O L 
C
N


 
 /CN!

A(x) = aij (x)i j ||2 RN ,
i,j=1

 "
 
*   ' & "
 
  > 0  "

"
 
  
|A(x)| || 
 
 RN . /CG!
$ 
  


N

div(A) =

xi
aij (x)

xj
, /C)!
i,j=1

    '  
  

U E
div(Au) = f  ,

 . /CI!
N IQ
H
u=0

E C


 % ("
 
 &   
  /CI! .  
T
  
   (

 
 
 "
  
%   
LY
   
  !   
   "
  
%
O
P
A(x)   & !     A(x)   "
 

LE
   &      
 +  % 0 +     A =

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

  

U E
A +A     "
 A
s a s t

N IQ
    "
 Aa = (AAt )/2

H
= (A+A )/2

 
    "

C
T E %
Y

N
1 (aji aij )

PO L
div(Au) = div(As u) + V u Vj (x) =
i=1
2 xi
(x),

O L E
: V   
 %  %

C/0   


 


  
            
 f L2 ()
u H01 ()

$ 
     
    .(  /CI! 
 

    4
 "
 
 
 /C)! 
  
N
u
= A(x)u n = aij (x)
u
ni = 0 
 ,
E
nA xj

U
i,j=1

N IQ
: nu   %     u  & 
 /C)! 5 
 4
   
 
   %
 ("
 
"
   
  L

A


EC H
= Au    "
      
L
  
 
  ' n = 0 


Y T
POL
/0      f L () g L () 
 ! 
 !

 

2 2


E

 ,
O L div(Au) + u = f
  .
C!   $
u
nA
=g




1  
6 
 
 

  
.  
6

 .   
   1 1 
  
6
A 
 
. 0  RN  f L2 ()  5 "  8




 
 u H01 () 

u = f 
;"<
u=0 
 .

0'*+'3) &5 9.>'959

U E
N IQ
H
/
 O  
.   
. 
'  ; Q



 
' 
T E C
?  8
    N = 1 Y .  +
  <  

O LY )  )" " $ '

,P
4%,0?9) CC $0'*+'3) &5 9.>'9596 f 0

LE

 u 0 )  )" " $

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  

  8 
 

  6

EC H
8 

  .
 #
 J       ,
6

T
    
A   
( ;f 0<A  
 
 

Y
POL

I
 
   
  
 
0 ;u 0<  


 .0       ,
 
  ;"
-< ? :6
 .0  L () 
0  ,    0 ;"$< .  

LE

   /
  . 


  8 
O
C
 
 LM  ,
 ;,6?6  
 ,
 u  ? .

 R< ' 

 0   8
  ,
 u 
? .
 . ;  
  # ;""$<  ,<
%9,*:10.1',*C @
  8
 . ;""<  ;"< . v =
u = min(u, 0) 
  0 ? H01 ()  .

 "   ; u =
u+ + u < @ 
   

E

f u dx = u u dx = 1u<0 u u dx = |u |2 dx 0. ;"<

IQ U
N

7 u 0  f 0 
 
   * 
A 
   

u 0 
 
  
EC H
;"<  
A   u H01 ()   
 
 u = 0A ,6?6  


Y T
POL

)99) CC  v H01 ()' 
 v+ = max(v, 0) ))"$"  H01 () "
v + = 1v>0 v )  )" " $ ,

O L E
. 1v>0 (x) "
 $"$   - " 
 . v(x) > 0 "  

 ,
C
)9.0;5) CC  
 "    F 
  

; 
 H    
< 9
  

  6
 ,  A   
 

   
 
 
 
 
 : 
,
 8 ) L 
MA  ? H 1
 
 
6   
 
 8   
6  
 8 ? H 1
  9 (A  
   
 ? v 

 
6  v > 0  ?  
  
6  v < 0A   
  I
 
0  
,   8   
 
6  ; )  v = 0<
,  
 ;
   1)
 "< H  v 
 8 


U E
I Q

 ? 
 ' "
  v H ()   G(t) 
 * 
1

N
0
R  R   C  "
 G(0) = 0  G (t)  ' 
 R 
1 
G(v) H01 ()

E C H
(G(v)) = G (v)v   
  H01 ()  
 
  * vn Cc ()
"
 %  % v      H 1 ()  
 

 

 vn  vn
$ 
LY T
%  "
 
  % v  v %  M %   CCC  FNH!

P O

/#!
LE
|G(vn ) G(v)| sup |G (t)| |vn v| ,

O
tR

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 


U E
 %  % 
N IQ 
 .
  

2
1iN

H
G(vn ) G(v) L ()

C


v
E
G(vn ) v  vn v
/#C!
T
  
xi G (v) G (v ) G (v) + sup |G (t)| .
xi
Y
n
xi xi xi

L
tR
v
5 
O % 
|G (vn ) G (v)| x
P

i
"
 
 % 

 

!  
%  E
;  "
 
2 (sup |G (t)|) v &    
(  
L2 ()

L%   '

 %  (  CG  FNH!  
  *
xi

C O
% 

2
L ()


     ;  /#C! %  
 %
L2 ()
' K  %  %
  
 
 
  5
( 
G(vn ) "
 
   B
H01 ()
  
     
% "

w H01 ()
w = G(v)  L2 ()  "
 w
=  L2 () :  

G (v) x
v

4
   (  * t max(t, 0) 
 
  *
xi i

Gn (t) 
  
   "
 v +  & H01 () 1 G(t)
 *
 C 1 (R)  "

 t 21 , 0 G (t) 1  12 t 1, G (t) = 1  1 t.
E
G(t) = 0

IQ U
$ 
 Gn (t) = G(nt)/n 
 n 1     
  "
 Gn (v)
H01 ()  Gx(v) = Gn (v) x
n v
 .
   %
 "

H N
EC
i i

T
+ +
|Gn (v) v | sup |Gn (t) t | ,

Y
n

POL
tR

 Gn (v) %  % v+  L2 () $  

 
 
 1 i N 
E

L
Gn (v) v v v

O

xi 1 = |G (v) 1 | 1 ,
xi
v>0 v>0 0<v<1/n

C
n
xi xi
   10<v<1/n %  % "
 
  (   %   
 '
 
% "
 Gx(v) %  % 1v>0 xv  L2 () $  
  
n

  "

 Gn (v) %  % v+  H01 ()  "
 v+ = 1v>0 v
i i

>)0+'+) CC  " 
 
$


 

 v v+
  

L2 ()

 B
(
 

H 1 () 
 B
 
 

 
u = 0 



   $


u1 (0)

%(5-.0'1%
/
   
  
 ,
 0 
  


U E
Q/$
 
 
 
 .
     
 
 
 

4%,0?9) CC $&) 0%(5-.0'1%6 " $ $" , " $N

,
'
 $  
"$ H
m0 I
 -"
  

RN
))"$" 
C m+2, " f H m ()
, 8 )
'
))
"$ " E C
T "

  

$
 =,9
$"$  
u H01 ()

Y
H m+2
() f u H m ()
$ H m+2 ()

P O L
' "   
&" $ $"$" C>0

LE
uH m+2 () Cf H m () .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net




 " 
   

U E
N IQ
*   
5  
 "  $ 
5 
 "

EC H
;
  
  8  H m ()<A  0    


T
 
.   +
 " 
A ? . 
  
 80 ,
6

Y
POL
 
 .  
   8  
 8 ;

<
    


LE
,0,--.'0) CC
O
 " $  -" /$  RN  
 C m+2 '  f H m ()'
"  m > N/2' 

 
"$ -"$$

 u H01 ()  =,9 " $ 
"$
C
"  

 ))"$"  C 2 (),
$ )"
'  " $  -" /$  RN  
 C ' "  f C ()'


 
"$ u H01 ()  =,9 "   $ C (),
)9.0;5) CC     0       
 

 9 
 
 uA 
 
 0 
  
.    uA  ?
   8A   
 

1,51):  .    u  ?  H  V E GA 

U E
IQ
 
  
  .    N = 1 

  

N
[  .  .     ,
 8
   

  .  

EC H

T
)9.0;5) CC  5  
 "  $   ' "  & 
Y
POL
.0 
    
   /
    
 

  
 
 ? : .0 ;   
6

L E
" 
< 1   A  8
 I
 ? ,# 0
  . 

O
:A ,# 
  :    C m+1  ;  


C
 0 
   C m+2  
 f H m ()<
4
      D(   
 /N  
   

  
  
 
   
 "
   A "
 /C
    
 
 
 ! $    = RN   

f L2 (RN )    ' 

u + u = f  RN . /##!
6      
   0  /##! 
"
     '
4      & 
   
 
    
  
0  f  L2 (RN ) 
 % (
  
    "
 
 (( u  H 1 (RN
) & "
 
   u(x) 8 % E9 &
U E

 
 "
   R |u|2 dx %  , *
 %  /##!  K
IQ
N


% u H 1 (RN )  "

 
H N
(u v + uv) dx =
E C
f v dx v H 1 (RN ).

T
/#/!

Y
RN RN

P O L
,   
D(   ?  CC 
% "
 

"


 u H 1 (RN )  /#/! 0

   "
 & 
 
 "
 
 %

LE
;& *   (  "
  
   *
 %  


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 

U E
N I Q   

  "
 
 %  /##! 4
 
%

  

C H
  E  

 ' !6! LY T 
'  #$ " f L2 (RN )  5 
 

u H 1 (RN )
    
 
O        8 (  
2 N
f H m (RN ) m0 H m+2 (RN )

 P
H (R ) u

L E    

 "
 +
 
9 

C O h RN h = 0

Dh v(x) =
v(x + h) v(x)
|h|

"
  ' & H 1 (RN )  v H 1 (RN ) $ %
   "
 (Dh v) = Dh (v)
 "
 
 v, L2 (RN )  
 8*
     9
 
(Dh v) dx = v(Dh ) dx.

E
RN RN

.
  
"
 Dh v       /C .  *

% /#/!   v = Dh (Dh u)  "
    
  '
IQ U
 
H N
EC
 
|(Dh u)|2 + |Dh u|2 dx =

T
f Dh (Dh u) dx.

Y
RN RN

$  
  ;
P O L
O L EDh u2H 1 (RN ) f L2 (RN ) Dh (Dh u)L2 (RN ) .

C
$    /#)!   

Dh (Dh u)L2 (RN ) (Dh u)L2 (RN ) Dh uH 1 (RN ) .

.   Dh uH 1 (RN ) f L2 (RN )    

 
 1 i N 
 
 u 
Dh  f L2 (RN ) ,
xi L2 (RN )

"
  "
     /C 
 "
 x u
 & H 1 (RN ) &
"
 u H (R )
i
2 N

1
  "
 f H 1 (RN ) ? "
 x u
 
"
 
 
H 1 (RN ) 
E
i

ui + ui =
f
 RN . /#N!
IQ U
N
xi

E H
1  %             
 "

C
 & H 2 (RN ) & "
 u H 3 (RN )   %
 U%  *

T
x
% /#/! %  *  x 
 Cc (RN )
Y
i

O L
i

 
P
 

LE
u +u dx = f dx.
xi xi xi

O
RN RN

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


 

 " 
   

U E
5  2
u H (R )
N
f H (R ) 1 N

N IQ
  
     
 '
 
E C H 
/#G!


T
u u f
+ dx = dx

Y
xi xi xi

"
    %'L
RN RN

P O/#N! 
"
  $ 

 "
 /#G!   *
H 1 (RN )

 L
E

 %  ' 
"
 
 
u
xi
= ui

O  /#N!
1 N

C
H (R )
    
 
   

f H m (RN ) u H m+2 (RN ) m

%   * 
 m=1 

   # .  v L (R ) h R  h = 0
 &
 

 
 7 

2 N N

v(x + h) v(x)
Dh v(x) = L2 (RN ).
|h|

" v H 1 (RN )
 !

U E
IQ
Dh vL2 (RN ) vL2 (RN ) . /#)!
8 
!
   v L2 (RN ) 9   
 

 C  
     h = 0
H N


Y T
Dh vL (R ) C, EC
/#I!

POL
2 N

  v H 1 (RN )  e vL (R ) C      
 e RN 

2 N

O L E

 .  ' /#)! 
 v C N
c (R )   

C
 1
h
Dh v(x) = v(x + th) dt,
0
|h|

"
 ;   1
2
|Dh v(x)| |v(x + th)|2 dt.
0
6   x  %
 1   1
Dh v2L2 (RN ) |v(x + th)| dx dt 2
v2L2 (RN ) dt = v2L2 (RN ) .
0 RN 0

    /#)!  % 

 
 *  H 1 (RN )
1  v L2 (RN ) "
 %
   /#I! $  
 "
 
 
 U E
Cc (RN ) 
N IQ




Dh v dx CL2 (RN ) .

E C H
T
RN

$        


O LY 
P
LE
(Dh v) dx = v(Dh ) dx,

O
RN RN

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 
"

U E
N
    
    h = te % e R  e = 0N
IQ
 

EC H
lim Dh (x) = e (x).

Y T t0

POL
 "
   
 "
 
 1 i N  
 Cc (RN )  


L

v dx CL2 (RN ) ,
xi
O
C "
   
 "
  
   
RN

v & H 1 (RN ) %  .


#C!

   # (
 , 0"
     
    
 /C % = RN ! 
  
D(  /N $

 

   
   
         
## 1
%     .
 C/ 
 
% 
 % 
  J

##!  
 
% 
    
% (i )0iI 
   

(i )0iI  "

U E
I

N IQ
i Cc (i ), 0 i (x) 1,

EC H
i (x) = 1 .

T
i=0

Y

% 0  & 
   * 0 !  "
  
 
% i  


POL
i 1 
%  '  1 u H01 ()  

"
  /# ! 
  


  u = Ii=0 i u  %   
  (
    i u 
 

O L E
  0 u     
 
  u 6    "
 0 u   


"
  H 1 (RN ) 
C (0 u) + 0 u = f0  RN ,
% f0 = 0 (f u) 20 u u0 "
  & L2 (RN )   
  /C   
  "
 0 u H 2 (RN ) 5     

  f0     
%    /C  
 "
 f
H m ()  "
 "
 0 u H m+2 () 
   
  
   i u 

i 1  *
 ' 89  ' 
    
 = RN +  6 *
 
 
 
 
   "
   /C  
 = RN+  5



      '      (    

 "
   %
 
 &  %'   
 1
 /C! K 
 % & FGH 
   0 
  *
  "

 
  
   
   
 
 
%  
 

 
% ' 


U E
>)93-) &) :'*(5-.0'1%
N IQ
E C H
># 
   
 :'*(5-'?0):A ,6?6   
6

LY T
  ,  ,
 0  
 
.  
 
 
  56
  
 "  $   ' "  &  8
 9 
A 0 
,

P O
  
 80 ;,6?6   ? ,  0. H 1 ()< 

LE
,#    
 8 ;,6?6  
 8 .0< 
  0 /


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


$ 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
0
EC H

LY T
P O
2

OLE
2 1
0
C 1

 " W 
 
 ,  ;
  

  
 <

U E

 O   N = 2 ,A  
  
 
 

)       ;.  2
 " <
N IQ
EC H
= {(r, )  
 0 r < R  0 < < }

Y T
POL
. 0 < R < +  0 < 2 ; 
 x1 = r cos  x2 = r sin < @
 0  
0  R r = RA 1  R = 0  2  R =  '

O L E

.   LMA  
 ,  ;    0  1  2 <

  0 
  
    6 
 *#
A

C
  ,
   <  8 ,
 (  A   
   >
 ?
  ;
H ?
 @::50)  = 2 <
*

  k 1A  
  
 0 
  
.

u = 0  
u = cos k 
 0 ;""<
u
n = 0 
 1 2


u = 0  
u = sin k 
 0 ;""<

E


 1 2
U
u=0

IQ
/
 
 
  
  
  ;""<  ;""<   ,6
N
E C H
 
 
   0. H m ()A A  
   

  
  #
 .  ?  
A 
   


LY T
 

  u 
.   ,  1,
  
.
 #
 

A     ?
 D
  
A 


P O

A 
?
    J    .   
 

LE
0 
 
 ? , 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"    

 
&

U E

)99) CC 
&" $ $  
"$ /
  I
N Q $ ' $$
=,= H 1 ()
)
 

E C H
 r  k


T
k

Y
u(r, ) = cos . ;"" <

L 
"$ /
  =,= $ ' $$ )


R


 E P O
8 E' 
&" $ $  H 1 ()

O L  r  k


C
k
u(r, ) = sin . ;""
<
R
8$
  & '  k = 1 " < ' 

 0 $" u $" ) /$ 
0$'
"$     k 2  ' 

 0 $" u " $"$ 
0$,
)9.0;5) CC 
 , 
   1 
  
 0 ;""<  ;""<A  
   
   2
  


E
0  
 ? 
       " 

; 8
  


IQ U
   1 
 0  0 .    
  
 1
 2 < @  
 
A  A   
  ;""<  ;""<  
I


H N

 
 
     1 
 0  3
A  > A 

EC

  ;""<  ;""< 
. H 


T
*#
A    
  
   
,
 
Y
POL
; > <   
 
A 
 ,
  ; < 1  A 
8
 8 .    
 D
  
A
  
A 



O L E
   ) ? ,  ,    #
 1
 

  
. H ? ,    
 6#
 J ,
 A

C

   , I L8M  
.
 
L MA ,
 A 

u    A  
    .   
  
 


 ;#
A
  
.     2
 ;
< . 6
   
. 
  6H
 8  u< 9 
 
 
A
 
  
 ;
<   
   
 
  
 

1   R = 2 A ,
. 
  @::50%    " 



  
     0 ;""<  ;""<  6
   6 ,
 #   0 ;. ,9 "
&< 1
 A  :
 ,  k = 1     2
 ;
 



  
 ? , <    =.+1)50 &!'*1)*:'1% &):
+,*10.'*1): 
  
.
         )
 

U E
 

 ;.   T -U<

N

IQ
E C H
)9.0;5) CC  
 
 8
    " 

  

LY T

  6 
 J  
. H   .  

6
 ;.  2
 $-< 3I
 
  
 
 
 
 

P O
:
 
    

 ;.  +
 $
"<  
 )

LE
,H  
 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


- 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC @ 
 
     ,
   
  

EC H
1 
 1   /
 
 2 ;   A  8
   u = sin( k
2 ) 


T
0 <  
 (  
   k = 
 
    u  0

Y
POL
  
? ,  9 
A  
. 
 
 k = 1  = A
/')* ;5!'- *!B .'1 3.: &) +,'*A  
  
 '  G 
 

LE
   
  

  
   8

C O
%9,*:10.1',*C /
 
 0 ?   0 ;""< .   

  /
    ;,
 0 ;""<     
H < @   L.M    
  6 
 )
 8 u0 H 1 ()    
  0 [  . 
  
  @ .)  



r2 k
u0 (r, ) = 2 cos
R
 ?  
A ,6?6  
 u = u0 + v R v   
 ,
 0
 
U E
v = u0 

 0
N IQ ;""<
H
v=0
v

EC
n = 0 
 1 2 .

T
+
 
  .  0    
 0  0 .
Y
POL
   
  
 1  2 A ,6?6      
  .
 ;  . < ,
  = 0A 
 ' u0  ?

O L E
L2 ()A  


 
  ;""<  H 1 ()A   
 ;""<
  



 
  H 1 () >) 
 ;"" <  

C


 
 + 

2 1 1 2
(r, ) = + + .
r2 r r r2 2
 
   


2 
2
1  r  k
k 1  r  k

+ = ,
r2 r r R r2 R
 ;"" <  0 
  ;""< @ .) 
 8 
 ;"" < 
? H 1 () 2A  8

         0
(er , e )
(r, ) =

er +
1
e
U E
IQ
r r

 
 r  k


H

 
N
u =
R
1 k

cos
k

T E C
er sin
k

e

LY

A A ,  0 ? ,   0 < k <   
? , 
O
P
 k >     k =  
 ?
   
  8

LE
u = x1 V

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"
  #

   


U E

 
"  
N IQ



E C H
  #  


L Y T
/
 
 , . ?  

# ,


P O
 ,  'O      
  


LE
. .

  
 
'  ' 
    8

C O
,
   
 ,#   8     ;#6
 
  ,0  
  Y ,R   , -'*%.0':%)A
.   T
$U< @    
   ,A ,6
?6    
 
 
. 0  RN  
 8 f (x)A

 8   RN  ,
 u ; <  

 8 
 RN     
 8 .  
  8A
 e(u)A 
 
 8 ? .
  ,0   #

1  1
u uj

i

E
e(u) = u + (u)t = + ,

U
2 2 xj xi 1i,jN

N IQ
 
  
   ;
 
 8 ? .
  ,0

H
  #
< 
   ? e(u)     =%

EC
T
= 2e(u) + tr(e(u)) Id,

Y
POL
R    :  

   
 
 
*
     #
  :   .)

O L E > 0  2 + N > 0.

C
@ I
 ?   
.  0  8    
div = f 
RA  )A  .     .
  

N
ij
div = .
j=1
xj
1iN

  8 
 tr(e(u)) = divuA   
  
 
 1 i N

E


 

U
N
ui uj

IQ
+ + (divu)ij = fi  ;"""<
xj xj xi

N
j=1

C H
. fi  ui A 
 1 i N A    f  u   0 
 
E
T
RN  9 I

   
   1A  
  

LY
.A  0 
    

O
P
div (2e(u) + tr(e(u)) Id) = f 

LE
;""$<
u=0 
 .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 " 
   

U E
N
/
 
.   
  
 ,  ,

IQ
#  , 

EC H
Y T
4%,0?9) CC " $  -" /$  RN , " f L2 ()N , 
&" $

POL
$  
"$ /
 u H01 ()N  =,=%,

LE
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
.  8
 .  
 


C O

 ;"""< 
 8  vi ;
 ,
 
  0 
   
    
   1<       
 0
 N

   
ui uj vi vi
+ dx + divu dx = fi vi dx.
j=1
xj xi xj xi

@    
A 
 i   1 ? N A )  8 P 
.    8 v = (v1 , ..., vN )   )     

N
 N

1  ui


U E
IQ
ui uj vi uj vi vj
+ = + + = 2e(u) e(v).

N
xj xi xj 2 i,j=1 xj xi xj xi

H
i,j=1

T EC
' H01 ()N    =0A  0   8
 .6
 J 
. u H01 ()N  

Y
POL
  

E
2e(u) e(v) dx + divu divv dx = f v dx v H01 ()N . ;""&<

O L

C
@ .)  
 
   ;""&<  0
 
*
 
. 
  5  67 

 ?  8
 .6
 ;""&<A  
 #  ? .)   .   8
0 @      *A  

  
2
2|e(v)| dx + |divv| dx
2
|e(v)|2 dx,

. = min(2, (2 + N )) > 0 *

 A 

    0
 J 

  A B = N i,j=1 aij bij  
 

   #
A 

  
   #
 A 
  8
1 1
U E
IQ
A = Ad + Ah . Ad = A trA Id  Ah = trA Id,

N
N N
   
 Ad Ah = 0  |A|2 = |Ad |2 + |Ah |2  @  

E C H
Y
2|A|2 + ( trA)2 = 2|Ad |2 + (2 + N )|Ah |2 |A|2

L T
P O
. = min(2, (2+N ))A  
   
 
 A = e(u)  8 
 > 0

LE
, 
  J  
 
   #
 
 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"
  #

   

U E
N IQ

   > 0  (2 + N ) > 0    H 1
A 

EC H

 ,   B ;

X
  
     A

T
.   "
 6 
< 
 
  C > 0  


Y
POL
 
|e(v)|2 dx C |v|2 dx

LE

C O

 
 v H01 ()N  5A 
 ,   * ;
 A .  * 
< 
 
  C > 0  
A

 
 v H01 ()N A  
|v|2 dx C |v|2 dx.

3
A     
 ?  .
 
2
2|e(v)| dx + |divv|2 dx Cv2H 1 () .

IQ U
 5  67 

   ,  ,
   
 

N
 8
 . ;""&< 2A 
  
  



H
EC
 ;""&<  0
 

0 
  ;""$<A     

T
  
5 "  
  

Y
POL

)99) CC " $  -"  RN ,   " " $"$ v H01 ()N ' $ 
E

O L vL2 () 2e(v)L2 () . ;""-<

C
%9,*:10.1',*C  v Cc ()N  *      0

2

|e(v)| dx =
2

|v| dx +
2

v (v) dx =
t

|v| dx +
2

|divv|2 dx.

*   Cc ()  H01 ()A   

 ;""-<

>)0+'+) CC " 
 
$


 
L2 ()N 
 H01 ()N  + f
 


u( $
 


!! (
 

 

,#
0 
  ;""$< .
   
   16
 :50 1,51 -) /,0& 
 

    9 (A 

 , 

 
   
  ; A  /
< 

U E

 
0 A     .   8
 .
N IQ
E C H
. 0

 
 :     ,  

"
   A  
 
A     B ;. 

LY T
 "

6 
< + 
,  
 A  A   ,

  
   1 
 , 
0   ,

P O
  8 
     )  0 
  0  9 
A 
 

LE
0 ,  0
  
.
 
0  0  0
A 
0 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
8 
8
  
 

 
  ' 
   )
 

EC H
      
   /
 
 ,. 

LY T n = g 
 , ;""<

P O
R g 
 8 ? .
 .     /
 ;""< ,6

LE
   
 g 
 8 
 
  0   g = 0A 

 8 

O
,
   0 
 0
   J   
  0  0

C
/
      #  , .   

  H ;
    1   /
<A ,6?6 

div (2e(u) + tr(e(u)) Id) = f 
u=0 
 D ;"$<

n = g 
 N ,
R (N , D ) 
    
  
 
)  N
 D   
 ;.  2
 < ,#   
.
0 


U E
  
 
 
        
   1 J

IQ
 8

 ,   B 6 


)99) CC $
*%(.-'1% &) L,0*6
H N
" $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1 
R N

Y T EC
, 
&" $ $"$" C > 0 "

  ' )  " " $"$ v H 1 ()N ' $ 
1/2

POL
vH 1 () C v2L2 () + e(v)2L2 () . ;"$<

L E
,  ;"$< , 
 0 J  (A  0  
 

O

  .   v  
  0   8 . 
6

C
  0   .  ' ,  .
 ;"$<  . A   
 
  
 0  ;"$<   

.  
 "

 
     
  
 ;.A  A TU< /
 ,    
 
 

. 0  ,   B ;"$< 
 v  ? H01 ()N  9
(A   
 0
 "
   ,   * ;


 
. 0<  0 ,  ;"$<
, 
  ,   B   
. ,  6

A  ?  

  8 e(u)  L2 ()A
X  
 u  H 1 ()N A ? ,     
 u  L2 () ' 
   .  ,9 "
 A   I

  ?      9,52)9)*1: &) +,03: 0'('&): ,6?6  
U E
 u  
  ,  
 

N IQ
C H
>)0+'+) CC )  
 


RN  ) $


R 
 @

 
E
*
A 
 


LY T 

P O
R = v(x) = b + M x

 b RN , M = M t 


 : 
. ;"$ <

LE
" 
 
v H 1 ()N 
e(v) = 0 
 



  v R

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"
  #

   

U E
N IQ
/
 
.  
 
 
 ,  ,


EC H

  #  ,  .   
  H

4%,0?9) CC
Y T
" $  -" /$ $$& 0
  
 C 1  RN , "

POL
f L () " g L2 (N )N , $ *$"
)
2 N

LE
 
V = v H 1 ()N "
  v = 0   D . ;"$
<

C O

&" $ $  
"$ /
 u V  =,%   )$
$$" "
$"$4$"  $$ f " g,
%9,*:10.1',*C  8
 .  ;"$< ,0   

5 "
 , V A )  ;"$
<A    

   1 
 D   0
   =0  
6
8  H 1 ()N ; 
5   

< @ 0  
8
 . J 
. u V  

   

U E
IQ
2e(u) e(v) dx + divu divv dx = f v dx + g v ds v V. ;"$<

N
N

EC H
*
 
. 
  5  67 

 ?  8
 .6

T
 ;"$<A  
 #  ? .)  
 8  .

Y
POL
  8 0 3
 A  8
  
, 
  C > 0
 
A 
 
 8 v V A  

O L E vH 1 () Ce(v)L2 () . ;"$"<

C
5
 ,0 A   
 e(v)L2 () 
  
 V   
  ? .)

  
 , ,#    
 e(v)L2 () = 0 
 v = 0

 
 e(v)L2 () = 0 J  ,9 "
  
 v 
 
  A ,6?6  
 v(x) = b + M x . M = M t  @ .) 8 
A 
M = 0A    xA 
  b + M x = 0A 8
   R3 

   R2  @ v(x) = 0 
 D A 
   
 
8
  
A 
 M = 0  b = 0 1  ;"$"< 
 
 
  ;.  +
 
-<  ;"$"<  8
A  
 
 vn V
 

vn H 1 () = 1 > ne(vn )L2 () .

E
2
9 
A  
 e(vn )  .   L2 ()N  1,
 A  vn
 0  H 1 ()N A  
5  + 
 A  
IQ U

 
6
 vn 
 .   L2 ()N  ,   B
 "


H N
C

 


Y T E
vn vp 2H 1 () Cvn vp 2L2 () + e(vn ) e(vp )2L2 () ,

P O L
,R , 
 
  
 vn   '
#  H 1 ()N A  .  .

LE

  v 
 .) e(v )L2 () = 0 '  ,  ,
   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ

 
    
 v = 0A  
 
   .  8 

vn H 1 () = 1

EC H
T
,   8
 . ;"$< 
 
. ,


Y
POL
;"$<  00 ?  
 
 . 8    
5
"  
   .   
   /
 2A ,6

LE
 (f, g) u   *
  
,  
  L2 ()N L2 ()N
 H 1 ()N A 
  v = u   8
 . ;"$< 9
6

C O
  .   8 0   I  8 A  0
-!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(')
Cu2H 1 () f L2() uL2() + gL2 (N ) uL2 () . ;"$$<
4Q ? ,   *
  
  A  
 I   
  ;"$$<  C f L2 () + gL2 (N ) uH 1 () A  
 
.  


E
)9.0;5) CC *
  #  , .    
  
U
IQ
1 ;
 /
<    H 
  
 
,.  

N
;.  5 "  $< * A ?  (
A  ,#   

EC H


 
  #  , ; 
  
 
#  

 
< /
 
 6 

 ? 

Y T
2
 "
J  ,0  8A f = 0A    
    /


POL

  8 

  8

A  1 u = 0 ?   u = e1
? 
 ' . ?    
A

A ,A 
  ?

L E

  . 
     

C

 "
W '6 

 
  

  
3 
    
A  ?    8 R  D
   ;  .     <

/
 . I?  
  8
 . ,  ,
 
 
30'*+'3) &): 10.2.5> 2'015)-:  
 *

.   A ,
U E
V  ,  &%3-.+)9)*1: v +'*%9.1';5)9)*1 .&9'::'/-):A  , 
2

 #
 L () A  
 div = f   n = g 
 N A
N IQ
H
2 N

T E C
 
  
  +,*10.'*1): :1.1';5)9)*1 .&9'::'/-): ' 
 
A  
   8
 . ;"$<   
 ,

  
 ) 
 v V 

O LY  
1 
P 

LE
J(v) = 2|e(v)|2 + |divv|2 dx f v dx g v ds. ;"$&<
2

O
N

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"
  #

   "

U E
N
9  
 J(v)     -!%*)0(') &) &%=,09.1',* IQ
1


EC H 

T
2|e(v)|2 + |divv|2 dx

Y
2

POL
  -!%*)0(') 3,1)*1')--) &): =,0+): )>1%0')50): ;
.  8 


LE

  <  

C O

f v dx
N
g v ds.

>)0+'+) CC " 
 
u V
 $
  



 




!  



  u 


  V 
$
*
J(v) 

 ! &
L
 I  
$
 

-  

>)0+'+) CC )  
  


RN   

: 


$
  

 
  
>

 !!/   
  " 
 


E
  $


f (M x + b) dx +

g (M x + b) ds = 0
IQ U
b RN , M = M t RN N

H N
EC

 
  



M

$



$  $
  


T
H 1 ()N $  
 

+ $
  $ @

 
 *
A ( 
Y
POL
! 2

E
)9.0;5) CC 
  :      
   6

O L
 
  
#  1  A  
  ,

C

.    
   #   ; 
' <

u ( + )(divu) = f 
;"$-<
u=0 
 .
,.   ;"$-<   ? ;""$<  
  
 e(u)  
 
,

     ,   B  8
   8  
 ;"$-<
, 
 
. ? ;""$<   :      x 
  
   
   /
 

 
0  1,
   .


A  
        ;""$<

>)0+'+) CC  


  
  
RN

f L2 ()N 

E
" 
 $



$  

  
! . 
 H01 ()N 
  
 $*

U
IQ
  
N 
 $ 

E
 
 %: %
 
    
 
M
 



 
 


 
> 0
2 + > 0
H N
E C
>)0+'+) CC 
 $



! .
!!  
 
  "
T
Y

 
! .
!!  
  

  
 
   *
(

O L
B
  


$
 
 


! . 


P
LE
div(u) (( + )divu) = f 
 .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
1
   
A  30,/-?9) &5 +':.'--)9)*1 .*1'3-.*A 

EC H
#  ,   )  0 

,  

T
?  
 ,
 0 
  
   '  

Y
POL
  8
     
  ,     


 ,
   

  
 
  
    

LE
00  ,0 '  

 6  
 
, 
.

C O
>)0+'+) CC
 





 

 
  
 
 : 


$
   


 

 $






 
  

 

:
%*

*
 L > 0


  ( 4
 

  

*
 
RN 1 
 
M
  


 
 
G 

  ( = (0, L)(
 x (  
x = (x , xN )

 0 < xN < L

x   



 
 


div (2e(u) + tr(e(u)) Id) = 0 

E




n = g
u 
=0
 (0, L)
 {0, L}
IQ U ;"$<

N

(n) n = 0  {0, L}

EC H
4 
  

(   

 v = (v1 , ..., vN )( v = (v  , vN )

 v  RN 1

Y T

vN R  





g
  :
@



 
A(

POL
$
 +

g  = (g1 , ..., gN 1 ) = 0
gN 

 

x 
" 
 

  

! /
 

 u = (0, ..., 0, uN ) 4 uN (x )

L E

 
  


 

O
C

 uN = 0 

u
n = gN
N

4 
 



 
 



x RN 1 

>)0+'+) CC ?

 $'

!&
 
 $
 
 
 



 :

u = 0
(n) eN = gN  (0, L).

>)0+'+) CC G $


$
%




 
 $



$ 


  
$
 
 



(u) = f 

U E
u=0
u

N IQ
;"&<

H
n = 0 
4 f L2 ()  



 
(  u H02 ()(

T E C u
H01 ()

Y
xi


|u| dx =
2

P

O L
N 
2 u 2

OLE
xi xj dx.
i,j=1

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"
  #

   &

U E
N IQ






*
  
 I  w L ()
f L2 () 
 
2

 v Cc () 
EC H 

LY T

wv dx =

f v dx,

P O

 (w) H 2 () 


 
  Cc ()

E   


 L

O
C /
 
 , . ?  

# ,

 % 
 
. 0   RN  
 8 f (x)A
 8
  RN   #  
 
 J  . u 
 
 8 .A
   p 
 
 8  9  .A  0 

   
p u = f 
divu = 0  ;"&<

u=0 

U E
N IQ
R > 0   .
D
   
 
  ;"&<   
,0
D
 A   
     0  8   6

EC H
 
   1   , 
D
  
  

Y T
)9.0;5) CC  0  % ;"&< 
   :'93-'@% ,
6

POL
 ,
 D
  .

 0 ;   < 9 (A 

E
L.M 


. ,
  D
    
  /.6 %

L
 ;.   T
-U<
O
C

(u )u + p u = f 
divu = 0  ;"& <

u=0 
 .


  .
D
  u  80A   6 (u)u  
 

 u .   0 @ 0   
  %  8
  .
? , 
    .          # 
 .

4%,0?9) CC " $  -" /$ $$& 0
  
 C 1  RN , "
f L () , 
&" $ $  
"$ /
 u H01 ()N " p L2 ()/R 
2 N

=,F 
 )$ " $   $ $"$"  "- )+ $ ,

U E
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
.  8
 .  
 

N IQ
E C H


# ;"&< 
 8  vi ;
 ,
 
  0

        
   1<A     

Y T
   
 i   1 ? N ;
 8 P  .    8

L
O
v = (v1 , ..., vN )<   
P
LE
u v dx pdivv dx = f v dx,

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 " 
   

U E
N
N IQ
.   u v = i=1 ui vi  3)        ,6

EC H
0 divu = 0A      =0  
6 
.

T
 H01 ()N  
Y
POL
V = v H01 ()N  
 divv = 0   , ;"&
<

  0
   =0  
6 8  H01 ()N  @ 
.

LE
  8
 . J
 

C O 
. u V  
 u v dx =

f v dx v V,

;"&<

 
    
V @ .)  
 
   ;"&< 
0
 
,
5  67  ?  8
 . ;"&<
    0 9 
A  .   8 0  . 
 H01 ()N ; Q ? ,   *<   V 
 
 
6 
H01 ()N 

E
   
      
  


  ;"&<  0
U
IQ

 

0 
  ;"&< 9
  :
  


N
H  
 u  
A ,6?6   ? H 2 ()N  *

H
EC
   A ;"&< 
 



Y T
(u + f ) v dx = 0 v V,

POL

E
   
   
 
 (u + f ) = 0  ,   V  L2 ()N

L
,  .  V 9 (A  . 8 
  
 8 
A A
O
C

 
 v V A  
 
v dx = divv dx = 0,

,6?6  
 ,   V  
 
    9 8 
5   + "
 
  
 ,   V [   .
,   
4Q 
5   + "
 
 
. 
  
 @ 
 
L(v) = u v dx f v dx,


  0
 8  
 
 H01 ()N
E
 
 
 V  * 
A
U
IQ
  p L2 ()A

 ?
  A  


N

L(v) = p divv dx v H01 ()N .

E C H
T

Y
2

L
   = u p Id 
  ? L2 ()N A   




P O

v dx = f v dx CvL2 () ,

OLE

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"
  #

   

U E
N IQ
 
 
. 
  
 .  80  L () A    div = f 
2 N

* 
A   
 


EC H
Y T
p u = f 
 
  . ;"&"<

POL
1,
 A  u V A divu  
  L2 ()A  
 


OLE
divu = 0 
 
  .

C
1 HA    
  ,        0

 u = 0 
 
 
 

/
 O   
  8  : 
 
  
 
.   ?    8
 . ;"&<
# 
% R  . 
V           

 ;  
, ,  8  
.   

 

E
LM  
6
 Y .  T U<

4%,0?9) CC $&) &) 4.96

IQ U
" $  -" /$ $$& 0
  

N
C 1  RN , " L $ 
$ $"$    H01 ()N ,
 L $$
   V
H
EC
 " 
$"  
&" $ $"$ p L2 () "

  

Y T 

POL
L(v) = p divv dx v H01 ()N . ;"&$<

O L E
8 )
 p " $   $ $"$"  "- )+,

C
)9.0;5) CC  *
 %  
   

 ,  


 )    
   /
 
 ,.
u
pn = g 
 , ;"&&<
n
R g 
 8 ;? .
 .<  L2 ()N  ' 
 ,A 
   /
 ;"&&< ,   
 g 
 8 
 

 0 

)9.0;5) CC *
  #  % ;"&<    H 
  6

"  $< * A  

  % 
 #  

 
A
U E

 
 
   
 #  ,  ;.  5

 ,#    

 ;,  H 
 
 
  #
N IQ
E C H
 ,< *#
A ? 
     ,0
D
 
    0 9 (A  , 

 
  % 


LY T

# 
  ;
< A  0    
A  .
D
    
 . 
.
   
 


P O
, 
    
# ; 
 .  

  ,0 

LE
8 
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

 " 
   

U E
N IQ
' 
  #  ,  
    

EC H
,  ;   &'::'3.1',* 2':;5)5:)< 
  
  %

Y T
>)0+'+) CC  ) V $



 %
 


+ 
*


 


POL
!& ) J(v) $
*

 v V 


OLE
 
1
J(v) = |v|2 dx f v dx. ;"&-<

C
2

) u V 
  



 



!& " 
 
u


 $
 
 
$
*
( $
 +

J(u) = minvV J(v)
C

 (  
 
(  u V
   
 
$
*
J(v)(

u
 
  



 



!&
1 , 
. 
  . 
     
 

  %  
 


U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC
 





 

 
  
 

 


N
 
) =
 
  

 
 *


   
(


 
-


H
EC
) = (0, L) 4 L > 0
 
*
  




 (  
 


*
 
RN 1  - x (  
x = (x , xN )

 0 < xN < L

Y T
x   



 
 


POL

p u = 0 

E


L

divu = 0 


C O




u=0
pn n
u

pn n
u
= p0 n
= pL n
 (0, L)
 {0}
 {L}
;"&<

4 p0
pL  
 
 


 " 
 

  

!&/

p(x) = p0 + xLN (pL p0 )(
u = (0, ..., 0, uN ) 4 uN
 
  


 

p0 )
 uN = (pLL 

uN = 0 

4 
 



 
 



x RN 1 

>)0+'+) CC  ?

 $'

!
 
 
 
 
>

) =

U E
!&2
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

 POL
O LE
C
    
 
U E
N IQ
.
# 
%  



EC H


,
 

Y T
POL
1   
      %-%9)*1: @*': 
   6

E
L
  

  8 
  
  
  0 
 

C O

A  
 0
 
#0
  
  .  

         
 -!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',*
*)--) 
 
 . 
       
,   0       )    ,  =0
V 
 
    8
 . 
 
6 Vh  
)  0 LM  
 Vh   ?   
 ,

# A      9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1% * 
A 

      
  Vh   ?  
  
6 Vh

 0   V  
  
 uh  Vh   8

.  F30,+4)G   
  u  V 
=
A          )  
    + '
 ;
  <

U
   A      
  .A 
AE
IQ
  ,:        "6$ ; 
  

N
E C H
   
< 3   
 
A   
  0 .  8  
      

LY T
   ). ',  
 
 0    6
 R  ( I

      


P O
 8 8     ?  
 

 ;     


LE
 .  
 
   
   
<

C O "
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
       
. 1  
    
 

EC H
 
 &!.330,>'9.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) '*1)0*)   $  

T
 ) 
  , RA       .0 

Y
POL
 

A   
   
  @ 

  
 ;0        A 8
  
 
A

LE
< 
 
 
 ;.     A   
,
<   $
   
  )   

 ;N

C O
2< @ 
    9.'--.() ;
 

 
<   &)(0%:
&) -'/)01% 
   
 

 8    ,
) @     
  
 I? 0
  
N = 1
5  
   
, 
     (
)  , )A 
   
    
A   0
,
   

  
 ,
 
 .  6
     .
 )A , )  8 ;
   <A

E
A  2
A  ;.  #  TUA T&U< *
 
   

U
IQ
     ) 
 .# ? TUA TUA T UA T UA T
UA T
"U ;. 


N
T"UA T$UA T
U 
   
    8
<



 . )


 
 
EC H
Y T
POL
/
   ? 
.
   
8 . 


'
  
   =0 V A
 8 0 


L E
 . a(u, v)A 
 8  
 L(v)A     8


O
. J

C 
. u V  
 a(u, v) = L(v) v V, ;$<

   
,  


 
   5

  67 

!.330,>'9.1',* '*1)0*)  ;$<  ?  ,  =0 V 

 
6   ) Vh A ,6?6  ?   
  J


. uh Vh  
 a(uh , vh ) = L(vh ) vh Vh . ;$ <

 
  ,  ;$ <  8     

.

" V $ )  @
/" 
' " Vh $  )  $$U E

IQ

)99) C C
*$, " a(u, v) $  /
$ $"$  " -   V ' " L(v) $ 
H N

$ $"$    V ,

))&"$ $"$ %,  " $ $  
E C

"$,  

  "" 
"$ ) " /"$ $ 
-$" $ !"+
$ 
T
" *$ )"- " !"   a(u, v) " !" ,
O LY
P
%9,*:10.1',*C ,  ,
  uh Vh A 
  ;$ <A 


LE
5

  67  
 ? Vh  *
   0 



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'


 $


 "

U E
N IQ
8 
 A  

 0 (j )1jNh  Vh   uh = N
 h
j=1 uj j A 

EC H
 Uh = (u1 , ..., uNh )  .
  RNh     uh   0 ;$ <
 
. ? J

Y T
POL

Nh

. Uh RNh  
 a uj j , i = L(i ) 1 i Nh ,

OLE
j=1

C
 
 , 
  8 ,
 # 

Kh Uh = bh , ;$
<

.A 
 1 i, j Nh A

(Kh )ij = a(j , i ), (bh )i = L(i ).

U E
 .   8 0 a(u, v) P   ) 8  

IQ
 Kh A    .0 9 (A 
 
 .
 Uh RNh A  

 Nh
2

H N
EC
 
Kh Uh Uh  
T
 u j j  C|Uh |
2
. C > 0,

Y
 j=1 

POL
 
    
.   ) ;| |    
E
O L

   RNh < 1 HA  #  a(u, v) 
   Kh  1
  
   Kh   9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1%

C

/
    ,
   O , V 
 
6 Vh  *
 A 
  I  ( u uh  R
u   
  V  ;$<  uh   Vh  ;$ < * 
.


  J   > 0    .  M > 0  
 
   8 0 a(u, v) 
 .)

a(u, u) u2 u V,
|a(u, v)| M u v u, v V

E
  
.A G ? N 'A  
     
  u 
 
  uh  I 5*'=,09%9)*1 3.0 0.33,01 .5 :,5:):3.+)
Vh     u  Vh 
IQ U
H N

)99) C C $&) %.6

"$  %, " uh 

  %,, $ 
T C
$  )
  
 #!)"#+  %,,, " u

E
O LY
P
M
u uh  inf u vh . ;$<

LE
vh Vh

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C *

 Vh V A  
A  
  8

. ;$<  ;$ <A 


EC H
Y T a(u uh , wh ) = 0 wh Vh .

POL
9  wh = uh vh  0

O LEu uh 2 a(u uh , u uh ) = a(u uh , u vh ) M u uh u vh ,

C
,R , 
 ;$<

>)0+'+) C C 6
 





0
2(  
 
(  




a(u, v)
 : 
(
 

 


M
u uh  inf u vh .

E
vh Vh

IQ U
L
 I   



 

  uh 
 2 


 
 $


*

H N
EC
2A 
   .     .A

T

 
    + 
    Vh  6
Y
POL
 h > 0 ,     ) 
 /A 
 


 ,    h 0 
 ,  ;$ < L. M . 

L E
8
 . ;$<

O$  )
  
 #!)"#+  %,,, $  ))  

C

)99) C C
&" $  ) V V $ $ V " $ ))
"$
))
 ,3%0.1)50 &!'*1)03,-.1',* "
  
rh  V $ Vh

lim v rh (v) = 0 v V. ;$"<

h0


 "#  ))&"$ -"$$

 $"$ $-0' "   

lim u uh  = 0. ;$$<
h0

%9,*:10.1',*C   > 0 *   V A   v V  

 u v 
* 
A  
 h0 > 0 ;    <  
A 
   v V A 
U E

N IQ
H
v rh (v)  h h0 .
9 .

 $ A  
T E C
O LY
u uh  Cu rh (v) C (u v + v rh (v)) 2C,

P
OLE
,R , 
  


C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'


 $


 ""

U E
N IQ
    
    $A $  $
6 
  

EC H
 ,50 ,/1)*'0 5*) .330,>'9.1',* *59%0';5) &) -. :,-51',* )>.+1) &5

T
30,/-?9) 2.0'.1',**)- $C 6H '- =.51 '*10,&5'0) 5* ):3.+) Vh &) &'9)*:',*

Y
@*') 35': 0%:,5&0) 5* :'93-) :B:1?9) -'*%.'0) .::,+'% E -!.330,>'9.1',*

POL
2.0'.1',**)--) '*1)0*) $C6 /A    Vh ,  .   8


LE

,  
  J

O
   
. 

 
 , rh  V  Vh 6

C
8 ;$"< ;R #
 V 
   8 
<A
  8
 
  

#  Kh Uh = bh  
 ;

  #       <
     )   ? 8
   L0M 
Vh  3. ,   A  

       4%

  
    



 5   - 

U E
N IQ
    4%  
 

       )

EC H
E 
, ,  ,H 

  A   
 ,
  
.
 
 ; 
 ,
  0 6< 9  

Y T
    , .   6 


POL
@ 
 
 ,  =0 V  0   )A  
 6
PA   *  "A 
, 
 0 0 (ei )i1  V  @

L E
  V   
6      0 0 ;  

O
 0  )< 
  0 G   V  9  h = 1/nA

C
 ) Vh   
6   )     (e1 , ..., en ) 26
A ,
 , rh    I   

Vh ;
   )  
 V   
  V <
5
  #   $A $  $
  8  
 
 
  
  uh .  .  
  u +

 uh  
  .  #  Kh Uh = bh R Uh   .

 Rn     uh   0 (e1 , ..., en )
7    
 
  
 . 6 
A    
4%  
  ,
   .
 

 9 (A   Kh 

, 0    LMA ,6?6  
 
  : 
 
  A  L6 MA ,6?6  
  
 



U E

#   0   0 
 
 , 

 


IQ
 
 1    .
A      )  0 
 8
N
   80 ?     4%

E C H



Y T
5    
 (
 6

L

)7

P O
        )   
   ,6

L E
  Vh   8

 H 1 (), H01 (), H 2 (), ... 

O
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"$ 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
 )  0 
   
  9.'--.()
  

EC H
  
 .   ,  .
    J  A

T
 A   ;.A  A  2
 $&< /
  


Y
POL

 )  ,
            
)
1     h  Vh  ?  1.'--) 9.>'9.-) &):

LE
9.'--): 

 
     5#

 0  Vh 
O
C

  8   
  -,+.-':% 

 


  '

 
 
  J ,
 A    h 0A , Vh
  
  
 L M    
  
 , V 
 A
 ,
 A       Kh
#  ;$
<  +0)5:)A ,6
?6  
  
   :  
 ; 
   G  

 

<
     ) 
     
 :   


 
 
 

  0 
  9  ?  0
,00    
 

U E
N
N =1 IQ
.
 -
 
 



EC H
T
*
 ) , 
 O       6

Y
POL
 ) 
  ,     
  
 =]0, 1[ 9  
     
 ,
 6

O L E
   (xj )0jn+1 ; 
     ( )A . 
' <  


C
x0 = 0 < x1 < ... < xn < xn+1 = 1.
     5*'=,09)    xj  
 A ,6?6  

1
xj = jh . h = , 0 j n + 1.
n+1
  xj  
   :,99)1: ;

<
  * 
 
 
  A 
 ,A  0   
.

u = f  ]0, 1[
;$&<
u(0) = u(1) = 0,
 
 . 
,  
 


  H01 ()  f L2 () ;. 

U E
' "< 1 
  
 
   Pk ,0  #X ? :
 ,
 .0     8
 
  ? k 

N IQ


 
 (
 P1
E C H
Y T
     ) P1  
 ,   8 06
L
 O
 
  : 
 
 
P 

LE
Vh = v C([0, 1])  
 v [xj ,xj+1 ] P1 
 
 0 j n , ;$-<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 "&

U E
 
  
6
N IQ
EC H
T
V0h = {v Vh  
 v(0) = v(1) = 0} . ;$<

Y
POL
     ) P1       ,
.    
6 $ 
 
  Vh 
V0h )

LE
 ;$-< 
;$<
O
C
vh

U E
N IQ
j

EC H
Y T
POL
x0 =0 x1 x2 xj xn xn+1=1

O L E

 $ W 7   =]0, 1[  8  0   ) P1 
C
@ 
   8  Vh 
V0h A :  
A ? ,  
8  0   
  L8 
M ) 

1 |x|  |x| 1,
(x) =
0  |x| > 1.

    
8A 
 0 j n + 1  )  8  0 ;.
 2
 $<


x xj
j (x) = . ;$<
h

U E

)99) CC ) Vh ' *$ ) %,' " $  )  H (0, 1)
N
1
I Q  
 & " (xj )0jn+1
E C H
$$ n + 2' " " " $"$ vh Vh " *$  $+ $  )  -
 

LY T

O
n+1

P x [0, 1].

LE
vh (x) = vh (xj )j (x)
j=0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"- 

 '      !

U E
8 E' V0h ' *$ ) %,' " $  ) 
N n' " I Q  $$
H01 (0, 1)
H
" " $"$ vh V0h " *$  $+ $  )  -
   & "
EC
T
(xj )1jn

Y 

POL
n
vh (x) = vh (xj )j (x) x [0, 1].

LE
j=1

%9,*:10.1',*C + 
, .

 
A  8 


C O
   C 1  
  ? H 1 () 1 Vh  V0h  0
 
6  H 1 (0, 1)     
.     
 

j (xi ) = ij A R ij   #0  B% 
 .
   i = j    ;. 
2
 $<

)9.0;5) CC  0 (j )A )  ;$<A   
 86
  Vh   .
 
 

  1     &!%-%9)*1:
@*': &)
.(0.*() /
 . 
  ?  
6 $ " 
, 
 6

 ,
  Vh 
 

 8  A  

U E
IQ
  .
A  
   .
   . @   &!%-%9)*1:

N
@*': &) )09'1) A   8   P1 A   
 ,
H
EC
Vh A )  ;$-<A  ,   )     ,  
'    ) P1  ? 
.
   ,H  

Y T
8
 . 9 (A  8  Vh    
 8 .0

POL

    [0, 1]   ,     
A H   A
,
 ;$&< ; 8  .   ,
 8  Vh 
  

L E
  1 
 

  V< 3
A   8  

O
C
,
  8  Vh   8
 . ;$ < 
  


,
 
 .
1.  0%:,-51',* 30.1';5)
0  1 ;$&<    
  ) P1   8
 . ;$ <  , 
.  J
 1  1

. uh V0h  
 uh (x)vh (x) dx = f (x)vh (x) dx vh V0h . ;$<
0 0

@  uh 
  0  (j )1jn    vh = i  
 
 
E

n 1 1
uh (xj )
0
j (x)i (x) dx =
0
f (x)i (x) dx.

IQ U
N
j=1

H



C
1
9  Uh = (uh (xj ))1jn A bh = A   
 
E
f (x)i (x) dx

T
0 1in
9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1%


O LY 

P
1
j (x)i (x) dx

LE
Kh = ,
0

O
1i,jn

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 "

U E
N IQ
 8
 .  V0h . ? 
  Rn  # 

EC H
Kh Uh = bh .

Y T
POL
'  8  0 j 
 LM 
A ,  

 j  i  
. .    
  :  Kh  
  


LE
  


O
C

 1
h1  j = i 1

2h1  j = i
j (x)i (x) dx = 1

h  j = i + 1
0
0 

   Kh    

2 1 0
1 2 1



U E
IQ
  
Kh = h1    . ;$ <

H
1 2 1

EC
0 1 2

Y T
POL
*
 0   0 bh  8
 
   
 xi+1

O L E (bh )i = f (x)i (x) dx  1 i n.

xi1

C
,.
 
 0 bh 
 H : 
0   86
 f  
 9 
   
 ?  =,095-): &) ;5.&0.150)
;
8
 ,  

< 
 
    
) bh  * A  

  8

L 
M
 xi+1

1 xi+1 + xi
(x) dx ,
xi+1 xi xi 2


 8
  LFM
 xi+1

E
1 1
(x) dx ((xi+1 ) + (xi )) ,
xi+1 xi xi 2

IQ U

0 
H N
C




E
xi+1
1 1 1 2 xi+1 + xi
xi+1 xi xi
(x) dx
6

LY
6
T
(xi+1 ) + (xi ) +
3 2
.

P O
 
  8
   
  8 :A   

LE
  
  #X

   ; 
 
 
   bh 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
f Vh <   8  
 

A   8
  

EC H
 .
   ,   O(h2 )A  O(h2 )A   O(h3 ) .

T
 

#  Kh Uh = bh     
 G
  

Y
POL
       
 ', 

 
    
  
    8  
 + 
  

LE
Kh   .0  
 $

C O
)9.0;5) CC       Kh    ?   I?
   ,
     ( ) 9 8A hKh  
    ; < ;
  1/c<
   
 
,
   
 
      . ,) /
 . ?
,9 $ 

,  ,   ,
 [ 

0,/-?9) &) )59.**C    

.       ) P1

  0  /
 
.   

U E
IQ
u + au = f  ]0, 1[

N
;$
<
u (0) = , u (1) = .

EC H
T
+ 
 ;$
<  
 


  H 1 ()  f L2 ()A , RA

Y
 a L ()  
 a(x) a0 > 0   ;.  ' "<  8


POL
. ;$ <  ,  .  J 
. uh Vh  

 1

O L E
(uh (x)vh (x)
 1
f (x)vh (x) dx vh (0) + vh (1),

C
+ a(x)uh (x)vh (x)) dx =
0 0


 
 vh Vh  9  uh 
  0  (j )0jn+1 A  8

.  Vh . ? 
  Rn+2  # 

Kh Uh = bh ,

. Uh = (uh (xj ))0jn+1 A 

 
.     

 
1   
Kh = j (x)i (x) + a(x)j (x)i (x) dx ,

E
0 0i,jn+1


1
IQ U
N
(bh )i = 0 f (x)i (x) dx  1 i n,

1
(bh )0 = 0 f (x)0 (x) dx ,

1
E C H
T
(bh )n+1 = 0 f (x)n+1 (x) dx + .

LY

 a(x) , 
 8 A   
   

O
P
,
  8
  
 
 
 .
  :    Kh

LE
; 
 ,. 8  ,   
   0 bh <

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 $

U E
N
>)0+'+) CC G
 
 %

 
   P1
 
IQ

EC H
u = f 
 ]0, 1[

Y T
POL
u(0) = , u(1) = ,


 

  

 
 
6%
%*




 
 

LE

 

 : 



 


C O
>)0+'+) CC  

 


>

  
 
 

 
a(x) = 0 
  " 
 



 : 


 

 %



   P1
 *
 " 
 $ 
 
 

: 



 
 
 
 
  

 
 1
f (x) dx = ,
0

U E




 
 

 $  

 
 



 0



IQ




 
<%
!2.

H N
EC
>)0+'+) CC G
 
 %

 E

 
  
0%
 
2
 

T


6%
 & 
 $

  %

  $

(   
 

Y
: 


+ 


 
B


Kh +  
M
  
 

POL



  
 

bh E
  "B

   


>



E
 

O L
C
>)0+'+) CC  
(n + 2) 

  

 
*
  

  
xj = j/(n + 1)  0 j n + 1



 

 
 
 
  
B



 k > 0 

+ %



 



* 

fj  6

$%: %


  


  * 
 
$
*


 : 
$

 
  



 

   
  
 L

 

%
%



  $
 : 



 $
  



 '
$
  
#
*
   .        ) P1 
 6
 , 
 
.   
   
6 $  /

) 
 ,0
 ,3%0.1)50 &!'*1)03,-.1',* rh ;   
U E
IQ
$
<

%@*'1',* CC
H N
$ ))

 )"  $")
"$ P1
))
"$
$ rh 
H 1 (0, 1) $ Vh *$' )  " " v H 1 (0, 1)' )
T E C
O LY 
n+1

P
(rh v)(x) = v(xj )j (x).

LE
j=0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
' )  0
  A  .

 

A  8 

EC H
H 1 (0, 1)  
  
 .
 
   0 ) ,6

T
 rh v ,
 8 v    8 :  
 
 [ 

Y
POL
. v 
  
  xj ;.  2
 $ < +
 
,

 , ,  ) 
 
 8  H 1 (0, 1)A   

LE

 
  8 
  H 1 (0, 1) ; 
     


<

C O
rhv

v
U E
N IQ
x0 =0 x2

EC H xn+1=1

 $
Y T
W  P1 ,
 8  H 1 (0, 1)

POL
 .        ) P1  
   
.

E
L " rh
)"  $")
"$ P1 ,   " "
CO

)99) CC $&!'*1)03,-.1',*6
' 
-*
v H (0, 1)
1

lim v rh vH 1 (0,1) = 0.
h0

8 )
'  v H 2 (0, 1)' 
 
&" $ $"$" C $ )$ $"  h "

  

v rh vH 1 (0,1) Chv  L2 (0,1) .

/
 
       
 

  
  
    
6 
 0  .  
     ) P1 
  0  1

" u H01 (0, 1) " uh V0h
 
"$  %,F " %,'
4%,0?9) CC
)"-$",
'
 "#   
$" *$ P1 $-0' "   
U E
IQ
HN
lim u uh H 1 (0,1) = 0. ;$<

C
h0

T E
8 )
'  u H 2 (0, 1)    " -  f L2 (0, 1)' 
 
&" $ $"$"
Y
C $ )$ $"  h "

  

PO L
LE
u uh H 1 (0,1) Chu L2 (0,1) = Chf L2(0,1) . ;$"<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 $

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC   
 ;$<
5 $ $  . 
 

EC H
  0 f  
 ? H 1 (0, 1) , ;$"<  


T
 .  .        ) P1  '  I6

Y
POL
   ? hA   
      ) P1 . 


LE
+
 
  5 $ $  .   .0 
  
    Kh    0 bh  .
  ' A  6

C O
    ) P1 .  
 
,
  8
  
 

 
 
 
 Kh  bh ;. T
"U<

)9.0;5) CC /
   5 $ $    ,
  
6
8A ,6?6    xj 
      [0, 1] ;
 
xj+1 xj = h<  
 
    ?    
6
8  
 ;
   1) $
<A     h   

  
  J h = max0jn (xj+1 xj )

U E
)9.0;5) CC @ 
 8
     .  ,
  
N IQ
EC H
, )   .  ,
    ( ) + 
A
,  5     A  .  ,
  
 ( )

T

   0      
 
   
. ;86
Y
POL
<           )  X   

   )  I
    ,
 $ "A  

O L E

  X   0  
    .   8 0

 
  
 ;0<  
  

C
%9,*:10.1',*C   $ "  ,
  
  . 

 $

 P   ;$< *
 0 ;$"<A  I ,6

 $  '

u uh H 1 (0,1) C inf u vh H 1 (0,1) Cu rh uH 1 (0,1) ,

vh Vh

 
   
 Q 
 $ "

/
    
 $ " 
  8  


  

U E

)99) CC  
&" $ $"$" $ )$ $"  "

  ' I
N Q" "
) 
H
C h
'
v H 2 (0, 1)

T E C
v rh vL2 (0,1) Ch2 v  L2 (0,1) , ;$$<
"
O L Y
P
LE
v  (rh v) L2 (0,1) Chv  L2 (0,1) . ;$&<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C  v C ([0, 1]) * )A , rh v 
 8

: A 
 
 x ]xj , xj+1 [A  

EC H
T



Y
v(xj+1 ) v(xj )

POL
v(x) rh v(x) = v(x) v(xj ) + (x xj )
xj+1 xj
 x  xj+1

LE
x xj
= v  (t) dt v  (t) dt

O
xj+1 xj

C
xj xj
;$-<
 
= (x xj )v (xj + x ) (x xj )v (xj + j )
 xj +x
= (x xj ) v  (t) dt,
xj +j

    8

   ) . 0 x x xj  0
j h @  
 
 ,   '
#6 CF

xj+1
2  xj+1

U E
|v  (t)| dt
IQ
|v  (t)|2 dt.
2
|v(x) rh v(x)| h2 h3 ;$<
xj

H N xj

EC
9   ;$<   ? x 
 ,. [xj , xj+1 ]A  0
 xj+1
Y T  xj+1

POL
|v(x) rh v(x)|2 dx h4 |v  (t)|2 dt,
xj xj

L E
 
A    j A   ;$$< *   
  
O
C
. 
 
 v H 2 (0, 1)    ;$&<  
 ? 8  J 

v C ([0, 1])  x ]xj , xj+1 [  

v(xj+1 ) v(xj ) 1 xj+1   
v  (x) (rh v) (x) = v  (x) = v (x) v  (t) dt
h h xj
 
1 xj+1 x 
= v (y) dy.
h xj t

. 
   A 
 '
#6 CF 
 8   
j  0 ;$&<A 
  
 .  
 
 v H 2 (0, 1)  


&" $ $"$" $ )$ $"  "

  ' )  " "

E

)99) CC C h
v H 1 (0, 1)'
rh vH 1 (0,1) CvH 1 (0,1) ,
IQ U
;$ <
"
H N
v rh vL2 (0,1) Chv  L2 (0,1) .
T E C ;$ <
8 )
' )  " " v H 1 (0, 1)' $ 
O LY
P
lim v  (rh v) L2 (0,1) = 0. ;$ <

LE
h0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 $"

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C  
.  ;$ <  ;$ <    H  
 

EC H

    v H 1 (0, 1) 5
 ,0  

Y T
POL
rh vL2 (0,1) max |rh v(x)| max |v(x)| CvH 1 (0,1) ,
x[0,1] x[0,1]

LE
 .

 

 1,
 A  rh v  :A  Q ?  

C O
;-<
 


 : 
 v  0  .  v  A  
 xj+1
(v(xj+1 ) v(xj ))2
|(rh v) (x)| dx
2
=
h
xj
 2 
xj+1 xj+1
1 
|v  (x)| dx,
2
= v (x) dx
h xj xj

 '
#6 CFA  
A    j A 
 ? ;$ < *
 0 ;$ <
   
    ;$-< ,R , 

U E
 xj+1

N IQ
|v(x) rh v(x)| 2
xj

EC H|v  (t)| dt.

Y T
POL
9 . 
A 
 '
#6 CFA      ? xA 

   j A  0 0 ;$ <

E
* ?    ;$ <   > 0 ' C ([0, 1])  

L
 H 1 (0, 1)A 
 
 v H 1 (0, 1)   C ([0, 1])  

O
C v   L2 (0,1) .

@ rh 
   
 .) ;$ <A    


(rh v) (rh ) L2 (0,1) Cv   L2 (0,1) C.

       )A  
  ;$&< 
 ? 
A 
 h 
:6
 A
 (rh ) L2 (0,1) .

* 
A         0
U E
N IQ
v  (rh v) L2 (0,1) v   L2 +  (rh ) L2 + (rh v) (rh ) L2 C,

 
 
 ;$ <
E C H

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC 6 
 $

  <%
2 

*

 


LE


>

  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$$ 

 '      !

U E


  
 (
 P2
N IQ
EC H
     ) P2  
 , 

Y T 

POL
Vh = v C([0, 1])  
 v [xj ,xj+1 ] P2 
 
 0 j n , ;$
<

LE
 
  
6

C O V0h = {v Vh  
 v(0) = v(1) = 0} . ;$ <

     ) P2     , . 6

   
6 $ 
 ?   Vh 
V0h  '
6  
 8 
A 0
  
 
, 
  ? ,  
8  0  

j+1/2
U E
IQ
1
j
H N
Y T EC
E POL
L
0

C O xj-1 xj-1/2 xj xj+1/2 xj+1

 $
W  8  0   ) P2 


 
 ,0   
    [xj , xj+1 ] ) 
xj+1/2 = xj + h/2 
 0 j n @ ) 
 
 8 LM

(1 + x)(1 + 2x)  1 x 0,
(x) = (1 x)(1 2x)  0 x 1,

0  |x| > 1,


1 4x2  |x| 1/2,
U E
IQ
(x) =

N
0  |x| > 1/2.

C H
    
8A 
 0 j n + 1  )  8  0 ;.
E
 2
 $
<


LY T

j (x) =
x xj
P O
, 0 j n + 1,  j+1/2 (x) =
x xj+1/2
, 0 j n.

LE
h h

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 $&

U E

)99) CC 
N Q$+  $  )  
) ' *$ ) %,3' " $ I ) H 1 (0, 1)
H
Vh
$$ ' " " " $"$ " *$ 
2n + 3
-
   & "
T E C
"  & 
 &
(xj )0jn+1
vh Vh
(xj+1/2 )0jn

OL  Y
n+1 
n

P
vh (x) = vh (xj )j (x) + vh (xj+1/2 )j+1/2 (x) x [0, 1].

L E' *$ ) %,9' " $  )   $$ '

j=0 j=0

8O
C" " " $"$
E' V0h H01 (0, 1) 2n + 1
" *$  $+ $  )  -
   & "
vh V0h
(xj )1jn "  & 
 & (xj+1/2 )0jn

n 
n
vh (x) = vh (xj )j (x) + vh (xj+1/2 )j+1/2 (x) x [0, 1].
j=1 j=0

)9.0;5) CC   A Vh 

  , )     ;8 
U E
IQ
+
 $  < '  8   P2 A   
 , Vh A

N
)  ;$
<A  ,   )     ,  

EC H
%9,*:10.1',*C * 
 
 Vh  V0h  0  
6

T
  H (0, 1) 
    0   
. 8 
1

Y
POL

 
 j (xi ) = ij A j+1/2 (xi+1/2 ) = ij A j (xi+1/2 ) = 0A j+1/2 (xi ) = 0
;.  2
 $
<

O L E
1.  0%:,-51',* 30.1';5)
0  1 ;$&<    

C
  ) P2   8
 . ;$ <  , 
. ? 
  R2n+1  # 

Kh Uh = bh . ;$ "<

*
   #         ,   
   (x1/2 , x1 , x3/2 , x2 , ..., xn+1/2 ) 
  8 (xk/2 )1k2n+1 A  
0 (1/2 , 1 , 3/2 , 2 , ..., n+1/2 )  V0h 
  8 (k/2 )1k2n+1  1 
0 Uh R2n+1   .
      
  uh 
 .)


2n+1

E
uh (x) = (Uh )k/2 k/2 (x) . (Uh )k/2 = uh (xk/2 ), ;$ $<
k=1

IQ U
  

H N
C

 
 

E
1 1

T
 
Kh = k/2 (x)l/2 (x) dx , bh = f (x)k/2 (x) dx .
0

LY
1k,l2n+1 0 1k2n+1

PO
 8  0 k/2 
 LM 
A   
  : 

LE
Kh   
  
   
       Kh  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$- 

 '      !

U E
  
N IQ

16/3 8/3
EC H

T
0

Y
8/3 14/3 8/3 1/3 0

L


O 0 8/3 16/3 8/3 0
P 1/3 8/3 14/3 8/3 1/3

LE
1
Kh = h      .

O     

C
0 8/3 16/3 8/3 0

0 1/3 8/3 14/3 8/3
0 8/3 16/3

+
 
    
 LM 
  0
     
 ) P1 A   
  

#  G 
  
  
 *
 .
   0 bh   
 
 H 8

 
 
 ;
8
 ,  

< 
    
  P1 
U E
4%,0?9) CC 
N IQ
" u H01 (0, 1) " uh V0h
 
"$  %,F " %,=
 
EC H
%,%' )"-$",
'
 "#   
$" *$ P2 $-0' " 

Y T
lim u uh H 1 (0,1) = 0.

L
h0

$ )$ $"  "

  P O

8 )
'     " -
u H (0, 1)
3
f H 1 (0, 1)' 
 
&" $ $"$"
C
L E
h

CO
u uh H 1 (0,1) Ch2 u L2 (0,1) .

>)0+'+) CC ' *


 

*
  
 (  
 
<%

2
 5 $   ,.     ) P2 J   

 
A   .       ;5.&0.1';5) ; . 
.    ? h2 <  
  .  
   )
P1  
  ; ? h< E G  .  
  J  # 

 8 
 ,
 ; 2n + 1 

 n 
   ) P1 <
    
 8 
  A   
       

 

     P1  +
 
   
 ,  


U E
IQ
;u H 3 (0, 1)<  ,#  

 .  
 ; 
 
< ?
 

N
 ) P2 
X 
 P1 



 !   $

E C H
LY T
/
 . 
  
 ,
 0  1 .)  

P O

 ;.  5 "  <     .   

LE
 .  , . 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 $

U E
I$Q ))  
HN
0,3,:'1',* CC  $30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 &':+0)16 f 0
)  )" " $ ]0, 1[,
'
 
"$ uh 
))&"$ -"$$


E C
%, )
 "#   
$" *$ P1 -* uh 0 $ [0, 1],
T
P O LY
%9,*:10.1',*C  uh  
  ;$< 9 .

 $ A  

LE

n

O
uh (x) = uh (xj )j (x),

C
j=1

R  8 j   8  0   ) P1  V0h  Uh =
(uh (xj ))1jn  

# 

Kh Uh = bh . ;$ &<

 8 j   8 L

M ;.  2
 $< 
  . J
 
:    
 
  
.
 Uh = (Uhj )1jn 

U E
. 
 
. 
  8 uh  . 
 [0, 1] + 
A 
 Uh0 = Uhn+1 = 0A  #  ;$ &<  
. ?

N IQ
EC H
Uhj1 + 2Uhj Uhj+1 = hbjh 
 
 1 j n. ;$ -<

Y T
 Uhj0 = minj Uhj  
    Uh J , #  

 
 

POL
A     
    j0   j0 = 0A  Uhj Uh0 = 0

O E

 
 j A  
   
   j0 1A  Uhj0 < Uh0 = 0A  

L

1
Uhn+1 = 0   
 
 j0 n ' bjh = 0 f j dx 0  # 
 f A

C
 
  
    ;$ -< 
 j0 

   
Uhj0 Uhj0 1 + Uhj0 Uhj0 +1 0,

 
 
   .    ;<  Uhj0  * 

     ) P1 .)  

 

/
 .    
6    
 
 
.  /
 
. 2%0'@)0 *59%0';5)9)*1 -): 2'1)::): &) +,*2)0()*+)
   .  0  1 ;$&<       )
.       '  , 
.

U E
IQ
((1 + x)u ) + (1 + cos(x)) u = f 
 0 < x < 1
;$ <

N
u(0) = u(1) = 0

E C H
. f (x) = cos(x) + sin(x)(1 + cos(x) + 2 (1 + x))A   
 

LY T
 u(x) = sin(x) ,    
 ,
  u uh H 1 (0,1) A 
   8  
  , A  
 ,     

P O

 u  
 9 
 ; ,  
 
 8 <   

LE
 
 ,
 I  Vh A ,6?6  
, 
 rh (u uh )H 1 (0,1) ;

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
 
 
, ,    *,09) &':+0?1)  Vh < ,H    

EC H

 , 
 
     

 rh (u uh ) = rh u uh Vh

T
; . ?      
 ,  H 1 (0, 1)  Vh <

Y
POL
@   
  rh (u uh )H 1 (0,1)  8

  h

  
  
A  5 $ $ .
 .  

LE
; h<  ,
       ) P1 A   
  5 $ 
.
 .  
 
 ; h2 <  ,
      

C O
) P2  1    , ;$ <    
 
 ( .

 h 
  2
 $ ;   
<   
    
?  
  
A        8   

8 h2  h3 . +
 
 ,
 ,
   6

   0 .
  .  .    

   ,
  8
   h @ 0. 
 
 :53)0+,*2)0()*+)A ,6?6  
   ) .  
  

  
  .
   J ,
   h2 
    P1  h3 

 P2  '   G ? ,
8
   
    
U E
IQ
 Vh 

H N
0

Y T EC
POL
10

1
10

L E
2 +
10

O
+

C
3
+
10
+
4
10 +

5 +
10 +
+
+
6
10

7
10

8
10

9
10 3 2 1 0
10 10 10 10

 $ W ' ,

 
 
 J  ;$ < /  H 1  ,

U E
 8
 h
  ;    
  ) P1 A 
N IQ
H
  
  ) P2 A       h h2  h h3 <

T E C
  
 ,  
A  #  
I
 .   .
 .

LY

 80 
  
       
   5 $ $  $ 
O
P
*
 0
 
  
A  
  0  H 1 (0, 1)

LE

 ,  ? L2 (0, 1) 9
  ,  
   


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 &

U E
  1 '   ,
N IQ

u = 6x 2 + 1/2
EC H
T

 0 < x < 1
;$
<

O
u(0) = u(1) = 0
LY
P
. 1/2    1 
 x = 1/2A   
   u(x) =

LE
1/2 |x 1/2| + x2 (1 x)

O
C
@  ,
 rh (u uh )H 1 (0,1)  8  h 
  2
 $" ; 
 
<   
     ?  
  
 ;P1 
P2
.<A
       8   
 8
h  h . @ . 
   ) P1  P2 .  ?  H
.  ? hA  
  0 8
 ?  .  h ;
H h2 <
     
 9 
A  ,#  

 H ?
  
) P2 A 
X 
 P1 A 
  

U E
0

N IQ
H
10

EC
+
+

T

+

L
+

PO
+
1
10 +

+

E
+
+

C O 10
2

3
10 3 2 1 0
10 10 10 10

 $" W ' ,

 
  
 J  ;$
< /  H 1 
,
  8
 h
  ;    
 )

E
P1 A    
  ) P2 A       h h  h h<

*
 
 ,
   2
 $  $" 
 .

 

IQ U
H
 ' A  6 ,  
A  
     

N
E C
 0
 .     
 ) ;
 H  
 . < '

T

  +,*2)0()*+) *59%0';5) 
 
 H   
. 
 ,


LY
  

A #  ; 

< 
,   ,

 
O
P
 .  ', 
.  
 # L

M  .) 
  

LE
.   ? 
 .   
:
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

 '      !

U E


  
 (
 #8
N IQ
EC H
3 . )   ) P1  P2 A  
   8 6

Y T
   )   ) Pk . k N  '  )A 

POL
   A
  8  0 
  
 
  
G .0 5
8A    
  #X  P3 
.  6

LE
    G .0 1    .
  . 

O


 
   8 ;.  +
 $  < @ 


C

    %-%9)*1: @*': &) )09'1) P3 
  
 , 
 
Vh = v C 1 ([0, 1])  
 v [xj ,xj+1 ] P3 
 
 0 j n . ;$
<

 8
 0 8  
   ) ;$
<  Vh    
 86
 , ? C 1 ([0, 1])A   
 
 ? C([0, 1]) ',  
 8 
(    )  =     A .

U E
IQ
1

H N
EC
j

Y T
POL
j

O L E
C

xj-1 xj xj+1

$$ W  8  0   ) ,= P3 

@ 
   8  Vh ? ,   8  0  
@ ) 
 8 LM

(1 + x)2 (1 2x)  1 x 0,
(x) = (1 x)2 (1 + 2x)  0 x 1,

0  |x| > 1,


x(1 + x)2  1 x 0,
U E
IQ
(x) = x(1 x)2  0 x 1,

0  |x| > 1.

H N
E C
    
8A 
 0 j n + 1  )  8  0 ;.
 2
 $$<
T


O LY


P
x xj x xj
j (x) = 
 0 j n + 1, j (x) = 
 0 j n + 1.

LE
h h

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N = 1 &

U E

)99) CC 
N Q$+  $  ) 
) ' *$ ) %,3' " $ I ) H 1 (0, 1)
H
Vh
$$ 2(n + 2) , A " $"$  " *$ 
2.-)50: )1 +)--): &) :. &%0'2%)
T E C vh
 & "
Vh
' " $  )  " "
(xj )0jn+1 x
:):

[0, 1]
L Y
PO

n+1 
n+1
(vh ) (xj )j (x). ;$
<

LE
vh (x) = vh (xj )j (x) +

O
j=0 j=0

C
%9,*:10.1',*C  8  Vh    C 1 A  ,  0 ,
 
6
  H 1 (0, 1) @ .) 8 
  (j , j ) 8
 0  Vh 

 
 j (xi ) = ij A j (xi ) = 0A j (xi ) = 0A j (xi ) = ij ;.  2

$$<

@ 
 0 G
 , Vh ;

  
6  8

 ,
    < 
 
  0  1 ;$&<A   ,
 ,
  
 
  Vh  9 
 
 Vh 
 0%:,5&0)
-!%;5.1',* &): 3-.;5): ;. ;"&<   ' <A 

X  
 
U E
IQ
 N = 1A 
u = f  ]0, 1[
u(0) = u(1) = u (0) = u (1) = 0,
H N ;$

<

;
  


 
 u

Y T EC
 f L (0, 1)< 9 (A Vh , 
H02 (0, 1) 2

POL


 
6  H 1 (0, 1)A   

 
6  H 2 (0, 1) ;

 ,    
   )    < *
 
 ;$

< 


O L E

 0

6

C
V0h = {v Vh  
 v(0) = v(1) = v  (0) = v  (1) = 0} . ;$
<

)99) CC 
) 
) Vh ' " $  ) V0h *$ ) %,39' $"   
H 2 (0, 1)'"  H02 (0, 1) )"-$"'  $$ 2(n + 2)' " 2n
)"-$", A " $"$ vh  V0h " *$  $+ $  )  -
 
" 

   -  & " (xj )1jn ' " $  )  " " x [0, 1]

n 
n
vh (x) = vh (xj )j (x) + (vh ) (xj )j (x).
j=1 j=1

%9,*:10.1',*C  vh Vh J     C 1 

 [0, 1]  C 2  

1  . vh A  
  C 1  
A  0 ? H 1 (0, 1)
; .

 
< * 
A vh 
   H 2 (0, 1)  
U E

  00 
 $ $

N IQ
C H
1. 0.  
 
  ,
  
 ;$

<  
E
  
LY T
    ) ,= P3   8
 .  ,6

 1
P O  1

OLE

. uh V0h  
 uh (x)vh (x) dx = f (x)vh (x) dx vh V0h . ;$
"<
0 0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
@  uh 
  0  (j , j )1jn    Uh = (uh (xj ), uh (xj ))1jn

EC H
 .
       0  8
 . ;$
"<

T
. ? 
  R2n
 # 

Y
POL
Kh Uh = bh .

O LE
C
>)0+'+) CC 0




 



*  Kh   !

.
 -
 
 


N 2
/
 
 O    , N 2 ; 
 N =
2, 3< *
 ) ,A  
    
, 

E
N = 2A   ,  ?   N = 3 ;
A 8A  
U
IQ

  
 <
/
    0    1
H N
EC

u=0
L T
u = f

Y


 ,
;$
$<

P O
E
 
 . 
,  
 


  H01 ()A  f L2 () ;. 
L
CO
' "<
1 
  
 
 
 
 
    3,-B%&0';5) ;#6
  N = 2<A ,6?6  
 
 
 )  #   RN  +

,
 #  
  )  6  RN  
   
 0 
  ?
 
 #    8  
  #  
, , 0    
   
.
/
  
   
   
   
 ? 0  L
0M
;.  +
 $
-<



 
 (
 
 
5
    ) ,
  
     
U E
IQ
 N = 2       N = 3 @  
     
N
E C H
    8 
   N 6 @  N 6 K 
RN ,. .  (N +1)  (aj )1jN +1  RN A    K 

LY T
E G
 26  
   
 36
   ;.
 2
 $< @  
  N 6 K        (aj )1jN +1

P O
,  ?
 H #  RN ;   
    

LE
LM<    (ai,j )1iN   
.
 aj A     

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 &"

U E
   K  
  
N IQ

EC H

T
a1,1 a1,2 ... a1,N +1

Y
a2,1 a2,2

L
... a2,N +1

PO

A =  


 ;$
&<

OLE
aN,1 aN,2 ... aN,N +1
1 1 ... 1

C
 .0 ; 
 , 
 
I
   
<  N 6  

 8 
  A 
  6H  (N 1)6

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L

 $& W 9    
   N = 2
C
%@*'1',* CC " $  -" $$& )
!    RN , :$ 9.'--.() "$
0
  $ "$0
"$  " $ $/
 Th  N )
& $$ 0$
(Ki )1in   -*$"
, Ki " = ni=1 Ki'
,
$""$ Ki Kj   & N )
& "$" " $ m)
&' -
0 m N 1' $" " 
 " $"    "  Ki " Kj ,
 $ $$ N = 2'
$""$   & "$0
 " " - ' "  "
 $ "  $' " $ E"  $ )*1'?0) G $ $$ N = 3'
U E

$""$   & ""+  " " - ' " $ "  $' " $
E"  $ $"+' " $   $ $"+,
N IQ
E C H
 :,99)1:  *,)5&: 

0 Th $"
 "  N )
& Ki  

 )$",  $-$"$'
 )+" h 0$
 &   +" 
N )
& Ki ,
LY T
P O
   
  1) $
  
 ,
 
,?
 
. # 


LE
  ?
 
. 

  1) $
 
  0 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

&$ 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
 
    J      
.  9.'--.() +,*=,09)

EC H
     8   ?  2
 $&A   
  2
 $-

T
  
     1) $


Y
POL
OLE
Ki Ki

C Kj
Kj

 $- W 9  

   

   


U E
IQ
)9.0;5) CC /
        
   
6
N
H

   
 ' 
   
A ,  . 8

EC
     ;   0
   0 
 

T
  8<A    F 
      

Y
POL
/
 .# ? ,
.  T
U  
    
I

O L E
>)0+'+) CC ) Th  

*

 
 

 

:*


R2   
nt 



*
 
Th ( nc 




    
 
*


C
    + 
 
*
 $
   $


( ns 




  

*
(
n0s 



  
  

*
 
 

  6 
 
 

( 
 $'
( nt + ns = nc + 1
3nt + ns = 2nc + n0s 

1
 N 6 K     ,
    0#6

 

   

 + 
A  K 
 N 6
      (aj )1jN +1 A  +,,0&,**%): /.0B+)*10';5):
(j )1jN +1  x RN  ) 


N +1 
N +1
j = 1, ai,j j = xi 
 1 i N, ;$
-<
j=1 j=1

U E
N IQ

   0


 
    AA )  ;$
&<A  .0

E C H
+
 
  j   8 :  x @ .)  


T
 

Y
K = x RN  
 j (x) 0 
 1 j N + 1 ,

P O L
 
  (N + 1) 8  K     K   # j (x) = 0A

LE
1 j N + 1 @ 
  )
 0    K 
 . I



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 &&

U E
1
N
2
IQ3

EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C

U E

 $ W 5 ,  A
N IQ
A 


   ; 
< 
   ;
0<      


EC H
Y T
POL
X 
 
  
 J 
 
  k 1   10)'--': &!,0&0) k
,0

O L E 1
k = x K  
 j (x) {0, , ...,
k1

, 1} 
 1 j N . ;$
<

C
k k

*
 k = 1  ,   ,0    K A  
 k = 2   
  
  H  
  ;.  2
 $< 1  
A k 
 0 )   (j )1jnk 
/
 )  ,0 Pk  #X ? :  
RN  R    8
 
  ? k A ,6?6  
 
 p Pk , 
 
8 
p(x) = i1 ,...,iN xi11 xiNN . x = (x1 , ..., xN ).
i1 ,...,iN 0
i1 +...+iN k

E
,H      k ,
 N 6 K  
,   

  #X  Pk ;  
 k  5*':,-2.*1 
 Pk <

" $ )
&,   $ $" ' "
N I

"

 Q U
 
,
'H

)99) CC K N k1 k
k' *$ ) %,3' $"
 )$" $" $"
Pk
 "

  Y T
E C
(j )1jnk
" "$  $+ $  )  -
   & )$"
" " )
!$H 
, "$"
(j )1jnk

OL
"' 
&" $ /(j )1jnk Pk

P
LE
j (i ) = ij 1 i, j nk .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

&- 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C     k     Pk [ 

EC H
T
(N + k)!

Y
card(k ) = dim(Pk ) =

POL
N ! k!

; .) 

 ,A 
 
 k = 1, 2< ' , 
A ?

LE

 #X  Pk A 8    .
 
   k  A 

C O

:   
,  I. 
  
,  0I.  

#X p Pk 
 ,
 
 k  7A  
 
   N A

 p   
 
 
 RN  *
 N = 1A    
,
 #X   
k 
 ,
  (k + 1)    

  
 . ? , 
N 1 ' x      0#
 (j (x))1jN +1 A
 
 )
 #X q() = p(x)    

 k   .0
RN +1   , )
   j  ,0 {0, 1/k, ..., (k 1)/k, 1}  

,  = ( , j )A  0
 #X qj ( ) = q() 
   N 1
 +1

E
.0    ;     N j=1 j = 1<  
  
 
 

IQ U

 k   ?  .
 )  j  '  
 
   ,  k ,
 (N 1)6  ,# j )A  


H N

 ,#  
   
 
 qj = 0 3
 A  8


EC
j (j 1/k) (j (k 1)/k)(j 1) . q A  
 
   . 

T
8 
     q()  8
 
  ? k A 
8  q = 0A  
   

Y
POL


)99) CC
O L E
" K " K   & N )
& !$" $   $ = K
K , " $ $" k 1,
'
  "

   k ' k " k D$ $"   ""

C


 , 8 )
' "$" $$ pK " pK  & )
!$H  Pk '
 $"$ v *$


)
pK (x)  x K
pK (x)  x K 
v(x) =


" $"$    K K '  " 
$"  pK " pK $"  -
    D$ $"


 & )$" "

  
   $ ,

%9,*:10.1',*C    
   ?
 8  K    , 
k  

  ,  k  ,#   8A 
  

     8 * 
A   k  k [  


U E
IQ

 8 
    #X pK  pK  [  
   k A

N
  
 $

   
 
 A  
 
.  

 v 

E C H

Y T
9 
A 
 

  #X     
 1    
L
O
  
.  P1  P2 
 N 6 K 
P
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 &

U E
N
>)0+'+) CC ) K  N 



 (aj )1jN +1  " 
 
 IQ
:9
p P1 

 


EC H
LY T 
N +1

O
p(x) = p(aj )j (x),

P j=1

LE
4 
 (j (x))1jN +1  
 
 
:
 
 
x RN 
O
C>)0+'+) CC ) K  N 



 (aj )1jN +1    
  

 (ajj )1j<j N +1 

B
 
K 
 
 
 
:
 

1
j (ajj  ) = j  (ajj  ) = , l (ajj  ) = 0  l = j, j  .
2

 
2
 
    
 


   
 

B



 :9
p P2 

 



N +1 
U E
IQ
p(x) = p(aj )j (x) (2j (x) 1) + 4p(ajj  )j (x)j  (x),
j=1

H N
1j<j  N +1

Y T EC
4 
 (j (x))1jN +1  
 
 
:
 
 
x RN 

P
I"$" $$
L
/
 .  
  
 
 )      ) Pk 

O $ 

0  $  -" $$& )
!   '

%@*'1',* CC
L E

 "#   
$"
O
*$ '  Pk
Th
%-%9)*1: @*': 10'.*(5-.'0): &)
.(0.*()

C
&!,0&0) k

'  

 

0' " *$ )
) "
Vh = v C() "
  )  " "
v |Ki Pk

Ki Th . ;$<
$ ))

 *,)5&: &): &)(0%: &) -'/)01%
$/
  )$" (ai )1in 
"

   k  # $  N )
& Ki Th , $ $ )"   $ 
 
dl

 )$"   D$ $" " ndl "
 $/  0 
/" 
 "#  

$" *$ Pk , $ ))

 &)(0%: &) -'/)01%  $ $"$ v Vh
$/

 -
   v $  $  (ai)1in , $ *$"  
  ) V0h )
dl

V0h = {v Vh "
  v = 0   } . ;$<


 k = 1  
     0 [  .  

U E
IQ
  
 k = 2  
  
 ,
   
 

N
 ,
    
  H  
 

E
)9.0;5) CC , L )    M  
 6
C H
LY T
 )      0   .
 
  8 
, Vh  @ 
 ) ,
 # , )A    

P O
)  = ;.  
6 $ "< 
 
     0  

LE
.
 
   8    .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 '      !

U E
0,3,:'1',* CC

 $$ " *$' 0
  $/  0 H
Vh
N I8Q)
' 
&"
) ' *$ ) %,9' " $  )

/",
 $"
$ /
H 1 ()

 *$ )
Vh (i )1indl
T E C
O L Y i (
aj ) = ij 1 i, j ndl ,
"

   P
O LE 
ndl

C
v(x) = v(
ai )i (x).
i=1

%9,*:10.1',*C    Vh A  

 
 
  Ki  


 A  ? H 1 () ;.   
< 4Q 
 $
 
  Vh   0
  0 
 
 Ki Th 
#X  Pk 
 [  
     0  8 ; 
 
. 

  
 Vh ,  
 
 
 8 < 9)A  0
 0 (j )1jnk  Pk 
 
  Ki ;8
    $

< 
0  0  (i )1indl  Vh 

U E
N
)9.0;5) CC @ 0
 
 00 
  
6 V0h A )
IQ
EC H
 ;$<A 
 
 
6  H01 ()   )   
0 
   0 
 ;     
 
  0 <

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC ) Th  

*

 
 

 

:*


R   
nt 



*
 
Th ( nc 




    

2

L E

*
     + 
 
*
 $
   $


( ns 


O


  

*
(
n0s 



  
  

*
 " 


C


 
 



 Vh
V0h 

dimVh =
k(k 1)
nt + kns k + 1, dimV0h =
k(k + 1)
nt kns + k + 1.
2 2
1.  0%:,-51',* 30.1';5)
0  1 ;$
$<    
  ) Pk   8
 . ;$ <  , 
.  J
 

. uh V0h  
 uh vh dx = f vh dx vh V0h . ;$ <

E
@  uh 
  0  (j )1jndl    vh = i  
 
ndl  
IQ U
uh (
aj ) j i dx = f i dx.

H N
C
j=1

9  Uh = (uh (
aj ))1jndl A bh =


Y

T E
f i dx 1in A   
  9.

L
dl
10'+) &) 0'('&'1%
O

 

P
LE
Kh = j i dx ,

O
1i,jndl

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 -

U E
IQ
HN
 8
 .  V0h . ? 
  R ndl
 # 

T E C Kh Uh = bh .

P O LY
'  8  0 j 
 LM 
 



ai ;. 
2
 $<A ,  
  j  i  
. .    
 

LE
:  Kh  
 @  
   Kh  +0)5:)

C O

U E
N IQ
EC H
T

 $ W 2  0 P1   N = 2
Y
E POL
*
 
  :  Kh A  

  8
 ,  

. @  (i (x))1iN +1    0#

 
 x

O L
,
 N 6 K  *
 
 1 , ..., N +1 NA  

C

1 ! N +1 ! N !
1 (x)1 N +1 (x)N +1 dx = Volume(K) . ;$
<
K (1 + ... + N +1 + N )!

*
 
   0 bh ; H .
   Kh <A 

 =,095-): &) ;5.&0.150) ;
8
 ,  

< 
 

     
 
 N 6 Ki Th  * A 
K 
 N 6   (ai )1iN +1 A  8
 
.  
8
   A 
L 
M   LFM J

(x) dx Volume(K)(a0 ), ;$<
K

U E
IQ
 +1
. a0 = (N + 1)1 N
i=1 ai A  0#  K A 

H N
C

Volume(K) 
N +1
(x) dx

Y
N +1
T E
(ai ). ;$"<

L
K i=1

P O
'    9 $
$  $
-A  8
   
 

LE
8 :     ? ,   h 
  8 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
 
    Kh   .::)9/-.() &) -. 9.10'+)  

EC H
 
. 8
   

 
 H F 
A  

T
G      
  80 ' ,      


Y
#  Kh Uh = bh 
  ,  3-5: +,M1)5:)      

POL
 
 ;   < 9 
A  
    

LE
    I
  
 ,
    ) ,9 $
 
 ,    =

A       Kh  +0)5:) ;,6?6

C O
 
  
     
<A  
     

;
 
   .     
  #   
 
  ,< + 
   Kh   .0
 
 $  
,  #


>)0+'+) CC 6 
 


 
 
 N = 2

>)0+'+) CC " 
 

 
  
 ! 


  P1 

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) K  
*

R2 

 (ai )1i3


:
 
a0 

N
) (aij )1i<j3 
   
 
 
*
  $
   ai , aj  " 
 


H
EC






T
 
Y
Aire(K)

L
(x) dx (aij )

O
3

P
K 1i<j3

L E




 P2 (
 



CO

 
3 
Aire(K)
(x) dx 3 (ai ) + 8 (aij ) + 27(a0 )
K 60 i=1 1i<j3




 P3 

>)0+'+) CC ) (bi )1iI 
   $ N 

K
(i )1iI 
 

 ) 






 
I
(x) dx Volume(K) i (bi )
K i=1

U E
 


 Pk  " 
 
(  
  *
( 

N IQ
1
 
I

E C H
Volume(K) K
(x) dx =

LY i=1 T
i (bi ) + O(hk+1 ),

4 h
 

 

K 
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 -

U E
1 5

N
2
IQ
EC H
T
8 9 6

O LY
P 4 7 3

O LE

 $ W 9      
  


C>)0+'+) CC  



 =] 1, +1[2 
 
 
7*

0

 



*  Kh 
 
   P1







 
 
 
>

   


 : 
  

*


>)0+'+) CC  G
 

 %

 
   P1
 

6%

   
 

 =]0, 1[2

 


*

*

 


7*
2
E
" 
 




*  Kh
 
B






$  


U
IQ



 

 %

 E

 
 + 

  
 h2 (

 


 

bh
 E
 
H N
Y T EC
E POL
O L
C

 $ W 7  

8 ,
 

>)0+'+) CC  

 
 

 
$'

;  
n 



   

*
     
  B 

B
 %

  

@*

 *
A 
 
  

*
 
 
* 

  " 
 





*  Kh 
 
   P1
 



$

n2


*





$

2n  n *

" 
 

B
 %


B
:



*
 

=]0, 1[3
U E
IQ

 + 






$

n3


*
 



$


N
2n2 4 n
 



 
* $

B
 


E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC '   ,  ,9 $
   

  
     0 ;
 8O 
.  8

P O
 0< 
 D
 
  

 
    Kh A ,6?6  


LE
,     
 ' 
    
 ;.A

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
 A   
<A  

 
    
  

EC H
D
 
  8   

#  Kh Uh = bh  *

T
A  , 
  #  
  
# L 

Y
POL
4
MA   . 
  
 
 
  
   

     

LE
)9.0;5) CC  *
 ) ,# ;
 0 
    
.< 
O
C



 8 : 
  
 N 6 K
 
Th ?
 N 6  L8M K0  *      .0A 
 

   ?  
 
 K0  9 
A   
.
!
N
K0 = x RN  
 xi 1, xi 0 1 i N , ;$$<
i=1

  .)   
 
 N 6 K  ,  
 8
:  K0  9 (A    0#
A )  ;$
-<  

E
H 
 K  K0 A   = (j )1jN +1 A x = (x, 1)   
 
U
IQ
KA x0 = (x0 , 1)   
  K0 A   A = x A  A0 = x0 A R  

H N
A  A0  )  ;$
&<  .0 @  
  
 x = AA1 0 x0 A

EC
,6?6  
, 
  B A .0 ,  N A 
 .
 b RN 

T

 x = Bx0 + b

Y
E POL
O L
C




 $
W 7  

 
 ) 
 
   2
 $&
U E
IQ
, 
.  
      ) P1 .)  



H N
E C
>)0+'+) CC    $






B = (bij )1i,jn
 
"
T
Y


(   i(

n

P O L bij 0 j = i.

LE
bii > 0, bik > 0,

O
k=1

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 -"

U E
N IQ
" 
 

"


 



 
 
M
  
 


    
EC H
Y T
>)0+'+) CC   



 
 N = 2 ) uh 
 
%


POL


6%
   


 
 %

 
   P1   

LE

 

*
 
 
*
 Ki Th   
  *
 + /2 " 
 

uh (x) 0 
  f (x) 0 
  L
 I   


(    > 0(

C O
Kh +  Id
 
"

( 4 Kh
 



* 

U E
N IQ
H
   


Y T EC
E POL
O L
C

 $ W 5 
 f  ,
 ;$
$<

 ,#  .  

 :
 ?        ) Pk
? ,
 0 
 ;$
$<

>)0+'+) CC  G
 

 %

 
   Pk
 : 

$
  
!!  " 

 
 
 




*  Kh
 
 

 $
N ndl
4 N
 

 $



ndl
 



 

* 

 

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC  '
 



*  Kh 




 


N
%

 
   Pk
 

>



E C H
u + au = f
u
n = g
LY T


 ,
;$&<

P O
LE


 f L ()( g L ()(
a L ()
 
a(x) a0 > 0  
 
2 2

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-$ 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC  " 
 




*  Kh 




 


EC H
 %

 
   Pk
 


 E 
$'

!22


T



 
 : 


Y
POL
>)0+'+) CC   





 $
 
 



LE
!&; 
 
 %
$
   
:
O


 
 N = 2 - 

O


*

*

Th    $




C  
Vh = v C 1 ()
 
v |Ki P5   Ki Th .

" 
 
 :9
p P5
 


  



  
*
K

 
 2 

 

 


p(bj )
v(aj ), v(aj ), v(aj ), j = 1, 2, 3, ;$-<
n

U E
4 (a1 , a2 , a3 )  
 
 
K ( (b1 , b2 , b3 ) 
 
 
   
K (
p(bj )/n

N IQ
*





   
bj  " 
 
Vh
  



H 2 ()
 
 
  v  

  




 
 

  .  %


EC H



 $
B
 

*
 ' 

 %
$
   

$G*:  
!&;
Y T
POL
/
   
6  ,
 
 
 

 0

      ) P1 

 
0  1 ;$
$< 

L E
 0     2
 $ @ 
   0 

O
C
     (
  , ,
 
  
 

    
 
   

   
 ; 
.  L#M  0

<   
 
  
 
 
  0  1
    
 J    L M  
2
 $&A     L)M   2
 $
  
   
 
  2
 $"A . @ 
 
  .
 
  
 

 uh  
 . 
    ) 
 
   
 ;      H< ',  8
8 
  
h
   ,   F  
 
  
  uh
 .  .  
   , I
  
   (

 ( 
. ; 
 .     FA . ;"
<<A
 
 . ,(    
 
     2
 $$

U E
IQ
;0
 .    )<  .
    
  
  

N
 ,
   .A  
  0 ? ,
 #
 


E C H
 . L 
M   .  





Y T
'
$
  
#
L
P O
/
   .     , ) Pk 
  0

LE
 1 ;$
$<  
  8 
, ,  
 ,
 0  A

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 -&

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C
  
 #


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C
  



U E
N IQ

 $" W
E C H

  uh  ,
  (
 ;$
$< 
   

Y T
   2
 $& ;
<  
    )   2
 $
;0<
L
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-- 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C   
 $


U E
N IQ

 $$ W
EC H

  uh  ,
  .6 (
 ;"
<<

Y T
POL
 
    .  
 ,
 0A  
  /

;$&< /
  . 0 ,# 
 
  

 

L E
*
 
 N 6 K  
 
  
 J  &'.9?10)

O
diam(K)   0,*&)50 (K)A )      
   0


C

  K A

diam(K) = max x y,
x,yK
(K) = max (2r).
Br K

E GA   
I
 diam(K)/(K) > 1 '   ,
 
  

K  LM J  
  

     ?     K  9

A   A  8
 . ,
  N 6 K  

%@*'1',* CC " (Th )h>0 $  "  

0  , $ "  
0"  $
 "  9.'--.(): 0%(5-')0: 
,
  " h = maxK T diam(Ki ) "$ - '
i h

, 
&" $ $"$" C "

  ' )  " " h > 0 " " " K Th ' U E
N IQ
diam(K)
(K)
C.

E C H ;$<

LY T
)9.0;5) CC  9  N = 2    ;$<  
. ? 

P O
  
. 
   
  K J  
   
 0 > 0

LE

  ;
8  h< 
     
 K Th   
  8

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 -

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
diam(K)

O LE
C
()

 $& W 1 diam(K)   

 (K) ,
   K 


    ;$<  
 
   
 
 
 ,# 
.  
 . 
.

U E
IQ
/
 
.    
    
6 


N
:  .        ) Pk  
 
 

" $  " T  E


0
H
  .  .    
  

C 0
  , "
Y %,3%'
4%,0?9) CC  (Th )h>0 u

)&"$ $"$ %,9 )O

H01 ()
L
'
 
"$ )/
+  8#
"
P "   

 "# 
" ' 

  $ )
uh V0h

$" *$ ,

 "# 
Pk

O L
Pk
E
 
$" *$ $-0'

C lim u uh H 1 () = 0.
h0
;$"<

8 )
' u H k+1 () "  ' 
 $ 
""$  

k + 1 > N/2

u uh H 1 () Chk uH k+1 () , ;$"<

. C " $ $"$" $ )$ $"  h "  u,

)9.0;5) CC   5 $

,
  8 ? 
   ,
)  #    ; A   ) 
   
6

E
 $

< 9 (A  
 

   
 ,
 


IQ U
, 0 
    8  Vh  
 .
 


     0A  
  
I
 0 
   ) 

H N
#    ;.  +
 $
$< +
 
A 
   #


k 1
T E C
 N = 2 
N = 3A    k + 1 > N/2  
I
 8  


O LY
P
)9.0;5) CC  , ,
 ;$"<
5 $

, . 


LE
  
  u  
A  
 ,  
I
    u , 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 '      !

U E
N IQ

A    
 
  .   
  ;.  2


EC H
$" 
  ,< 1,
 A  .  ;$"<A 
  


T
, L , MA ,
   .  
  uh 
  .

Y
POL
 2
 $- 
  8 
  0  1 ;$
$< . f 1 
 
L M R  
  
 ;.   " 

<

LE
/

A  

   uh  . ,)    

h  . F ; 
  |uh | .
 0.92 
     
 ? -&

C O
A 1.18 
   

? $$ A  1.50 
 
  
? -"& <


#
 

 



U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

 $- W 7

   uh 
    ;  
  
 ) 

POL

 ? <

L E
 
5 $

 
  ) 
. ,
 ,3%

O
C
0.1)50 &!'*1)03,-.1',* rh  
  
 ,   * $
$
+ 
 
 .  ( ai )1indl  8  
     0
 (i )1indl  0  V0h       ) Pk ;.  *
$
&< *
 
 8 
 v A  )  

ndl
rh v(x) = v(
ai )i (x). ;$" <
i=1

 (  . ,

 8   N = 1  
A  8
 H 1 () ,  
 
 N 2A ,
 , rh ,
 ) 
 H 1 () ; .
 
 ,
 8  H 1 () ,  

E
  < /A  ,    ,# k + 1 > N/2A rh ):1 /')*
&%@*' :50 H k+1 ()   8  H k+1 ()  
 ;H k+1 () C()
,  5 
 "<
IQ U
H N
0,3,:'1',* CC 
T E C
" (Th )h>0 $  "  

0 0
  , $  ))
  k + 1 > N/2,
' )  " " v H k+1 ()
$")
 rh v " /$ *$' " 

LY
&" $ $"$" C ' $ )$ $"  h "  v' "

  
O
P
LE
v rh vH 1 () Chk vH k+1 () . ;$"
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 

U E
N IQ
3  
 ,  * $
$ 
 
. 
 
 ? 

EC
.        ) Pk 
H
Y T
%9,*:10.1',* &5 4%,0?9) CC C @ 
    0   
6

POL
 $  *
  ;$"< 
   $
. V = Cc () 

 0   H01 () ' Cc () H k+1 ()A , ;$"
<  

LE
* $
$   .) ,# ;$"<
 $
;
 

C O
8 
  ,  0     k + 1 > N/2   *
$
$<
*
 0 , ,
 ;$"< 
    ' $ 
 

 

u uh H 1 () C inf u vh H 1 () Cu rh uH 1 () ,
vh V0h

 rh u  0 ? H 1 () *    * $
$ ? u  0

;$"<

U E
  %        ' N
h
   N#!   5   
   I Q 
 
  #  D(  NCC  %' "
 u   
 0 
H
V0h
 0 "
   
C
Kh bh

 *
  "

 8'9  (
Y T E
%
       
 &
   
"

  
4   


Pk %  

     
O
 
;
 %' : P
N K L      
 N/!
% FC/H! 0 
   *
  "


 < 

 
 
    

P2k2

  
  L
O Euh
 
 
  
 %   
"
! 

  

  *
  "

 N##! 

P1

C
N#/!     
 %  % 

U E

 $ W 3 
  # 
 h ,
 
. 
 
N IQ
E C H
LY T
  #" 6"
 '%   "
   "
     
P O
"
   
  
! $    ( 
  

LE
"
 h "
   
   Th %  J
 NI! $ 
 ( h

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 '      !

U E
N
    %    
 !   I Q  "
 

H
h
 "
   "
   
'
  ! %

C
C

Y T E dist(, h ) Ch2 .

$   
 L
P
uh
   &   O

  %    

 0      (    

Vh

 E 
     4
!  "
  "
 
 
Th Pk h Vh
  
  L
   1'%  "
  ((  
  
O
V u

C
 4  


 P1 u H 2 ()   
;

 
  % FC/H! "
 
   
N =2

u uh H 1 (h ) ChuH 2 () , N/#!
 "
 
   
 P2   u H k+1()    
 
u uh H 1 (h ) Ch3/2 uH k+1 () . N//!
 "
  (  * 
   
 P1  
"
  %
 N/#!  
   "
 N/!  %     
    U E

 Pk % k 2 $ 
   &  
  
  8 

N IQ
EC H
 "
9 K          
'    & '
8
'9 '
  *   N     *  
 
T
   *   
 &  A "
 NC !    
Y
POL
  N = 2 
 
%
 *  <      "
 * 

    * 
 8 9 
   
   ' 5 
  
 (  *  h  $ 
   
  
L E

   
   "
 N/! % F H FC/H!
O

C
4
   &       NCN "
  

     
 0    
 
 
 
  ("
  
  1 K
 N      k k  $

 
  rK  
 
 * v 
 
 K 
rK v = p Pk  "
 p(x) = v(x) x k . N/N!
.    NCC   "
 
 <   Pk     
"
 
 %
 
   k K  "
 N/N! 
 ' rK  
 
  
=!
  #! ( 1 2 ,
 
 k + 1 > N/2    
1
 
rK  
 

  H k+1 (K) 
 H k+1(K)    
 


U E
IQ
C(K) 
     v H k+1 (K)


v rK vH (K) C(K)|v|H

HN/G! N
C
k+1 (K) , k+1

% |v|H (K)   !1
!  &
 

k+1

Y T E
|v|2H k+1 (K) =
 

P O L
| v|2 dx = v2H k+1 (K) v2H k (K) .

LE
||=k+1 K

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 

U E

 

N Q
 D(  #C/ "
I"
  
H k+1 (K) C(K)

H
k +1 > N/2
 %
 
  *   ' 
   *  
C
H k+1 (K)

 E

  "
 
 <       
  T
rK v
 -      "
  % 
$  
 "
  Y
v H k+1 (K) H m (K) mN

OL
rK 
 H k+1
 .    
(K)

P  
N/)!
E    
 % ;& * 
 
   M %
vH k+1 (K) C(K) |v|H k+1 (K) + rK vH k+1 (K) ,

O L
 
C    
vn H k+1 (K) "

#/!     ! 6  
 

 
1 = vn H k+1 (K) > n |vn |H k+1 (K) + rK vn H k+1 (K) . N/I!
    
(  N/I!  "
 "
  
 vn  '  H k+1(K)  
 
D(   A( #C  
 

 vn "
 %   H k (K)


      N/I! "

 "
  
  % vn  
 




|| = k + 1 %  % E  L2 (K)  "

 vn %   H k+1 (K)
E


%
   v "
 %
   &     N/I!!
IQ U
|v|H (K) = 0, rK vH (K) = 0.
k+1 k+1

H N NN !

EC
      NN !  "
 v Pk  K     
T
   #/!   
 N/N!  rK   rK v = v 
 v Pk  
Y
POL

     NN !   "
 rK v = v = 0  "
 
  %
   
   
(  N/I! 
 ' N/G!  "
 N/)! & (v rK v) 
 "
 "
 rK (v rK v) = 0  "
 |v rK v|H (K) = |v|H (K) 
"
  %
L E
 k + 1 
 <   Pk  

O
k+1 k+1

C
% 
  NCI  @ 'B'  "
     
N/G!   K     $        

%
  # $
 
 k + 1 > N/2 
 diam(K) 1 :  
 


C 
   K 
     v H (K)
k+1

(diam(K))k+1
v rK vH 1 (K) C
(K)
|v|H k+1 (K) . NN!

 $
  A "
 NC "
   "
 
 N   K 
   
 *   
N    * K0  
  N#N!

    
  %' B 
 %
 b   K !  "


 
 x K    x0 K0 %

U E
N IQ
NN!
H
x = Bx0 + b.

E C

 ' NN!      N/G! '  K0   "
  ( 
T
  %' NN! 5 %    
%     & K  
LY
     4
     
  
 "
  
O
P
       '  
 
 
 FC/H!  7' 

LE
(    %'  det(B)   %  K ' &   %

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 '      !

U E
N I Q    "

    %   
   
1

H
K0 B C K

 
 * 
 %   
C
v(x) v0 (x0 ) = v(Bx0 + b)

Y T E
|v0 |H l (K0 ) CBl | det(B)|1/2 |v|H l (K)

OL
|v|H l (K) CB 1 l | det(B)|1/2 |v0 |H l (K0 ) .

P
LE
$ 
   N/G!

C O |v rK v|H 1 (K)
v rK vL2 (K)


CBk+1 B 1 |v|H k+1 (K)
CBk+1 |v|H k+1 (K) .

 
  %
 *  "

diam(K) diam(K0 )
B , B 1  .
(K0 ) (K)

0  '  
  ' NN!

   ' #  

  v H
U E
()
 
IQ
k+1

 rh v  

N   K     rK v  "


H N
EC
v rh v2H 1 () = v rKi v2H 1 (Ki ) .

Y T Ki Th

POL
$ "
  ; NN! & ("
  Ki %     C 


!        
   N#I!    ;
*  

O L E
  diam(Ki )/(Ki ) $  


C

v rh v2H 1 () Ch2k |v|2H k+1 (Ki ) Ch2k v2H k+1 ()
Ki Th

 "
   
 

>)0+'+) CC  " 
 
 





*
 *
(
 
 
 
 P1 ( $

 $

 rh 

 
 N = 2  3

v rh vL2 () Ch2 vH 2 () .



  
 (
 
 
U E
     # 
 ;,6?6  
 
 
. 6
N IQ
E C H
# 
   8   
 
 <A  
    
  ;.  2
 $ < 

   , )   /


LY T
 )   )  #    ;,6?6       6
0   .
 
  8<A   ) Qk  'O

P O "N
 )
 N 6  K  RN   . ;6  < i=1 [li , Li ] .

LE
< li < Li < + @  (aj )1j2N    K 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 "

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL




O LE
C

 $  W 9    
   N = 2

%@*'1',* CC " $  -" $$& )
!    RN , :$ 9.'--.() 0)+

1.*(5-.'0)  " $ $/
 Th  N "$0
 $$ 0$ (Ki )1in  
-*$"
U E
, Ki " = ni=1 Ki'
N IQ
,
$""$ Ki Kj   & N "$0
 "$" " $ m"$0
' -
EC H
0 m N 1' $" " 
 " $"    "  Ki " Kj ,

T
 $ $$ N = 2'
$""$   & "$0
 " " - ' " $
Y
POL
"  $' " $   $ $"+,
 :,99)1:  *,)5&: 

0 Th $"
 "  N "$0
 Ki  

O L E

 )$",  $-$"$'
 )+" h 0$
 &   +" 
N "$0
 Ki ,

C
/
 ) ,0 Qk  #X ? :   RN  R
   8
 
  ? k 3.0 0.33,01 E +4.;5) 2.0'./-)A ,6?6  
 

p Qk , 
  8

p(x) = i1 ,...,iN xi11 xiNN . x = (x1 , ..., xN ).
0i1 k,...,0iN k

+
 
      p 
 H 

 ? k A  
 ( ,
Qk  Pk 
*
 
  k 1  )  10)'--': &!,0&0) k
N 6  K 

E
,0

k = x K  

xj lj 1
{0, , ...,
k1

, 1} 
 1 j N .
IQ U;$$
<
L j lj k k

H N
E C
*
 k = 1  ,   ,0    K A  
 k = 2  N = 2 

T
A   
  H  
 A 
0# ;.
 2
 $ <
O LY
P
  k ,
 N 6  K  5*':,-2.*1 
 Qk A ,6?6  
, 

LE
  
  #X  Qk 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 '      !

U E
IQ
HN
1 2 3

T E C
P O LY
O LE
C

 $  W 5 ,  A A 


   ;    

<

)99) CC " K $ N "$0
, " $ $" k 1,
' " " )
!$H
 Qk " "$  $+ $  )  -
   & )$" "

  
k ' k ' *$ ) %,%3,
U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C @ .) 
     k     Qk [ 

EC H
T
N
card(k ) = dim(Qk ) = (k + 1) .

Y
POL
' , 
A ? 
 #X  Qk A 8    .
 
 

E
 k  A  
: ,0
 0  Qk    .  

L

 
   
 
   
 
  x  k
O
C
) 
xj lj j
= . 0 j k, j {1, ..., N }.
L j lj k
@ )  #X p Qk 

# # k(xj lj ) i(Lj lj )
N k
p(x) = . x = (x1 , ..., xN ).
j=1 i=0
(j i)(Lj lj )
i=j

@ .) 8 
 p(x ) = 1   
 p ,
 
 
  
 
 k A  
   
 

U E
N IQ
H
'    
 
 .    
.  
 ?

$
A 

<
T E C
.
 8 ;
   A 
 ? 8  ? 


O LY
" K " K   & N "$0
 !$" $   $ = K

)99) CC
P
LE
K , " $ $" k 1,
'
  "

   k k " k D$ $"   ""


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 &

U E
Q'
 $"$ *$
 & )
!$H I
 , 8 )
' "$" $$ "
)
pK p

H
K
N Qk v

T E C

pK (x) xK

Y
v(x) =
x K
" $"$    O' L" 
$"  "
pK  (x)
$"  -
    D$ $"
P K K pK pK 

LE
 & )$" "

  
   $ ,

C O 9 
A 
 

   Q1  Q2   2
 $ 

8  0 Q1   N = 2 ; 
 # .) 
  8  Q1
   :  
    P1 <

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

 $ W 2  0 Q1   N = 2

>)0+'+) CC ) K = [0, 1]2 

 
 
 N = 2 



a = (0, 0)( a = (1, 0)( a3 = (1, 1)( a4 = (0, 1)   x3 = 1 x1 ( x4 = 1 x2 (
1 2

i 



 
i   ?F
+ 
 
( %


ai
 

 xi = xi+1 = 0 
 

   



Q1 

pi (x) = xi+2 xi+3  1 i 4,




 
Q2 

Pi (x) = xi+2 (2xi+2 1)xi+3 (2xi+3 1)  1 i 4
U E
Pi (x) = 4xi+2 (xi+2 1)xi+3 (2xi+3 1)  5 i 8
N IQ
P9 (x) = 16x1 x2 x3 x4 .

E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC 9 
A   8 , ) Q2 
 

 ) 
 A  
 
 :A  Q2  9  N = 2A ,

P O
) Q2  )   - 8  0 (pi )1i8  ,9 $
 ;  .

LE
  p9 < @ .) 
     0  Q2     

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 '      !

U E
N IQ

  H
  ;   0#< 9  N = 3A

EC H
, ) Q2  )      0 
   -    

T

  H

0 ; ,#       0 ? ,
<

Y
POL
%@*'1',* CC I"$" $$ $ 

0 "$0
 Th  $  -" '
 
"#   
$" *$ Qk " *$ )
) "
O LE  

C
Vh = v C() "
  v |K i Qk )  " " Ki Th . ;$$<

$ ))

 $   &)(0%: &) -'/)01%
$/
  )$" (ai)1in  "



  k  # $  N "$0
 Ki Th ,
dl

'    
A  1) $
 " 
  Q ?  

. ;  
    

 
 ,<

0,3,:'1',* CC ) Vh ' *$ ) %,%9' " $  )  H 1 ()

U E
IQ
$"
 $$ "
 $/  0 
/" ndl , 8 )
' 
&" $ /
 Vh (i )1in *$ )
dl

H N
i (

Y T
aj ) = ij
EC
1 i, j ndl ,

POL
"

  

ndl

O L E v(x) = v(
ai )i (x).

C
i=1

'   ) Qk    )  #   A  


  H 
  .  
 
      )
Pk  /
  

    .) 
  
5
$

,
 L
 
 M 
 
. ; 1) $
 
  
 ,  
   
<

4%,0?9) CC " (Th )h>0 $  "  

0 "$0
 0
  ,
" u H01 ()'
 
"$ &" )/
+  8#
" %,3%' " uh V0h '

 
"$ ))# )
 "#   
$" *$ Qk ,

 "#  

$" *$ Qk $-0' "   
U E
lim u uh H 1 () = 0.
h0

N IQ
C H
8 )
'  u H k+1 () "  k + 1 > N/2' 
 $ 
""$  
E
L Y
u uh H 1 () Chk uH k+1 () , T
" $ $"$" $ )$ $"P O
. C
O L E  "  ,
h u

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 

U E
  # " $ 
 
 
    

 
    *  N
I Q 
  

H 
  
 
 $  
   
   

'C
Qk N


T
F
  ! $ %
 "

 
Y E  *   &   "
 
[0, 1]N 2

L
 (  
 ' 
    !$
N 2N
  '    
 
'
 $ 
  
   
  O

N
P 

E "

("
    
  
'
  
F (Qk )

L


N Qk F (Qk ) = Qk

 
  *  
  "
  ! K   ( 
C O
 
N =2  
 
%  A "
 NC) &  
;!     
"
  "
"
 & *  ! 
 
 *  Q1  
   % 

   
 % & FC/H

  # ! $ 
 
 
    N   
 
 
N    

 (  
    
  Pk  Qk 

 
   
 %  & FC/H

  ##$ $ 
 
   
    Pk  Qk 
U E
N IQ
  N = 3  8 
  "
  k9 1
 "
 =
]0, L[ %
 
%  R2  $      Ti   ]0, L[    

EC H
[zj , zj+1 ] $ 
      R3    
 Ti [zj , zj+1 ] % "

   $ 
   *  '      Pk  Qk
Y T

    
 
   
 % & FC/H
O L 



  
 (
P 
L E
CO
        ) ?  # ,


 .  ;  #  , <    
0 
 ' ,    
  #  
  %
;"&< ? 
     ,0
D
  ;
   . 

 
  .< , 
  0  
 


 
  D
  0 I
) 
 
  0.  
 
 ;
  
   
 ,# 

 ,  
I

  D
. 
 
 ,   ?  
   #<
+ 
A 
  0  RN A    8

 f (x)A  
    
  , 
D
  
 A
 
  % ,.

p u = f 
U E

divu = 0 

N IQ
;$$"<

H
u=0 


T E C
R > 0   .
D
  1  
6 "
 
 . 
 8
 .  ;$$"<

O LY 
P
OLE
5
. u V  
 u v dx = f v dx v V, ;$$$<

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 '      !

U E
R V  ,  =0 ) 
N IQ

EC H 

T
V = v H01 ()N  
 divv = 0   . ;$$&<

Y
POL
' V    ,0 divv = 0A    :  6

  
   .   ;$$$<  


LE
,. 8 I

, *
 A  :
   )  ;6

O
C
<
 
6 Vh  V   )    ,. Q

 8  0   ) Pk 
Qk  * A  Th = (Ki )1in

   
  ,
.  # 
 A  
 )
 
Vh = v C()N  
 divv = 0  , v |Ki PN k 
 
 Ki Th ,

  ,   
 Vh    L M   
   

         0 9 
A   
divv = 0   )  Vh   
    v A  
  

U E
:  
   ,
 0   Vh  @ ,
 

IQ
  8
 . ;$$&< 
 )
   , )

N
H
9 
A  

 
 8
 .  
 

EC
% 
  ?   8 ,0   )  ,  ?

T
     
   8
 . 9 

Y
POL
  
  ;$$"< 
 8  v H01 ()N   


 
 
 8  q L2 ()A  0    

O E
 J 
. (u, p) H01 ()N L2 ()/R  

L   

C

u v dx pdivv dx = f v dx


 ;$$-<



qdivu dx = 0,


 
 (v, q) H01 ()N L2 ()/R  H 
  ;$$-<  

  ,#      ;$$$<    0  

 .0 ;#
 < . ;$$-< /
  

  
 .) 
 ,  
 
.

)99) CC " (u, p) H01 ()N L2 ()/R,   )
 (u, p) " 
"$ 
U
%,%  " 
$" 
" 
"$ /
'  $ A#+ =,3,   E
"$  "J %,%=,
N IQ
E C H
   8  

  .   ;$$-<
@ 
   

LY T

P
V0h =  v C()N  
 v |Ki PN
O k 
 
 Ki Th 

 v = 0 
 ,

LE
Qh = q C()/R  
 q |Ki Pk 
 
 Ki Th ,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 

U E

 .) 0 
 V0h Qh 
 
6 
N IQ
 
H01 ()N L2 ()/R

EC H
) , .   ;$$-<  


Y T  

POL

u v dx p divv dx = f vh dx

h h h h

;$$<

LE




O
qh divuh dx = 0,


 
 (vh , qh ) V0h Qh  9
   
 ;$$<  
 9
 nV    V0h  nQ   Qh A  
  0 (j )1jnV 
V0h   0 (j )1jnQ  Qh 
 .  8  0  
) ;.  * $
&< @  uh  ph 
  0


nV 
nQ
uh (x) = uh (
aj )j (x), ph (x) = aj )j (x),
uh (
j=1 j=1

U E
IQ
 

N
9  Uh = (uh ( aj ))1jnV  Ph aj ) 1jn A  0  #
= ph (

H
Q

EC
 
.



Ah Bh Uh bh
Bh 0
Y T Ph
=
0
, ;$&<

POL


R Bh     I ;
<  Bh A bh = f i dx 1inV A 



O L E 
 

C
Ah = i j dx , Bh = i divj dx .
1i,jnV 1inQ , 1jnV

   

 
, ,   .   
 
I
 
  #6
  ;$&<  

 +
 
   Ah  #

) . ,  nV A 
   Bh  
   nQ nV A
 
A    0  ;$&<  #
 ,  nV + nQ A  , 
) . /    
 
.

)99) CC  !"+
$ %,F  " " >  $ 
"$ (Uh , Ph ) $
RnV RnQ , -"  Uh " $ ' "$    Ph " $  
 "$ )+  $

$"  KerBh ,
U E
IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C ' ( KerBh ) = ImBh A   8  . 
 ;$&< 

. ?

H N
E C

. Uh KerBh  
 Ah Uh Wh = bh Wh 
 
 Wh KerBh .
T
LY
 
:  ,
  5  67 

 
 0 ,
O
P
 ,
  Uh  KerBh  * 
A ;$&<   

 


LE
(Uh , Ph )  RnV RnQ  ' Uh   ? KerBh A  

 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
R  * 
A  .)  
 Ph 

 ? ,   ,
 
nV

 KerBh 

EC H

Y T
? R    
A , 
  #
KerBh , I 
 

POL
.
 
  
, 
 8 H  L M 5
 
 
  8 

E  $!
  k  k    ) 
  .  
  

O L $"$"  $
 -"  1I  Rn $" " "

C
 )$" $" 0
 

)99) CC KerBh Q

1, "$" "'
 )$ +" ph "  $

*$  $ $"$" )+,
%9,*:10.1',*C  rh Qh  wh V0h  * )

Wh Bh Rh = Bh Wh Rh = rh divwh dx.

@ rh = 1  
I
 ? Qh A  
U E
IQ
 
divwh dx = wh n ds = 0
H N
EC

LY T

 
 wh V0h A   
 
 Rh = 1I = (1, ..., 1)  ? KerBh 

PO
0 -1 +1 0

O L E -1 +1 0 -1

C +1 0 -1 +1

0 -1 +1 0

 $
W 7  0    


   

8 ;6
 ) P1 
  .   <

)99) CC   k = 2 " k = 1 
$" *$ P2 ) 
 -" " P1
) 
 )$'
 $! KerBh "  $$ $' $0$  )
 -"  1I
 "$" "'
 )$ +" ph " $   $ $"$" )+,
U E
  k = k = 1 
$" *$ P1 ) 
 -" "
 )$'
 $!
KerBh " $ 0$
 $$ ""$" )
 0$    $  "$" "'

N IQ
)$ +" ph $" ) $ ' E  $ $"$" )+,
E C H
Y
%9,*:10.1',*C  rh Qh  wh V0h  * )
L T

P O 

LE
Wh Bh Rh = Bh Wh Rh = rh divwh dx = rh wh dx.

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 

U E


N IQ

 k = 2  k = 1A    rh    
  Ki A 

EC

n H 

LY T
rh wh dx = rh (Ki ) wh dx.

O
i=1 Ki

P
LE
@  8
  
 
  ,9 $
& 
  
A 
 wh P2 A

O
 

C
|K|
wh dx = wh (aij )
K N (N + 1)/2 j

R  (aij )   N (N + 1)/2  

  H    ai  aj
 K  9  
   
.   
 ;
  
 ? 

<A  0
 

|Ki | |Kj |
rh wh dx = wh (aij ) rh (Ki ) + rh (Kj ) .
N (N + 1)/2 N (N + 1)/2
U E
IQ
aij

N
9  wh 
 .
  
   
aij   
A   
 

H
EC
Wh Bh Rh = 0 
 


Y T
|Ki |rh (Ki ) + |Kj |rh (Kj ) = 0. ;$&<

POL
 8 rh  
        ,
E
L
    ,
  ? ,
 ' rh  ? P1   
 


O
C
A       
? ,8  
  * 
A
  
A   
 0  ;$&<  
     rh  
 
A
,6?6  
 rh 
 8  9 
A    
 Wh
Bh Rh = 0 
 
 Wh 
 
 Rh = '1IA 
   
 
1
 6   
 , 
 k = k  = 1 @
    

8
 =]0, 1[2 ;.  2
 $ < @
)  8 p0 Qh A . k  = 1A   .
 1, 0, +1 
  
 
   Ki ;.  2
 $
< 5
I
  )A  

Bh Wh Rh = rh divwh dx.

7  wh  :  

 
 
  Ki A  .  
U E
  
 Ki   

N IQ

rh divwh dx =

n
divwh (Ki )
E


C H rh dx

LY
i=1
T Ki

P

 .
 F 
 rh = p0  Ki p0 dx = |K3i | (0 + 1 1) = 0 * 
 p0

LE
  
 
.
.
  KerBh A  
  1I

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 '      !

U E
1  
A &?: ;5) -. &'9)*:',* &)
N IQ
):1 :10'+1)9)*1 3-5:
KerBh

EC H
(0.*&) ;5) 5*H -. 9%14,&) &): %-%9)*1: @*': +,00):3,*&.*1) ):1 '*51'-'

T
:./-)C 9 (A  dim( KerBh ) > 1A  
 

  

#

Y
POL
 ;$&< . 
 ?   

 
   J , 
  

   Ph   (  ? KerBh 
@  
     '*:1./-) +
 I
 
 , p0  

LE

 $

 , 
     ?
O
C
,
   dim(KerBh ) = 1A   8 ,  

   Ph    .
 
 
A 
0   
# 
    1 
  A  ,#   ,  
 
. Uh 
  )  

 *
 
   
   
, )  
  D
 A 
 .# ? T
U

/
 ,.   
 ,   
 

# 
;$&< *
  

  A  ,FCA 
    ,6

E
A 
 
 . 
'   ,  ? ,
  0  ,
U
IQ
 ,# 

  , 9
 0. ,  

N
;
 # .    
' < @  
  
  %

EC H
 
. ?
 0   ,
   ;. ,9 "
<
/
 . 
A   H A  

#  ;$&< 

Y T

. ?   
.

POL
1
J(Vh ) . J(Vh ) = Ah Vh Vh bh Vh .
E
J(Uh ) = min

L
Vh KerBh 2

C O
,  ,FC    
  0  

 

*
    G  
A  ,
 
      
 ) P2 
  .  P1 
   @ 
 8
 

 A  P1 ^0
 
  .  P1 
    ,     
  ) P1 
  .     
   , V0h
 .  I
   0 
 
   
 
 
 RN
 8 /5--) )   
 1 (x)...N +1 (x)A R  j (x)
    0#
  x    Ki  '  8
0
  
 
  0  Ki  . ? ,
A  
     
0  0#    '    0    ,
U E
IQ

.

H N
>)0+'+) CC " 
 
 
 %

 
   P1 P
 




P1  

 
dim(KerBh ) = 1
T E C
LY
 0      ,     , ) 
O
P
 
     ( ) 
   H # ,.6

LE
A    , 
.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 "

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC  

 
 
) =
   !
 
 N = 1 

EC H

$

  B 

 


 u = 0
p 
 

f (

T

  



 


 
 
 
 - = (0, 1)( 

Y




*

  xj = jh

 h = 1/(n + 1)
0 j n + 1  

POL

 %

E

 
 
 
 $
2 


LE
uj+1 +2uj uj1 p
+ j+12h j1 = f (xj )  1 j n
p

O
h2

C
uj+1 uj1
= 0  1 j n
2h
u0 = un+1 = 0.

" 
 

: 
$


*

 
 (

 
 
 



 (pj )
 
+ $

  $


  $  
$




 
 

 (1, 0, 1, 0, ..., 1, 0)

)9.0;5) CC ,    8

 . ;$$-< ,  6
0 
 
? 
 
 
 *
 

U E
IQ

N
div (Au) = f 
u=0 
 ,

EC H
T
  = AuA  
  8
 .
Y
POL
 

divv dx =
E
f v dx

L

 

C O

A1 dx +

udiv dx = 0,


 
 (v, ) L2 () H(div)    , ) 
  
 
(   
       9    
  ) 



 9 

  

1  
6 
    

  
  2':5.-':.
1',*  
 0
       )  )
 6 


E
   ? , 
  ;0< 
 


IQ
 R<  F  9  N = 2  
     ,.
U
 .
  
 

 0  ;R ,
  ? .


H N
^
    ,A   
  . 
  2
 $" 

E C
$$  8
  8  
   .
   
. 

T
2
 $" R  
  ;  
H 0 
 
  

LY
<  ,
 0  ,  8  ( 9
O
P
 N = 3    
8 ;
8 R ,
  < 

LE
0  
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C
 


U E
N IQ

 $
EC H
 W ' ,.
 
 
  ,
 0  (

61

Y T
E POL
O L
C

 #
  
  


U E
N IQ

 ? <
E C H

 $ " W 
8 

 0  (

61 ;.
 
 

LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

'   !   N 2 &

U E
N IQ
9
 ,A 
  
 0  (
  , ,


EC H
 ;
 
  <  
 
  
   ;

T
0

0< @ 
       ) Q1  0  1

Y
POL
;$
$< .
  0 
 
   
   1 


8 
  0

0 3
   0  
   
  

LE
1 L6 M u = 1A  
     0
   
 
 /
  2
 $    .
  u 
 
A   2


C O
$ "  
8  u
 .
  
 

 0 . ;R ,
  ?
.
  RN <  ( *A  A  
#  ,
;.  
6 "
< @ 
   D   .
 
A
  # ,   : ?   ?    0 
   
 L 8M
 
 , #
   
 ;
 N = 2 
3< + 
  .
 
u(x)   

 x 
 ,  8  J  
A   



E
8  x+u(x) /
 
  
     
 

U
IQ
, ,
 
  
  0 . 
 ;  
 

N
 1<  0 
  
 0  ;  
   /
< 


EC H
?     ; 8 f 
 .
  .< Y .  2
 $ $
,.     )
 8  
, 
 # 
  

Y T
,
 
  
    

  

E POL
O L
C

 
 


 $ $ W 1 
 ? A A )
 8A  


   ; .
  .   
 8< 
 

 
 ?    

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 '      !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T


E  POL
O L
C
  

U E
N IQ
/
)% 
 

EC H


,
 

Y T
POL
'    ?     
 
 . A

O L E
,6?6  ? ,
  .
    8    
 
.   
  
0 1,
 A  . 
  ,


C
 
 
A     ;
.0<A  0
,.
  ?  
 1,
 A 
  

   

    H 0 ,.
 
 
   
.
  ' -
1 
  

   30,/-?9) .5> 2.-)50: 30,30): 
 
 .   
   1  
 
. 0  RN 
  
 (, u) R H01 ()A . u = 0A 
 

u = u 
;&<
u=0 
 .

    2.-)50 30,30)A   8 u(x) 9,&) 30,30) ,5 =,*+
U E
IQ
1',* 30,30) ,0  .
       ;&< @ 


N
8 ,   ;&<   0 
     .
 
.
  ,
  A ,  nA

E C H
Au = u

LY T
. (, u) R Rn , ;& <

P O
 : 
 ,
 
 L M   ) ,


LE
 A   )  
  ;&< 
 
 
 

C O 
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
N IQ
0 ,.
A  # 0
 
#0
A  
A

EC H
,6?6  ,
   
 ;&"< 
,
    ;&&< /A

T
 
  ;&<  

  #
 
 
  A 

Y
POL
      .0
       
. 3 . . 
   6

LE
0 
 .
  ;&<A 
 .    &
 14%,0')
:3)+10.-) ./:10.'1)     =0  0
      6

C O
   )  
 0 
  ) 
 : 


  #
    0 
 0  '
 .   ,
 
  
 L
MA 
 
  ?

.

  8 
 , ,  
 
 
    

   /
 
    
 
 
 .
 
    &
 9 
A 
  
  6
0  ;&< .&9)1 5*) '*@*'1% &%*,9/0./-) &) :,-51',*: 9)A 
 &   
 
 &!.330,>'9.1',* *59%0';5)  .


E
  8  ,
 
 
 .  9 
A
U
IQ

 
    9.10'+) &) 9.::) M 
 .   

N
     KA  
  
  .
    ;&< 

H
EC

   .
 
# Ku = MuA  
 ) , 

T
 ;&<   .  ;& <

Y
O L 





 " 
P
L E  & 

CO
3.  
    . 0    A
  
  
 ,
 0 
 .
    



 0 ,.
 *
  
  8
   .  
6
  # (   ) 1 
  
 
 A  

 #
 A ) .A ,  n @  k  .
 
 rk  .
 A 1 k nA  
 Ark = k rk 
@  
 # (
  

u + Au = 0 
 t 0
t ;&
<

E
u(t = 0) = u0 ,

IQ U
H N
R u(t) 
 8   C 1  R+  Rn A  u0 Rn    0 


 ;&
<  
 


 0
     A *


E C
A      
  8 u0 = nk=1 u0k rk A  

T


O LY
P
n
u0k ek t rk .

OLE
u(t) =
k=1

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

(  $
   

U E
N IQ
 
    # (

  
2
EC H
T


u
+ Au = 0 
 t 0

Y

t2

POL
u(t = 0) = u0 , ;&<

LE

u (t = 0) = u1 ,

O
t

CR u(t) 

 8   C 2  R

 



+
 Rn A  u0 , u1
RN  9 
   
  8 u0 = k=1 uk rk  u1 = nk=1 u1k rk A ;&<  
n 0

n
   
u1
u(t) = u0k cos k t + k sin k t rk .
k=1
k

E
   
  
  
  
    A

U
IQ
  
  0 ,.
 ;&
<  ;&< 3
 .  6A

N
   
 ? 8 8    
 
  
.

EC H
  
 /
     A  ,
 A , Rn
 ,  =0 L2 ()A  
  L  M   
 


Y T
,
   
 
,
   

POL
3)   . 
 ;&<  0  L0M 8

0 

.
  
  A  
  
 
  L

L E
 .0M  ,
   
 
,
    
 
 6

O
. 8 9 ,0   
A   L
0M ;.< 

C
       
 A 
 
 
 u  

 
 ,. 
  8

u(x, t) = (t)u(x),

,6?6  
 ,   .0    ,  u  
 
,
   

u
u = 0, ;&"<
t
 
. ;
 8< 


 (t) u(x)
=
U E
IQ
=
(t) u(x)

H N
C
R R 
      t   x @  
 
 (t) = et

Y T E
 
 u  H 

0 
 .
 

P O L
u = u ;&$<

LE

    
   


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
N IQ
1  H A  u  
  ,
   
2u
EC H
LY T t2
u = 0, ;&&<

P O
 
. 


LE
 (t) u(x)
= =

O
(t) u(x)

C
R R 
  ' 86   


A  > 0 ; 
 
(.  <A  (t) = a cos( t) + b sin( t)  
 u   H

  ;&$< +
 
A        
 u 
 H 
 ,
   
  
 ,
   A  ,   
H 
     J     
    

, P    ; > 0< 
  


)9.0;5) C C /
 .  . 
 ,
       

  
  
#
U E
u(x, t) = e it
u(x),
N IQ

EC H
R =   8
    u(x)  
 
  ,  ?

Y T
,
 
   
 
 .    #

POL
#0
 ' 
  
 H #
 .     
  
  ,
 
 ,.
 #0
 9  

L E
#
  .0 ; A 
< 
   ; A 6

O
 
<A       ,0   
 

C

  ,0 
  L ,
0M    

>)0+'+) C C ) = RN  " 
 
u(x) = exp(ik x)
 
  
& 

 |k|2 =  H


 








*
 
 A ? . -!%;5.1',* &) +40N&'*()0 
   6

 

 ;.  ' <

>)0+'+) C C )  
 
 *
 V (x) " 
 
(  u(x, t) = eit u(x)

   

u
+ u V u = 0 
 RN R+ ;&-<
E
i ,

U
t

IQ

 u(x)
   

u + V u = u 
 RN .
H N ;&<

T E C
@ 
.  H #  0  
 ;&$<A ? ,  ,
 

LY
,  F  *
 ,
  !    .
  ,

PO

    
  .
 0      ? ,6

LE
  , 8 
#   ;&-<  
 .
A 
  A

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

( 
 

 

U E
N IQ
       
    L0M 
  6

EC H
 V A  .
 ,     0 ) 00 ; 
 
 .  . #
   $"<

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) C C ) V (x) = Ax x

 A 

: 



 


LE
" 
 
u(x) = exp(A1/2 x x/2)
 
  
&/  = tr(A1/2 ) H

C O


 









/
 &   

1   
 

   0   6
  =0 ;.   T $U<  0

  . 
 
.
   ?   )  
 0 
  ) 

: 
 
  #
    0 
 0 6

U E
 9  
  
   
  
   

N IQ


-
 
EC H
T
1 
  
 
 V  
   =0  
 ,
 

Y
POL
 x, y

O L E
%@*'1',* CC " A $ ))
"$
$ $"$   V $ V , $ ))


-
  ))  A $ 
R "
 
&" $ 
$" $$ $
x V   -*
C
Ax = x, :$ "
-"  x " ))
 -"  ))  
 -
  )) ,

4%,0?9) CC " A $ ))
"$
$ $"$   V $ V , 
&" $

$  ))
"$
$ $"$  A  V $ V ' "  >$"' "

  
Ax, y = x, A y x, y V.

%9,*:10.1',*C *
 y V )A  L V   8  
 ) 
L(x) = Ax, y * 
5  -  +FA  



z V  
 L(x) = z, x @ )  , A  V  V 
A ?

E

 y   z   @ .) 8 
 A   
A
U
IQ
   0 L(x) = Ax, y = x, A y

H N
" A $ ))
"$
$ $"$   V $ V , $ "  
%@*'1',* CC
A
E C
"  " >$"  

 D$  - $  >$"' "    A = A,
T
O LY
" A $ ))
"$
$ $"$   V $ V , $ "  
%@*'1',* CC
P
LE
A " *$ )"-  Ax, x > 0 )  " " x V $$ $
,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
N IQ
@  
,  ) 
    
6 I 

EC H
 0 
 0  /
  . 
,  )

T
 
   
   
 
6 I 
 

Y
 
 +,93.+1): 
    
   ) 

POL
 ,
   


LE
%@*'1',* CC
O
:$  $/
 K V " " )" '  " "  " (un )n1

$"  K ' $ ) " &" $   " un $-0$" $ K ,
C


:$  $/
 K V " " 
"-$" )" '  " "  " (un )n1

$"  K ' $ ) " &" $   " un $-0$" $ V ,


  0 

A  V    )A   
60 
 V   8 0 7

A  
 , 
 .  
) 9 (A
 
60   
I
 8 0   

,  .      
.

)99) CC 8$ $ )  @
/" V  $$ $*$'
 /
 $" 
U E
 $" > )",
N IQ
EC H
%9,*:10.1',*C ' ,    )A  
 
  

T
   46  
 
  ) (en )n1  ' 
 6

Y
POL
 0 ?  0

 8 * 
A 
 n = p  

E
en ep 2 = en 2 + ep 2 2en , ep  = 2,

O L
C " "  & )  @
/" " $ ))
"$
$
 
 
. 
,

 
6
  en ,
 
  '
#

%@*'1',* CC V W A
$"$   $ , $ "   " )" 
0 ) 
 /
 $"
V W A A
 V " 
"-$" )" $ W ,
1  
.A
   
 A   A 


 
 0 xn  V A  
 
 
6
  
 Axn . 
 W   W 
V    )A  
   

  ' , 
 .  W  V    )A   
, 
.

>)0+'+) CC " 
 
$


 
   Id 
 



O
 V 

U E

 
$
 5

 

 
 


&2 
N IQ
>)0+'+)
 CC ) $



O
 2 
 

C H
 

 x = (xi )i1

 

E
i1 |xi | < +(    


x, y =
T
i1 xi yi  ) (ai )i1 


2

LY


 ( |ai | C < +   i 1   $

 

A 

O
P
Ax = (ai xi )i1  
 
A
  
 " 
 
A
 







LE
 limi+ ai = 0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

( 
 

 "

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) U ( V
W 


 
O
 

 
( A 

EC H


 

 

V 
 W (
B 


 

 


T
U 
 V  " 
 
$

 AB
 

 
A  B
 



Y
' 
$


 

 


$
 5

 

$


POL
 
 
 




O L E
*  
  #
  

C  
    
6   
.

4%,0?9) CC " V $ )  @
/" 
 $$ $*$ " A $

))
"$
$ $"$ ' *$ )"-'  " >$"' )"  V $ V ,


 -
  ))  A $" $  " (k )k1  
 ""$" )"
  "$ - ' " 
&" $ / #
/"$$ (uk )k1  V   -" 
))  A' -
Auk = k uk )  k 1.

U E
)9.0;5) CC ' 

5 & -A  .  H 6
N
A  0  &%+,93,:'1',* :3)+10.-)  
  v V IQ

+

EC H 
+

T
v, uk uk . v = |v, uk |2 .
2

Y
v=

POL
k=1 k=1

L E
>)0+'+) CC  

 
 


 %: %
  <%
&2. " 

O
C

(  v V ( $
 Au = v



  u V 



 
v 


+
|v, uk |2
< +.
2k
k=1


 ,  A ,    5 & - 0 
8
    , 
.

>)0+'+) CC ) V = L2 (0, 1)
A $


 


V 
 V 


(Af )(x) = (x2 + 1) f (x) 
 
A
  
( 
 
(
 
5



 

 " 
 
A $

 


 
  


 

(A Id)
 

$

  



 
/ [1, 2]

U E

    D(  G) 
 % '  
    
N IQ
E C H
   $ "  V 
  *   

    
  A 



 

  1/ 
  !  V 
 V 
 &

Au, u
L Y
,  M = sup T
Au, u

O
m = inf .
uV \{0} u, u u, u

P        
uV \{0}

OLE
2  A = max(|m|, |M |)    m M A

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E

 $ % *  "
 | Au, u| Au
N
2
Q
I
max(|m|, |M |) A

H
.
    A  
;  ' 
 
 u, v V
EC
Y T
4 Au, v = A(u + v), (u + v) A(u v), (u v)

POL
M u + v2 mu
 v2
2

max(|m|, |M |) u
 + 2v + u  v2

LE
2 max(|m|, |M |) u + v2 .

C O
$ A = supu=v=1 Au, v 
"
 Au = supv=1 Au, v $  
  "

A max(|m|, |M |) :     
  
 
   m M 
  
  
%  
K  A = M 0
 A = m % m 0 5   A = M 0 
  A = m
     "
   2 A  A! 1
 
 (un )n1  %


  V "
      
  M  & "

lim Aun , un  = M  un  = 1.
n+

  v .
   


U E
5  A     
 

  "
 Aun %   V %


N IQ
H
Aun , un  Aun  A = M,

Y T EC
:  
 "
 limn+ Aun  = M  & "
 v = M  J   

P O L  
  


Aun M un 2 = Aun 2 + M 2 2M Aun , un ,

 ' "
 limn+ Aun M un  = 0 n    "
 "
 un
E


O L
%  % v/M 
  M = 0 M   M = 0  % 
"
  "
 "

A = 0!  
  A   
  "
 Aun %  
 % Av/M  


C


 % v! 
      "
 Av/M = v & "
 v 
 %

  
  v = M = 0!  &  %
  M 

    "  V 
  *  A 
 

 

  !

 V 
 V  .      > 0 
  


! &
    

   
 ] , +[    1        

       !

&


 ? "
  
  %
 
    V  
  "
  %
   A 
  %
   "

|| > 0 $    1
  "
 
 
 

(uk )k1    V     
 
  %
  (k )k1
 "

U E
Auk = k uk  |k | 
 
 k 1.

N IQ
$  Ek  
 %     *  (u1 , u2 , ..., uk ) 5  Ek1 
C H

    Ek   
 %

 vk Ek "
  (  & Ek1 
E
T
5  |k |   
 vk /k  '  V   
"
 A     

Y

 

  "
 Avk /k %   V  5 
 j < k  

 

L

P O G !

OLE
Avk Avj vk Avj
= vk + (A k Id) .

k j k j

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

( 
 

 &

U E
N
$  %
 *  "
 AEk Ek  "
 (A k Id)Ek Ek1 I Q   
 
 G !
EC H
  &   G !  & Ek1  5  vk  (  & Ek1   


Y T  
 Avk Avj 

POL
 
 k j  vk  = 1,

OLE
 "
 
  %  %    

 Avk /k   

C

  %
&  "    G  "
  '  %

   %  "
    G  "
   '  
A

  
  '' %   
  

  
  
A  
 % 
  %
     % 4 (k ) 
%
   A  Vk = Ker(A k Id)  
     
G 
  
 "
 ("
 Vk    
! $  "
 "
  

 Vk  ( 
 
 & 
 K  +  vk Vk  vj Vj % k = j  
  A  
;  
U E
Avk , vj  = k vk , vj  = vk , Avj  = j vk , vj ,

N IQ
EC H
:  
 "
 vk , vj  = 0 
"
 k = j  1 W (  V  
 
Vk

Y T
P O L "

!

K

W = u V, K 1 u= uk , uk Vk .

O L E i=1

$ 
 * 
 ' ('  W  
  ' (  
C
("
 Vk (
   
  ( 
  
! ? "
 * W = V
 "
 
% 
 "
  
 (k )  
 
"
 V     
! $

 (   W 
 
W = {u V  "
 u, v = 0 v W } .
5  W  '  A AW W !  %
 "
 W  
 '  A 
Au, v = u, Av = 0  u W  v W  $ 
  
    A &
W "
  

   
 
;    

  G   W = {0}     

 %
  

%
  u W "
  
 %
  %
   A 5 ' -

 %  * "
  
 W  ;& 
  %
   A
 "
 W W = {0}  "
     W = {0}    W  U E
*    
 "
 W = {0} = V 
N IQ

       
D(  G) E C H
%  %
   
 
%L Y

 % 
  
%  K  %
T  %'   

A
    
  &  %
  
!P O    
  

  '
  KerA

LE



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
/

N
0   "
+  IQ


! &  $

 C
E H
Y T
OL
/
 . 
  . 
 
'
 ,H    

P
F   
, ,
 ?  0
   ( 1
 

LE
 =0 V 
  
 8 0 a(, )A :B9%10';5)A 
 

C O
.A ,6?6  
 a(w, v) = a(v, w)A    M > 0  > 0  


|a(w, v)| M wV vV 
 
 w, v V


a(v, v) v2V 
 
 v V.
*
 
. 
  
     A 
 



.   A ? .
 
   =0 H  /
 8 ,#

E
8  
.

V H . I 
IQ U
N
;&<
V    H.

EC H
T
, LI M .
   
 ,
 ,
 I

Y

 ? v V  Iv = v H  
  ;.  1) & &<

POL
3
 A ,# ;&< 
 
  
 
 0  V  


 
6
 .   H    H  V     

L E
H 
 A  
   , H  , V 
 . 
 8

O
C
/
    0 .  .
  
. ;
0
< J 
. R  u V \ {0}  


a(u, v) = u, vH v V. ;& <

@  
 
 .
 
0 . ;& < ;
  8
0 a<  
 u   .
  

)9.0;5) CC 
 ,# ;&<   H  V  
. I .
 H 
      
 

 V    H  7
  0   ,I  V  H  ,  
 , 

E
 ;. ,9 & <

IQ
1 
  

    #
 ,
  
 *
 U
N

 
. 0 A   V = H01 ()A H = L2 ()A   8 0 #

H
 )  

T
u v dx. E C
Y
a(u, v) =

P O L

' Cc ()   ?  8  H01 ()   L2 ()A  Q 

5

LE

   +A ,# ;&<  .)A    .

' " 
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

( $

 

 # 
    

U E
N IQ
8 0 a  0 
  . 
 V  *
    

EC H
A  . 8 
 ;& <  
. ?

Y
u = u 

POL
u=0 
 ,

LE
,6?6  
  u  .
   8 


C O  
  ;& <     
 
.

4%,0?9) CC " V " H  & )  @
/" 
  $$ $*$, $
 ))   V H - $>"$ )" "   V " $ $ H , " a(, ) $
 /
$ !"  $"$  " -   V ,

 -
  )) 
F, $" $  " $" (k )k1  
 )"   "$ -
$*$' "

&" $ / #
/"$$  H (uk )k1  -"  )) ' " 
 
uk V, " a(uk , v) = k uk , vH v V.

U E
8 )
' (uk / k )k1 " $ / #
/"$$  V ) 
 ) " 
 a(, ),
N
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 f H A 
 .  0 . IQ
EC H

. u V  
 a(u, v) = f, vH 
 
 8 v V. ;&
<

Y T
POL
  8  .)  #
5

  67  
 ;&
<

   


 
 u V  @ )
   A 

L E
H  V 
 ? f   
 u = Af  3
 A ,  A

O
 ) 

C Af V  
 a(Af, v) = f, vH 
 
 v V. ;&<

9  v = Af  ;&<A  0

Af 2V a(Af, Af ) = f, Af H f H Af H Cf H Af V

 ,
 ,I I  V  H  
 * 
A ,
 A  
  H  V  @ ) 
  
A = IA  H  H A 
  0 
 ' I  A  
 A 

  ;. ,9 & 
< *
  
 A  
6 IA  

E
v = Ag  ;&<   0A 
 
 f, g H A

f, AgH = f, AgH = a(Af, Ag) = a(Ag, Af ) = g, Af H = g, Af H ,

IQ U
H N
? 
   #  aA  
 
. 
 A  
6 I ) 8 

E C
H  @ 
  
  5 & - ? ,
 A 
  .) 
 
T
O LY
#  
 
  (k )k1   8 
  . A
  
 0 0 (uk )k1  H 8  .
   AA .

P
OLE
Auk = k uk 
 k 1.

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
N IQ
+
 
A    A  .
  uk   
6

EC H
 ? H  
 ? V  +.  
0 
 .
 

T
;& < 
 
 ,

Y
POL
a(u, v) = u, vH = a(Au, v) v V,

LE
? 
   ) ;&<A ,6?6  a(u Au, v) = 0A 

O
C u = Au = Au.

* 
A  .
  (k )k1
0 . ;& <  6
  .  .
  (k )k1  AA  
 .
  
 H @ 
1 uk
k =  vk = .
k k

E
* 
A  .
  uk 8
 0 0  H  @
.) 

uk , uj H
IQ U
N
a(uk , uj )
a(vk , vj ) =  = k  = kj ,
k j

EC
k j
H
T
  ,   (vk )k1  V  
 ,   (uk )k1

Y
POL
 H ;
  
 
.
 
<A   
 
  (vk )k1 8
 0
0  V 
  
  a(u, v)

L E
)9.0;5) CC  
  8 
 ,
 AA )  ;&<A  ,6
O
C

  
   8
 .A ,6?6  
,   


 -!'*2)0:)   8 0 a ', 
   
  .
 
k   8
 .   .  .
  k  A
* A   )  8 0 , a(u, v) = Ku v   
A = K1  1 HA 
     A = ()1 ;
 ,.

 A    
6H Y . ,9 & 
< 9 8A ,  
 
   

   
 0 
  ?
,      ,
 ()1 

>)0+'+) CC 6 
 




 <%
&2 4 $ 


$%: %



  




a(, ) 
 $%: %


$





  
 > 0
> 0

 

U E
a(v, v) + v2H v2V   v V.
N IQ
E C H
6
 

 
 

 
 (k )k1 
 
 
  
( 
 




 k + > 0
LY T
P O
/
  
 
  
  .
 
6

LE
0 . ;& <A  30'*+'3) &5 9'*9.> ,5 &) ,50.*1':4)0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

( $

 

 # 
    

U E
N IQ
*
   
  
  +#  )A 
 
 8 v V \{0}A


EC H
T
a(v, v)

Y
R(v) = .

POL
v2H

" V " H  & )  @
/" 
 

LE
0,3,:'1',* CC $,50.*1':4)06
$$ $*$, $  ))   V H - $>"$ )" "   V " $

C O
$ H , " a(, ) $  /
$ !"  $"$  " -   V ,  
k 0 $ $" Ek
$/
   ) -"
  $$ k  V , $
$" (k )k1
  " +0,'::.*1)  -
  )) )/
+ -"$$
F,,

' )  " " k 1'
 k+ -
  )) " $$ )



k = min max R(v) = max min R(v) . ;&"<
W Ek vW \{0} W Ek1 vW \{0}

$ )"
'
 )+ -
  )) -*

U E
1 = min R(v),
vV \{0}
N IQ ;&$<

EC H
" " " )$"  $  $ F,% " $ -"  ))   1 ,
Y T
POL
%9,*:10.1',*C  (uk )k1  0 0
 H 8  .
 
 ;& < 1,  5 & -A (uk / k )k1 
 0 0  V 

O L E
@ 
     H  V ?   
  
;.  +
 & <

C H= v=

+
k uk , vH =
2

+
2
k < + ,
!

k=1 k=1
!

+ 
+
V = v= k uk , v2V = k 2k < + .
k=1 k=1

@ 
 
  
A   .
  k    1 > 0A
  8 0 P V 
 
6  H  @ 

   
  +# 

E
+

U
2
k=1 k k

IQ
R(v) = + 2 ,

N
k=1 k

C H
 
     
 
   .
  
6
E
k
L T
  
6 Wk Ek     (u1 , u2 , ..., uk ) @ 

Y +

P O
2 2
j=1 j j j=k j j
k v Wk  R(v) = + 2 v Wk1

LE
R(v) = ,
2
j=1 j j=k j

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
,R , 

N IQ
k = max
EC H
R(v) = min R(v).

T
vWk \{0} \{0}
vWk1

Y
POL
 W
 
6 

  Ek  ' W    k  Wk1

  k 1A , W Wk1 ,  
 ? {0} * 
A

OLE
max R(v) max R(v) min R(v) min R(v) = k ,

C
vW \{0} \{0}
vW Wk1 \{0}
vW Wk1 \{0}
vWk1

 
 
.      ;&"< 1 HA  W 
 
6 
Ek1 A  W Wk ,  
 ? {0}A 

min R(v) min R(v) max R(v) max R(v) = k ,

vW \{0} vW Wk \{0} vW Wk \{0} vWk \{0}

 
 
.  
    ;&"<   u
   


U E
 ;&$< *
 v V A  
  8 f (t) = R(u+tv) ,
 .0 

IQ
t R 
  
 
  t = 0 * 
  . ,
  t = 0

N
9     
 f (0) = 1 A
  
  

H


Y T
f (0) = 2
u2H EC
a(u, v) 1 u, vH
.

POL
' v  

  V A    f  (0) = 0 ,  ,
 
 
E
L
8
 . ;& <A ,6?6  
 u 
 .
   ? 

O
C
.
  1 


 9      

@ 
   
  5 & - ?  8
 .6

 .   
   1A  
 
  

 
.

4%,0?9) CC " $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 1  RN , 
&" $

 " $" (k )k1  
 )"   "$ -
$*$' " 
&" $ /
#
/"$$  L2 () (uk )k1 ' "

   #  uk ))"$"  H01 () " -*

),), $ U E
IQ
uk = k uk
;&&<
),),   .
uk = 0

H N
E C
%9,*:10.1',*C *
   .   
   1A  6
T

O LY
 V = H01 ()A H = L2 ()A   8 0 #
  ) 

P
OLE
a(u, v) = u v dx,

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

( $

 

 # 
   

U E
  
  
 L ()  0 G
2

N IQ


EC H
Y T u, vH = uv dx.

POL

@ .)   #

5 & - 4Q 
5 
  

LE
+A V  0  
  H  ' Cc ()   ?  8

O
 H   V A V  0   H  9)A   .

' " 
 

C
8 0 a  0 
  . 
 V  * 
A  


  (k )k1   8 
  . ,)A   
 0
0  L2 () (uk )k1 A  
 uk H01 () 
 
uk v dx = k uk v dx v H01 ().

*
      ;
H # 
  
  

5 "  <  0 ;&&< +
 
 
 ,


U E
 
  
 
 
. 
  5   

 

  L
 
M ?    
   1

N IQ

EC H
)9.0;5) CC ,# 
   0  ,
.  0


T
8    5 &
"   ,  8A  5 
 

Y
POL
 + ;
 ,I   H 1 ()  L2 ()<    8
A  

  
  5 &
" ,  
 9 8A   
 
, 


E
) ; 00<  .
  L M 
 R  8

L
 ,  ? L2 () 3  
  ,9 &    
O
C

  = RN 

>)0+'+) CC ' 
 N = 1(  
=]0, 1[ 0







 
 

 


   
 




  
 

 
6%
&& G $



  
 




 

C


&2/(  
 




+
ak sin(kx)
k=1
+

*

 L2 (0, 1) 



  a2k < +(

 H 1 (0, 1) 





E
 k=1
k=1 k ak < +
 +
U
2 2

N IQ
>)0+'+) CC  
 


=]0, L1 []0, L2[ ]0, LN [( 4

C H

 (Li > 0)1iN  
 

  
 0




 
 
 



E



   
 




  
 
 
6%

&&
LY T
P O
 5 &
"    
 ,
   
 

LE
/
  

       
.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
,0,--.'0) CC
N
" $  -" /$ 0
  R N
IQ
$"
 $"+ 

EC H
) $  & )" >$" 0
+ N " D -
 <0  9,, 

&" $  " $" (k )k1  
 )"  $
   "$ -
$*$' " 

Y T
&" $ / #
/"$$  L2 () (uk )k1 ' "

   #  uk ))"$"  H 1 ()

POL
" -*
uk = k uk $

O LE uk = 0
u
  D
  N .
C
n = 0
k

)9.0;5) CC 1   ,

   
  
  /
A
,6?6  
 D = A  8 0 , 
 . 
 H 1 () *

  ' &
&  8
 
 ,9 &


>)0+'+) CC  
+ 

  
 





$'

& 0




 
 
 

 


   






  
 
 
>

   
 
U E
IQ
   .
      '
62  
6
N
. 8
A    , 
.

EC H
T
>)0+'+) CC  

 
 


 %: %
  <%
&! " 

Y
POL






 
 

 

C 
 $*
  
-
  

-  ;
 
 





 
1 
&&

O L E
@ 
 
  
  8 
A .   


C
  1 
 /
A  


0,3,:'1',* CC " $  -" /$ 0
  
 C ,

 $"$
)) 
"$  F,F ))"$$$"  C (),
%9,*:10.1',*C  uk  k6 8  
  H01 ()  ;&&<
@ 
   
 uk  

0 
  
.

uk = fk 
uk = 0 
 ,

E
. fk = k uk  ' fk  ? H 1 ()A  
5 "  $

IQ U
 
   
 
  
 uk  ? H 3 () 1

A  
0 fk  
 
  
  ,
   
  uk  *

H N

 
 8    
 uk  ? H m () 
 
 m 1

T E
+
 
 $<A   
 
 uk   C ()C
9 .

5 
 " 
  
  8  H m () ;. 
 

O LY
P
/
  
 
 
8   ?   

LE
 .
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

( $

 

 # 
    "

U E
4%,0?9) CC  $&) L0)'*519.*6
A#+ F,3,=, $  ))  
 -" H N Q

")+
$ )$
I$""$
" $$&,

 #!)"#+
-
 
C
)) " )
 ,,
  ) ))

 ) -"  )) ) " E"T
1

E)" )  )" " $ ,

)$ $" "  $$  "

OL Y #

P
LE
)9.0;5) CC  5 &
  B6+
  )
 
 

C O
 LM ;,6?6  
 ,
 u  ? .
  R< ' 

 8
    ,
 u  ? .
 . ;. 
  ,

#  ,<     (      .

 
   ,
 
  

 ;.  5 "  <

 , .0 
    

%9,*:10.1',*C  u H01 ()
 .
   
  ?  
.
  1  1,   "     
 u+ = max(u, 0) 
? H01 ()  u+ = 1u>0 u ;  H 
 u = min(u, 0)< * 
A 

U E
8 |u| = u+ u  ? H01 ()    |u| = sign(u)u 9 .
 
* &
  '
62  

N IQ
H



EC
|v|2 dx

T
1 = min R(v) ,
vH01 ()\{0} v 2 dx

POL
 
   
  .
  @ 1 = R(u) = R(|u|)A  |u| 

O L E

 .
   ? 1  ' u+  u  0   u
 |u|A   
  8   ? 1 

C
9 8A  
  
 u  ,
   Q 



 L8M 
 : 
A  w C 2 () .)

w 0  ,  w = 0 
 ,

  w 0  A  w > 0   @ 

  
 ? u+  u ;

 
 ? 
   * &
< 
  
.  H 
  

 
A  ,
  
  

  
  
6 
 ? 1     
   
  @ 
 # 
. 

8  u1  u2  A ,6?6  


E

u1 u2 dx = 0,

IQ U
N

C H
 
  0 

,     A 
  


E

LY T
>)0+'+) CC )  
  *



 " 
 




PO


 



 


  
 
 
>


 

LE
$


 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  ,0  
   
6   

EC H
:
 
 
 
 

  A ,6?6  
0

T

 .
  
.

Y
POL

div(Au) = u 



LE
u=0

C O
R A(x) 
  #
 . ;.  
6 " 
<


 .   
,  
   
6   ?  
 
 6
.  
 
 
 
       6
0 
 
.
 /
 . 0.   


   )8 J  #  ,    
 

E
%

 
 #
 
. ; 00 ? ,
   <
IQ U
 
 ;""$<  ,  .  8    

2u
H N
EC
t2 div (2e(u) + tr(e(u)) Id) = f  R+ ;&-<
u=0
Y T 
 R+ ,

POL
 
R > 0    .



 e(u) = u + (u)t /2 +

L E

  :  

.) > 0  2 + N > 0 9 ,0

O
 8 
 f ;      ,.
   <

C
 
 
   
     ;&-<  
 ,.
 
 ,
     
6 &  ' 
 ?  

 (, u)
0 
 .
  
.

div (2e(u) + tr(e(u)) Id) = u 
;&<
u=0 
 ,

R  = 2      8

  .0 ;
 .      
.
  
 .
 8
 .  :   < 9 
A
 8  u  
  9,&) 30,30) &) 2'/0.1',*
9 
.    
 6 
 
  
  

 
. ;
    

 
 ,<
U E
" $  -" /$ 0
  
  , I
Q
0,3,:'1',* CC 
 
 )"   "$ -
$*$' "H
C1
N $&"
RN
$  " $"
#
/"$$ 
(k )k1

T
' "

   #  ))"$"
L2 ()N (uk )k1
E C 

&"
"
H01 ()N
/
-*
Y ),), $
uk

P O L
div (2e(uk ) + tr(e(uk )) Id) = k uk
),),  

LE
uk = 0 .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

( $

 

 # 
    &

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C
#
 


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

 %


 & W       ,

 L
M  
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
N IQ
 
  
 
  8  uk   * &
 ,

EC H

 8 
  , 
0 ;&< *   5

T
&
 
      .
    .   

Y
POL
8   8
   ;  8
  

< '
 
 
       ) Q1     

LE
 ,
 L
M   0  ) ;  
   1<  
 
   0 ;  
   /
<    A

C O
  0A   ?  H .
  ;     
#
    90 
. , z < ;.  2
 &   50
&

<
  .
    L 
0M

+
   

>
   "  " --" $

 & W >

    
      2
 &
/
   
 
  % ;"&< 
 
 .
U E
IQ
 ,
 0 ,.
  # 0
 ;. 
  ;- << *

N
H

  0 ,.
    ,
  .
  8

EC
 (, u, p)
0 
.

Y T
p u = u 

POL
divu = 0  ;& <


 ,
E
u=0

O L
R > 0   .A u  .  p  
D
  9 
.   

C

 6 
 
A  
 
 
 , 
.

>)0+'+) CC )  
  *
 





C 1 
RN  " 

$





(k )k1 

    
 
 $(




%
 

(uk )k1  



L2 ()N 
   + 
*


(



%

uk

 
 + H01 ()N (







 pk L2 () 


pk uk = k uk  

divuk = 0  


uk = 0   .
 
  
 
  8    * &
 ,

 8 
  
  % ;& < *   5 &

U E
IQ

      .
    .    8

N
H
  8
   ;  8
  

<

E C
>)0+'+) CC  



 

 
  $
 
)%1
T
O LY
*


  
 
 


V (x) = Ax x 4 A
 


: 


 


$

 %


P
OLE
u + V u = u 
 RN . ;& <

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

(    
 

U E
  



 H = L (R )

2 N

N IQ


EC H 
V = v H 1 (RN )
 
|x|v(x) L2 (RN ) .

Y T
POL
" 
 
V
 



O
  
 



 

LE
u, vV = u(x) v(x) dx + |x|2 u(x)v(x) dx,

O
RN RN

C


$5
  
V 
 H
 

 ' 
$






(k )k1 

    
 
 $



%
 


L2 (RN ) (uk )k1
  
 

 


   
 
&2 0




 




  
  %
%

uk  

pk (x) exp(Ax x/2) 4 pk

  :9


* k 1 L

 %:

 
 


>)0+'+) CC )  
  *
 
RN   





  $
 
 



  
 
 $

 





U E
IQ
(u) = u
 .
N
u
n = u = 0

EC H
" 
 $





(k )k1 


 
  
 
 


T
$



%
 


 L2 () 
  
 (uk )k1 

 


Y
POL
+ H02 ()

/

O L E
) 



C
*
  
 (

@ .  
     8
 . 6

 ?  
6 &
  
 
6 Vh  ,  =0
V A   )A    
 (h , uh ) R Vh 
a(uh , vh ) = h uh , vh H vh Vh . ;& <
5#
A Vh 
  , )  
 
   1)6
 $
"  $
 "A  H  , L2 ()  
  , 
;& <  8      
.

)99) CC $  )
  
 #!)"#+ A#+ F,3,,

 -
 
U E
))  F, $" $  " $" *$
N IQ
0 < 1 n dl
- ndl = dimVh ,
E C H
' "   
L T
" 
&" $ /  Vh ' "#$
 $ H ' (uk,h )1kn  -"  ))
Y dl

P O
uk,h Vh , " a(uk,h , vh ) = k uk,h , vh H vh Vh .

O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C '  
 H   
 . . 

EC H
5 &
 ;?  (  
,  )  
 0 ) 

T
.
 < / 
  
  (A 


Y
POL
 0
A 
  
 ?   
.  
  (i )1indl

0  Vh ; A  8  0 ,
   , )A .

LE
 * $
&< @  uh 
  ;& < 
  8

C O uh (x) =

ndl

i=1
Uih i (x).


  9.10'+) &) 9.::) Mh ) 

(Mh )ij = i , j H 1 i, j ndl ,

  9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1% Kh ) 

(Kh )ij = a(i , j ) 1 i, j ndl ,

U E
N IQ
 0 ;& <  
. ? 
. (h , Uh ) R Rndl 
 

Kh Uh = h Mh Uh .
EC H ;&
<

Y T
POL
  L       M .   

    +
 
A    R Vh 
  ,

O L E
)A       Kh    H  
  

' $  ,       ) 
 0

C

 @ .)   
   Mh  Kh  #

 ) .  # ;&
< 
 0  
 .
 
L M    
 
 ;.     
$
 T U< : 
, 
  .0 Ph  


Mh = Ph Ph ,  Kh = Ph diag(k )Ph .

* 
A  
  ;&
<   .
  (k )   .

 (Uk,h )1kndl 
   .
   Ph  ' .
 
8 
 0A   
 Kh   
 Mh ;
  6

 0. ?  +
 &
 
  0< 2A 
.
 Uk,h    .
      0 (i )1indl

U
 8 uk,h 
 8
 0   Vh 
  
  E
 H 
N IQ

E C H
)9.0;5) CC 1   &     #
5 &
 J

LY T
 
A  8 0 a(u, v)  
 :B9%10';5) @ . 0
,   #    9 (A   , 

P O
#
A   
    # ;&
<   0A ,6?6  ,

LE
  

0 
 .
  ;& <

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

(    



U E
N IQ
,
 & ? , .   )

EC H

0  1 ;&&<    @  V = H01 ()A H = L2 ()A

T
 ,  V0h   1) $
" ; 
 V0h    

Y
POL

   1<

>)0+'+) CC  



 

 

 
 N = 1

OLE

uk = k uk  0 < x < 1

C uk (0) = uk (1) = 0.

 




 





 
 %

 
   P1  


 
 
 

)
  2 " 
 






Mh
 



2/3 1/6 0
1/6 2/3 1/6

  

E
Mh = h    ,

IQ
1/6 2/3 1/6

N
0 1/6 2/3



 

 
 
EC H
Yh
T
POL
k (Mh ) = (2 + cos(kh))  1 k n.
3

O L E
" 
 
(    






 !(
  

Mh = h Id
6
 


 
( 

 
 

 
  

 
 


C
)9.0;5) CC *
 
  .
  .
 
0 
 ;&
<  8
A  A   
  8  '%#
     Mh = Lh Lh A 
   
 

hU
K h = h U
h h = L1 Kh (L )1  U
. K h = L Uh ,
h h h


 
   ,   
  .
  .
  /

.# ?   
 
 
   
    J  


 , ,  
 G
    

@ 
 .  
   K
h  8 ,   8 

E
'%#  Mh  

 8
  
 
 
 .
  : 
U
IQ
  Mh 
    &'.(,*.-) '   ,  

  

N
+,*&)*:.1',* &) 9.::) ;
L 
 M   <   8


H
C
* A  
  8
  
 
 ;$"< ;



 

Y E
.
 
 
 ,
 8 
 

  <A  . 8 

T
    Mh  0
    ;. ,9 &<

P O L
/
 .   
6 
. 
 :)5-): -): 30)9'?0): 2.-)50:

LE
30,30):  k,h ; 
 <      .


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
N IQ
  k ;H  
  .
 <  8
  8 

EC H

8 
   .
  ; 
  <
0  ;&
<

T
, 

  ) #
 V * 
A       

Y
POL
.
 
0  1 ;&&<A  8
  
   
:
)
 ) 
    , , ) Vh  0 


LE
  
 
/
 
  
6   
  $     

C O
.0 ,
 0
 ;  
 0 
 ) 
  0 <
@ 
   0  1 ;&&< 
 
  #  @


   , ) P1   
     2
 &  
50
&< @ 
 
   .
      
 

     L 
0M

+
   
 " $
>
  "&- $ $ $ $
"

 &
U E
W >
    
      2
 & 

N IQ


 '
$
  
 #
EC H
Y T
POL
1  
6A 
 
  ,
 
  .6
       ) 
 Pk 
  
  .
 

O L E
.
 
0  1 ;&&<   0  
  
 
  ? ,
 0  ? ,
 # , )

C "
4%,0?9) CC (Th )h>0 $  "  

0 "$0
 0
  ,
"
  ) 
V0h H01 ()' *$ )
 "#   
$" *$ Pk ' 
$$ ndl , " (i , ui) R H01 ()' )  i 1'
 -
  " -"  ))
"#$ $ L2 () )/
+  8#
" %,3%' $0 )   $"
0 < 1 2 ... i i+1 ...

"
 -
  ))

0 < 1,h 2,h ... ndl ,h ,


))&"$ -"$$

 F, $ V0h ,   " " i 1 *&' $ 

U E
IQ
HN
lim |i i,h | = 0. ;& <

C
h0

T E

&" $ 

  -"  )) (ui,h )1in  F, $ V0h "

  ' 
Y
i " $ -
  )) )
' $ 
L
dl

PO
OLE
lim ui ui,h H 1 () = 0. ;& "<
h0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

(    


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
OLE

#
 



U E
N IQ
EC H

%


Y T
POL




O L E
C


$
 
&


U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T

 &
P O
W  $     ,
 0


O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ( 
 
 $

 



U E
8 )
' 
  ) $0$  ) (u1 , ..., ui)
N I Q $
" $
 H k+1 () " 
k + 1 > N/2' 
 $ 
""$  

E C H
LY T |i i,h | Ci h2k , ;& $<

P O
. Ci $ )$ )  h' "  i " $ -
  )) )
' $ 

O LE ui ui,h H 1 () Ci hk . ;& &<

C
)9.0;5) CC   Ci  ;& $< 
;& &<   . + 
 i
+A  
 8 
, ,#  

  
  
   .
 
 ; A ndl ,h <    .
   i 
,   .   .
    
0  
   . 
 .
   ,  ? ,
   , 
,
 
6 I 
, 
. 
     

 
  
 ;.  * 
 <

U E
 .   .
   
 ,0 
   .
 

IQ
    9 (A   .
  i  
A  
 

N
H
.
   ui,h 
   .     

 

EC
,

 
  ( 0   .
 


6   ? i 

Y T

E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T


E  POL
O L
C
 ! 
1
)% 
 
U E
:

,
 

N IQ
EC H
'    ? ,# 
  

  0

Y T
,.
   ;      
 . 
  0

POL
  .0  < /
  
 
 # 

# ( ,
 
 .  J   # 0
A  

L E
 # #0
 , #
 ,
 0
  ,
  

O

 
 
 
   ;  # , ?    


C

   
  % <  # ,

#0
  ,
    
 
 
 
  ; 6

 8  # , ?    
 
   

 , #
 
  , < *
 A ,
.  , ? 0

 ,
 0 ,.
  A  6
  # 0
 
#0
A A  A ,

 !     
 


       
.        ?


 
  ?    1   -  -

 6
 ,  ,
   
  ,
   
 
   

 ? 
.
   =,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) ' 
 ,.

U
     
6 & A 

 
   /.:): 4'-/)0E
1')**): &) =,*+1',*: 30,30): 
 
' & /
  
 

N IQ
E C H
  &!):1'9.1',*: &!%*)0(') 
 
 0 ,  #
  

I
)    
    1   -  -" 


LY T

  30,30'%1%: ;5.-'1.1'2):  
  
 
  


A   
 ,  ,
   00 
  


P O
  
    A -)50: 30,30'%1%: ;5.-'1.1'2): :,*1 3.0 +,*10) 10?:

LE
&'A%0)*1): /
 . 
 
A      
. 

C O
"
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
8 ? ,
 #
 ;  

 
  
A 

EC H
 .  ,  
   <A ,
  
 
A  ? 

T
 
  ;  .    L)M  

Y
POL

A   .0     < 5
  
  


 
  
  0 /A 
 
  

LE
 
 
 ,
    , 
  RN Y    

 0
 8
    
 

 8  4

C O   -$  -&   ?  0%:,-51',* *59%0';5)  ,
6
   
     /
 . I?       
( ) 
  0 ;.  '   < 3
 
 

 
 ,
      %-%9)*1: @*':   
*
 A 8 ? ,
 A 

   ) 
 
 A   ( ) 
   

:

 5  
 )  #
 & 

U E
*    
 0 0
 
 
 


N IQ
  A   

   
   #
 



EC H
,#      -!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.-)50  ,  #
 
I?  
 
'  
 
. 0  RN  8  *


Y T
   
   1    ,

POL
u
t u = f  R+

E
u=0 
 R+ ;-<

L

u(x, 0) = u0 (x) 
 x .

C O
 0 
  ;-<   ,.
   
 u(x, t) 

  
 

 
 
     0
 

 A ? t = 0A     8 u0 
  0

 A  
  
 ?
 .
 A
  .

 8 ;,     1   u(x, t) = 0 
 R+ < 

  
      8  f = f (x, t) / 
 
.0 x  t R+ I
  X  (  ;-< 

, , 
,
 
 
 . 
    t 

   
x ;    
 
  .0 <
 
 
,  ,
   #

# ;-< * A
;-<   
  (
 ,
  u    A 
0
,.

   u ,
 D
  ,
 
 


U E
;#  1#<A 
   ,
 
. 0C    
N IQ
E C H
@ 
A 0 GA  ,
   
  ? ,
   6

 ; A
    /
     
 
 0
<

LY T
   .   ,
   
 ,0 


P O
,    
 
 


   
 

LE
;.  
6 " 
< '   A  A   


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)  $
  
&

U E
N IQ
     
 
 
   
  ,


EC H
( .8  
  ; . <   # 

T

  %  
 
 .   .
 


Y
POL
  9  u  .  p   ,
 D
  .

 
 ? 
8 f A  # ,

LE
u

+ p u = f  R+

O
t
 R+

C
divu = 0 ;- <

u=0 
 R+


u(x, t = 0) = u0 (x) 
R > 0   .
D
  + 
    
   1
    , 
D
  ?    ;.  ' <A  

 #  % , .0 
 
  . 80 ;.  +

"
&<  
  
 
 
 .      ? 
  

U E
:

 5  
 )  #
 & 
N IQ
EC H
*    
 
   #0
 
 
 
6
         -!%;5.1',* &): ,*&):  , 

Y T
#
  I?  
 
'  
 
. 0  RN  8

POL
 *
    
   1    ,
2

L E u = f  R+
u

t2

C O

u=0
u(t = 0) = u0 (x)
u

 R+

 .
;-
<

t (t = 0) = u1 (x)

 0 
  ;-
<  A  A    




 . ,
 0 
A 
0  ,

,
  
    ,
 u(t, x)  
 8

 
    -!%-.:1,&B*.9';5) 
   . ,.
 
  
  ,  ;.  '   "< * 

 8    #
A ,   .   

A  0
 0 ,.
 ,  
  
 ;-
< /A
 (  . ;-
<  
 ,

U E
IQ
u(t, x)  
 8 ? .
 .  RN  *
 A 

N
  f (t, x)  
 ;.<  8 
A   u(t, x)
H
C
 
 



2

Y T E
u div (2e(u) + tr(e(u)) Id) = f  R+

L
t2

 R+
O
u=0 ;-<

u(t = 0) = u0 (x)
P 

LE
u
t (t = 0) = u1 (x)  ,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
R u0    A u1  . A  e(u) = (u + (u)t )/2 

EC H

  8
     

 
 A 

T
   > 0A  H 
  
   
 .) > 0 

Y
POL
2 + N > 0

)9.0;5) C C @ 
 I
 
 
 ;-
<  ;-<
 


LE
   A  
 
O
C 2u
t2
+
u
t
u = f  R+
.


  :  8A  
    ?
 8
 8   ?  . @  
 
, ,  ,
  ,6
 @   &!%;5.1',* &): ,*&): .9,01'):

)9.0;5) C C   ,
   #
  
?  


U E

 .  #0
 ' A 
   #0
 , 

IQ

 0 ,.
 ,  
 ',    

N

 ,9
   

A 
 
  7C  6
H
EC
 A 
   # ,
 #0
 , 
 


T
     
    ,  ?  0A  

Y
( ,        

E POL
L
1
 2
  
 
      +

C O
/
  
.
    , ?  
 
 
  

' " 

 0 ,  ,
   
 ,
 0 

'       J A 0
 8

. ; 
6 - <A 
A  ,  ,

  
   8
 . 

 0 0
 8  ; 
6 -  <A A  
  

.) 0  0 
  
 ; 
6 - 
<

:

+  

$

 
,   ,
 8
 . 
 0 ?
 %;5.1',*
&'A%0)*1')--) ,0&'*.'0)
  A  ? ;&
< *
  
 
6
U E
N IQ
 ,
   
 ;-< 
 8  v(x) 
   

 t 3 
     
  
    ?  
 v ,


C H

  0  ,
. A  
 . 
  ,(

   
E
/
 0 
LY T
  ;   0 < *
 ,  
   8


u

P O 

LE
(x, t)v(x) dx + u(x, t) v(x) dx = f (x, t)v(x) dx. ;-"<
t

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 




U E
N IQ
'   v(x)  . .   tA  
   
 

 8

EC H
T
  

Y
d

POL
u(x, t)v(x) dx + u(x, t) v(x) dx = f (x, t)v(x) dx.
dt

LE
9  8 
  .0 x  t I
  X  (A 
 

C O
 .0      
 u(t, x) 
 8

t E 2.-)50: &.*: 5* ):3.+) &) =,*+1',*: ) 
 ;H  
 f (t, x)<
*
 A  ,  
  ) T > 0 ;.
   ? +<A
   
 u  ) 

u : ]0, T [ H01 ()
t u(t),

 
 
 ?  u(x, t)  .
 u(t) (x)    , H01 ()

U
 .     

0  
 . ,
   ?

E
IQ

 9   ,   , 
 . 
  8
 .

N

0   1 HA   
 f    
H
EC

 8  t ? .
  L2 ()

T
@ 
   
   L2 ()   8 0 a(w, v) )

Y
POL
 
w, vL2 () = w(x)v(x) dx  a(w, v) = w(x) v(x) dx.

O L E

9   8   , H01 ()A  

   ;-"< 


C
 8 ,
  &!%;5.1',* &'A%0)*1')--) ,0&'*.'0)  t @ 0 
 8
 . 
. J 
. u(t) 8  ]0, T [ ? .
 
H01 ()  


d u(t), v 2
L () + a (u(t), v) = f (t), vL2 () v H01 (), 0 < t < T,
dt ;-$<

u(t = 0) = u0 .

  

  ?    8
 . ;-$< 
 


  
  J 
   
    f   uA
 
   ?  .   K 9 
A  8
 0
 

u(t)  
  t = 0 
 
   ?    u0 
U E
*
  
 . 0 ,

 8 , 8 
N IQ
H
8  t ? .
     8  x

" $ )  @
/"'  )
 E C

' YT
%@*'1',* CC X 0$
$"' $ ) 
K$# *$   "!) $"'

,   $ $" ' $
 $"$4$" -/
  P $
0 < T + L
$"
k0
' 
X = L2 () H01 ()
O ,  $ $"
 $
, " $ ") *$


)
C()
 $"$
C k ([0, T ]; X) k

O L E [0, T ] X vX $ ' 
X

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
" 
  - L3M   C k

N Q ) 
 $
" $ ) IK$#
H
([0, T ]; X)

TE C
k


 m
d v 
sup 
 

Y
vC k ([0,T ];X) = (t)
 m  .

PO
$ $" L2 (]0, T [; X)
L

)  $"$ 
m=0 0tT dt X

]0, T [ $ X "

  
 $"$

LE
t v(t)X "  /
 "   $"0/
' "   
O
C

 T
vL2 (]0,T [;X) = v(t)2X dt < +.
0

B $  "" $ L2(]0, T [; X) "   $ )  K$#, 8 )
'  X " $

)  @
/"' 
 L2(]0, T [; X) " $ )  @
/" ) 
 ) " 

 T
u, vL2 (]0,T [;X) = u(t), v(t)X dt.
0

U E
N
)9.0;5) CC  X  , L2 ()A  L2 (]0, T [; L2()) , ) ? ,
IQ
L2 (]0, T [) 

A     2
0A  
 T
 
EC H
T
 T

Y
POL
v2L2 (]0,T [;L2 ()) = |v(t)|2 (x) dx dt = |v(x, t)|2 dx dt = v2L2 (]0,T [) .
0 0

O L E
*
 1 p < +A  
   1) -   
 , 
E Lp (]0, T [; X)  8  ]0, T [  X  
  8 t v(t)X

C
 
0   
 p6  0
1  
      
 f  , L2 (]0, T [; L2 ())A  
  
 u  -!):3.+) &!%*)0(') L2 (]0, T [; H01 ()) C([0, T ]; L2 ())
'  
 P 0A    <5:1'@%A  
   6
  , ,
 
 
  8
 . ;-$<A 

 3.0 :,* -')* .2)+ &): ):1'9.1',*: &!%*)0(') ;. ,9 - < /
I? 
A  8     
   ? .
  L2 ()A
     0
 
2A  .     8
 . ;-$<  H
 
 80 

,   8 t u(t), vL2 () , 
,?
L2 (0, T ) ;.    

 )      .<

U E
IQ
2 

A , 
 
  ;-$<A  ,   ;-$< 
 

N

  .    
  
, #   
 
 

, 
? L2 (]0, T [)

E C H
:

 3
  

LY T
P O
*
  ,  ,
   
   8
 .6

LE
 ;-$<A 
 . 
   
    &
 /
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 

 

U E
N IQ

.  L  M ,
   
  ?  


EC H
,
 8   
 (  
   @ 6

T

  
   =0 V  H  
 V H . I  

Y
POL
 ;. ;&<  , 
 , 
< 5#
  
 V = H01 ()
 H = L2 ()

LE
4%,0?9) CC
O
$" V " H  & )  @
/" "
   V H - $
>"$ )" " V " $ $ H , " a(u, v) $  /
$ !" 
C$"$  " - $ V , " $ ") *$
T > 0' $ $$ $"
 u0 H '
" $ "   f L2 (]0, T [; H),

 )/
+


d u(t), vH + a (u(t), v) = f (t), vH v V, 0 < t < T,
dt ;-&<

u(t = 0) = u ,
0

U E
.
 "$  ,F 
  $ /
 $ ]0, T [  $ $  
"$ u
L2 (]0, T [; V ) C([0, T ]; H), 8 )
' 
&" $ $"$" C > 0   $ )$  
  "

  
N IQ


EC H 
uL2(]0,T [;V ) + uC([0,T ];H) C u0 H + f L2 (]0,T [;H) . ;--<

Y T
POL
)9.0;5) CC
!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(') ;--< 
. 
  
  ;-&<
 G  A   
  0 0
 ;-&<  0

L E
 
  =  

C
)9.0;5) CC 1  5 - 
 
 (0 ,#  .
  8 0 #
 a(u, v) ;  , I?   ,9
&
< @ 0  H 
  
 
 
,  

 . > 0  > 0  


a(v, v) + v2H v2V 
 
 v V.

9 (A  , (

     8 
 u(t) = et w(t)A  .

 ;-&<  
. ?

d w(t), v + a (w(t), v) + w(t), v = f (t), v

E
H H H v V, 0 < t < T,

U
dt

IQ
w(t = 0) = u0 ,

H N
C
R  8 0 a(w, v) + w, vH  0 . 
 V  ' #

Y T E
(0 
A  A   
  ,9 - 

P O L
%9,*:10.1',*C    .  
  1
 
A  
 , ,
 
 uA 
 0
 8
 

LE

 u 
  8 ,
  0
      H

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
 V  9 
A  8
 
. ,
   
 1
 


EC H
A 
  
   .     L2 (]0, T [; V ) 

T
C([0, T ]; H)A  
    0
 
  ;-&<

Y
1.3) C
 
 u L2 (]0, T [; V ) C([0, T ]; H)  
  ;-&< 

POL
#  ,
  5 &
 
  

0

LE

 .
   ?  8 0 #
 a(u, v) * 
A
 
 0 0 (uk )k1  H   .
   ;& <

C O uk V,  a(uk , v) = k uk , vH v V.

@ )

k (t) = u(t), uk H , 0k = u0 , uk H , k (t) = f (t), uk H .

*

 u L2 (]0, T [; V ) C([0, T ]; H)  f L2 (]0, T [; H)A   
 
 k (t)
C([0, T ])  k (t) L2 (]0, T [) ' (uk )k1 
 0 0  H A  


U E
IQ
+

N
u(t) = k (t)uk ,

H
k=1

T
  v = uk  ;-&<  0

Y EC
POL

dk + =  ]0, T [
k k k
dt ;-<

O L E
k (t = 0) = 0k .

C
@ .)   
 ,

 
  ;-< 
 t
k (t) = 0k ek t + k (s)ek (ts) ds 
 t > 0,
0

 
 
 8
  
  
 u ;
  

<
1.3) C /
   
  
+

  t 
0j ej t + j (s)ej (ts) ds uj ;-<
j=1 0

.   L2 (]0, T [; V ) C([0, T ]; H)  

  A  u(t)  
 
U E
;-&< '     ? ,  k   

N IQ
k
k


0 j t
 t
j (ts)


E C H ;-<
T
w (t) = j e + j (s)e ds uj .

Y
0

L
j=1

P O
' wk  ? C([0, T ]; H) 

 
 j (t)  
 7

LE

  
 wk   '
#  C([0, T ]; H) *
 l > k A 
  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 

 

U E
  8  uj A  
N IQ

 



 
EC H
 t



T
 l
  l

 0 j t   ds uj 
Y
j (ts)
w (t) w (t)H 
l k
j e uj  +  j (s)e 

POL
j=k+1  j=k+1 0 
H H
1/2

 t 2 1/2

LE
 l l
|0j |2 e2j t + j (s)ej (ts) ds

C O
j=k+1


l
1/2
 T 
l
j=k+1
1/2
0

1
|0j |2 + |j (s)|2 ds
2j 0
j=k+1 j=k+1
1/2 1/2
l  l  T
1
|0j |2 + |j (s)|2 ds ,
j=k+1
21 j=k+1 0



  
  .
  (j )     . '
U E
u0 H  f L2 (]0, T [; H)  
N IQ
u0 2H =

+
|0j |2 < +, f 2L2(]0,T [;H) =
EC H + 
 T
|j (s)|2 ds < +,
j=1

LY T j=1 0

P O
 
 P 
  
 wk (t)   '
#  H  *
 A  

E

 
  
 wk .)
L
CO


lim sup w w H = 0,
l k
k,l+ 0tT

,6?6  
,   '
#  C([0, T ]; H)
7 
  
 wk  
  '
#  L2 (]0, T [; V ) @ 
 V


  a(u, v) ;
. 

 

 ? 
   .
 a< *
 l > k  

l
w (t) w
l k
(t)2V = a(w (t) w (t), w (t) w (t)) =
l k l k
j |j (t)|2
j=k+1

l 
l
 t 2
j |0j |2 e2j t
E
j (ts)
2
U
+2 j j (s)e ds .

IQ
j=k+1 j=k+1 0

@A    ,   '

#6 CF  
H N

 t
j (s)ej (ts) ds
2
 t
|j (s)|2 ej (ts) ds

 t

T E C
ej (ts) ds


Y

0

1
P O L
0

 t 
0

LE
|j (s)|2 ej (ts) ds .
j

O
0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
* 
A  .

  2
0
N IQ

 
EC H   

T
T t T T
2 j (ts) j (ts)

Y
|j (s)| e ds dt = |j (s)| 2
e dt ds
0 0

PO L 1
0
 T
s

LE
|j (s)|2 ds.
j

O
0

C
* 
A   
 

 T 
l 
l  T
2
wl (t) wk (t)2V dt |0j |2 + |j (s)|2 ds,
0 j 0
j=k+1 j=k+1

 
 
 
  
 wk .)
 T
lim wl (t) wk (t)2V dt = 0,
U E
IQ
k,l+ 0

,6?6  
,   '
#  L2 (]0, T [; V )
H N
EC
'  
  C([0, T ]; H)  L2 (]0, T [; V )  A  
 
'
# wk .    
 )   u

Y T
POL
lim wk = u  C([0, T ]; H) L2 (]0, T [; V ).

E
k+

O L
9 
A  wk (0) .  . u0  H A   
   

C
 .

A u(0) = u0 ;
 
    8  H < 1,
 A  
 
 u(t)A   
     ;-< .)
 8
 .
;-&< 
 
 8  v = uk  ' (uk / k ) 
 0 0
 V A u(t) .)   8
 . ;-&< 
 
 v V A ,6?6 

 u(t)  0  
   ;-&<
*
 0 , ,  ;--<A  
:  
 
 ,  
.
 I
1
wl (t) wk (t)H u0 H + f L2(]0,T [;H)
21

E
 
U
T
2

IQ
wl (t) wk (t)2V dt u0 2H + f 2L2 (]0,T [;H) .

N
0 1
9  k = 0   8   l . ,)A  0  
, 

E C H
LY
  "  (
 , 
  
   

 ( "
 
 % T
P O

     %      *
 % )G!
%
 

LE
 "
 
 ((  
 u(t)  * t u(t), vH   %'

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 

 "

U E
 & I Q  $ 
  

 "
 K   
  &
N
2

 H
L (0, T ) C[0, T ])

  % 
 *' 
  ## 

  '
! 
 
 
  
  C
!   *
T E
 d
u(t), vH &
 *  
H 1 (0, T )

 

Y
dt
H01 (0, T )
$
d
P O L %  T
d
H01 (0, T ).
E  "
 "
  )G!  

 *'   "
% &
u(t), vH , (t) = u(t), vH (t) dt

L
dt H 1 ,H01 (0,T ) 0
dt

O
C "

"
 ]0, T [

 T  T  T
d
u(t), vH (t) dt + a(u(t), v)(t) dt = f (t), vH (t) dt
0
dt 0 0


 
 v V  
 Cc (]0, T [) 
"
 Cc (]0, T [)    H01 (0, T ) 


 
  
 K  u 
 
  )G!       "

)G!  % dtd u(t), vH  & L2 (0, T )   
   "
 )G!  

"
 
  ]0, T [
U E
:

 . 

N IQ
EC
/
 
   
 0
5 - 
? ,
H
Y T
  
A  
 
. 
   .  0  

POL

 ,
 
 .  , 

4%,0?9) CC
O L E
" $  -" /$ 0
  RN , " $ ") *$
T > 0'
$ $$ $"
 u0 L2()' " $ "   f L2 (]0, T [; L2()),

C

 "$ 
 #
 



u
t
u = f ),), $ ]0, T [


u=0 ),),   ]0, T [ ;- <
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) ),), $ .
 " $ $  
"$ u L2 (]0, T [; H01()) C([0, T ]; L2()), 8 )
' 
&"
$ $"$" C > 0   $ )$     "

  ' )  " " t [0, T ]'
  t
  t 

E
2
u(x, t) dx + |u(x, s)| dxds C
2 2
u0 (x) dx + 2
f (x, s) dxds .

U
0 0

IQ
;-
<
%9,*:10.1',*C /
 
  5 - 
?  8
 .
H N
E
;-$<  ,
   
 ;- < J  #  8 .) .
H = L2 ()  V = H01 () ; 
A   0  5 
 
T C
LY
 + : 
 ,I  H  V  <   ? 
O
P

 ,

 
 u L2 (]0, T [; H01 ()) C([0, T ]; L2 ())   8


LE
.  0
 
  ;- < 5
 ,0 A    
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
 1  
.  
5 

  ? u(t) H01 ()

EC H

 
 
 t ]0, T [A       I
)   
 

T
u(t)  t = 0 ; 8 ? .
  L2 ()<

Y
POL
  
 u  
: 
 ; A  ut  u 
? L (]0, T [)A  
  . ,  * -$<A     A
2

LE
 8
 . ;-$<  
. ?

O



C
u
u f v dx = 0, ;-<
t


 
 8 v(x) H01 ()  
 
  t ]0, T [ * 
A
 
  ;-< 


u
u f = 0   ]0, T [.
t
1  
 u   
 
 "
 u L2 (]0, T [; H01 ()) C([0, T ]; L2 ()) 
U E
IQ
' 
         ;

      
 
5*   &  A "
 )N     )N! 
H N
EC
 T   T   T 
)/!
T
d
uv dx dt + u v dx dt = f v dx dt

LY  , 
 "
  

0
dt 0 0

O

 
 * v(x) Cc1 ()  (t) Cc1 (]0, T [)
P
L E
 "
  '   '   
   * v(x)(t)  
 Cc1 (]0, T [) $  = (u, u)  * & %
 %  RN+1 
CO
 %   8 9  u u  )/! 
  "
  % 
 '
  *' %  .
 #N!     &  * f "
 
t

& L2 (]0, T [; L2 ()) :   "

 
  ]0, T [ 6 *
  *
 "
 
 %  "
  + u u  & L2 (]0, T [; L2 ())
  ("
   %
 
t

)9.0;5) CC
!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(') ;-
<  
 
     
6
  , ,   X        ?  

     
I
 ?  L.M  

#
 ;    
 
 ,  
   ? u(t, x) dx< ,  ;-
<

E
  0
  
  ;--<A  
 
D      6
 #
   
.  ,0  ;-
< ?
  ,
   
 ;- < 

 %(.-'1% &!%*)0(') 
  8
IQ U
H

,
 0 #
 9 
A   
  , 
N
E C
I
)    , L2 (]0, T [; H01()) C([0, T ]; L2 ()) 
 #  

T

  ,  -!):3.+) &!%*)0(') ,6?6  ,  


  
    ,  
 

O LY

P
LE
>)0+'+) CC  


 %: %
  <%
.2&  


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 

 &

U E
N
 ' 
 

  u 
.2


# *

 ]0, T [(  
 IQ
EC H

(   t [0, T ]( 
$*
  $
*



T
  t 

Y
1 1

L
u(x, t)2 dx + |u(x, s)|2 dx ds = u0 (x)2 dx

O
2 2

P
0
 t ;-$<

LE
+ f (x, s)u(x, s) dx ds.

C O 0

2 6 
 
  

(


@


?Q
A I  z
 
 

 

[0, T ] 

 R+



 t
z(t) a + b z(s) ds t [0, T ],
0

4 a, b  
 


  
  
(

z(t) aebt
t [0, T ].

U E
IQ
 '

 



?Q


 z(t) = 12 u(x, t)2 dx( 

. 

(   t [0, T ](
H N
EC
  t

1 et

T
u(x, t)2 dx + |u(x, s)|2 dx ds u0 (x)2 dx

Y
2 2

POL
0
 T  ;-&<
2
+ f (x, s) dx ds .

O L E 0

C
>)0+'+) CC G  
.( 4 


C
 



T (   




et $
 



 
  
 
 

5
 .& 0


 


 B 



 

 


R 

(

 



 



?Q

 ) a R+
g L2 (]0, T [)
 
g 0 " 
 
(  z(t)
  


[0, T ] 
 R+


 t 
z(t) a + 2 g(s) z(s)ds t [0, T ],
0

 t 2


 z(t) t [0, T ].
E
a+ g(s)ds

U
0

2 6

.  
(   t [0, T ](



N IQ

2
u(x, t) dx + 2
 t
|u(x, s)| dx ds 2

E C H u0 (x)2 dx
1/2

LY  T



1/2 2 ;--<

O
t

P
2
+ ds f (x, s) dx .

LE
0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
,  ,  ;-$< ,   
 0 
 ,
   

   , 
.

EC H
Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC  


 %: %
  <%
.2&  
( 

u0 H01 ()(



  u 
.2


# *

 ]0, T [ " 


LE

(   t [0, T ]( 
$*
  $
*



C
1
2
O 

|u(x, t)|2 dx +
 t

0
u
2

(x, s) dxds
t =
1
2

|u0 (x)|2 dx
 t ;-<
u
+ f (x, s) (x, s)dxds.
0 t

E GA  5 , - &   8 

 ,

  
  
,
 
 
      6
 
.

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC )  
  *
 
R  ) 
 
 T > 0(
N

EC H


 

u0 L2 ()(



f L2 (]0, T [; L2()) S $



T

C


.2!  
 
$
 

%



  
 
 

>


Y
POL
u
t u = f

 ]0, T [

L E  ]0, T [ ;- <

u
=0

O
n
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) 


C




  u L2 (]0, T [; H 1 ()) C([0, T ]; L2 ())

>)0+'+) CC )  
  *
 
RN  ) A(x) 
  


$



 

 : 
 



 $


 

 > 0


||2 A(x) ||2 RN ,  x .

) 
 
 T > 0( 

 

u0 L2 ()(



f
L2 (]0, T [; L2()) " 
 



 


U
div (A(x)u) = f
u

 ]0, T [

IQ
t
u=0  ]0, T [

N


 ,
H
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

T E C




  u L2 (]0, T [; H 1 ()) C([0, T ]; L2 ())

O LY
@ 
    5 - & 
 
  % 
P
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 

 

U E
" $  -" /$ 0
 $$&I Q , " $ ") *$

  N
4%,0?9) CC R N

"

H

' $ $$ $"
 $ ' " $ "
T > 0
 
T
f L2 (]0, T [; L2 ())N C
u0 L2 ()N

E $
,

  "$
divu0 = 0
 "J $""$$

OL Y
u
+ p u = f ]0, T [
P

t
$
LE
divu = 0 ]0, T [
;- <
u=0   ]0, T [
O


$
C ""$" $ $  
"$
u(x, t = 0) = u0 (x)

,
u L2 (]0, T [; H01 ())N C([0, T ]; L2 ())N

 
 '
 *
 %  )! 
  ' 

   1
 )      
D(  /C) $ 

   B'
 
V = v H01 ()N  "
 divv = 0   ,


U E
IQ
 
H = v L2 ()N  "
 divv = 0   ,

H N
: H 
 
 *   H(div) "
 
 
 
   ( 

%
Y T EC
V  L2 ()N %  1
 ##! 4
 '  *
 %

POL
  
d u(t) v dx + u(t) v dx = f (t) v dx v V, 0 < t < T,
)!
E
dt

O
u(t = 0) = u0 ,

C
: "
  )!  

 *'  ]0, T [ $ "
  D(  )C &
 *
 % )!  ((  *  %
!   '
  
   
 u L2 (]0, T [; H01 ())N C([0, T ]; L2 ())N 
D
  
    
% "
  
  )!  '
 

 )!   
    .(  
%   
D( 
#CC   & u(t) H01 ()N 
 "
 
 t ]0, T [     
;

   
  u(t)  t = 0  u0 H 

 
% "
         
D(  )G
1  
 u  
  
  '
  
u
u f v dx = 0 )C!

t

U E
IQ

 "
 
 t ]0, T [  "
 "
  v(x) Cc1 ()N  "
 divv = 0   5 
N
C H

  '   13  %  1
 /C!  *
 
  )C!
 
 * p(t, x)  "
 "
 )!  
 6 *
 
 
E
LY T
D(    A( /CI 

   %! "
   "
 8(  
%
 & %  
   '  9 5    E 
P O
 
   
 u   
!  
      

LE

   p     & "
   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  7 0. 
,  ,
  
 

EC H

  ; 
, 
 
) , < 
 0 , 

T
,
  
  0 ,.
    
  


Y
POL
. ;. T
U<  
,
 A   6 
 ;. T&U< '
 
 

 
A  
 
 

, 
 

LE
  ,(  # 
   0  ,
.  
 
#   8 0   8
 .

C O
1
 2
  
 
    3+
'      
 
.  H    
* ; 
6 -
<A  0
 8
 .A 
6
 ; 
6 -
 <A   ,  ,
   
  
8
 . 

 0 0  8 A 6
 ; 
6 - 
<A   
  
 . .) 0
 0 
 
U E
N IQ
:

+  
$

EC H
T
,   ,
 8
 . 
 0 ?
 %;5.1',*

Y
&'A%0)*1')--) ,0&'*.'0)

  A  ? ;&< /
 
 

POL
,
    ;-
< 
 8  v(x) 
 *) &%3)*& 3.: &5 1)93:

E
t 3 
     
  
   ?  
 v ,
 
  0

L
 ,
.   
 8 
 ?
O
C
  
d2
u(x, t)v(x) dx + u(x, t) v(x) dx = f (x, t)v(x) dx. ;- <
dt2

   
 , L
M 
  8  v  H01 () @ 
 
 
   L2 ()   8 0 a(w, v) ) 
 
w, vL2 () = w(x)v(x) dx  a(w, v) = w(x) v(x) dx.


  ) T > 0 ;.
   ? +<A      

f L2 (]0, T [; L2()) @   
     u0 H01 () 
u1 L2 ()  8
 . 
  ;- <   J 
.


 u  C([0, T ]; H01 ()) C 1 ([0, T ]; L2())  

U E
IQ
2
d

N
u(t), vL2 () + a (u(t), v) = f (t), vL2 () v H01 (), 0 < t < T,

H
dt2 ;- "<

u(t = 0) = u0 , du (t = 0) = u1 .
dt
T E C
LY
    0
   ;- "< Q 
  -!):3.+) &!%*)0
O
P
(') C([0, T ]; H01 ()) C 1 ([0, T ]; L2 ()) 
  
 u /
 I
) 

LE
 
 

   0   .    , 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 *

 "

U E
N IQ
2A  .     8
 . ;- "< 

EC H
H  
 80 

,   8 t u(t), vL2 () , 
,


T
8 .0   

,  ? C 1 (0, T ) ;.     

OL Y
+
 - $ 
 
  <

P
LE
:

 3
  


C O *
  ,  ,
   
   8
 .6
 ;- "<A 
 .  
      &

 L  6
M ,
   
  ?  
 ,
 8  

 (  

    V  H 
  
=0  
 V H . I    ;#
 V = H01 ()
 H = L2 ()<

4%,0?9) CC $" V " H  & )  @
/" "
   V H - $
>"$ )" " V " $ $ H , " a(u, v) $  /
$ !
U E
"  $"$  " - $ V , " $ ") *$
T > 0' $ $$ $"

IQ
(u0 , u1 ) V H ' " $ "   f L2 (]0, T [; H),

 )/
+
N
2


d
u(t), vH + a (u(t), v) = f (t), vH
EC H
T
v V, 0 < t < T,

Y
dt2 ;- $<

P O dt L
u(t = 0) = u0 , du (t = 0) = u1 ,

L E
.
 "$  ,% 
  $ /
 $ ]0, T [  $ $  
"$ u

CO
C([0, T ]; V ) C 1 ([0, T ]; H), 8 )
' 
&" $ $"$" C > 0   $ )$  
 "  T  "

  
 
uC([0,T ];V ) + uC 1([0,T ];H) C u0 V + u1 H + f L2(]0,T [;H) . ;- &<

)9.0;5) CC
!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(') ;- &< 
. 
  
  ;- $<
 G  A   
  0 #0
 ;- $<  0
 
  =    * -
" 
  #

 ,
  
    , 

)9.0;5) CC '    0

 ;.  +
 - "<A  


E
(0 ,#
5 -
 
  .   8 0 #6

 a(u, v) @ 0  H 
  
 
 
, 

  . > 0  > 0  

IQ U
H N
T E C
a(v, v) + v2H v2V 
 
 v V.

L
   ,
 u(t) = e t
w(t) 8 ,
  ;- $< 

d2 d
P O
OLE
w(t), vH + 2 w(t), vH + a (w(t), v) + w(t), vH = f (t), vH , ;- -<
dt2 dt

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
R  8 0 a(w, v) + w, vH  0 . 
 V  ,
 ;- -< 

EC H

 
     ;.  +
 -<  
:   

T
 5 -
 ?   
 ; 
  8 0 
 
   8

Y
POL
 <
%9,*:10.1',*C     00 ? 
5 - 
A

LE

 
     
 1
  A   


C O

 
 u 
   8  1
 
 A 

  .        C([0, T ]; V )  C 1 ([0, T ]; H)
1.3) C
 
 u C([0, T ]; V ) C 1 ([0, T ]; H)  
  ;- $< 6

  0 0 (uk )k1  H   8   
8
 . ;& < 
 .)

uk V,  a(uk , v) = k uk , vH v V.


+
@  u(t) =
E
k (t)uk . k (t) = u(t), uk H  9  v = uk 

U
IQ
k=1
;- $<A    k (t) = f (t), uk H A 0k = u0 , uk H A  1k = u1 , uk H A 
0 2
H N
EC


d k
+ k k = k  ]0, T [
dt2
Y T ;- <

POL

k (t = 0) = 0 , dk (t = 0) = 1 .
k k
dt

O L E
;3 ?
 8
 0    J    u1 , 
? . .  8  uk 
 k = 1< * k = k A ,

 
 

C
;- < 
 t
1k 1
0
k (t) = k cos(k t) + sin(k t) + k (s) sin(k (t s))ds, ;-
<
k k 0
 
 
 8
  
  
 u ;
  

<
1.3) C *
  
  
  t 

+
1j 1
0
j cos(j t) + sin(j t) + j (s) sin(j (t s))ds uj ;-
<
j=1
j j 0

.   C([0, T ]; V ) C 1 ([0, T ]; H)A  .  

  
 wk =
k
U E
N
  
  a(u, v) 
 
  8 (uj )    * IQ
j=1 j (t)uj         '
# 1 V 
 6

C H
   H   V  (uj ) ;.  5 &
 <A  0A 

E
l > k A  
 
  tA

L

Y  T 
 l  d  l
O2  dj 2
l

Pk  (t) .
2
a w w ,w w + 
k l k
w w  = j |j (t)| +

OLE
dt H dt
j=k+1

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 *

 "

U E
N
@A  
 ;- <  dk /dt      A  0 IQ

dj 2


EC H  t

T
+ j |j (t)|2 = 1 2 + j 0 2 + 2 dj

Y
dt (t) j (s) (s)ds.

POL
j j
0 dt

OLE
1  8
 ;-
<  8 

 t

C
dj 0 1

dt (t) j j + j + |j (s)|ds.
0

9 0  
 
   

 t
dj 2
(t) + j |j (t)|2 2 1 2 + 2j 0 2 + 2t |j (s)|2 ds. ;-
<
dt j j
0

E
' u0 V A u1 H  f L2 (]0, T [; H)A  


+ 
+

IQ U
HN
u0 2V = a(u0 , u0 ) = j |0j |2 < +, u1 2H = |1j |2 < +,
j=1

T E C j=1

LY
+ 
 T

O
f 2L2 (]0,T [;H) = |j (s)|2 ds < +,

E P j=1 0

L
CO
 
 
 
  A       0  
  ;-
<A
 . A ,6?6  
  
 wk .)
  2 
d l 
lim max w (t) w (t)V +  (w (t) w (t))
l k 2  k
 = 0,
k,l+ 0tT dt H


 A    '
#  C 1 ([0, T ]; H)   C([0, T ]; V ) ' 
  A  
  '
# wk .    
 )   u
k
9 
A  (wk (0), dw dt (0)) .  . (u0 , u1 )  V H A  0
    .

 1,
 A    
 u(t)A   
 
   ;-
< .)  8
 . ;- $< 
 
 8

E
 v = uk  ' (uk / k ) 
 0 0  V A u(t) .)  
8
 . ;- $< 
 
 v V A ,6?6  
 u(t)  0 

   ;- $< * 
A    8  

IQ U
H N
C
 2  
E
d l 
 k 

T
a(w w , w w ) +  (w w ) C u0 2V + u1 2H + T f 2L2(]0,T [;H) ,
l k l k

Y
dt

L
H

P O
 , ,  ;- &< ,0  8   k = 0   8

LE
  l . ,)

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
:

 . 

N IQ
EC H
/
 
   
 0
5 -
 ? ,
 

Y T
 A  
 
. 
   .  0   


P"O $L -" /$ 0
 

,
 
 .  , 

LE
4%,0?9) CC RN ' " $ ") *$
T > 0,

C O
$ $ + $ $$ $"
 (u0 , u1 )
L2 (]0, T [; L2()),

 "$  $ 
H01 () L2 () " $ "   f

2




u
u = f ),), $ ]0, T [
2
ut= 0 ),),   ]0, T [ ;-

<



u(x, 0) = u0 (x) ),), $


u (x, 0) = u (x)
1 ),), $ .
E
t

IQ U
 " $ $  
"$ u C([0, T ]; H01()) C 1 ([0, T ]; L2()), 8 )
' 
&"
$ $"$" C > 0   $ )$    "  T  "

  ' )  " " t [0, T ]'
H N
EC
  2 
  
u

T
(x, t) + |u(x, t)| dx C
2 2
|u1 (x)|2 + |u0 (x)| dx
Y
t

POL

 t  ;-
<
+ |f (x, s)|2 dxds .

O L E 0

C
%9,*:10.1',*C /
 
  5 -
 ?  8
 .
;- "<  ,
    0
 ?  
6 -
 ; # 
8 .) . H = L2 ()  V = H01 ()<   ?  
 ,



 u C([0, T ]; H01 ()) C 1 ([0, T ]; L2())   8
 .
 0
 
  ;-

< 5
 ,0 A    
   1
 
.  
5 

  ? u(t) H01 () 
 

t [0, T ]A       I
)   
  u(t)  t = 0 
8 ? .
  H01 ()   du/dt(t)  t = 0  8 ? .
 
L2 ()
  
 u  
: 
A       8

. ;- "<  
. ?

2 
U E
IQ
u
u f v dx = 0,

N
t2

E C

 
 v(x) Cc1 ()  
 
 t ]0, T [ @  
  ,
 

T
;-

<   
 u ,  
 
 
  
     5

LY
-
A  0 
  H ,
 
 L
 
MA   
O
P

   
5 - & ;
 
   < @

LE
t , u)  8 ? .
 .  R
 = ( u N +1
A   
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)      
  
 *

 ""

U E
IQ
HN
2u

,  
 .  80  L6M 
  I
 t2 u 


T E C
  ? L2 (]0, T [; L2())
9 ,0  8A f = 0A  
  , ,  ;-
< 

P O LY
0
   +,*:)02.1',* &) -!%*)0(') 1,1.-) 
   

  .
   ,        
  J

E $  )
  
 #!)"#+ A#+ ,3,9 - ,

t |  ,
  ,  
 |u| 
,
  ,  
 | u 2 2

O L
C$-"$
0,3,:'1',* CC f =0

"$ 
 "$  $  ,33 -*' )  " " '
0
" 
t [0, T ]

$0
  2    
u
(x, t) + |u(x, t)| dx =
2
|u (x)|
2
+ |u (x)|
2
dx . ;-
"<
t 1 0

%9,*:10.1',*C 9   

5 -
 . f = 0A
,6?6  k = 0A  
   ;- < 
 ,   ,


  .A ,6?6  

U E
IQ

dj 2 1 2 0 2
2
N
dt (t) + j |j (t)| = j + j j ,
H
T
 
  ,  ;
X 
 , <

Y EC
POL
 2
d l  
l
1 2
a(wl wk , wl wk ) + 
 dt (w w k 
) = j + j 0j 2 ,

O L E H j=k+1

 ;-
"< ,0   k = 0   8   l . ,)   



C
u  
A  
  
  ;-
"<  
 ,

   ;-

<  u
t       ;. ,9 -
<

/
 .  
 -!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(') ;-
<    6
 f = 0 , 
.   ;-
< 
 H 0
 6
 ?   ;-

< ? ,  ,
 
  ? 
   *
-
" 
 0
 %(.-'1% &!%*)0(') 
  8 
,
 0 #

9 
A   
  ,  I
)    ,
C([0, T ]; H01 ())N C 1 ([0, T ]; L2 ())N 
 #   
  , 6
 -!):3.+) &!%*)0(') ,6?6  ,  
 
  

   ,  
 

>)0+'+) CC  


 %: %
  <%
.  

U E
N IQ
 ' 
 

  u 
.


# *

 ]0, T [(  


 2  
E C H

(   t [0, T ]( 
$*
  $
*




u
t

(x, t) dx +

Y
|u(x, t)|2 dx =
L T
u1 (x)2 dx + |u0 (x)|2 dx

O

 t
P u

LE
+2 f (x, s) (x, s)dxds.
t

O
0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"$ 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
2 ' 
$




C(T ) 



 

 


T 



EC H

u
2

Y T

 

POL
(x, t) dx + |u(x, t)|
2
dx C(T ) u (x)2
dx +
2
|u0 (x)| dx
t 1

 t  

LE
2
+ f (x, s) dxds .

C O 0

 " 
 $





C 




 
 
 : 
T 



 2 
 
u
(x, t) dx + 2
|u(x, t)| dx C 2
u1 (x) dx +
2
|u0 (x)| dx

t

 1/2 2
t
+ f (x, s)2 dx ds .

U E
IQ
0

H N
  ,
 
 .  , 
 , 
.

Y T EC
>)0+'+) CC  


 %: %
  <%
.  
( 

POL





  f = 0


  u 
.
 *

 [0, T ] 
" 
 
(  
 
 m 1( 

O L E   m 2 

C
d u m1 2
+ u
dt tm tm1 dx = 0.

E GA  5 , -
   8 

 ,

  
  ; A  /
<A 

 ,
 
 

  
2u
div (A(x)u) = f.
t2
',
     
 
 
  , #


>)0+'+) CC )  
  *
 


RN  ) 

 


U E
IQ
(u0 , u1 ) H01 ()N L2 ()N (



f L2 (]0, T [; L2 ())N  " 
 $




  u C([0, T ]; H01 ())N C 1 ([0, T ]; L2 ())N 

H N




2u
2 div (2e(u) + tr(e(u)) Id) = f
T E C 
 ]0, T [,
t
u=0
O LY  ]0, T [, ;-
$<

P


 ,

u = 0) = u0 (x)
u(t

LE
t (t = 0) = u1 (x) 
 .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)  

  

$ 
  
 


 "&

U E
N IQ
' 
 

  u


# *
(  
 
(   t [0, T ]( 

$*
  $
*



EC H
 2
Y
u
T   

POL
dx + 2
|e(u)| dx + (divu)2
dx = |u1 |2 dx
2 t 2 2
   t

LE
2 u
+ |e(u0 )| dx + 2
(divu0 ) dx + f dxds.

C O

' 


 

 $
*

2 0 t

)9.0;5) CC ' 

  0 0
A , LM

  
 0 ,  ,
 ,
 
 .  #6
0
 ,   
 0 '   
 . 
T
U  
  A   6 
 ;. T&U< '  
 


 
A  
 
 

, 
    ,86

E
8  # 
   0  ,
.  
  #  
U
IQ
8 0 a(u, v)   8
 .

H N
1

EC
4   % 
      +

Y T
POL
/
      
.   

 ,
   
A     
A 

O L E
#
 
    .
  t  



:

C
'  
  
/
 
     
  ,
   
  
 A ,6?6  
 t  . + /
  .) 
A 8 ?
,
 #
A    0 f (x)    
 tA  

  ,
   
  #
 .  
 ;6
<
 /
 O      ,
   

 

0,3,:'1',* CC " $  -" /$ 0
  RN , " u0 L2() " u


"$ )/
+

U E
IQ
u = 0
u
$ ]0, +[

HN
  ]0, +[
t
u(x, t) = 0 ;-
&<

$ .
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

T E C
Y

' u(t) $-0 - 7 $ L2 ()
  t "$ - +
L
PO
lim u(t)L2 () = 0. ;-
-<

LE
t+

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"- 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C @   
5 - 
   f = 0A

EC H
,6?6  k = 0 @ 0 8 
    .)

LY T
wl (t) wk (t)2H =

l
|0j |2 e2j t ,

P O j=k+1

O LE
. H = L2 ()A  
 
A   k = 0  l = +A   IA ?

C u(t)2H u0 2H e21 t


  . F 
 t  . ,) 

 1 > 0

  ,
  0  
A   
A 
  

 
  



>)0+'+) CC  

 
 %: %
 


-  . ) f (x) L2 ()

u(t, x) 
  

U E
IQ

N
u = f
u

 ]0, +[

H
t
 ]0, +[

EC
u(x, t) = 0


 .
T
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

Y
POL
) v(x) H01 () 
  

O L E v = f
v=0


 .

C
" 
 
limt+ u(x, t) v(x)L2 () = 0
@ 
  8   
   * -   
, 
.  ,   
.

 
u(t, x) u0 u1 dx e1 t u1 (x) 
 t +,

R u1 (x)    8  ;<

 && 3#6

A 
  
  ,
   
   
   .  H )  
    u1 ;


    <
U E
>)0+'+) CC  

 
 %: %
 

-  . " 
 $


N IQ



 
C



E C H
T


O LY
u(t) 01 e1 t u1 L2 () C e2 t t > 1,

 01 = u0 u1 dx, ;-
<

LE
4 k *

k 


 





  
 
 
6%


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)  

  

$ 
  
 


 "

U E
:

 !
  )
N IQ
EC H
*
 ,
   
A  

 
 8 .

Y T
  
 
 .  
5 "  
  

" L
'P O
0,3,:'1',* CC $  -" /$ 0
 
RN ' " $ ") *$
T > 0,

LE
" u0 L () f L (]0, T [; L ()) u C([0, T ]; L2()) L2 (]0, T [; H01())
2 2 2
' "

 $  
"$  ,,  f 0 )  )" " $ ]0, T [ " u0 0 ) 
C O
)" " $ ' 
 u 0 )  )" " $ ]0, T [,
%9,*:10.1',*C  u = min(u, 0) 
  0 ? L2 (]0, T [; H01 ()) 
.

 "    
 .)A 
 0 < t < T A
 
u(t) u (t)dx = |u (t)|2 dx. ;-<

   ? 
 
     ;-<  
A 
t L (]0, T [; L ())A 
u 2 2

U E

u 1 d



N

IQ
H

(t)u (t)dx = |u (t)| dx .
2
;-<

EC
t 2 dt

Y T
/
   
 ,  ;-<  . H  u t ,  ?

POL
L2 (]0, T [; L2()) * 
A   v = u   8
 .6
 ;-$<  ,
   
  0

O L E 1 d

   

C
|u |2 dx + |u |2 dx = f u dx,
2 dt

 
      
  t  t 
1 2 1
|u (t)| dx +
2
|u | dx ds = f u dx ds + |u (0)|2 dx.
2 0 0 2

' u (0) = (u0 ) = 0   


  t
1
|u (t)|2 dx + |u |2 dx ds 0,
2 0

,6?6  
 u = 0 
 
  ]0, T [
U E

IQ
'    
A  

 8
   *
N
E C H
-  8 ? ,
 #
 1   
   
 

' A   
  u0 (x)   
  

 ?  .


LY T
0 ? 
    
 
       
 
8 ;  ?
 (  
( <A     
  


P O
 .  
   ? 
  /
 ,. 8 
 .) 
   

LE

 
 0   
.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
  0   
  
 
.   , 
 



EC H
8 
. @ 
A  A  
 
  ;- < J 

T
u0 u 0   f f  ]0, T [A   u  u   . 

Y
POL
u0 , f) .A 

  ;- <   
  (u0 , f )  (
  u u  ]0, T [

LE
 
  
. 
 

  
6




C O
>)0+'+) CC )  
  *
 
RN   
u1 


 




 


   
6%
( 1 


 


 




$ 
 % u1 > 0 
  
<%

N
C 
 &;





$

 u1 /n > 0   ) f = 0( u0 L2 ()
u $

  
*
 
.2
)  > 0 " 
 
$ 
 
 


 
K



E
Ku1(x) u(x, ) Ku1 (x) x , ;- <


 
$




 
C



IQ U
max |u(x, t)| Ce1 t
H N
t > . ;-
<

EC
x

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC )  
  *
 
RN  ) u0 L ()( f L (R+
)(
u C([0, T ]; L2 ()) L2 (]0, T [; H01 ()) $
  
.2 " 
 

O L E uL(R+ ) u0 L () +
D2
f L (R+ ) , ;-<

C
2N
4 D = supx,y |x y|
 

 

  
$
 
 




4 f 0( ( 
 

 *
(  
 
  H01 ()



= 1 
 

:

 ! 
; $ 
(

/
 . I? .
 ?  +
     
  ,
6
   
 J  
    ?
 . ) V ' 
 

,
 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 =,01 
 
 O   6
 /
  .) 
 8 
    , RN 

 ;.  
6 -"<
U E
0,3,:'1',* CC
N IQ
" $  -" /$ 0
  
 C 2  RN , " $
L2 (]0, T [; H01()) )/
+
E C H
") *$
T > 0, " u0 L2 () " u
 
"$ $  $ C([0, T ]; L2())
u
t u = 0
LY T
$ ]0, T [
P
u(x, t) = 0
O   ]0, T [
LE

u(x, 0) = u0 (x) $ .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)  

  

$ 
  
 


 $

U E
)  )" " $ I"Q
 N
$  ))  )
   u0 (x) 0   $" )  $"
' $H
u0
 $" $

,
' )  " " ")
T E C >0

O L Y u(x, ) > 0 x . ;-"<

P
', ,  :10'+1)  ;-"< 
  
0 ; . I?
  

O LE
    

   * - < 9 (A  u0 
 


C
       
  x  

  u0 A
 
. 
 u(x, ) > 0 0 
, u0 (x) = 0 3
 A  
       ,.
   
A H    x 
 8 ;u0 (x) = 0<      
  ; 
  u0 <A
 .  


 
 
  t =  ;H  <A
  u(x, ) > 0 3 -. +4.-)50 :) 30,3.() E 2'1)::) '*@*') 

  (
   H ?    V  ,   ,
 8

 

 

 ,  
   
    
 . 
  .

E
  
 ; 8 ,    2
 ;
< 
   8
< ',
  A

IQ U

.  
.  ? 0    A  , 
,
 

 
  A 8 ? ,
 #
A   ,

,
       
H N
T EC
)9.0;5) CC  H   L  ? . )M 
 

Y
POL
H 0. 
  
  % ;- < 1   A   ,
 
6
H  
         
 ,# ,0

L E
,
 D
  . ?  
  .
 #  ) 3
 A 
6

O
 , ,0A  
     

C
 0 ,
    ,8 ? . )

:

 "   <  


1   
 
 . .

  
   
  
 ?    1   0
A  
  ( A  
 
  
 ;f = 0<A  
 )A)1 0%(5-.0':.*1      J
  
A H     u0   

A  

.   


" $  -" /$ 0
  
 C  RN ' " " $

0,3,:'1',* CC
") *$
T > 0, " u0 L2 ()' " u
 $  
"$ $ C([0, T ]; L2())
U E
L2 (]0, T [; H01()) 
N IQ

u = 0
u
$ ]0, T [
E C H
T
  ]0, T [
t
;-$<
Y
u(x, t) = 0

L

$ .
O
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

' )  " "  > 0

E P $ " $
' "  
 C [, T ],

OL
u x t

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ

&%) &) &%9,*:10.1',*C *
X 
,
   

 ; F 6

EC H

  
A . ,9 -"< 
 
 
 8 


T
 0 ,     
  
 ;  

Y
POL
k

 8    = RN A . ,9 -< *
 k 1   v = tku 
 . ;8< k 8 ,
   
 ;-$<   


LE

 0 v
 ]0, T [
O
t v = 0

C
v(x, t) = 0 
 ]0, T [ ;-&<
k
v(x, 0) = tku (0, x)  ,
k

  
 
   
  tku (0, x)  ? L2 ()A  

 5 - & ,  ,
 ? ;-&< 
 
  
 v  ?
L2 (]0, T [; H01()) C([0, T ]; L2 ()) 9 
A u  
   1,

A   A v = ()k u  
H  * 
 

;.  5 "  $<   
 
 u  
      

 
 
  ?   8  
    

U E
IQ
;-&< ,  F 
 ', 
   
  
  u ,

N
.0 
 
   t >  > 0

EC H
9    
A  H  
 
   6

T
   * -"   
.
 
  
 


Y

 
 ,    . ,  ,  ;-< ; (A ,

POL


 u .   
 
 
  ? ;-<<

0,3,:'1',* CC
O L E " $  -" /$ 0
  RN ' " $ ") *$
T > 0,
  $ "   f L2 (]0, T [; L2()) " $ $$ $"
 0
+ u0
C
H01 ()' $ $ +
 
"$ $  u L2 (]0, T [; H01 ()) C([0, T ]; L2 ()) 

 "$ 
 #
  ,,
' "" 
"$ " )
 0
+  $ .
t L (]0, T [; L ()) " u L (]0, T [; H ()) C([0, T ]; H0 ()),
u 2 2 2 2 1

  "
 $ 
 ' - 8 9  
  ' "
  
 u 
"
   (
 )!  
 
 "
  %
 
%
"
   u0 
f   
 % FGH! 5   %
 "
  
 u  
  
  *
 "
   u0  f %
     '   
 )#N     &    u0  %
   
  
 .(  "
    
  
 
   D( 
)G!  
    ' '   "
 "
  %

%  u   
  t  
 
 "
   (
 %
U E
 
    .(       
  %  
 u (0) = f (0) + u0  
 "
 u
IQ
 
  *
  "
   
N
H
%
   
    .( f (0) + u0 = 0 
   "
 
 
t t

  '  u0  f 
T E C

       

 !
OL Y
/0  "
 (3 ,
 "  
   #$   !
  %

P
m0

E   )#)!
2m
() = {v H 2m (), v = v = m1 v = 0
L
W },

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)  

  

$ 
  
 


 $

U E
Q
  I

 
   
  v2W 2m ()
N   

 
 &%
2
|() v| dx
m

H
=

 '
  
 
   (wk )
H 2m ()

T E C
 (  
 

  

   + ! 
 )
 #*  

C  ([, T ], W 2m ())

:

 
L  Y

   P
O   
   #

L E   
 "
 '%    
 "

 O
  (
   
   A "
 (  
% 
C
RN
(    
  
% '      * 
 
'
   
 '   
   
 
 "

'"
! 5 "
   (
 (    
  RN ,


  
u
u = 0  ]0, +[RN )#I!
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)  RN .
t

 
 "
 
%  "
  
 
'  )#I!   
     
 %
     u0 %
 O
 
 =   t U E
N IQ


 u C(R+ , L2 (RN )) C 1 (R+ , L2 (RN )), 

 
EC H
%
& "
"
 
 u0 L2 (RN ) 2    ;! <=  
  

Y T 

POL
|xy|2
u(x, t) =
1
(4t)N/2
u0 (y)e 4t dy. )/ !
RN

O L E

 
 t 0, 
 
  *   J
  u(t) % FNH!
&   * x  u(x, t) 
 
C u
(k, t) =
1
(2)N/2


RN
u(x, t)eikx dx,


 k RN . 1 u C(R+ , L2 (RN )) C 1 (R+ ; L2 (RN )) %
 )#I!  
 "
 
*   J
 
 
 "
 )#I! 
 '

u C(R+ , L2 (RN )) C 1 (R+ 2 N
, L (R )) ,

u
+ |k|2 u
=0
ut(k, 0) = u (k)

 k RN , t > 0 , )/!
0 
 k RN ,

: u0 (k) = (2)1 R u0 (x)eikxdx   *   J

  u0     )/!
E
N/2 N

 
  *2   
"
 
 "
 + 
 ("
 %
 
k $ '
0 (k)e|k| t 
 (k, t) RN R+ ,
2

IQ U
N
u
(k, t) = u

*  %

 
  %
  
  !
E C H
   *  
 )/ !  *   J
 % 
"
  

T

LY
  "
! 
   *   J
     8 9
O
P
"
   (
 )#I!      &  
 
   "
 +

LE
  )/! 5 (     ''   & (

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N
  
  "
  
 

 
 I Q   0

   

   A "
 "
 
 C
|k|2 eikx

      T E

R N H
    

 %
  * 
 J
   
  
  K     
  

|k|

L Y
  

   !
O
k
u
(k, t)
  & + 
  "
   (

P
% 0 )#I 
!
E  
 )/ ! 
      *  O 0

 
O L "
$
C
|x|2
G(x, t) = 1
(2t)N/2
   )/ ! 
  * 
e 4t  &
u(t) = G(t) u0

u(x, t) = G(x y, t)u0 (y) dy.
RN

 *  O   

    "
   (
  RN R+ 
 "
  
 "
  
 %
 "

G
G = 0  ]0, +[RN
G(x, 0) = 0 (x)  RN .
U E
IQ
t

H N

  '
 : 0     . &   5   %
 
 

EC
 % 
   '  
 &
 (  
  "


Y T
'"
 +  ( 89 
% 

POL
 
%    
 "
   (
  (  

L E
/0  "
   u0 L2 (RN )  t > 0   S(t)u0
 ! 
 
 !
O
C
  #, -
.   S(t)   
 

 !  L2 (RN )  L2 (RN ) /
 S(0) = Id 

 L2 (RN )) &
.   (S(t))t0   %"  
 
  
 !0  t !%'%  
 &
. S(t + t ) = S(t)S(t )   t, t 0
1 f C 1 (R+ ; L2 (RN )) 2  
 

u
u = f  ]0, +[RN
 RN .
t
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

    
 u C(R+ ; L2 (RN )) C 1 (R+ ; L2 (RN )) 
 
 t
u(t) = S(t)u0 + S(t s)f (s) ds,

E
0

!%'%
  t
IQ U
|xy|2
4t dy

H N |xy|2
4(ts) dy ds

C
u(x, t) = u0 (y)e + f (y, s)e .
(2t)N/2 (2(t s))N/2

E
RN 0 RN

L Y T
 *
  )/ !    
%  

  
    "
% 


  '  )#I!
  5 '; 
P
 
% :    
Ou )/ ! 
'  )#I! %  

LE
u0 L2 (RN )

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)" 

  

$ 
  
 *
 $"

U E
/0  "
 (
+

 + , 2      I Q
H N T >0

1


T E
u(x, T )2 dx +C  T 
|u(x, t)|2 dx dt =
1

u0 (x)2 dx.

Y
2 2

L
RN 0 RN RN

P O 0, 2   
/0  "
" (   
 u0 L (RN ) u(t)

O L

L (RN )
E u(t)L (RN ) u0 L (RN ) t > 0.

C2          

  
u0 0 RN

/0  "
! ( 4  
+, 2   u C (R R )
u0

N
RN R+

/0  "
$ (    , 2  
lim
|x|+
u(x, t) = 0 t > 0,  lim u(x, t) = 0
t+
x RN .

/0  "
 (*   +  , 2    u  E

 u(x, t) > 0  RN R+ 
IQ
0

U 0 u0  0,

H N
1
 4   % 
   

Y T EC 3+

POL
:

"$&  


O L E
/
      
.   

 ,
   A 
   (     
  ,


C
  
    
 8A I? .
 
' A  
0%2)0:'/'-'1% )* 1)93:   


0,3,:'1',* CC " $  -" /$ 0
  RN ' " $ ") *$
T >
0, " (v0 , v1 ) L2 ()' " $ "   f L2 (]0, T [; L2 ()),

H01 ()

 "$  $  0%10,(0.&) )* 1)93: $"0 $ $"$"
 ")  )"
 T 


t
v 2
v = f2 ),), $ ]0, T [
v=0 ),),   ]0, T [ ;-" <

v(x, T ) = v0 (x)
v
),), $
),), $
t (x, T ) = v1 (x)

 " $ $  
"$ v C([0, T ]; H0 ()) C 1 ([0, T ]; L2()), 8 )
'  u(t, x) U E

IQ
1

"
 
"$ 
 "$  $  ,3 "  v0 (x) = u(x, T ) $ H01 () "
t (x, T ) $ L ()' 
 $  v(t, x) = u(t, x),
H N
C
v1 (x) = u 2

T E
%9,*:10.1',*C @ 8    ,
 w(x, t) = v(x, T t)  ;-" <
Y
P O L
.
 
    L .M .    t = 0 
,
 L

M ;-
< ;  .    ,  A  ,#    6

LE
     ,
     ,
< * A

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$$ 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ

5 -
 ;-" <    0


 
  v0 (x) = u(x, T ) 

EC H
t (x, T )A  
 u(t, x)  ;-
<  
 
  ;-" < *

v1 (x) = u

T
  
 v(t, x) = u(t, x)

Y
POL
  .0    ,
      0
 6

  
   
, ,#  

 )A)1 0%(5-.0':.*1 
 ,


LE
   
   
   
 ,
   
 9 (A

O
C
 ,  A     
    * -"A 
0 
 ( L 
M   ; 
   


   )  T A  
 ,  0 

 ,( 
 

 ,
< * 
A '- *!B . *' (.'* *' 3)01) &) 0%(5-.0'1% 

 
  ,
      
   @ 
 



 :A     
A 
  
   
 
,
       ?   

' "  "  
  
   R  "  
! &
 T > 0 

E
N



 
 u0 H ()  u1  
!   f L2 (]0, T [; L2 ())

H01 ()
U
2
H01 ()

IQ
 u C([0, T ]; H0 ()) C ([0, T ]; L ())   


  


 <$$
1 1 2

N
2  u 
 C([0, T ]; H01 () H 2 ()) C 1 ([0, T ]; H01 ()) C 2 ([0, T ]; L2 ())
H
T EC
4
     )/ "
    &   )#N "
 

% 
   $ 
 ' - 8 9  
 &    
  '
Y
POL
"
  
 u  "
   )CC!  
 
 "
  %
 
%
"

  u0  u1  f   
 % %
    ' 

O L E
 %  A "
 )#G!
:

 C

'  
    
 #
=

- *!B . 3.: &) 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 

 ,
    9 ,0
  
 ;f = 0<A H   .   
 ;u1 = 0<    
  . ;u0 0<A  
 u 
      



' 0  

  8 ? ,
 #
  

   

 0 
 J    8  
 


     A  . .0   .  
 


    ;
  u     < 7
A 

E
6 
 ,  
  8 
.  w(x)  
8 
 
  0  .   

  1 1,  5 &
A  
  w   
IQ U
H N

 w(x) 0   9  = 2   .
   ? wA  

E C
8  .) 
 u(t, x) = cos(t)w(x)      


 


T
   


  C([0, T ]; H01 ()) C 1 ([0, T ]; L2 ())  ,
 

LY
  ;-

<   
  .   

O
P
LE
u
u(x, 0) = w(x) , (x, 0) = 0  .
t

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)" 

  

$ 
  
 *
 $&

U E
N IQ

- *!B . &,*+ 3.: *,* 3-5: &) +,93,01)9)*1 .:B931,1';5)   

EC H

 ,
      0 3
 A H    


T
f   
A  
 u  .   .
  

Y
POL

   t  . ,) 9 
A  f = 0A ,D
   
   H ? 
  

 ,   .   P 

LE
;. ,9 -
<  H 6 u(t, x) = cos(t)w(x)  
. 
, ,#         
 
 

C O

' , .     
 ,
     ;-"
< 
  , 
.

>)0+'+) CC ) > 0  
$

 
 

 


2u

t u = f
+ u 
 R+

t2
u=0  R+
;-"
<


E

u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

U
u

 .
IQ
t (x, 0) = u1 (x)

H N
 

u
 
  M

 *

.!

f
 


EC

  " 
( + $

$ 


?Q
  $'

.2( 
u

T
t 


 


 
 # 


 t
 
 $
u

Y
POL
 * -
"  0
   .  ,   
,0   
  
 
 A  &!%;5'3.01'1',* &) -!%*)0(')A

L E
: 
 ,      
0    
   
O
C

A #
 
    

>)0+'+) CC ) u(t, x) 

 ( 
M

 *
( 
$


 
 . ' $






(  
 

 t  2  t
1 u
lim dx = lim 1 1
|u|2 dx = E0 ,
t+ t t t+ t 0 2
0


 E0 $
*
 


 
2 2
E0 = |u1 (x)| dx + |u0 (x)| dx.

- 

  

$
 . 
 u
  *


 
 

IQ U
:

 9   
(

H N
T E C
     ,
     A   30,

LY
3.(.1',* E 2'1)::) @*') /
 . I? .

'  ;  N = 1
O
P
  
 , = R< 
, 
 X  
 ;
  6

LE
< 
  0 
 ,8 
  
  ,
    ;. 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$- 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
2
 
< *
 A  
 u  (t, x)   
  .
 

EC H
  u0  u1 
    [x t, x + t] @  
 
   

T
  ? 
  K = [kinf , ksup ] RA   
 
 t 

Y
POL
? 
   [kinf t, ksup + t] 9  #
  .
  

 
0     ? . ) 0   ' 


LE
 
 8 0 (   
   
 ,
   

; .  * -
< , 
.    

C O

 
  N = 2, 3

>)0+'+) CC  
$

 
 
 
  $


RN

2u
u = 0
t2 
 RN R+
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) 
 x RN ;-"<
u
t (x, 0) = u1 (x) 
 x RN ,

u(t, x) 
 


 



U E


 

 

(u0 , u1 ) *

+  
  " 
 

 

N

IQ
H
(M u0 )

EC
u(x, t) = (M u1 )(x, t) + (x, t),
t

Y T
POL
4 M
  

 
:

 



E
+t
1
 N = 1, (M v)(x, t) =
L
v(x )d,

O
2 t

C

1 v(x )
 N = 2, (M v)(x, t) =  d,
2 ||<t t2 ||2

1
 N = 3, (M v)(x, t) = v(x )ds(),
4t ||=t

4 ds()
 






%
 ' 


  u
 (t, x) 


 

 

 
 
  

 u0
u1  

|x| t - 


  



 
 
$

 M (  
:
 %
 

/ 
T U

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC  
$
 
 
 .! 
  

RN


 
  
 
 
6%
 
>

 %*
(



H N
 

(u0 , u1 ) *

+  
 
  
 $




E C
T > 0
 
 $


[0, T ] 
 




 
 
 

T
$'

.!

O LY
P
, 
.   8  (     ,

LE
N = 2 
3

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)'   

 
  
 


 $

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC $.33-'+.1',* 95:'+.-)6 '


 

 

*



EC H
$
 
 
(  
 $ $
 
 
$
 






T

  


 


N = 2(
 
$
   %



  


 
 N = 3
Y
POL
OLE
1
. ) 
 
      +

C 1  A 

        ) ;6
 
' $< ,  ?  
 

  ,
   
 J

   ) 
   A   ( )

   

:

=



 ,    )* ):3.+) :)5-)9)*1  8
 . ;-$<

U E
 ,
   
 ;-< *
 A      0 6

IQ

A 
 

  .   



N

6 V0h  H01 ()A   ) 5#
A V0h 
 
6
H
EC
, ) Pk ;
Qk < 

   
 ;

< 

T
 
 1) $
"  $
 "

Y
POL
 6   ;-$<   , . 
. J

. uh (t) 8  ]0, T [ ? .
  V0h  


E

h

O L
d u (t), v  2
h L () + a (uh (t), vh ) = f (t), vh L2 () vh V0h , 0 < t < T,
;-""<

C
dt

uh (t = 0) = u0,h
R u0,h V0h 
      u0  '   ,6
  
 
 
    L    M
@ 
      0
5 - 

  
 ;-""<
 


 
A    0

 
     .) 

;-""<   8
 # &!%;5.1',*: &'A%0)*1')--): ,0&'*.'0): ? :
   
 8 ,

 
 1  
A 


 ;-""<  

 0 (i )1indl  V0h ;#
A  0 
 )<A    uh (t) 
  8

E

ndl
uh (t) = Uih (t)i ,

IQ U;-"$<

N
i=1

E C H
. U h = (Uih )1indl  .
     uh      

  ;-"$<  8  0 i    
  
 
 

Y T
  Uih (t)   8
 t 1 HA  

L
P O 
ndl
Ui0,h i ,

OLE
u0,h =
i=1

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
 ;-""< .A 
 
 1 i ndl A
N IQ
ndl
EC H
T
 dU h (t) 
ndl

Y
j , i L2 () i + a(j , i )Uih (t) = f (t), i L2 ()

POL
dt
j=1
h
j=1
Ui (t = 0) = Ui0,h

O LE

 ;   
 &<  9.10'+) &) 9.::)

C
Mh ) 
(Mh )ij = i , j L2 () 1 i, j ndl ,

  9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1% Kh ) 

(Kh )ij = a(i , j ) 1 i, j ndl ,

, . ;-""<  

. 
#  &!%;5.1',*:
U E
IQ
&'A%0)*1')--): ,0&'*.'0): ? : 
h

H N
EC
M dU (t) + K U h (t) = bh (t), 0 < t < T,
h h
;-"&<
T
dt
h
Y
POL
U (t = 0) = U 0,h

E
. bhi (t) = f (t), i L2 ()  ,  ,
A  
,
 8
 A 

L
 
  ;-"&< ,0 
     

O
C
 Mh  Kh ;.  
6 & ?  
I< '   :  G

   ;-"&<A  
  
 

 ;-"&<  
       0
   
  
 


 
 ,
 (   /
  . 



  
6 
. 3. A 
 O
 
  . 
 
 L6 M  ;-""< .  
   ;-$<

' " "  (T h )h>0 
   ! 
     "  V0h
  1  H01 ()  &
   !     !
 &
 Pk   !

ndl  " 
f (t) L2 (]0, T [; L2 ()) u0 H01 ()  u L2 (]0, T [; H01 ()) C([0, T ]; L2 ())   



  

   <# "  uh   


   !



 <55 
 V0h  " limh0 u0,h u0 L () = 0  

U E
IQ
2

H N
lim u uh L2 (]0,T [;H 1 ()) = lim u uh C([0,T ];L2 ()) = 0.

C
h0 0 h0

T E 
% 
      )N  
 & *  
   % 0 
 Y
&   


P O

 '    
   L  
%
%  % 
FC/H $ 

  

LE

 =  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)'   

 
  
 


 &

U E
N IQ
:

 *
   
=

E C H
3 .  ,
   
   
   ,6

Y T
 )A    
0 

   

OL
&'A%0)*+): @*'): )* 1)93: 'A 
    (

P
) 
 
  # ,
 (   ;-"&< 
 

LE
6    /
   
.  0
  I?

C O

 
'  
    
  0 
,   6
 *
 )  A 
 .  # ;-"&<  
     
 h
  

M dU (t) + KU (t) = b(t)
dt ;-"-<

U (t = 0) = U 0

*
 ) ,#  . 
 
 b(t)  

 [0, T ] @ 


E
,.   [0, T ]  n0 . 
   t = T /n0   
U
tn = nt 0 n n0 .
N IQ
EC H
@  U n ,  U (tn ) 
 
  *
 
 
6

Y T

  
   ;-"-<    
    


  :+4%9. ; I? .
A . ; "<<

M
U n+1 U n
E

POL 
+ K U n+1 + (1 )U n = b(tn+1 ) + (1 )b(tn ). ;-"<

O L
t

C

 = 0A   ;-"< :+4%9. )>3-'+'1)A 
 = 1A :+4%9. '93-'
+'1)A  
 = 1/2A :+4%9. &) 0.*D'+4,-:,* @ 
  ;-"< 

 8

(M + tK)U n+1 = (M (1 )tK)U n + t(b(tn+1 ) + (1 )b(tn )). ;-$<

+
 
,    M ,   A   
A H 

  A     

 #  
 
 U n+1
 8  U n 
 0 b ;
8  

 8
 , 


 
   M  A .  +
 &
< . A  



 8
    ,  

'  ' I


E

 
    ?
.
  A  :+4%9. &) #).0A
3U n+1 4U n + U n1
IQ U
N
M + KU n+1 = b(tn+1 ). ;-$<

H
2t

E C
'   0 G  ;.  1)  <   
 8

T
Y
# 
  ;

   ?  .0  <

P O L
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%

0
=>%

 
?

  $

LE
2 

(
 

%
 = 1/2
 $


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC   0    
.
   , )

EC H
)* ):3.+) )1 )* 1)93:A      ,H 
 
8  

T
 R   (t) .  8


LY
/
  
 )   0    
 

O
P
.   1)  -

O L E :$ #  & 5$

%@*'1',* CC *$ )  ,= " " "/
 
C.
 $"$" " $ )$ $"
C > 0
)  " "
MU n U n C 0 n n0 = T /t,
 " 
 $$ !"+
t ndl
 $ ) 

0 h'  ) " )$  
 $$ $"
 U 0 ' $
/ b' "  T ,

)9.0;5) CC  

   MU U   1) -$
,

  8 
 MU U = |u|2 dx . u V0h  8    U  

E
0   V0h ;M  0 ) .< + 
A   1)
U
IQ
 -   0 
  ( )A     x  

N

   U 
 
. 
 ,  .    u  L2 ()

H

)99) CC
T EC
 1/2 1'
 # ,= " $$ "$$

$" "/
'
"$   '  0 < 1/2' 
" "/
  
 $ "$ ;<
Y
POL
2
max i t , ;-$ <

L E 1 2
i

.
 i $"
 -
  ))  KU = MU - F,3,

C O
)9.0;5) CC @  P     ;-$ <    '2
;'
62 6C#<

 t Ch2 
 ,
   
 ;. 

6  
< 9 8A  
  
A     Th 
8

 
 R 
  
 0
  # Ch ;. C > 0  6
    <A    (. maxi i = O(h2 ) @  


  .)  8   N = 1   ,9 -$ 6 
 9

  ,
   6 
 < 1/2      0 ;-$ <
 0

  . J  0  ,
        
  
 
 0

  G

%9,*:10.1',*C @    ;-$<   0  
 M 
U E
IQ
  
 K ;.  
 &<

HN
( Id + t diag(i ))U n+1 = ( Id (1 )t diag(i ))U + tbn ,
n ;-$
<

E C
. M = P P A K = P diag(i )P A U n = P U n A  bn = P 1 (b(tn+1 )+(1)b(tn ))
T
Y
@ 
  ;-$
< 
   U n  U n .)

L
i

PO
t 
n
in = (i )n U
i0 + (i )k1bnk ;-$<

LE
U i .
1 + ti

O
k=1

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)'   

 
  
 


 &

U E
.
N IQ
i =
EC H
1 (1 )ti
.

T
1 + ti

Y
POL
1  0     0  U n M = U n  C  * 
A

     
:  0  |i | 1 
 
 iA  
 ,

LE
 ,
 
    ;-$ <  0 < 1/2A  
  
I
 8 

O
1/2

C)9.0;5) CC     , ;-$< 

 
   A 
 
: .   bnk
i   9 8A    ?

      0
 
 

* 
A H  
 
 .
 1/2 < 1  6  0A
 
  0   
 = 1 ; 
 

 
,< ', 

     
 0
  
.


  0 L M 0 
,    
    '%6
/
U E

IQ
)9.0;5) CC  # ,
 (   ;-"-<   L6
N
EC H
M A  
 8 .  
# exp(i t)A .
 
 
    ( ; 
 mini i = O(1)  maxi i = O(h2 )<

Y T
     

 ,  ,
 (  

POL
  
 :  
 
 
  6 ' 
  
   +
 6B
 ;.A  A   __  T&U< /A 

L E
# 
  ? 
.  ,
 ,
   

 , 6

O
   0
A  A       # ? 


C
; 
     
0  <
@ 

   .      ) 


 
 ? ;-"-< 
  
  0  
6

>)0+'+)
CC  

%
.!/

 1/2 1  
U M =
MU U  6 
 $

 

 
$*
  $
*
.&
  T 

n0
U M + t
n0 2
KU U
n C U M +
n 0 2
f (t) 2 dt + O(1) .
2
L ()
n=0 0

E
- 

(  


 



.!/

 U n = U n+1 + (1 )U n 
U
IQ
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%

?

 . 
  


 


N
E C H
>)0+'+) CC   
 
   P1
%




 $


LY T


%

 .2
 
 N = 1   






 




M 
*

 
C


&
$'

&  





P O


K
 

  2
$

 
 

 
  
$'


LE
 " 
 

 

 
  07 . 2
 
  :
t Ch2 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
 "
 
 
  '    N
J  
 
% 
 
  %  I Q  (  
 E C
)NI       !
   
   %T
H     

 
    "
 

%   
 % & FC/H
' "! " OL Y +>!!
  ;,  

  
<# "  P
   ! 
    
 "   1
(Th )h>0
u  

 L E  &
   !     !
 &
  " 
V0h

C O
!
&

H01 ()

 
  ?   " 
 !
  

V0h     1 ! "

Pk

0
(t)
 


   

 
   
 

   

  


h V0h
un
limh0 uh = u0
Un

   
L2 () h
t   <(#  

lim max u(tn ) un
h L2 () = 0.
h0, t0 0nn0

*
  
 
     ,   
6
 $

  (
  , ,
 
  
 
 6
 ;.    ?  2
 $&    0 f ?  2
 $< 

U E
  u0   
     2
 -   


N
.  0 .
    
    . ,) IQ

   ( '   
    
A  


EC H
Y T
 

E POL  %


O L
C
 &
  #'


 - W  

  t = 1A 2A 3A 5   
U E
N IQ
1
/ ) 
 
   
E C H 3+

LY T
   

 
 
 ,
      00

P O
;   A   
I
   
< ?  
 
 . .


LE

 ,
   


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)(   

 
  
 *
 &"

U E
:

=


N IQ
EC H
@  )* ):3.+) :)5-)9)*1  8
 . ;- "<  ,
6

Y T
    ;-
< *
 A  

  . 

POL
 

 
6 V0h  H01 ()A   ) ;#
A


6 , )<  6   ;- "<   ,6

LE
 . 
. J 
. uh (t) 8  ]0, T [ ? .
  V0h 

C


O


2
d
2 uh (t), vh L2 () + a (uh (t), vh ) = f (t), vh L2 () vh V0h , 0 < t < T,
dt ;-$"<

u
uh (t = 0) = u0,h , h
(t = 0) = u1,h
t
R u0,h V0h  u1,h V0h       u0  u1 
*
  
 ;-$"<  


 
   
  

E

A  

 0 (i )1indl  V0h ;
   
<A 
  uh (t) 
  8

IQ U

ndl

H N
EC
uh (t) = Uih (t)i ,

T
i=1

Y
POL
. U h = (Uih )1indl  .
     uh  9 
 
E
ndl ndl

L
u0,h = Ui0,h i , u1,h = Ui1,h i , bhi (t) = f (t), i L2 () , 1 i ndl ,

C O
i=1 i=1

, . ;-$"<  

. 
#  &!%;5.1',*:
&'A%0)*1')--): ,0&'*.'0): ,  ? : 


d2 U h
Mh (t) + Kh U h (t) = bh (t), 0 < t < T,
dt2
;-$$<

h
U h (t = 0) = U 0,h , dU (t = 0) = U 1,h ,
dt
R  
.  H 9.10'+): &) 9.::) Mh )1 &) 0'('&'1% Kh 
 

,
   

(Mh )ij = i , j L2 () , (Kh )ij = a(i , j ) 1 i, j ndl .
U E
,  ,
A  
,
 8
 A   
  ;-$$< ,06
N IQ
E C H
 8     
   Mh  Kh 
'   :  G
    ;-$$<A  
  
 
6

 ;-$$<      

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC 8

: 


$
 E
 

 

 


LE

 
 
 
$
 
 

 
.!

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

&$ 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
:

 *
   
=

E C H
@

    &'A%0)*+): @*'): )* 1)93: 
 
  #6

Y T
 ,
 (   ;-$$< *
 )  A 


OL
.  # ;-$$<        h

LE

d2 U
M 2 (t) + KU (t) = b(t)

O
dt ;-$&<

C

dU
U (t = 0) = U0 , (t = 0) = U1 ,
dt
R  
 
 b(t)  

 [0, T ] @ 
 ,.   [0, T ]
 n0    t = T /n0 A   tn = nt 0 n n0 A    U n
,  U (tn ) 
 
  *
 0 1/2   
:+4%9.
U n+1 2U n + U n1  

E
M +K U n+1 + (1 2)U n + U n1
;-$-<
U
(t) 2

IQ
= b(tn+1 ) + (1 2)b(tn ) + b(tn1 ).

H N

 = 0A   ;-$-< :+4%9. )>3-'+'1) ; ,  8 . 

Y T EC

      M   < *
     8
 P
U 0  U 1 A  
, 0 Q 
   

POL
U1 U0
0

E
U = U0 = U1 .

L
t

C O
  
 8

  
    :+4%9. &) )I9.0D
*
 
  # LM
d2 U dU
M 2
(t) + C (t) + KU (t) = b(t)
dt dt
  U (t), dU/dt(t), d2 U/dt2 (t)   
 U n , U n , U
n


MU n+1 + C U n+1 + KU n+1 = b(tn+1 )


n+1
U = U n + t( U n+1 + (1 )U
n)
;-$<



2  
U n+1 = U n + tU n + (t) 2U n+1 + (1 2)U n
2

U E
IQ
. 0 1  0 1/2 
   ,  
 ;C = 0<A
 
   
 U n , U
n  ;-$<  
. ?

H N
C



E
U n+1 2U n + U n1 1 1
M K
T
n+1 n n1
+ U + ( + 2)U + ( + )U

Y
(t)2 2 2

P O L 1 1
= b(tn+1 ) + ( + 2)b(tn ) + ( + )b(tn1 ).

LE
2 2
;-&<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)(   

 
  
 *
 &&

U E
N IQ
+
 
 
 = 1/2    /C%    6 9 6

EC H

A 
   A 
    8  0
 ; 
 



T
 , 
 .<A H ,   

Y
POL
>)0+'+) CC " 
 

%

>
Q
=
 $
 

 

LE
= 1/2( $
2  = 1/2
= 1/12(
$
  = 1/2
= 1/12  

O


+ $
 

 

 

C @ 
  0    
   1) -$
 *
 .
 
  
 A    ,
      0 
> /
 ;.  +
   <  
 
.    H 

   
$

)99) CC $ $ +
 #  NJ ,F,  < 1/2' 
" " > 
$"/
,  ))$    1/2,  $ "$ $  "/
" 
E
($  $$ " " >  -*  2 1' "$   '  0 2 < 

 $"
U
IQ
""    
 $ "$ ;<

H N
EC
2
max i (t)2 < , ;-&<

T
i 2

Y
POL
.
 i $"
 -
  ))  KU = MU - F,3,

L E
)9.0;5) CC @  P     ;-&<    '2
O
C
;'
62 6C#<

 t Ch 
 ,
    ;.  

$< 9 8A  
  
A     Th 
8 
 

 R 
  
 0
  # Ch ;. C > 0     
<A    (. maxi i = O(h2 )  
  
.)  8
  N = 1   ,9 -$ ' 
 0
A 
  '2 ;-&< ,   . 

, 
      
t  , 
 , h ' A 
 ? .
 #  ;


. 
 U n+1  8  U n , U n1 
 0<A 


   /C% 
  .
    
,   
0  
   

  0 
   '2   
R   )>3-'+'1)A ,6?6  
, ,#    #  ? 
 ? 


E
   9 (A
     
,   

U
IQ
  
  ?  
 
G
  
 0 
  

N
 /C% ;-&< ,H   
 = 0  
     M 

E H
  Q ?
 8
 ,   ;.  +
 &
< '
C
   
.
  
 . = 1/2

LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C 9   00 ? 
 -$"  .  6

P O
 
 
    
$ @  U n   

LE
0  ;-&<   0  
 M    
 K *

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

&- 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N

A ;-&<  
.A   A ? IQ


EC H 

T
Uin+1 2Uin + Uin1 1 1
= bni , ;-& <
Y
n+1 n n1
+ U + ( + 2)U + ( + )U

POL
i i i i
(t)2 2 2

LE
.   .  ; i   .
 
# 
KVi = i MVi < '   ;-& <  ?  .
 ;.  
6

C O
 "<A  

  , Ai  






Uin+1 Uin (t)2 bni a11 a12
= Ai + . Ai = ,
Uin Uin1 1 + i (t)2 0 1 0

2 i (t)2 ( 12 + 2) 1 + i (t)2 ( 12 + )
a11 = , a12 = .
1 + i (t)2 1 + i (t)2

E
@  
 



  p
bnp 
n1

IQ U
HN
Uin+1 Ui1 (t)2
= Ani 0
Ui + A i . ;-&
<
Uin Ui0
C
1 + i (t)2 p=0 i 0

T E
LY
     0  > /
  (Ai ) 1 @ 
 

O
 .
   Ai 
   
#X  
.
P
L E 2 a11 a12 = 0

CO
   

4i (t)2 + 2i (t)4 ( 12 + )2 4

= .
(1 + i (t)2 )2

@ .)  
     #X   
 8
 
 
?    
     ,
  
  
. J  0  a12 1A
 > 0  1a12 |a11 |  
 8 
      

 ?    ;-&< ;.     $A 
A  __
 T&U<

>)0+'+) CC  



 


.&( $
 +
= 1/2

U E
i (t)2 = 14 
4
" 
 

%

>
Q
=
 


 


 

N IQ



2 1


E C H 

T
n+1 n
Ai = ,
Ani = (1)n .

Y
1 0 n 1n

P O L
C


# $ $
* $

  @

A 




Ani
 


LE


 



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

)(   

 
  
 *
 &

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC 9 ,0   
  

# ,
6

EC H
 (   ;-$&<   8 
# cos(i t)A

T
. i2 = i  '   

 ,   ;-$&<   

Y
POL
? 
 
  ;  
,  (
8 
8 Y . 

   1) 
"<A  
 
 8
 
    6

LE

  ;-$&< 0 

    
 
  .
 
Vi
#  KVi = i MVi  @   
 U (t)  ;-$&< 
 

C O
8
U (t) =

xi (t)Vi ,
iI

R I 
  ,       
  6
  
A  xi (t)   
 ,
 
 (   

d2 xi
(t) + i xi (t) = bi (t)
dt2

U E

, 
   8A  A       



IQ
   '  A   :53)03,:'1',*: &) 9,&):A  
 

N
H

 .0 9  ,.  ,H 
.A ,6?6  ,

EC
 
  E GA  
  
  

  

T

       A  
. .  

Y
O'L
  #


E P
J  
 
% 
 "
 
 
 

 
  %    (  
        
O L
)G#       ! 
 
    "
 

C
   
   %  %   
 % & FC/H
' "
"    
+>!!
  ;,  



u
<$$ "  (Th )h>0 
   ! 
     "  V0h   1
  H01 ()  &
   !     !
 &
 Pk  "  (t) 
    
!
 
  ?   "  unh V0h  


   

 U n 
  
  !
 &
  V0h 
      !  @A!B " limh0 u0h = u0 

L2 () limh0 u1h = u1 
 L2 ()   h  t 

   

  


  <C  

lim max u(tn ) un
h L2 () = 0.
h0, t0 0nn0

*
  
 
    
    ,
  
U E
IQ

 
 .  
    
   D @ 

N
H
 ,
     =]0, 1[2 .
   
   /
A

T E C

 .  
 
   ? 
   #

  
   (0.3, 0.4) 1  2
 -    
  

LY
8 u ? ,   ? " 

 ; # , A 

O
P
   A   
 , 
 . 
 

LE
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C  #
  


U E
N IQ
EC H
 

Y T  %


E POL
O L
C

 $
  &


U E
N IQ
E C H

 -
Y T
W  
  t = 0.0A 0.1A 0.2A 0.3A 0.4A 0.5  |u|

L
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

  POL
O LE
C
   "
!  
U E
N IQ
5
)% 
 

EC H
>

,
 

Y T
POL
, 
 
I   
 P
 
.  
 ,6

E
L
   
      ,
    0
 6

C O
 J A A )A  
A 

A 0
A 6
 A   , 
A 
 A  , 


 
I  . 
 
 
 0 

  .A 
,?  6
  ;   ,  
   

<A     X  /
  8 
. 
,`
 

I   8

 #  
 
 ,
  
 .
 
 ? 8 
1,
  A , 
 H .
 
  6
   ,# 

  
 
 .  
 .

      ' A     
 6
  H 0
  8     0

 
 
  

E
 
 H 
 9 (A  ,  9,&%-':.1',* ,
 

IQ U
#
 
,
 # 
 ;.
 ? ,  ,
 
 .
<A  ,  :'95-.1',* *59%0';5) 
   A  

H N
 
 ;
,   
 

<  ,H  ? J  


T E C
8
 
. .('0 
   

  # ) ,  
8 '      -!,31'9':.1',*A ,6?6   

LY
  ;
  < ,
 8 
    


O
 
P
LE
*  
 
       0 , R

C O -
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 + 
  , # 


U E
N IQ
     
  ( 1    
 A    

EC H

  
  0
   ,   ,
 8 6

T
) 

    ) ;  Rn < 5#
A ,  


Y
POL
 
 8
     
    0
 
 R  8 ?     
 ,
 


LE
(   ;
 A  8  ) 

  
 )A  C[0, T ]< @      A   6

C O
   0
  

  0
    
   ? ,  8   
 ,
 
 

.   ,     
X   # 6
0
 
   0
 A      


 0  

 
   
6 8
 
 

  #
   0 , +
 
 
     
  

,  6
 ^

 
 (   

 . 
  ?
 # ,
  0

U E
IQ
@ 
 
  ,  
   0 
   8

N
(  
  .0  
 
 5#
A  ,

EC H

 8 f (x) . x Rn A  ,  &!,31'9':.1',* )* 2.0'./-):
+,*1'*5):A   
  x Zn   ( ?  -!,31'9':.1',* +,9/'*.1,'0) 

Y T
 .0  7   A ,  .0 
 

POL

. 
 L8M 
 ,  .0    

 
  . 
  8
 
  .
 
 
, 


L E
, 0  
     0
 0

O
    ',
  RA ?   
 


C
 

A D
  0
 L

M  
 0  0
8  

*
 )  0. 
 
  
     



'  .   
  
  ,   ,

  
A 
     ) 
) 9 
A

 .  X 
   +,*2)>'1% 
 0  
 ,
  )  '  .    ,  
  

 
  
  '  

 


      A 
     
   0 *
 
   
 , 
 .#
 
 
 
.  T"UA TUA T UA TUA T UA T UA T

U

U E
>

 1) 
N IQ
E C H
*  .
 

 0 #
 ,A , 6

M  ,

LY T

 

  A  
   8  
  ( L06

P O
'O  

   0)+4)0+4) ,3%0.1',**)--)A ,6?6 

LE
     
     


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+  $
   -

U E
N
>)93-) C C $30,/-?9) &) 10.*:3,016  ,  ,
     IQ
EC H
 ;
  <  0
  ,  . ,
 6

T
  ;
 0 
   
< @   M XA  

Y
POL
 1 i M A  
 ,
 .
 % si   8
 . N A 6
  1 j N A 
    

 
 rj   G  

LE

  ,X i    j    cij   .0  
  
 vij      ,X i .   j  @ .


C O
  G
 
  8      ;

 
 M

i=1 si
N
j=1 rj < 3
 A  .
 



M 
N
inf cij vij
(vij )
i=1 j=1


      %   8  


N 
M

U E
vij 0, vij si ,

N IQ
vij = rj 
 1 i M, 1 j N.

H
j=1 i=1

' 0 

  
  0  

Y T EC

POL
>)93-) C C $30,/-?9) &!.A)+1.1',*6  ,  ,
  ,

E
0 
 .0   F .
 ?  H ,
   6

L
  N 8A    1 i N A  N A    1 j N 
O
C
  8 i  , j  , 
   
 .0 , aij .

 Y      .
  + 
 J 
    

 
   #  ,    ;@ .   
6 
&

  #    ,   V<  0

I
  6
  0      N 8  N  3
 A 

 
  ,0  
 SN  {1, ..., N } 

  
 
N
max ai(i) .
SN
i=1

 .  ? 

  .
  aij     ' #  0
  0 ,( ; .    
 

U E
IQ

  ,(  
    . 
   <

H N
E 
     8  
     0A  

, 

 8 .  ,9   .0    

E C
vij 
 .
  , #      8 i  , j    @ .

T

N N

O LY

sup
Paij vij

OLE
(vij ) i=1 j=1

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 + 
  , # 


U E

  
N IQ

N

EC

M
H
vij = 0 
1,

LY T vij 1, vij 1 
 1 i, j N.

O
j=1 i=1

P
@ 
  
  0 ,(   

, # 
 0 )

LE
 0 
, L
:M ,
 
 
. ,
  ,  0 G ,


O
C

   
  0 0  
   0
 0 0 
 H 
 
 
.  

/ 
  0    
  
 : ;. 

6 
&<

>)93-) C C $30,/-?9) &5 :.+E&,:6  0 

  

6
?6   n 0I    8 p1 , . . . , pn RA  ,
 .
u1 , . . . , un RA  P R
    
 ,   ?  @ 

E
xi = 1     i6 0I   6?6 A  xi = 0  @ .
 
,

 ?  
     J

IQ U
max n xi ui .
H N
EC
 x {0, 1} 1in

T
xi pi P
1in

Y
POL
9
 8  :
 .   
  .0 , xi  
;. ,9 " 

    
<

O L E
C

  W 5
 

 .# 
    ,9 
U E
N IQ
E C
>)93-) C C $1,50*%) &5 2,B.()50 &) +,99)0+)6   0  H
LY T
 0   0
.# 
    
;
>+*<  . n . 
.  . ?     


P O
 
 @  tij   
 I   . i   . j ;.
6

LE
 (  tji < @       n .   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+  $
   -"

U E
N IQ
       (tij ) ;.  2
 <  8
  
.
 #

EC H
   
 
 
 
 8  
  .   0 

T
  0 

 8  #     .0 

Y
POL
;.  
6 $ 

    
<

LE
>)93-) C C $+4)9'* &) +,M1 9'*'9596 
   G = (N , A)A

O
R N  ,0  a
  A N N 
 0 ,   a


C
@  ? 
  (k, m) A
 G w(k, m) @ )
 a
,  i 

a
  j   0
  G 
  ? 
.

 
   i ? j 
 0 

 , 
  
G  
 3
 A  
 
  a
 i = 0 , . . . , T = j
 
 (r , r+1 ) A 
 
 r = 0, 1, ..., T 1  w(0 , 1 ) + + w(T 1 , T )
 

  a
   .A 
 A  ,0  
  ,

. ? ,
A  
 w(k, m)    
   . k  mA 

U E

.  0 


 
  7    0A

IQ
 0  8 ? 
 #  
      

H N
EC
>
   0
   
 .A  A   6

T
   )  
  % ;.  
6 $
<

Y
POL
>)93-) C C $,31'9':.1',* ;5.&0.1';5) E +,*10.'*1): -'*%.'0):6  A

O L E

   ,  nA #
 ) .  B
  6

   m n  b
 .
  Rn  @ .
 
  0

C inf
x KerB

1

J(x) = Ax x b x .
2

  , ? KerB     .  ;. 

6   
  
<

 
   0
   


  +#  
 
 
  .
  .
  ,
  #


>)93-) C C $30)9'?0) 2.-)50 30,30)6  A

   ,  nA
#
 @ .
   
  
 
U E
Ax x,
N IQ
H
inf

C
xRn ,x=1

Y T E
R x    
   x /
 . 
, ,  0 G  .


P O L
  A  ?  
  .
  ;8  
6   <

LE
' 
  
  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-$ 

 + 
  , # 


U E
N IQ
>)93-) C C $+,*:,99.1',* &): 9%*.():6 @  
   


EC H

  n #       8
 .
 p Rn+  

T
.
?  
  b > 0A       
 H

Y
POL
  
 8 ,
 u(x)  Rn+  R ;  .<A 


  0) 
          
 x  n 6
   
    .
 x 
   


O LE
C
max
n
u(x),
xR+ ,xpb

,6?6  
  ,
 

   0
  ;. 

6 
 
  
<
* ?
  , ,
 #   
 

(  A ,6?6  ?
 0  +,99.*&) ,31'9.-)

>)93-) C C $+,99.*&) ,31'9.-)6 @  

 # ( 6

U E
 .  
 
  0
  
 
 0 ;

   A


N IQ
.
A < ) 
, 
. L

 M
 I  ) ,
0
? , t   
 8 y(t) ? .
  RN ;#
A 

EC H
   .< @   
  0  ,  ,
   v(t) ?

T
.
  RM ;#
A  


A    
A <

Y
POL
9   8 f (t) RN     
 
 ?
 #
,
 (   ;
  
 )<

O L E
dy = Ay + Bv + f 
 0 t T

C
dt ;<

y(0) = y0

R y0 RN  , 
#A A  B  
   
 . N N  N M  @  z(t)
 I L0M  zT

  ) L0M *
  

  0  
  
G
XA  
   #
 . R, Q, D  

R  
  
 H ) . @ ) 
  
 

 T  T
J(v) = Rv(t) v(t)dt + Q(y z)(t) (y z)(t)dt + D (y(T ) zT ) (y(T ) zT ) .
0 0

+
 
  8 y(t)    .0 v ? . ;< ' 
U E
IQ
   0  .
  ; 
 ,
 
 

N

. 0<A  

 . 8  .  K  RM 
 

E C H
,0     0  0    

inf

LY
v(t)K, 0tT
J(v).
T
P O
 8
A 0 GA   
  8   J(v)  

LE
)  
 y  ;< ;.  
6  
  
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+  $
   -&

U E
N IQ
>)93-) C C  $9'*'9':.1',* &!5*) %*)0(') 9%+.*';5)6  ,   6

EC H
 ,  
 ,
 0 
0 ,  
 ,
 
6

T

 /
 .# 
 '   " 
 
   
    

Y
POL

   
 
 
. 0  RN  f L2 () 1,
 * " &A 
 
  0  1 
  A  8


LE
 ,  J(v) ) 
 v H01 () 
 

C O J(v) =
1
2
|v| dx
2

f v dx.

3
 A  .
 


inf J(v).
vH01 ()

@ 
    H 0 
  
 
 
 
 
   
  %  ,9 "
A  
 

  %  
. ?  
U E
IQ
  

N

|v|2 dx f v dx .
H
inf J(v) =
vH01 ()N  "
 divv=0

EC
2

T
+
 
, # 
  L ,0M   A 
Y
POL

    0  ,  /
 . 
  
 8  6
 

L E
1 
  


  . =
A 
O
C
,  ,
  
 .
 0 ,A 
 b  . 

 .        
 ? \ .
 )
6
. 

>)93-) C C $30,/-?9) &) '&,*6 >    ,  

 

  1  8   .  ' A   
 8
 
  
) 

L 
 
 
 
 0
8M 9 
   
 )
        8

 . 
 
0    

    
.  
   
8 0 ,
# 


 ; . <   8   

     0 G

  
 ;. ,9  < 9  

 
)A
 0   
.  
0   

 ) l 0 
  . 

U E
IQ
    
  , 
 3
 A  



H N
C
sup y(x) dx,

Y
0

T E
L
.  

P O  

OLE
0, y(0) = 0, 1 + y  (x)2 dx = l,
0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-- 

 + 
  , # 


U E
N IQ
R  ,
   y(x)     
0 


 x

 

EC H

Y T
>  ? , ,
 :B:1?9) &':10'/5%A ,6?6    


POL

 
 . 

LE
>)93-) C C  $+,*10O-) &!5*) 9)9/0.*)6 @  
 0 6

C O

A ) 
  
A   8 
 , ,
 8 f  ' 

,. .
?  
6 

A  0    

u = f + v 
u=0 
 ,

R u    .   0  v 

 8  X ? 
 ' X  #

 
 F6
 
   


 
 .
   @ )  ,0 
X  0
U E
N IQ
K = {v(x)  
 vmin (x) v(x) vmax (x)   v = 0  \ } ,

EC H
R vmin  vmax  
 8  @   X 
  

Y T
 u 
  
 0 ,
   u0 A  
  ,


POL
G   @ ) 
 


E
1  

L
J(v) = |u u0 |2 + c|v|2 dx,

O
2

C
. c > 0  0  X ,

inf J(v).
vK

  0 G ?      8 

 v   
 
  0 ;.  
6 

  
<

>

 *(

 


, 
 .0
 
 J 
 

  
) 
 /
     0  
; 
, 
: ,      
 0
 0  <
U E
IQ
5
 ,0 A ,  
    0A  V A  
 H
N
E C H

  . A ,6?6  
 ,
   v 1  
6
  V  , RN A   
    
. V 
 

LY T
 =0  ; 
      A 
 A ,
  
EA ,6?6 
  .  < @    


P O

60 K V R , .   
 J   
 K  ,0 

LE
 .&9'::'/-):
0A 
0 
 K )  +,*10.'*1): ,O

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+  $
   -

U E
N IQ

  0   9)A  +0'1?0)A 
 =,*+1',* +,M1A 
 =,*+1',*

EC H
,/<)+1'=A ? A  J A 
 8 ) 
 K ? .
  R 

T
0 
   

Y
POL
inf J(v). ; <
vKV


 ,
   inf 

 0  A   


LE

 ,   A  A   .


  A ,6?6  ,

O
C
 v K  

J(v) = inf J(v).
vKV

 , .
  
 
  .


  A 
  8
 
min J(v),
vKV

   ,   ,
 .
. ;

 8 
< *
 
0  A   sup  max  inf  minA 6
. * 

 )  0
U E
%@*'1',* C C
N I Q
$ "   " $ $   $ )$"  $ 


H
u
J    " 
$" 
K

T E C
uK "
 L
Y
> 0 , v K , v u < = J(v) J(u) .

$ "   " $ $ O


$" 
u
E P $ )$"  $  0
/
    "
J K

O L "
C $ ))

 $*      ' )
  $"' -
 
uK J(v) J(u) v K .

%@*'1',* C C J K
$ '  
$ 0$ )
 $""$ ,'
 /$  )  $  R
$"$"   $$" J   K ,  J $" ) $   K ' 

$*  - "
,  K " - ' ) $-$"$
$*  " +,
:$  " $$"  J $ K " $  " (un )nN "

  
un K n " lim J(un ) = inf J(v).
n+ vK

*  ) H  ,)

  J 
 K   
I
  



U E
>

 ?



(

N IQ
C H
 
  ?  
  ,)>':1)*+) &) 9'*'9. 
 
E
LY T
0 ,    ) /
 
   
6
 ;   < 
 V = RN 
 , 


 


N

P O
u v = i=1 ui vi     
  u = u u

LE
 
 F   , ,
 
   
.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 + 
  , # 


U E
N
4%,0?9) C C $>':1)*+) &!5* 9'*'959 )* &'9)*:',* @*')6 I Q " K $

EC H
$/
  $$ -   RN ' " J $ $"$ $"$    K  -
  $ R
-*$"
 ))"' " 1$*$ 
$*$2'
Y T
POL
(un )n0  " $ K , lim un  = + = lim J(un ) = + . ;
<
n+ n+

O LE

 
&"  $ $ )$"  $   J   K , 8 )
' $ ) " &"
 " "  " $$"  J   K $   " $-0$" - $ )$" 
C
$    K ,
%9,*:10.1',*C  (un )
 
   J 
 K     ;
<
P 
 un  0 

 J(un ) 
 
   I 1A 

 
6
 (unk ) 
 .  .
  u  RN  7 u K 


K  8A  J(unk ) .  . J(u)  
A ,R J(u) = inf vK J(v)
,  1)  

U E
)9.0;5) C C / 
   ;
<A 
 
 
 
 
 6

N IQ
  J 
 K  0A  

 .)  K  0 

,0 K ,  0A     
A  K A J  '*@*') E
-!'*@*'
EC H

Y T
>)0+'+) C C " 
 
 



 


 
K

  
J


POL
 


 *
 


 $


$  6
 




E
   



R 
 R $


 
 
  R

O L
C
>)0+'+) C C " 
 
$ 
 


 
  @
+ $A / 


  


 
inf J(v) < lim inf J(v) .
vK R+ vR

>)0+'+) C C " 
 
$ 
 



 
   
J 
 


    


J 


(un )n0 

 K , lim un = u = lim inf J(un ) J(u) .
n+ n+

>)0+'+) C C " 
 $

   
 '

 /( /
/&

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) C C ) a
b 
 


 0 < a < b(
 n N (  Pn $



N
H

 :9
 P 

*  
  *
 + n
 
P (0) = 1 - P Pn (  

P  = maxx[a,b] |P (x)|

T E C
Y
 " 
 



P O Linf P 
P Pn
;<

LE


 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+   #    ! 

U E
N IQ
2  




 :9
 
<%
:%
E Tn (X)   
 
 



EC H
T0 (X) = 1 , T1 (X) = X , Tn+1 (X) = 2XTn(X) Tn1 (X) .

Y T
POL
" 
 


* 
Tn
 *
 + n

  R, Tn (cos ) =
cos(n) ' 
$



n + 1 
 0n = 1 > 1n > 2n > > nn = 1

LE

 
Tn (kn ) = (1)k  0 k n

max1x1 |Tn (x)| = 1

C O " 
 
$
  
/
 
:9

b+a

X
 Tn
1
P (X) =
2b a .
b+a
Tn
ba 2

5
 2
 "

 






U E
IQ
>

1)  

=)


H N
' 
6   ? 
   
 , ,


EC

   ) , ./:,-59)*1 3.: (.0.*1')    

T
#  
  ,
5 
 ' :
  
Y
POL
 
8 
,  )  8 0     V
'O  
  0 
 
 0   

O L E
L8
 ? ,)M 
 H , ,
 


C
>)93-) CC  ,  =0 ;   )<  
  
0  R
!

+
2 (R) = x = (xi )i1  
 x2i < + ,
i=1
+



  x, y = i=1 xi yi  @    8 J ) 

2 (R) 
 2 
+ 2
xi
J(x) = x2 1 + .
i

E
i=1

* K = 2 (R)A     0

IQ U
HN
inf J(x) , ;"<

C
x2 (R)

Y T E

 
 
   
, ,     
 >)

 ,0 


PO L 

OLE
inf J(x) = 0.
x2 (R)

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 + 
  , # 


U E

  
 x  2 (R) ) 
n

N
= in 
 
 i 1 @ .)
xni IQ
 


EC H
T
1
J(xn ) = 0 
 n +.
Y
POL
n
' J  .A   
 
 xn 
 
   
  .


LE


  
 ' A   .  
, , 

 x 2 (R)  

J(x) = 0 * 
A  ,     
 
 ;"< @ .

C O
   
  
  xn L ? ,)M  ,  
 2 (R) ;0 
,  0<

> 
    
 ,   0 . 
0   ,  
 
 .     

,
 
 .  ;.A  A  * " &< 7 
  )A     8  0  

   ,         


>)93-) CC @   ,  0. V = H 1 (0, 1) 

   
U E


1  1/2
v = 0 v  (x)2 + v(x)2 dx
N
;
 
   =0   )A IQ
.  ' < @  K = V A 
 1 h > 0A   
EC H

Y T  

POL
1
Jh (v) = (|v  (x)| h)2 + v(x)2 dx .
0

L E
, J  
 
 V A     ;
<  .) 


O
C
 
1
 1 1
v2
Jh (v) = v 2h
2
|v (x)|dx + h v
2 2
v  (x)2 dx h2 h2 .
0 2 0 2

7 

inf Jh (v) = 0 , ;$<
vV

 
 
 
, ,   
  Jh 
 V J  (A  ;$<  

  u 
 
  Jh 
 V A  . . Jh (u) = 0A ,R u 0 
|u | h > 0 ;
 
< 
 (0, 1)A  
  0

U E
N IQ
h/n
E C H
0
LY k/n T 1
P O
LE

  W
  un 
 ,9   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+   #    ! 

U E
N IQ
*
 0 ;$<A  

 
  (u ) ) 
 n 1 
n

k k
EC H 2k + 1

T

h(x )  x ,

Y
POL
n n 2n
un (x) = 
 0 k n 1 ,

h( k + 1 x)  2k + 1 x k + 1 ,

LE
n 2n n

C O
    2
   @ . 8 
 un V  
  6
. (un ) (x)   
 
 .
 J +h  h * 
A Jh (un ) =

1 n 2 h2
0 u (x) dx = 4n A  
 
. ;$<A ,6?6  
 Jh ,    
 
 
 V  9 
A  h = 0A    
 J0  


 
 
 v 0 V

>)0+'+) CC "
 

   

  
 $ $


 
 
 
J  C 1 [0, 1]

E
3  
   6A   :
 
   
U
IQ
 )  
 
 # 
 
.  0
 


N
, 

 0    
   =0 

H
EC
 )
 V
  .   v  J
 8 ) 

 

Y T
K  V ? .
  RA .)    ;
< ;) ? ,)< 3A 


POL

  (un )
0

O L E inf J(v)
vK
;&<

C
 0 9  ) ; V = RN <A  
    

6  
    8 0 ;  
 
 K
 8  
 J  
 
6
 8
< 7

A

  
  8
   )A  
 .    1
 A  
 
    (V, K, J) .)    
. J

 
 
 (un )n1  K  
 supnN un  < +  

lim J(un ) =  < + = u K  

 J(u)  . ;-<
n+

3A 
    ;
<  ;-<A  0 ;&<  
 


U E
7

A    ;-<  
0  .)0   V @

    .) 

  
  0A  

IQ
    
 J  0   +,*2)>) ' 

N
E C H
 .   
6  
A  V 
   =0A K
 +,*2)>)
8  V A  
 J 
 8 +,*2)>)  
 
 K A  ;-< 

LY T

  0 ;&<  
 
  . 
 
 
  A ,
 A 
  #  .  
. 


P O
 0

 ,A  ,
 A 
, ,  ,
    

LE
0 
 
    
:    7  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 + 
  , # 


U E
N IQ
 )  
      
 
 
 , ,
 
 V

EC H
/A  
  . .   
6 
.A 

T
:

#      6   
.

.

OL Y
P
LE
>

 .
  
$)

C O1 
  
 
A 
 
 
 V 
   =0 
 ,


  u, v  ,
   v + 
,
 0 K 
. ,  
     
 

    ;. 
1)  < 1 

   8 .

%@*'1',* CC $ "   $ $"$ J *$   $ $/
 $-& $$ - 

KV "  -
  $ R " $-&   K  " 
$" 
J(u + (1 )v) J(u) + (1 )J(v)
E
u, v K , [0, 1] .

U
;<

]0, 1[,
N IQ
8 )
' J " " ""$" $-& 
$0
" , " ""
  u = v "

EC H
T
)9.0;5) CC  J 
  ) 
 K ? .
  RA  
Y
POL
%3'(0.34)  J ,0 Epi(J) = {(, v) R K , J(v)} 3 J 
.   
  Epi(J) 
  .  R V 

O L E
>)0+'+) CC )
 J1
J2 
   

  V, > 0(

 

C




  



R 

 $


J1 (V ) " 
 
J1 +J2 (
max(J1 , J2 )( J1
J1  



>)0+'+) CC ) (Li )iI 



 


 
 
 
M

 V  " 
 
supiI Li
 

 V  C

 (  J 
 


 
 V  " 
 
J
 *


 supLi J Li 4 
   Li 

M

*
  8 .  ,#    (   
 
0
     
  
.

0,3,:'1',* CC  J " $ $"$ $-&   $ $/
 $-& K ' " "
U E
IQ
)$"  $ 

 J   K " $ $  0
/
"
$/
  )$"
 $  " $ $/
 $-& -$" 

$" - ,
H N
  )
 J " ""$" $-&' 
 
&"  )
 $ )$"  $ ,
T E C
Y
%9,*:10.1',*C  u
 
   J 
 K  1,  1) A

 
. 

P O L
OLE
> 0 , w K , w u < = J(w) J(u) . ;<

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+   #    ! "

U E
N IQ
 v K  *
 ]0, 1[ 
: A w = v + (1 )u .) w u <

EC H
 w K 

 K  . 1A J(w ) J(u) , ;<A   .

T
 J 
 
 J(u) J(w ) J(v) + (1 )J(u)A  
  0 


Y
POL
J(u) J(v)A ,6?6  
 u 
 
 0 
 K 
1,
 A  u1  u2  
    [0, 1]A  w = u1 +(1)u2

LE

 
 

 w K  


C O inf J(v) J(w) J(u1 ) + (1 )J(u2 ) = inf J(v) .

vK vK

 H  . ]0, 1[  

A  J   .A 
 u1 = u2 

/
 
 .   
 ,
   L8 .M 3-5: 0):10'+1'2)

   .

%@*'1',* CC $ "   $ $"$ J *$   $ $/
 $-& K "

"$" $-&  " 
$"  
&" > 0 "
  U E


N IQ
J
u+v

EC
J(u) + J(v)
H
u v2 . ;<

T
2 2 8

Y
POL
$ "   $     J " $-&,

O L E
1  1)  A  8 .  J ,  
 
  06
 .    = 1/2 ' , 
  
  8

C

    , 
.

>)0+'+) CC ) J
  



(  
 
(   [0, 1](
(1 )
J(u + (1 )v) J(u) + (1 )J(v) u v2 . ; <
2

>)0+'+) CC ) A 



: 
$
N
b RN  - x RN (
 
J(x) = 12 Ax x b x " 
 
J
 





  A



 
(

J
  

 





  A
 

 
 6
 


 
(  
 
J

 

 



 







U E
>)0+'+) CC )  
 
RN
H 1 () $



)

  

N IQ
6   ) 
  J 
 


E C H
T
 
 
Y
1

L
J(v) = |v(x)|2 + v(x)2 dx f (x)v(x) dx ,

O
2

LE


 f L2 () " 
 
J
 

 

 H 1 ()

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 + 
  , # 


U E
N IQ
 
 
.    ,0 ,
 
 , ,


EC H

   ) 9 
A    
 
,
 8 J

T
8 .  
 

 0 K . 8  .   L)

Y
PO"L$-& $"$    $ $/

? ,)M  K A ,6?6  .)   ;
<

0,3,:'1',* CC J K $-&  $$

O
  LE
- ' 
 
&" $ 
$ $"$  L V  " $ $"$" R "



C J(v) L(v) + v K .
  )
 J " "$" $-&   K ' 
 
&"  & $"$"
;
<
> 0 "
R "

  
J(v) v2 v K . ;<
%9,*:10.1',*C *
. ,0 ;
<  J  . 
 ;

6
 8
< 

 0 K . 8  . A  

E
  Epi(J) ; )   +
   <  . 8  .  

U
IQ
v0 K  0 < J(v0 ) *

 (0 , v0 )
/ Epi(J)A 
 

5

N
    ,
   ,
 . ,  , R  ,

8  
 L V   


EC H
T
+ L(v) > > 0 + L(v0 )

LY
(, v) Epi(J) . ;"<

O
'A 
 v )A  
   0    0 
P
E

  ;"<A    
 0 Y  
A   
   v = v0 

L
 0  
  ;"<A  
 H 
 @   > 0A   
 

CO
;"< 
 J(v) + L(v)/ > / 
 
 v K A  
 
. ;
<
*
.  ;<   v0 K ) *
 
 v K A ;< 
;
< 
 



J(v) J(v0 ) v + v0 L(v) + L(v0 )
+ J + v v0 2 + v v0 2 + .
2 2 2 8 2 8
@  


J(v) v2 v, v0  + L(v) + C1 ,
4 2
. C1 = (/4)v0 2 + L(v0 ) J(v0 ) + 2  1, ,   '
#6 CF

 ? v, v0    
  LA  |L(v)| LV  v ;.  1)
 &<A  .
U E
IQ


v0 
N

J(v) v LV +
2
v + C1 v2 C ,

H

4 2 2

 C R 0 
T E C

LY
5  
6 
   0  8 . J
O
P
 8 . LM ;,6?6  
     .
 +< 

LE



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+   #    ! &

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) v0 V
J 
  


5
 



 

EC H
v0  " 
 
J
 

 
 




Y T
POL
>

 "  #)

/
 
.  
  
 ,  


LE
   
 R J  8 . ;6.<

O
C $ $-&  $$ -   $ @
/"
4%,0?9) CC $>':1)*+) &!5* 9'*'959H +.: =,01)9)*1 +,*2)>)6

K,
' 
&" $ $  $ 

V " J $ $"$ $-&
u  J   K " $ 
" K
$"$   
4
v u2 [J(v) J(u)] v K . ;$<

$ )"
' " "  " $$"  J  
$/
 K $-0 - u,

E
%9,*:10.1',*C  (un )
 
   J 
 K  1, ;<A J 

n 
U
 
 K A 
 n, m N   ;<  8 . P 


IQ 
n
u u  + J
m 2 u + um
inf J(v)
1

H N J(u ) inf J(v)

n

EC
8 2 vK 2 vK

Y T


POL
1
+ J(u ) inf J(v) ,
m
2 vK

O L E
 
  
  
 (un )   '
#A   .  .
  uA

  
 
  J 
 K 

 J  
  K 8

C
,

  
      *  
 9)A 
v K A (u + v)/2 K  K  .A ,RA 
I
 Q ? ;<A


J(u) J(v) u+v J(v) J(u)
u v
2
+ J ,
8 2 2 2 2


u+v
 J J(u)

2

>)0+'+) CC " 
 

<%
/2 $


+ $'

/;  

$*
  
-
 
 H01 ()

>)0+'+) CC ?

 $'

/2.
 E
  
 
 
 0%

U E
IQ
 
! I




  
 
 
>

  
-  !2 (

    $'

!( ) =
  $'

!;
H N
E C
  0        5  $ 
  8

T
J 
  
 . ;   8 .< ' A 
 

LY

5  $  A 
 
 
.
O
P
  9   
 
    .  80 
 ,

LE

    L6 M       


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 + 
  , # 


U E
I Q " $ $-&
HN
4%,0?9) CC $>':1)*+) &!5* 9'*'959H +.: +,*2)>)6 K
 $$ -   $ )  @
/" V ' " J $ $"$ $-& $"$    K '
E C
  " 1$*$ 
$*$2 $ K ' "    -*
 $ "$ ,3'  -'
T
P LY
(un )n0  " $ K , lim un  = + = lim J(un ) = + .
O n+ n+

LE

 
&" $ $   J   K ,

C O
)9.0;5) CC  5  &  , ,
 
   6
  5  $A     
 ,
  
 , ,
 ;$<
+
 
  
 ;$<  8
 
 ,
 ,  
6

   

, 8

    .  . 
,
 
  (un ) .    
 u

)9.0;5) CC  5  &  .  , 

  
 V 

   E D8 ; 
 
  V   V <
4
 "
 '%     
    D(  IG   
U E
N
%   /! $ 
    * +  .  V  IQ

   B' ' & "
  
 ' ('  ''

E H
C!
  

 ! $


   

L Y T
(un ) V uV

 'E
O
v V , lim un , v = u, v .

P   1  
n+

 ' 
 
L 
*   '     *  %
 "
  .

1(ei )i1 ('    
i = u , e 
un n i

 O% 

*'  "
% &  * +        
V

 I C
n
u V

   (un
i )n1 i1
5    "
  %  *' 
  8
 *'9 "
  %


  V  
"
 limn+ un u = 0  "
 "
 un %  *' 
% u A"
     
    
 "
 %  *' 
  


 "
   * 8%  *9  ! 
   
 un = en %  *'  % E   *  
"
 
      &     %  *' % 

 
%
  !  '    u  
 
 V
  
  1
 

n

!


 5   
 u  ' ("
 
 
   u 
n n

U E
IQ
i
'  R 
 ("
 i   
 

   "
 %  %

un i

HN
  ui  
      
  ' 
 


i


 n  "
 
 
 i uni %  % ui  5 "
 
% "
 un % 
C
 

*'  % u  %
 "

 u V !
E
Y T
 * 

: 
 *   
  O
L
P L
1   8  * 9  
  '
V
"
  
  V
{v V , L(v) }
R  


LE
  *2     ' % * 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

+   #    ! 

U E
  !  4
  
 !    


N I Q  !1 1
H
K V
! 
 



 
C
K

Y
K
T

 6   "
  
E      * 
"
   & L
"
   A"
  
 "
 
    
O 
 
   *  "
   
u0
 $ 
  "
  D(  I  

   
 P
K

 5  E
%
L
K

  %  
   
O
u0 u0 u0 K

C  ! # "  

! 
 !

   2   !  



 
K V K

'   J  
  !1

 
 !
  K   D =$

  

   J   !1

 
 !
  K    




  
  un %  *'  % u  L(un ) %  %
L(u)  "

   *   V  *  
  %  *' 
  I   '    
 
 K 
U E
.  (( 
 J   ' Epi(J) 
 &  A "
 I! 

IQ
% *   R V     
 *  
  %  *' $  
N
lim inf n+ J(v n ) J(v)
EC H

  *   
 K   
 (vn )  *'  % v  K  

Y T
O"
L
 


4
 %  
    



  %
& !  . IC! 
 
   (u )  '
 $ 
  
 P
n

E
I (u ) %  *' 
n

%
  
L ?     IC 
CO
uV uK

J(u) lim inf J(unk ) = inf J(v) .

k

    '

 
 
 
u u K
vK

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 + 
  , # 


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T


E  POL
O L
C
   
!   
#  U E
N IQ
EC H
6
$
 
Y T
,
 
O L
@


E P
O L
1  '  
 
   
 
 ,  6

C

 
 0 , 1  A 
   ? 0
     8 
:   ,0I8  ,

  0

 
 
A 

    , 
 
 
.
 
   +.-+5-)0 5* 9'*'959 ;8 H 
. 
   V< ,      ,  
H 
  
A 
 , 
 ,
 ,
 8 
 RA  ?
 
  .  ,

'   .  , ? ,    .  ; 
,  < 
  ;  ,  < /
 0  

   
*%+)::.'0): ,A  ,
   .   
,

,#  .  
 ,0    :5J:.*1):A 
 
    
U E
'   ,   
  
. J  x0

N IQ
H

   
   J 
 ,. [a, b] R ;J 
 8
.0 
 [a, b]<A   

T E C
O LY
J  (x0 ) 0  x0 = a , J  (x0 ) = 0  x0 ]a, b[ , J  (x0 ) 0  x0 = b .

P
7H    0 


A      6

LE

 J  x0 [a, b[A  
  x = x0 + h . h > 0   

C O

 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
J(x) J(x0 )A ,R J(x0 ) + hJ (x0 ) + o(h) > J(x0 )A  
  J  (x0 ) 0  .6


EC H
  h   8   h . 0 1 H 06 J  (x0 ) 0  x0 ]a, b]

T
   x = x0 h +
   ;,    ,  <

Y

  x0 ]a, b[   J   .0  x0 A    J  (x0 ) 0 ; (A  

POL
h2
J(x0 ) + J  (x0 ) + o(h2 ) J(x0 ) 
 h F <

LE
2
   ,0         

C O
  J      ;x [a, b]  , 6 
<

     x0    
 
  
 ;x0 + h . h > 0  x0 [a, b[, x0 h . h > 0  x0 ]a, b]< J 
  &'0)+1',*: .&9'::'/-): @
 
  )   . ;
 8
  5# ? ,  < 
 
 ',   
 
 
8   
 
 V
       
.        ?
 

   ?      .0 

U E
    8     ,  
 
 J 
 ,0    .  0
 '*%;5.1',*

IQ
&!5-)0 Y 
, ,      
 A  0
 

N
EC H
8 .  95-1'3-'+.1)50: &)
.(0.*()   
 

14%,0?9) &) L54* )1 5+D)0 
 : 
A 
  # 

Y T
.A     ,  
 
: @ # 

POL


 08 O
     &5.-'1%      6
  , ?  #     
 (

O L E
  

 .  2A   "   .-(,
0'149): *59%0';5): &!,31'9':.1',* @ 
    

C
 (0.&')*1 
   
   


@

 *<
& 
1 ; 
    
 #
<A 
 


 V 
   =0 A  
   J 
 8 
 ?
.
  R  
   V  
I
  u, v    
u
'O  
    .   J 

 
 

 0 
     , 
, #  

 .0

 (0 
  2A     ) 
.
U E
;,6?6   , V ,  R<A  L0M  
  .0A

N IQ
E C H
%@*'1',* C C $ "  
 $"$ J ' *$   $ -$0  u V 
-
  $ R' " -/
  5$"/
  $  <#" $ u 
&"
$ 
$ $"$    V ' L V  ' "

  
LY T
O
P - |o(w)|

LE
J(u + w) = J(u) + L(w) + o(w) , lim =0. ;<
w0 w

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- %

 


U E
N I Q  $ " $ $"
$ ))


 - 
 5$"

' 
 0 $"
H
L J u
,
L = J  (u)

T E C
OL Y
)9.0;5) C C  1)    8 .0  V  


  E ; ,
   
   ;<< ' A  V
P

   =0A  
    ;<   ) V  

O LE

 V  Q 
5    +F  - 9 (A  


C


 p V  
 p, w = L(w)A  ;< .
|o(w)|
J(u + w) = J(u) + p, w + o(w) , . lim =0. ; <
w0 w
@  
 8 p = J  (u)A  
 
 H ? 8
  8
 ; < 

. 
 L
M 
 ;<A   V = Rn 
V = L2 () * A
 
 H ,
 

  
    =0 

L
M  V = H 1 () ;. ,9 "<

U E
1  
  A  
: 
.    8 

IQ

 L = J  (u) V    ,  0  ,   p = J  (u)
N
EC H
V 
 V    ) ? V  9 
A   
 8  
. ,
  L 
   pA      
.

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) C C " 
 
; 

   
J
 u " 



(  L1 , L2 


O L E
J(u + w) J(u) + L1 (w) + o(w) ,
;
<

C
J(u + w) J(u) + L2 (w) + o(w) ,

 J
 


L1 = L2 = J  (u)

>)0+'+) C C $)::)*1')- P6 ) a 




: 
 
 V
V  ) L 



 
 V   
J(u) = 12 a(u, u) L(u) " 


J
 

 V

J  (u), w = a(u, w) L(w)   u, w V 

>)0+'+) C C ) A 



: 
N N
b RN  - x RN ( 

J(x) = 12 Ax x b x " 
 
J
 



J  (x) = Ax b 
 x RN 

>)0+'+) C C

 

 $'



;2

 V = 2L ()  
  
 

2

U E
IQ

R ( a(u, v) = uv dx(
L(u) =
N
f u dx

 f L () ' 
 
 V
V (

N

 
 
J  (u) = u f 

E C H
T
>)0+'+) C C  

 $'

;2

 V = H01 ()  
  
 

RN  
$    




O LY
P
OLE
u, v = (u v + uv) dx.

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E

IQ
 
a(u, v) = u v dx(
L(u) = f u dx

 f L2 () " 
 


EC H
 


  
J  (u) = u f 
 V  = H 1 () " 
 
(  

T

 
V
V  (
 J  (u) = u0 4 u0
 $
  
 H01 () 

POL
u0 + u0 = u f 

u0 = 0 

O LE
>)0+'+) C C )  
  
RN  


 


 
 4

C
N = 1

 =]0, 1[ ) L = L(p, t, x) 
   
 RN R( 



 
 + p
t  



( 

 
 

 L
p
t
L
% #

 





  
V = H01 ()
J(v) = L(v(x), v(x), x)dx

 " 
 
J
 

 H01 ()




L L
J  (u), w = (u(x), u(x), x) w(x) + (u(x), u(x), x)w(x) dx .

E
p t

IQ U
2 ) N = 1
=]0, 1[(  
 
(  u H01 (0, 1) 

 J  (u) = 0(
 u

N



L  
H
d  L   

EC
u (x), u(x), x u (x), u(x), x = 0 , ;<
dx
p t

Y T



  
 $


]0, 1[

POL
 ) L 

 
 
x 
 L = L(p, t)
 u C 2 (]0, 1[)
 
  

E



$
 E
 

;(  
 


  

O L   L   

C
L u (x), u(x) u (x) u (x), u(x)
p

 

 $


[0, 1]

)9.0;5) C C   ,
   (0A 
 80 
 

  2 * A   
.  ) 
. @ 

  8 J A ) 

 .   u V ? .
  RA  (0

  4Q
  u ,  L V   

J(u + w) J(u)
w V , lim = L(w) . ;"<
0+
,H     
  .)  ;"<  
  
  
;< ' A 
 8 .0 
  2 , 
 

U E
 4Q
A  
  8
A H   )A   
N IQ
, 
.  R2

E C H
T
x6

Y
J(x, y) = 
 (x, y) = (0, 0) , J(0, 0) = 0 .

L
(y x2 )2 + x8

P O
'. 
A   
 
A 
  
,
 8  .0 
,

LE
, 
  2A 
8  


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- %

 
"

U E
N IQ
9     0  8 . .0

0,3,:'1',* C C
EC H
" J $ ))
"$ 5$"/
  V $ R,  
Y T
"$  -$" $"  -
$"

POL J " $-&   V , ;$<

C OLE J(v) J(u) + J  (u), v u

J  (u) J  (v), u v 0
u, v V ,
u, v V .
;&<
;-<

0,3,:'1',* C C " J $ ))
"$ 5$"/
  V $ R " > 0, 

"$  -$" $"  -
$"
J " $-&   V , ;<

J(v) J(u) + J  (u), v u +
2
v u2 u, v V ,

U E ;<

J  (u) J  (v), u v u v2 u, v V .
N IQ ;<

EC H
)9.0;5) C C    ;<  ;&< 
  6

T

  9  ) 
  8 . J(v)  
I
 

  
Y
POL
    u ;  
 8 :  v <    ;<
 ;-<   #  . 9 
A  J(u) = 12 a(u, u) L(u)

O L E
. a
 8 0 #
 
 
 V  L
 8  


 V A  ,9   
 ;<    )  

C
.  a
%9,*:10.1',*C  
:    * "  0. 
  
= 0   *  7 
 ;< 
 ;< ' J
 6.A  .)  ; 
< 
A 
 
 k 1A


 1 1  1 1  1
J 1 k u + k v 1 k J(u) + k J(v) k+1 1 k u v2 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2

,R
&
 '
1  1

E
2 J u + k (v u) J(u) J(v) J(u)
k
1 k u v2 .

U
2 2 2

N
9 8   k . +A  
. ;< *
 0 ;<  
: , 6
IQ
 ;< . 
6H    u  v 

E C H
7 
 ;< 
 ;< *
 u, v V  t RA   (t) = J(u+

Y T
t(vu)) 3  .0   
 
 RA   (t) = J  (u+t(vu)), vuA

L
O
  
A , ;<

P
OLE
 
(t) (s) (t s)v u2  t s . ; <

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
 ]0, 1[ 9   ,  ; <  t = ? t = 1   s = 0 ? s = A 
0

EC H (1 )

Y T
(1) + (1 )(0) () v u2 ,

POL
2
,6?6  ;<

LE
>)0+'+) C C " 
 $
  J 

 V
  

 


O
C




 
J(v) > J(u) + J  (u), v u u, v V

 u = v ,



J  (u) J  (v), u v > 0 u, v V

 u = v .
5  
6  )  &%0'2%) :)+,*&)  J  +


 ,0 
,   8    1)   (0

 ,
 8 f ) 
 V ? .
 
 
   =0 W
U E
IQ
;   
  R< @  
 f  (0 ;
  2<

N
 u , 
   
 L  V  W  


H
EC
o(w)

T
f (u + w) = f (u) + L(w) + o(w) , . lim =0. ;
<

Y
w0 w

POL
@  L = f  (u)  (  f  u  ) ;
< 
 


L E
)  .  f (u) = J  (u) 
 
   V  
 V  

O $ $"$ 
C
%@*'1',* C C " J V $ R, $ "   J "  & 
-/
 $ u V  J " -/
 $ $ -$0  u "   - J  (u) "
-/
 $ u, $ $" J  (u)
 - $   J $ u   -*
o(w)
J  (u + w) = J  (u) + J  (u)w + o(w) , - lim
w0 w
=0.

5 
,  )  .    : ? .
  
 
J  (u)w 
   V   =

A   8   
 v V  0

 0. 8 0 
 
 V V 
 ,  J  (u)(w, v)  

  (J  (u)w) v  /
  

    
.  
 

E

.

)99) C C  J " $ $"$  &  -/
  V $ R' 

 -*
IQ U
H N
1
J(u+w) = J(u)+J  (u)w + J  (u)(w, w)+o(w2 ),
2
-
T E C lim
o(w2 )
w0 w2
= 0 , ;<

LY
. J  (u) "  $"*  $  /
$ $"$    V V ,
O
P
LE

9 
 , J (u)(w, w) 
 , 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-   # 
 
&

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) C C ) a 



: 
 
 V V  ) L 

EC H



 
 V   
J(u) = 12 a(u, u) L(u) " 
 
J
 


T
 

 V

J  (u)(v, w) = a(v, w)   u, v, w V  G
 

Y





 
 '

 ;( ;( ;!

POL

 J  
 8 .0  
.   

  . J 

LE
 .    .A   8  .

O
C>)0+'+) C C " 
 
 J
 
  

 V 
   

-  ;
;!  

 

 


 +

J  (u)(w, w) 0
J  (u)(w, w) w2 u, w V . ;"<

6
 

 " 

@

,

 #1   

 
$)
U E
N IQ
/
 O  8
      
 ,0

EC H
  K  .A  R    
  ;
 


I
 
 K  8  .   
 J  
 

 
. 

Y T
K < ,  

 
 
  
A 
 
 v K A  
 

POL
,  u   L   0M (vu)  u+h(vu) K  h [0, 1]

L E
4%,0?9) CC $
*%;5.1',* &!5-)0H +.: +,*2)>)6
O
" u K $-&, $
 ))   J " 5$"/
 $ u,  u " $ )$"  $ 

 J  
C
K ' 

J  (u), v u 0 v K . ;$<
 u K -* ,% "  J " $-&' 
 u " $ $  0
/
 J  
K,

)9.0;5) CC @  ;$<A L

 ,9
M  ,  ,
  
*%+)::.'0) , 
 . *%+)::.'0) )1 :5J:.*1)  J  .  8


 
 
A  
  A ;$< :) 0%&5'1 :'93-)9)*1 E
-!%;5.1',* &!5-)0 J  (u) = 0 9  
A  K = V A v u  
 V 

v  V A   ;$< P J  (u) = 0 1,
 A  u  
 ? K A 
H 
 ,
U E

%9,*:10.1',*C *
 v K  h ]0, 1], u + h(v u) K A  
N IQ
J(u + h(v u)) J(u)
E C H
h
LY
0.
T ;&<

P O
@  
 ;$<  8   h . 0  
 


LE

    ;&<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) K  


  

V  - x V (  %
%


EC H
5
  xK K 
x  K  
<%
2;

Y T x xK  = min x y.

POL
yK

LE
" 
 

  



M

;  






 + 2

C O
>)0+'+) CC ) A 




$
p n
b Rp   



@
 
 
A
inf Ax b2 .
xRn

" 
 




5 
 

$
 $'
 





>)0+'+) CC  

 $'

/


U E
IQ
1

N
inf J(x) = Ax x b x

H
x KerB 2

T EC


 A 

: 


$
n(
B 


m n m n " 
 $

Y



   A
  

$


 
 A
 
 
 " 


POL

  
 x Rn 

O L E Ax b = B p

 p Rm .

C
>)0+'+) CC  

 $'

/; " 
 
$
 $'
 


 
 
 u H01 () 

  
1
inf1 J(v) = |v|2 dx f v dx
vH0 () 2

 
 

 




 
u v dx = f v dx v H01 ().

 


  


-  !2&
U E
N IQ
E C H
>)0+'+) CC ) K  


  

V (  a 




: 
 


 V (
 L 



 
 V  " 


LY T

J(v) = 12 a(v, v) L(v)

 
 
 
 K (   u " 


u

 $
   


 
 





P O
LE
uK
a(u, v u) L(v u) v K .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-   # 
 


U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) J1
J2 
   

  
  

 



EC H


 
K V   

J1 



 

 " 
 
u K

T

   
J1 + J2 



 

Y
POL
J1 (u), v u + J2 (v) J2 (u) 0 v K .

O LE
 
 
.A 
    
5  A

C
. 
  ,
     L

    M 
 
. ?  
6 
.

)9.0;5) CC 9   

 R K 
 
6 : 8
 V  @ 
  
 K = u0 +P A R u0 V  R P 
 
6 .
8  V  3A 
 v  K A v u 
  

  P  0

 ;$< 
.
 ?
J  (u), w = 0 w P ,

U E
IQ
,6?6  J  (u) P  9 
A  P 
  ) ,#A

N
,6?6  

P = {v V , ai , v = 0
EC H

 1 i M } ,

Y T
POL
R a1 , . . . , am    V A  ; 
 .) 
< P  ,
.      8 (ai )1iM     , , 

L

  8 J

O E
C

M

uK  1 , . . . , M R , J (u) + i ai = 0 , ;-<
i=1

   i   95-1'3-'+.1)50: &)

.(0.*() /
 . 
5
 - 
 X 
   8 

)9.0;5) CC
  
 K 
 X . 8A  

 ) 
 K 
 0 . 8  
 v K 
 
 v K  

0 9  v = 0 
 v = 2u  ;$<A  0 


J  (u), u = 0 .
E
;<
U
* 
A ;$< 
 

N IQ
J  (u), w 0 w K .
E C H ; <

LY T
9 8A ;$<  
. ? ;<  ; < 1   R

P O
OLE
K = {v V , ai , v 0 
 1 i M } ,

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
R a1 , . . . , aM    V A    2%  & ;. 6 
<
  


EC H
Y T 

POL
M
uK  1 , . . . , M 0 , J  (u) + i ai = 0 , ; <

LE
i=1

O
 ,  ;<  
 i = 0  ai , u < 0   8 

 i 

C
  95-1'3-'+.1)50: &)
.(0.*() /
 . 
5  "

 X 
   8 

5  

6  
 +,*&'1',* &!,31'9.-'1% &5
&)5>'?9) ,0&0)

0,3,:'1',* CC $  ))   K = V "   J "  &  -/
 $ u,

 u " $ )$"  $ 

 J ' 

U E
J  (u) = 0 " J  (u)(w, w) 0
N
w V .
IQ ; <

C) $"' ' )  " " v $ $ -$0  u'

EC H
LY
J  (u) = 0 T " J  (v)(w, w) 0 w V , ;
<

O

 " $ $ 

P ,
u
L E J

CO
%9,*:10.1',*C  u 
   
 A   I? 
 J  (u) = 0 
 8
 ;< 
  ; < +
A  u .) ;
<A  

 .  5# ? ,  
 ;
.   F< .  

  8 (t) = J(u + tw) . t R    
  
 u 


   J ;.  1) <

@

 5    


'  ?       
 ,0 K
,  . *
 A 
 
  0 K )  
+,*10.'*1): &!%(.-'1% 
 +,*10.'*1): &!'*%(.-'1% ;
 
 ?  8< /

O 
 
  
  &'0)+1',*: .&9'::'/-):
U E
N IQ
%@*'1',* CC $ " " )$" v K '
$/

E C H
T
N

(R+ )N
Y
w V , (v ) K , ( )
n n
,

L
K(v) = v n v

O
limn+ v n = v , limn+ n = 0 , limn+ =w

P  )$" ,
n

O L E
" ))

 H$  "$  /
 v

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-   # 
 


U E
N IQ
9  
  A  
  
 
 K(v)  ,0  
 

EC H
.
 
     v ?
 
0 
  K    v ; K

T

 . 
A K(v)   ,   ? K  v < 3


Y
POL
A K(v)  ,0  
   0  . ?   v

  )  K 

LE
9  wn = (v n v)/n A  
 
   8O 
. 
 w K(v)
  
   
 
 wn  V 
 
 n  R  


C O lim wn = w ,
n+
lim n = 0  v + n wn K
n+
n .

  8  .) 

 ,0 K(v) ;
 
  0 H 
 ? {0} V< 

 X J w K(v) 
 
 w K(v)  
 0

>)0+'+) CC " 
 
K(v)
  9



K(v) = V  v
  

+ K  6
 


4 K(v)
  + {0}

E
,H
X    0     
 
.A 

U
IQ

   *%+)::.'0) ,  A  A  6
 


H N $ $ 

0,3,:'1',* CC $
*%;5.1',* &!5-)0H +.: (%*%0.-6
T

 J   K ,  J " 5$"/
 $ u' $ 
Y EC " u

POL

J (u), w 0 w K(u) .

O L E
/
          *  &

C
   R K     +,*10.'*1): &!%(.-'1% 
&!'*%(.-'1% 

 
 
 0  .  
  +
  
  

,*10.'*1): &!%(.-'1%
1     
 
 K   
K = {v V , F (v) = 0} , ; <
R F (v) = (F1 (v), ..., FM (v)) 
   V  RM A . M 1 
  *%+)::.'0) ,    8 
.

4%,0?9) CC " u K . K " $$ ) ,9, $  ))   J "

-/
 $ u K "  
 $"$ Fi (1 i M ) $" $"$4$" -/
 U E
 
$ $ -$0  u, $  ))  )
  
 -"  Fi (u) 1iM $"

N IQ
E C
1 , . . . , M R' ))
 95-1'3-'+.1)50: &)
.(0.*()' "
   H
$$" $ )$ $",
'  u " $ $ 

 J   K ' 
&"

LY T
O

M

P
J  (u) + i Fi (u) = 0 . ; "<

LE
i=1

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
 
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C '  .
 Fi (u) 1iM     A

EC H
   8     

K(u) = {w V
Y T, Fi (u), w = 0 
 i = 1, . . . , M } , ; $<

POL

 8O 
.

OLE
(
M

K(u) = [Fi (u)] . ; &<

C
i=1

/
     
.  ; $< 
 
 
 
  

( ; 8A K(u)  ,   ?  . K 
 u< ' K(u)

  .A  
   
. w  w   *
 &A  
 
 ?
(
M

J  (u), w = 0 w [Fi (u)] ,

E
i=1
 

IQ U
,6?6  
 J (u)       Fi (u) 1iM ; 
  
6


N

      )  

<  
  ;

H
EC

<     
.   *  

Y T   
)9.0;5) CC 
  .
 Fi (u) 1iM    6

POL
 ;
0<A   
 ,  
 +.: 0%(5-')0 1   A 

O L E
  +.: *,* 0%(5-')0   

5  -  8
  
 , 
.

C
* V = RA M = 1A F (v) = v 2 A J(v) = v A ,R K = {0}A u = 0A F  (u) = 0 J 
,   ,
   
 ' J  (u) = 1A ; "< ,  

*
 0    
5  -A 
 ,
 

,9 $ 
1
min J(x) = Ax x b x ,
x KerB 2
R A  #
 ) . ,  nA  B   m n . m n
@  (bi )1im  m    B  1  0  #   m 
bi x = 0     B  mA  (bi )       
 
 

 ; "< ; A       A   <
  
 

     p Rm  

   
 x
U E
IQ
.)

N

m

H
Ax b = pi bi = B p.
i=1

T E C
 A  .0   B    mA   
   .
  x J  

LY
x = A1 (b + B p)A   Bx = 0  0
O
 1
P   1 

LE
p = BA1 B BA1 b  x = A1 Id B BA1 B BA1 b.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-   # 
 


U E
N IQ
9 
A    
. 
  

     p 

  B 

EC H
  m   ,   A   
,  p 
  BA1 B p = BA1 b

T

 ,

 
,? ,  ,
 .

#
 B  @ 
. 

Y
POL
 
  ,9  


OLE
>)0+'+) CC ?

 
 
 
  





$'


/ 

C
1
min J(x) = Ax x b x ,
Bx=c 2
4 c Rm
  

 

>)0+'+) CC G
 
<%
;2. + $'

/&

 



  
 
J  
%
   
 

 
 
A
 + 

 



 


U E
>)0+'+) CC  '  
 
 
 
 

 
$'

; ( 

IQ

 

   

6 '

/
 



 
 

N
H




T EC
>)0+'+) CC   





 



 
  


Y
POL
  
)
 

& - 

   



 
K = {v H01 (), 2
v dx = 1}

O L  

C
min J(v) = |v|2 dx .
vK

" 
 




    


K
 
  


 

 + $

 <%

C
% 2 8
$
 $'
 





 




  
 
 




 




   
  
 

 



>)0+'+) CC  ) A 



n n : 

 

b Rn 

 " 
 

 


sup b x
sup b x
U E
Axx1 Axx=1

N IQ
C H
 

 
$  
  H 
 
<%
;2.  


E
T


 
 
 $


 


LY
2     

 
 
 $



 

 : 
 

O
P
 
 $
n
 
 
A B 



  Ax x Bx x 

LE
 x Rn  6



  


(  A B (
 B 1 A1 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC  ' %
 

 *
# 
 
 
*
#  

 


EC H

   
$



 
  

   f (v) 

 




T

v RN 
 
   

( 


   *
# ( 

Y


u(




T ( 


 *F

 
  

  f (v)

POL
  

LE
1 2 N 1
= f (v) dv , u = v f (v) dv , u + T = |v|2 f (v) dv .

O
RN RN 2 2 2 RN

C
; -<
V #

  $
 
 
H(f ) 



 
H(f ) = f (v) log f (v) dv .
RN

" 
 
H
  

 

 $




   f (v) > 0 






H(f ) < +  
H  



 
  

 


;2.(



$

 
 
 M (v) " 
 


 

 
"
Q





U E


N
|v u|2

IQ
H

exp

EC
M (v) = .
(2T )N/2 2T

Y T
POL
)9.0;5) CC   
 ,
  8 L ) 
 V RM 

O L E L(v, ) = J(v) +

M
i Fi (v) = J(v) + F (v)

C
i=1


 , 
.(0.*(')*
0    J 
 K   u K

 
   J 
 K A  5  - 
   
A   

A   RM  


L L
(u, ) = 0 , (u, ) = 0 ,
v

L L


 (u, ) = F (u) = 0  u K  (u, ) = J  (u) + F  (u) = 0 ,
v

E
; "< @ 
         ,  ,
6

  ; <
  

IQ U
/
  
   *%+)::.'0) ,


H N
 

T E C
)   
 $"$ O LY
0,3,:'1',* CC $  )
  
 #!)"#+ A#+ ,, " $  )
J " F1 , ..., FM $"  &  $"$4$" -/
 "  


P
LE
-"  Fi (u) 1iM $"
$$" $ )$ $", " RM
 
")
" 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-   # 
 
"

U E
N I Q


 0$0 *$ )
 A#+ ,,,
 " " $    K
H
u J
-*

T E C 

Y

M (
M

OL

J (u) + i Fi (u) (w, w) 0 w K(u) = [Fi (u)] . ; <

P
i=1 i=1

O LE
%9,*:10.1',*C
 
, 
   0   C 2 A ,6?6

C

 8 t u(t)  [0, 1]  V  
 u(0) = u  F (u(t)) = 0 
 

t [0, 1] * )A  . u (0)  
X    0
K(u) @ 
   
j(t) = J u(t)  fi (t) = Fi u(t) 
 1 i M.
9 .  0
   
j  (t) = J  u(t) , u (t)  fi (t) = Fi u(t) , u (t) 
 1 i M,

    
U E
j  (t) = J  u(t) u (t), u (t) + J  u(t) , u (t)

N IQ
fi (t) =
    

EC H
Fi u(t) u (t), u (t) + Fi u(t) , u (t) 
 1 i M.

Y T
' fi (t) = 0 
 
 t  

 0 
 
  j(t)A   


POL
j  (0) = 0A j  (0) 0A  fi (0) = fi (0) = 0    
   fi (0) = 0 
  


u (0)    

6     Fi (u) 1iM ;
    ? K(u)

L E

  8  0<A   
 j  (0) = 0  ) 
 J  (u)   
O
C
? u (0)  u (0)  
 K(u) 
  8 .    0A 
 
 
 J  (u)   Fi (u)  
H 
6 ;,  
K(u)< @ 
.    
   J   RM  


M
J  (u) + i Fi (u) = 0. ;
<
i=1

   fi (0) = 0 

 


M    
0= i Fi (u) u (0), u (0) + Fi (u), u (0) ,
i=1

  
 j  (0) 0 
U E
 
J  (u) u (0), u (0) + J  (u), u (0) 0.
N IQ
E C H
4Q ? ;
<  
   .   u (0) 
 0 ;
  
  
<
M 
LY T

 

P O 
i Fi (u) + J (u) u (0), u (0) 0,

O LE i=1

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E


N

 ,  ,
 
 ; < 
 u (0) 
 K(u)IQ
EC H
,     0 u(t)   8 
 ,0  u (0) 

T
 
X    0 K(u) 
 



Y
POL
  8
  
 , 
 
 Q ? ,# 
  8
Fi (u) 1iM  0 ;
    
 

 
 
<

LE
>)0+'+) CC  0

 
  


$ 
   
 
 

O
C
'

 /
/&

,*10.'*1): &!'*%(.-'1%
1  
   
 
 K   

K = {v V , Fi (v) 0 
 1 i M } , ;
<

E
R F1 , . . . , FM  
I
  8  V  R 
 , .
 

IQ U
 X    0 K(v)A  
 
 

 
 

   
    ;
<  I
   H X

H N
   v R , 
 K(v) 9 (A  Fi (v) < 0A    
A 
 

EC

: A  
 
 Fi (v+w) 0 ;  
   i  .

T
 v <  Fi (v) = 0 
    iA  ,   
 , 
 
.
Y
POL

 .
 w V  
A 
  > 0 
: A (v + w) 8 
 
  ;
<  .  8     
 


O L E
 A  +,*&'1',*: &) ;5.-'@+.1',* 4  A   
.  
 , 
 8  L.M 

 ,
  v )  

C
    ( #     
) ;
 


  < /
  
 )     
   
  0 -'*%.0':% ,  0  8  . 
   '    L
  .M . 
) 
.

%@*'1',* CC  " u K , $/
 I(u) = {i {1, . . . , M } , Fi (u) = 0}

" ))

$/
  $"$" .+1'2): $ u,
%@*'1',* CC  $ "  
 $"$" ,3 $" ;5.-'@%): $ u K 
" 
$"  
&" $ "$ w V "

  
$ " )  " " i I(u)
U E
IQ
 /$ Fi (u), w < 0 ,
 /$ Fi (u), w = 0 " Fi " 6$ .
H N ;
<

T E C
)9.0;5) CC    w   

 
 L  M
LY


  
  ;
< 
 u + w K 
 
  0 
: 
O
P
E GA  
  8 Fi  :A  
   w = 0   

LE
 

 
)  8  
   :  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-   # 
 
&

U E
N IQ
1)  
 I
)  
  
 6  
) 


EC H
    A  

     ,  

T
:    ;    
' <

Y
POL
/
 
.      *%+)::.'0): , 
 ,0
;
<

O L E$" -/

4%,0?9) CC  $  ))   " $$ ) ,3'  
 $"$ "
C " $ $ 

 $ "  ' 
&"
K J
F1 , . . . , FM
 $"$" $"  
* $ ,
' 
u u
u J K ' ))
 
")
" 
1 , . . . , M 0
 0$0' "
  

M

J (u) + i Fi (u) = 0, i 0, i = 0  Fi (u) < 0 i {1, . . . , M }. ;

<
i=1

)9.0;5) CC  @ 
     ;

< 
  8 
.
U E

M

N IQ
J  (u) + i Fi (u) = 0 , 0 ,

EC H F (u) = 0 ,

T
i=1

Y
POL
R 0  ) 
 
  
.
 = (1 , ..., M )  .A


A 
 
   i {1, . . . , M }A    Fi (u) = 0A  i = 0  8 


O L E
F (u) = 0       

C
%9,*:10.1',*C '  
 ,0 ,0

K(u) = {w V , Fi (u), w 0 i I(u)} . ;
<

;@ 
  
 K(u)
, 
 
  X K(u)    0<
 w
   0 8 ;
<A w K(u)
A 
  > 0 /

  
 u+(w+w) K 
 
  > 0 F   8
 
   )

 i/ I(u)A   Fi (u) < 0  Fi (u + (w + w)) < 0  
   F

  i I(u)  Fi (u), w < 0A 

U E
IQ
Fi (u + (w + w)) = Fi (u) + Fi (u), w + w + o()

N
;
"<

H
Fi (u), w + o() ,

,R Fi (u + (w + w)) < 0 

 > 0 F 
T E C
LY

 9)A  i I(u)  Fi (u), w = 0A  Fi  : 
O
P
OLE
Fi (u + (w + w)) = Fi (u) + Fi (u), w + w = Fi (u), w 0 . ;
$<

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
2A  u 
 
   J 
 K A  
   
   


EC H
J  (u), w + w 0 w K(u)
R+ .
T
,

Y
POL
' 
 
 J  (u), w 0 w K(u)
     Q

  2%  & 6 


O L E $" a1 , . . . , aM  
$" *&  V , $ $

C +
 $/


)99) CC  $&) .0D.:6

) *
K = v V , ai , v 0 )  1 i M ,

"
) 
M *
= v V , 1 , . . . , M 0 , v =
K i ai .

E
i=1

 )  " " p V ' $ 
)
"$

IQ U
.
p, w 0 w K = p K
H N
E
 )  "$" - $"' 
0" $ "  $
T C
 -
$,

O L Y
%9,*:10.1',*C 'O   
 K  8 *

  

E P
 .  
 M = 1A 
    
  
 
, 

L
. 
  0  .
 ai  8
 ? M 
O
C

  ,0 
  .
 (ai )1iM     
M
 (v ) = i=1 ni ai
 
 ,  K
n ;  . n 0 i n)A
i
.  .
  v V  3    
 
 
 (ni ) . 
 R+ .
  i 0 ;
 1 i M < 

  .
 (ai )1iM

8
 0  , 
,    @   v = M i=1 i ai KA 


  8
  .
 (ai )1iM    A  
  

 8 M i=1 i ai = 0A   
 
 
 ,
 
  : i 
M
 8   v = i=1 i ai
   K  *
 
 t 0A 
M

 
  v = (i + ti )ai A   
  t 0 
 


U E
IQ
i=1

H
i + ti 0 i {1, . . . , M }  i0 {1, . . . , M } , i0 + ti0 = 0 .
N
'   

T E C
M )
+
O LY  *
=
K
P
v V , 1 , . . . , M 0 , v = i ai . ;
&<

O LEi0 =1 i=i0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-   # 
 


U E
N IQ
*  #  
A 
  0    0

EC H
   ;
&<  8A       H  K 

T
+   ,0
  J 
 
 p, w 0 w K  


Y
POL
p/ K  @ 
 
  5     ,
   ,

. 
  p  K 
  8 A ? ,. A .   .  

LE
  w = 0  V  R  


C O
7 A   . < 0 

 0 K
.
p, w < < w, v v K ;
-<
Y ,
 A 
 
 i {1, . . . , M }

 
.   ;
-< v = ai . 0  A  

 
 w, ai  0 @ 0  
 w K  
 p, w < < 0A  
 
0

>)0+'+) CC  ) A 



: 

 
$
n(
B 






mn

 m n


* m  






U E
IQ
1
J(x) = Ax x b x ,
N
min
2
H
xR ,n Bxc

Y T
p Rm
 $  
 x 
EC
G
 
<%
;2!  
 $


$  

 

*
*

E POL
Ax b + B p = 0 , p0, p (Bx c) = 0.

O L
>)0+'+) CC  ) f L2 () 
  
  
   -

C
 > 0  



*

 


1
min |u|2 dx.
uH0 () , uf L2 () 

" 
 






  u  " 
 
(  u = f ( 
u = 0(  

> 0
 
u
   


u + (u f ) = 0 
 ,
u = 0  .

,*10.'*1): &!%(.-'1% )1 &!'*%(.-'1%

U E
IQ
@ 
 0 G    
 #   @ 
  
 K
  
H N
K = {v V , G(v) = 0 , F (v) 0} ,

T E C ;
<
R G(v) = (G1 (v), ..., GN (v))  F (v) = (F1 (v), ..., FM (v))  
  

LY
V  RN  RM  1  
.
A  8
 
 )  
 
O
P
 
)   @  
I
 I(u) = {i {1, . . . , M } , Fi (u) = 0}

LE
,0   ,  .  u K 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
%@*'1',* CC 
N IQ
$ "  
 $"$" ,3 $" $ 
;5.-'@%): uK
H
  
" 
$" 
 -"  $"
$$" $ )$ $" " 
&"
$ "$
,N -  .
T
"

  
w i=1 Gi (u) C
Gi (u) 1iN

E
$ " )  " " i I(u)

O L Y Fi (u), w < 0 .

P
;<

O LE
/
 
.      *%+)::.'0): , 
 ,0

C
;
<

4%,0?9) CC " . " $$ ) ,3, $  ))  

u K K J
" F $" -/
 $ u'   G " -/
 $ $ -$0  u' "  

$"$" $"  
* $ u  $ 
 8*$"$ ,,,
'  u " $
$ 

 J   K ' 
&"  
")
"   0$0 1 , . . . , N ' "
1 , . . . , M 0' "
  

 
E
N M
J  (u) + i Gi (u) + i Fi (u) = 0 ,
U
0 , F (u) 0 , F (u) = 0 . ;<

IQ
i=1 i=1

H N
 
5   
      

EC
5  -   "A 
 
  

 
 ,

Y T
POL
510): =,09): &): +,*&'1',*: &) ;5.-'@+.1',*

E
    
)     :5J:.*1):  # L 6

O L

M 
   8  .  ? ,0 K ?  ,


C
 u K      
)   1)  
 F 
;

  ,H <A  8 : ? .)   
', 

  
 
 
.      
)

  ;  
 8 ? .)  
<    ; 

. .)<

)9.0;5) CC 1     , A  

 ,  
   
 ;
 ?  +
   
   , <
)  
     
 P     
) 
 1)  
 9 (A 
 u K   .  LI
M  

  ?       . i I(u) 
  I
 
 ,     V @ .)    
    
.
U E
IQ
;
  
 u 
  
 
   ,  Fi (u) = 0 

i I(u)<
(Fi (u))iI(u) 
 8 0
H N
C
; <

T E
P ;
<A ,6?6  
    
) 9 (A  
: 
Y
P O L
  w = iI(u) i Fi (u)  
 Fj (u), w = 1 
 
 j I(u) ;,
 : i 
  ,.0    (Fi (u), Fj (u))ij    

LE
  
 ;
< ,
  ; <

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-  &. 

  /  /
. 
 


U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC 1     0 ,   , A 

EC H

 
 ,      
 
 
   
 

T

 
     
)   1)  - '  

Y
POL
L8M ;,6?6   
. .)<  
) 
   +
(Fi (u))iI(u) 
 8 0 ;
<

LE
Gi (u) 1iN

C O
@ .) 8 
 ;
< P ;<A ,6?6  
   

)

)9.0;5) CC +. 

   , A 
 .A

 
    
) 0   
. @ 
 
, 
v V  
 , A 
 
 i {1, . . . , M }A
 8 Fi  . A
;<
E

0 Fi (v) < 0 ,

0 Fi (v) = 0  Fi  :

IQ U
N
,# ;< P 
    
)  u K 
 
H
EC
 1)  
 9 (A  i I(u)   Fi (v) < 0A A ,   

T
 . ;&<

Y
POL
Fi (u), v u = Fi (u) + Fi (u), v u Fi (v) < 0 .

O L E
1,
 A  i I(u)   Fi (v) = 0A  Fi  : 

C
Fi (u), v u = Fi (v) Fi (u) = 0 ,
  1)  
 
)    8 . w = v u
,.   ,# ;<       P   

 u   
  .  8 F1 , . . . , FM 

6
 4
(7    8
 &97  (

/
 . .
  +
      0 ,
 
 (u, ) ;  
A 

    <  3,'*1 :1.
1',**.'0) &5
.(0.*(')* L /
       
  
U E
   3,'*1:)--)     8
 
N IQ
E C H
 
 
 ; 
 .
  
A 
  #A 

. 
    *%+)::.'0):  
    


LY T
:5J:.*1):< /
  0.  14%,0') &) -. &5.-'1% 
  

@
 ,H 
   A  H 

 

P O
.
    

  
    "   ) 


LE
   6 I

 X 8    14%,0') &): <)5>

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
@

! 
= 
N IQ
EC H
1  0A V  Q  
   =0 A
   

Y T
L 
   V Q ;
,
  U P  V Q<  R 1 

POL
 
5  - ; , <A 
 . U = K A P = Q = RM 
L(v, q) = J(v)+qF (v)  
 
 
(    
5

LE
 " ; , <A R 
 . U = K A Q = RM A P = (R+ )M 

C O
 L(v, q) = J(v) + q F (v)
1   ) ,
 6A 
.    6
 


%@*'1',* CC $ "   (u, p) U P " $ )$"

  L   U P 

q P L(u, q) L(u, p) L(v, p) v U . ;"<
 
 
.        6   0
  .  ,  ; < 
 ,  ;
<

      *
 )A 

  
.

U E
   .
A  8 q 0 

 q (R+ )M 

N IQ
0,3,:'1',* CC
V ' "  
$/
 K H
$  ))  
 $"$ J, F1 , . . . , FM $" $"$   
EC
" *$ ) ,9  ,3, $ $" P = RM $
 
Y T
 $"$" 0
" ,9 " P = (R+ )M $
   $"$" $0
"

POL
,3, " U $  -"  V $"$$" K ,   (v, q) U P ' $ ) L(v, q) =
J(v) + q F (v),

L E
" (u, p) $ )$"

  L   U P ,
 u K " u " $ $  0
/

O
 J   K , 8 )
'  J " F1 , . . . , FM $" -/
 $ u' $ 
C J  (u) +

M
pi Fi (u) = 0 . ;$<
i=1

%9,*:10.1',*C .     6

q P J(u) + q F (u) J(u) + p F (u) J(v) + p F (v) v U . ;&<
9 ,0     ,  *

 P = R A   M

   ;&<  

 F (u) = 0A  u K     J(u) J(v) +
p F (v) v U A 
  0 ;  v K < 
 u 
 
 0
 J 
 K 
1     , A   P = (R+ )M     
U E
 ;&<   
 F (u) 0  
 p F (u) = 0 ' 
. 
N IQ

 0  J 
 K 
E C H

 u K A    
 8   
   
 u 


LY T
9)A  J  F1 , . . . , FM  .0  uA  
    ;&<
 
 u 
   
    J + p F  ,
. U A

P O
 
 
 
  . ,
  uA J  (u) + p F  (u) = 0 ;8  +


LE
  <

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-  &. 

  /  /
. 
 

U E
@

 2   A
 2
N IQ
EC H
/
 . 
0   
  ,  
 6

Y T

 ,0 K    ;
<A ,6?6 

POL
K = {v V , Fi (v) 0 
 1 i m} . ;-<

LE
 5  "  
    , 1  
6
O
C
 
  . 
     
 :5J:.*1)    
 8 G  +,*2)>): 9 (A  * 
 : 
A  (u, p)

 6
  A  u   
  J 
 K  *


0   . .   ,  .A 

 0
 
   
A ,6?6  
A  u   

 J 
 K A    p (R+ )M  
 (u, p)  6
   @

  
 J, F1 , . . . , FM  . 
 
 V 

)9.0;5) CC ' J, F1 , . . . , FM  . 

A K  .
U E
IQ
8  , ,
 
 0  J 
 K  
   5  &

N
 
 K   .   
    L) ? ,)M ;<  .)

EC H
   B
  5
% ; 
 8   B
A B


T
 5
%< : 
A    .A     ,

Y
P O L $  ))  
 $"$
5  "   8
   *%+)::.'0) )1 :5J:.*1)

J'
E
4%,0?9) CC $&) L54* )1 5+D)06
L
$" $-& $"$    V " -/
  
$/
 K ,9, $
F1 , . . . , FM
O
C
$" "
 0$0$ L 
L(v, q) = J(v) + q F (v) (v, q) V (R+ )M .

" u K $ )$"  K .
 $"$" $"  
*  $ 
 8*$"$

,,3,
 u " $ $  0
/
 J   K  " 
$"  
&" p
(R+ )M "
  (u, p) " $ )$"

 0$0$ L   V (R+ )M  '  $+
 -
$"' "
 

M
F (u) 0 , p 0 , p F (u) = 0 , J  (u) + pi Fi (u) = 0 . ;<

E
i=1

%9,*:10.1',*C  u 
 
  J 
 K A  
 
  56
IQ U
N
  "A 
      , ;<A ,R , 6

E C H

 8 
 (u, p)  6  L 
 V (R+ )M ;
  8 

J(v)+ pF (v)  .< +
A  (u, p)  6A   I? 

Y T
?  * 
 
 u 
 
 0  J 
 K 

L

P O
)9.0;5) CC  5 
  B
  5
%  ,
 
,


LE
 , A   
  , A   ' A  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
0  
 
   &!%(.-'1% .J*): Av = b 
. , 


EC H
 8   ,  ;:  .< Av b 0  b Av 0

T
',
 .  
    ,
  5 
  B
 

Y
POL
5
% ?
 0   .  ,  :

, 
.  ,  

     pi 

LE
 0   .
   J 
 .   Fi J  6

O
C
A  : 
   
 G  
 A  
 
8     ?   
A 

>)0+'+) CC  


$ 

(  
 
inf J(v), ;"<
Fi (v)ui , 1im


 u1 , . . . , um R  


 
 %: %
  <%
; 
N%

<=
  
m (u) 


 

 

  ;!;
U E
IQ
 " 
 
 p
 
 

 

*
*
 

 
 
N
H
$
 +
;!;

 u = 0(


T

m (u) m (0) pu .

Y EC ;"<

O L
2 6

;! 
 u  m (u)
 

(

P
L E m

CO
pi = (0).
ui

L

 

  $'

/.
 


@

 * 

.
 '* 2
  (   
 
  '   
4
 "
 
'     % %     

  4
 %  &  '    
 '  
(( 
  (u, p) 
     L(v, q) = J(v)+q F (v) ? 
 
% "
 &  
  (u, p) 
    
  %  

   0 '    
  
 '    

 '    ! "
   0 
  
 4
 "

U

 
 
      "
 
 
&  
 
 E
IQ

  
 
'     &    

!
N
A%
  
    .
  C
C H
T

 $# "      *   E 


 &
 

 
  Y
L

L
V Q

   
 
1  
O
U P V Q (u, p) L U P

E P  /!
L
q P L(u, q) L(u, p) L(v, p) v U .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-  &. 

  /  /
. 
 
"

U E
.  v U  q P   

N IQ
J (v) = sup L(v, q)
EC H G(q) = inf L(v, q) .  /C!
Y T qP vU

POL

  ;! !   ;!  !
!

OLE
inf J (v) ,
vU
 /#!

C  ;!    ;!  !!

sup G(q) .  //!
qP

  $# @ -  (( 

   
 % "
 J (v) =
+ 
  %
  v 
"
 G(q) = 
  %
  q ?
 
 
 (u, p)   .
  CN 
 
 "
  
   J  G    ' {v U , J (v) < +}  {q P , G(q) > }
U E

 "
  *  ' 
!    % 
"
  /!  "


N

%  "
  
 '      
 (u, p) IQ
J (u) = G(p) = L(u, p)  '     
   '
   


%
& $#" ( 
,    E 
C

!
 
L Y T  
1  
(u, p) L U P  

P O
J (u) = min J (v) = max G(q) = G(p) .  /N!

  $#!LE
vU qP

CO
 .
  /C!     /N!  "
% &
J G

  
J (u) = min
vU
sup L(v, q) = max
qP
inf L(v, q) = G(p) .
vU
 /G!
qP

1  
  *     /G! & "
 
     
% !  %  "
  /G! 
  ' (   
 

 "
 
   L 5 * "
  *
  L      !
"
      "
  
%  &
 

 1 (u, p)

   L 
 U P  4 L = L(u, p) 

v U       /C! "
 J (v) L(v, p) : J (v) L   /!
5  J (u) = L    "
 J (u) = inf vU J (v) = L  $     
*2 "
 G(p) = supqP G(q) = L
U E
A"
  
 "
  /N!  
  L = J (u)  
  /C!
 J  "

N IQ
L(u, q) J (u) = L q P .

E C H  /)!
.     
 K
LY
L(v, p) G(p) = L v U , T  /I!
P O
  
 *    /)! /I! "
 L(u, p) = L   "
  "
 (u, p) 

LE


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
  $#$ ?          I
N L Q 
    U P

E C H

        
%   
.
T

  

L  Y
inf sup L(v, q) sup  N !
inf L(v, q) .

0 + 
 
P O 
vU qP qP vU

O
supqP E 
 
"

inf v U L(v , q)   % 
 
 
 
L   "
   N !  + %!   
  '
v U q P L(v, q) inf v U L(v  , q) supqP L(v, q)
v V inf vV supqP L(v, q)

C    N !     


supqP inf v U L(v  , q)

/0  $#    

  3""  
 


"

4,,  !
&!    .
/0  $## 1 U  !& P   !&  ! !  &  V  !&%
 Q (    
 3""  
  v L(v, q)  !&    U    
q P   q L(v, q)  !!&   P     v U  2 

 !   
U E
IQ


  L   U P 

H N
33-'+.1',*

T E
4
 "
  
  
 
'  C    %

%    %
O L Y
E P  N!
L % 
  $ 
    
inf J(v)

%  C O
vV , F (v)0

J F = (F1 , . . . , FM ) V

L(v, q) = J(v) + q F (v) (v, q) V (R+ )M .

.    % *  "

 
 
 v V 
J(v)  F (v) 0
J (v) = sup L(v, q) =  N!
q(R+ )M +  ,
 "
  "
  '    inf vV J (v)     '   
 N! S .
   * G(q) 
'  
  ' 
   /C! 
 /C!  
 '     % . 
 G(q) 
 * %
   

 *  % 0 IC!  "
  '  U E


N IQ
sup
q(R+ )M


 '     %   "
T
G(q) ,

E C
 ' 
H
   N!  

"
 *  (  ,EV! ,O L Y
   S 5 
        ( 

E P  
 
%
D
3  C#   
  C) 
 
   '  D(   W
( 

O L
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-  &. 

  /  /
. 
 
&

U E
5 $#
 
  

 J, F , . . . , F IQ
HN
1 M
 
   
 V  "  u V 
 F (u) 0   

 

&  
u  
  
E C
' &

#$ 2   u  
!
!!    J  V    p (R+)M 

 T
P O LY
 p  
!!!    G  (R+)M 
# (u, p)  
 
1  

L  V (R+ )M 

O LE
$ (u, p) V (R+)M  &  

 !
  >


C F (u) 0 , p 0 , p F (u) = 0 , J  (u) + p F  (u) = 0 .  NC!

  
 
 
5  C   
% 1
 "
 
'  
     
 * & 
 "
  '      
      
  !  
 
  
 u 
' 
     
      
  
 p 
'  

.
     "
 (u, p) 
   
   & "
  

u 
 
'      

min L(v, p) .
U E
 "
%  (( *       
  I
vV

N Q 
 



 '   
 "
 
 '  
H
T E
 C  
 ;

 ((  * % C



  5 u
   
 & 


 
J

O L Y  C     
 
 
  $# 
 


 '   E P "
"
  %    
 5

O L   RN

C
) *
min
vRN , F (v)=Bvc0
J(v) =
1
2
Av v b v ,  N#!
: A 
  N N  "
 
 % b RN  B
  M N 
c RM        

L(v, q) =
1
2
Av v b v + q (Bv c) (v, q) RN (R+ )M .  N/!
4
 % ;& *   N!  
  J    "
  '      
 N#! 0    '  
 
 q (R+ )M   ' 
min L(v, q)
vRN

U E
IQ

 

"
 
"
 v L(v, q) 
 * *  % 5 

%
 L
v
(v, q) = Av b + B q = 0  v = A1 (b B q) $ ' 

H N
C
 
G(q) = L A1 (b B q), q ,

  '  
 
 
Y T E

1
P O L 1

 NN!
LE
sup q BA1 B q + (BA1 b c) q A1 b b .
2 2

O
q0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N
5  * &     NN!  
 
 I Q
   
5  5  C 
 
 "
C
E H
("
 6    
 '  % * "
"



  

 $ 
 % 
 "

 
   * 
"

Y
L  
  
 %! T
?

*         
B
%    
'  
  NN!
M

O ' 
BA1 B

' 
   "
P
% 
* "
     

 *  
   
(q 0)

O E
L 
 %  




 
  

M  
 % &  1
  /C "


  (   
   
 

C
' 

D  
  * "
      '   
 
    (  ;

/0  $#
1  ! !"


1 0 4 2 3 5
3 2 1 2 5 2

U
A= 4 2 2 0 1 2 .

IQ
2 4 1 6 2 2
1 2 6 3 1

H N 1

EC
(      5   !
  
" i
   !
 j    
 

Y T
!
 ! 
  6  
&



  ! 
 " 
  

 "
  5    


 !7! aij 
 ! A 
  5   !& 

POL
 aij  2  
 
"  
      !  '  

 %  
 
  3 5 %

 
 &! ! ! A 8

O L E
6

C # 

.   
 
 "
"
   
   
 1  "

 
         &  

( (        (( 

@


      


5( / 
 % %
"
  
 
'  
   
%

u = f   NG!

 ,
E
u=0

: 
 
% '  RN  f L2 ()  "
% &    
  
IQ U
 
H

N
C  N)!
1

E
min J(v) = |v|2 dx f v dx

T
vH01 () 2

LY
%   /G! 4
 % %
& 0 I) "
  N)!  

"

O
P

 & 0  # "
  "
 0
   *
 %

LE
  NG!   
 ("
     N)!  %      NG!

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 




U E
 * !  
     "
  N
I Q   
 
  *  
  ' "
     
H
u
      "
 
C
f

T
 (   
   
   ;

  Y
E
*        *
& 


NG!

$     "

 0&   
O

L  

   "
 

!  
E P
 
 ("
 
4
  


   "
    N)!
 &      N)! ' "
 

O L  
     
  * 


  
  

C&
%' 
 
e L2 ()N

   N)!  "
%
1

e = v
 
min J(v, e) = |e|2 dx f v dx .
vH 1 () , eL2 ()N
0
2
e=v

$ 

      
  ' 

M(e, v, ) = J(v,
e) + (v e) dx ,

%


    
   ((
L2 ()N 
U
$    e 
 ' 
IQ
L(v, ) = min
H N
M(e, v, ).

EC
eL2 ()N

5  e M(e, v, )  *  %  


"
   
 


 *  "

Y T
POL
  
L(v, ) =
1 2
| | dx v dx.  NI!
E
f v dx +

L
2

C O
$ %
   "
  '     
    NI!  '  N)!


max L(v, )

= J(v) ,
L2 ()N

 "
  '  
 



min L(v, ) = G( ) =
1
2
| |2 dx  div = f   G !
vH01 ()

$ 
    
 
%
& $
 :  


  
  (u, )  

L(v, )  H ()
E
1
0
L2 ()N
L(u, ) = max min L(v, ) = min max L(v, ).
IQ U
N
L2 ()N vH01 () vH01 () L2 ()N

2!
  u  

2  
N  !
!!  J(v) 
 H01 ()  

  

 !!!  G( ) 
 L () 
E C H
LY T
O
J(u) = min J(v) = max G( ) = G(),

P
vH01 () L2 ()N

LE
  
     
= u

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
  $
  '  
  G ! 
 
N Q("

I  5 
max G( ) = min(G(
))
 "
 1

E C
   '
| |2 dx H
           ! 
 (     
    & %
 T
2
"
'  *   .

 *
 
   Y
  "
' O L  , 
 "
 
D(   #  "
 
div = f
=   

     
v


;

E P
"
   '  ' 
      


div = f

L
G( ) J(v)
A "
 "
 
C O J(u) = G() =
1

f u dx
2

"
   
 "
   
%  * 


  
% 
 
 "
   
5  C
  "
 "

        
    
!   (     ! &
  '
   $ 
 '  
  G !   
 
   
"
   div = f
 

 "
 
  x  4   
  %    *  % U E

"
 0 +  
  
N IQ
G( ) L(v, ) J(v),
EC H
Y T
   "
  '     
  

"
   
u 

POL
 %  $   u  
   NG!
      
 "


O L E    

C
1 1 1
J(u) = |u|2 dx f u dx = |u|2 dx = f u dx .
2
2
2

1  
 = u  
   NG! "
 div = f    ' 
G( ) J(u) = G(),

& "
     
 G  (u, )      L(v, )

@

 ' 

  
$ 
  0  II 
 '         
"
"
 $     +   
  

 ! y(t)  & %

  RN
U E

 0 t T N IQ
H
dy
= Ay + Bv + f
 G!
C
dt
y(0) = y0

Y T E
P O L
: y0 RN    
  f (t) RN 
   
 v(t) RM  
  "
     
     A  B  
   

LE
  % N N  N M 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 





U E
$ %
 (      &  
I
N Q "
"

H
v

1
 T

T E
Rv(t) v(t)dt + C1
 T
1
Q(y z)(t) (y z)(t)dt + D (y(T ) zT ) (y(T ) zT ) ,

Y
J(v) =

L
 
 8'9     
2 0
2 0
2

 ; O
: z(t)

  E
P
"
 % 
8'9 zT

  
 
 % A "
 "
  *
R, Q, D

L
R y(t)
%' & %  G!
O
v

C 

v

% "
  
    
 (  (
'  8

9
(   B'  * 
L2 (]0, T [; RM )   
 * 
  (

  
 
]0, T [ RM

 B'! 
    %
  
     


% *   % K  RM "
   '     ' 
'      
inf
v(t)L (]0,T [;K)
J(v).
2
 G!
5 2  %
 "
     G!  ' 
U E
  $
#
 
 f (t) L (]0, T [; R )  v(t) L (]0, T [; K) N I Q 2  C
H
2 N 2

EC
! 
 

  
y(t) H (]0, T [; R )
    

  [0, T ]
1 N

Y T

 5 
   
  ' 
 f  v  

POL
6   
     L2  $
  *
   
  


O L E  t
y(t) = exp(tA)y0 +
 
exp (t s)A (Bv + f )(s) ds

C
0

"
    %
   
  y  H 1 (]0, T [; RN )    #CC 

 
 "
 y  
 
 [0, T ]

$ 
     
      
' $

:  


 u L (]0, T [; K)
 !
! C# -  !1
2

!
 ! u     

 T  T
Q(yu z) (yv yu )dt Ru (v u)dt
+
 GC!
E
0 0
+D(yu (T ) zT ) (yv (T ) yu (T )) 0 ,

    v L2 (]0, T [; K) % yv  
   
 C      !!
 v

IQ U

 $     "
 "
 v y 
 *  0 + H N
    G!   yv = yv + y : yv  
 
T E C

Y
L
O
d
yv

P
0tT
= A yv + Bv
 G#!
LE
dt
yv (0) = 0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
 y  
 
N IQ
d
y
= A y+f

EC H

 0 t T
T
dt

Y
y(0) = y0

POL
6   "
 y     v  v yv   
  L2 (]0, T [; K) 
H 1 (]0, T [; RN )  "
 v J(v) 
 * "
"
 %  v 


O LE
     
 *  "
"
  
 * !  J  %
   *  %    R  
 % 5  L2 (]0, T [; K) 
C

 % *   %  D(  IN    
 &   & 


  
u   G! .
       

 
D(     J  (u), v u 0 
 
    (
 
 -   
     

J(u + w) J(u)
lim = J  (u), w.
0 
5  J(v)  "
"
  
     
"
 yu+w = yu + yw  $ '
   GC!   "
 "
 yu yv = yu yv 
U E

I Q!  "
 
  $
 0        G!    * 

N
  
 

J  (w) w L2 ]0, T [

C H
  
  
  


 
  ( 
"
    %  1
E
 /! $  '

 T

L
J  (w)v dtY T  T  T

O
Rw v dt + Q(yw z) yv dt
=
 G/!

: 
 *L
0

E P  0
+D(yw (T ) zT )
0
yv (T ) ,

C O "
"
 L2 ]0, T [

    
    GC!   * ' S 0
+ 
     u    
 ("
 *  v  

  yv  , 
 *2  %  
   ' '

    J  (u) &    G/! 
 
  
  

 &   
 6 "
 
    
 *   ( 

<   ?    

   
   


      A "
  #) 
! 
  '   G!
 
  ; p    

"
 
dp
= A p Q(y z) 
 0 t T
dt

U E  GN!

IQ
p(T ) = D(y(T ) zT )

y
H N
:   
   G! 
        ; % 
u  "

A
  '
    
T E C
   ; "
 =   GN!    ;
J  (u)
"


%
& $

     
 


O L Y

P
J u

E J (u) = B p + Ru .  GG!


O L
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 



U E
N
D
  

 !
  >
IQ   ;! C# 
 T

E C H
LY
0 T (B p + Ru) (v u) dt 0  G)! v L2 (]0, T [; K).

  $
PO *
  GG!   
 
  w L2 ]0, T [ J  (w) =

L
B p + Rw
E
 "

  D( 
& 
   GN! 
 
p  &   
 #N 
   
 
   

y

C
w

G/! "
 

("


 

  v
  ;  GN! 5
 + *  %  *

*     
 
   G! % 
v

 1 p  
   GN!  yv    G#!   

 GN!  yv   G#!  p          
 

   
  "
 
%  
  + D
 ' 
          yv (0) = 0  p(T ) = D(y(T ) zT ) 
  T 
U E
IQ
dp
yv + p
d
yv
dt = D(y(T ) zT ) yv (T ).  GI!
N
dt 0
dt
.
  
  "
  '
 
EC H 
T
T   T T

Y  ) !
dp d
yv

L
yv + p dt = Q(y z) yv dt + Bv p dt.

O
0
dt dt 0 0

$ 
     PGI!   ) !
  
    G/! 
 %
O L E   

C
T T T

J  (u)v dt = Ru vdt + Bv pdt,
0 0 0

 "
   
  GG!   G)!

  $
" 5   ' 
 *   '   GN! "
 
 
; 
   
   J  (v) X 0
 *    

 
     
'      G! $  "

  G!  
   
 %'  v  y   

          J(v)   "
 
  p &
 T  T
L(v, y, p) = Rv(t) v(t)dt + Q(y z)(t) (y z)(t)dt
0 0  T  
U E
IQ
dy
+D (y(T ) zT ) (y(T ) zT ) + p + Ay + Bv + f dt

N
0
dt
p(0) (y(0) y0 ) ,

: p  

     
    G!  v  y J 
E C H
Y
       G! '   "
     
L T
 & "

P O
LE
L L L
= = = 0.
v y p

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
   %       GG! I  Q
H N
%
   ;      "
 %

  "

   6 
  *
C
p y

;
Y T E
"
  
  
  *   "
     8'9 "
  

O L 
  '   "
%   

 
D(   #N
P

"
 E
        % 0  #!  

 (
L
y u
    G! 
  (     0 ' 
C O

 


    &    
   
  
K = RM
 
%
 8   9 "
   ;      p
 %
  G)!!
u = R1 B p

' $

!
 
 K = RM  f = 0 z = 0  zT = 0 "  P (t) 


 [0, T ]  !   N 
   


 
dP
dt
= A P P A + P BR1 B P Q   0 t T  )!
P (T ) = D

U E
2  P (t)  ! 
       t [0, T ] 
 p(t) = P (t)y(t)
N IQ
EC H

 
 
 t [0, T ]  "
 & y0 RN  * 
(y, p, u)(t) : u = R1 B p      !     0 

Y T
;%  %
 0  #  ';%  RN  RN   "
 

POL
 y(t) p(t)    RN  RN    
  P (t)  N
 "
 p(t) = P (t)y(t) 0 %    
  "
  G!
  GN!  '
O L E
C
dP
y = A P y P Ay + P BR1 B P y Qy
dt

 
 y(t) "
  "
"
 
"
 y0 ! $  
 "
   )! $
'  
 P (T ) = D  p(T ) = Dy(T )  y(T )  "
"
  RN 
$   
   
   )!

/0  $
 (     K = R  f = 0 z = 0  z
M
T = 0 2      
t [0, T ]
 T  T
p(t) y(t) = Dy(t) y(t) + Qy(s) y(s) ds + R1 B p(s) B p(s) ds .

E
t t

/ 
    

  t0 [0, T ] 
  y(t0 ) = 0 
 y(t) = p(t) = 0     t [0, T ]
9 
 ! 


IQ U
H
/0  $
 (

 &
 
   4,$$   )
 4,$  
 N
 
 
T E C


y
t
O LY
y = v + f  ]0, T [

y = 0   ]0, T [

P
LE
y(0) = y0 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 



"

U E
: y0 L 2
() f L (]0, T [) v L (]0, T [)
2 2

N I Q   

 !
H
TEC
 T   T  
v 2 dt dx + |y z|2 dt dx + |y(T ) zT |2 dx,

Y
inf J(v) =

 O L 
vL2 (]0,T [) 0 0

: z L
P
2 2
(]0, T [) zT L ()

LE
/0  $
# ;



 !! 
!
 '

   
O
C @

 ?
  &
$ 
  0  I &  
< 
  ' "
 * 

 * 
 f 
 
  
        ' 
 
u = f + v 
u=0 
 ,  )!
: u     %    '  v 
 *  < "
  
U E
IQ
%'   $  
 
% 
 "
    <  

*  % vmin vmax  L2 () 6  
 
  "
 
 "
 
H N
*  L2 ()  
  E  \ $ 
   '  <
 '

Y T EC 

1 P
  D(  / O L
K = v L2 ()  "
 vmin (x) v(x) vmax (x)   v = 0  \ .  )C!


  "
 

"
 
 u H01 () $

 * - L E
f L2 ()
(( & <   ' 
 "
 
   u0 L2 () $ 


CO

 
J(v) =
1
2
|u u0 |2 + c|v|2 dx ,  )#!

: u   
   )!     v!  c > 0  '   

inf J(v) .
vK
 )/!

' $

$ :  


 
E ! v K     ;! <5

 $  "
 "
  * v u    L ()  H ()  2 1
0
"
 J(v) 
 * "
"
 %  v    % 0 
  *  % 
"
 J(v) cv2L ()  .
  K 
 % * 
E
2

 %  L2 ()  "

  D(  IN    
 &   &

 
  
  )/!

IQ U
H N
T E
    1
  #
  ; p 
   
"
 
 C

 '
     "
  '  

H01 () 
O LY

P
p = u u0

 .  )N!
LE
p=0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
' $
  

 0     I Q
H N J(v) 
 K

% 
  
    

T
C
E . 


  


 

J (v) = p + cv ,

>
  !   L

p

O
v
Y

E
<(
! 
P
v

O L E 

u = f + v



,  )G!
u H01 (),

 ))!
C
p = u u0 p H01 (),
,
 p
v = 1I P[vmin (x),vmax (x)]
c
,  )I!
% 1I   


  1 1
   
   
 \  
P[v (x)]       /
 
   !
 [vmin (x), vmax (x)]
(x),v
  
 &
  P[v (x),v (x)] w = min vmax (x), max vmin (x), w(x) 
min max

min max

 5      ##  (  

 -   

   
   
J(v + w) J(v)

U E
IQ
lim = J  (v)w dx .

N
0 

5  J(v)  "

"
  
       '
 
EC H
Y T
J  (v)w dx =

POL
((u u0 )
uw + cvw) dx,

: uw   

O L E

uw = w

 .  I !

C
w = 0
u

  
  
 
  ; 
  K 

 I !  p   )N!  uw      
 
p
uw dx = (u u0 )
uw dx
 

uw p dx = wp dx

     
     
 "

 
J  (v)w dx = (p + cv)w dx,

:  
     
    
 D(    
IQ U

H N  I!
(p + cv) (w v) dx 0

0    & 
 
* 

  '
 T

C w K .

E 
  *  
 Y
   '
 % E  
 89L
w v

 
P O I!  "
! 
  

x

p(x) + cv(x)

O L E w(x) v(x) 0 w(x) [vmin (x), vmax (x)] .

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-"
%
  


&

U E
5    "
  
 
N I Q; (  
 
H
v(x)

    %  D(   ! J   '
C
p(x)/c [vmin (x), vmax (x)]

  $
 5 L Y T
E
 )I!   "
 "
  
  *    & 
K

A "
  #) 
 "
   
% 

   P

O
*    )N! "
 
  ; $ 
      
' 
%'L
O E  !  *
)/! 
   "
 "
   )! "
   


C
v u
 
1  2 2

L(v, u, p) = |u u0 | + c|v| dx + p(u + f + v) dx,
2

: p  

     
    )!  v  u J  
    '   "
       
& "

L L L
= = = 0.

E
v u p

%
   ; p     "

 %
   u
IQ U
   %       )I!    "


H N
6
 # 

Y T EC
POL
@

,
 

L E
,0I        # 

   6

O
  
A 

  ,.330,+4)0  
  0 ,6

C
 
   5
    
   (.

  
 
 
 
  
  0  ,6

'    
 
  
 . J ?  ,
  6
 u0 A 
   

 
 (un )nN  
  
,
. A 
  #A .  
 u
0 ,
  3 .   +,*2)0()*+) &) +): .-(,0'149): ;,6?6 A 
.    
 (un ) . u 
 
        u0 <A

  

   
 .  . 
1 
   
 
 
  8 0I8 ? 
J  6. (0 ' # ,6.  F 8A 

 . 
  
,  
 
    .  
U E
  ,      ?    8
N IQ
E C H
. 
    8 . 
 
. 

  :
A
   (0,::): :
 
  
 ,  ? 

LY T
 
 ,
 8  . V 5#
A    
. 
 .     

   
A 
0   
.

P O
.  .
 
 A   ,
 
 0 ;    

LE
.A 8  *  
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC /
 
  
 
     


EC H
       # 
 ;
 
A   6

T

A < @
  8 
 
 # 8  ?    00

Y
POL
;
 
 ,0     
<A 

   ( *
 6
 A  
       
 :

LE

    8 .A   
    

 ,   (-,/.5> ;  
 
<  8

C O
 . ;?
  
8 F .  
<

@

 .     

 6 
 

7
'O  
  
 
  0 , 
,0    J
 8 6. (0 ) 
 ,6
  =0  V A     0  
inf J(v) . ; <
vV

U E
IQ
1,  5  $  


 
 uA  , 
+
    ,
 ,9

H N
EC
J  (u) = 0 .

Y T
POL
-(,0'149) &) (0.&')*1 E 3.: ,31'9.-

E
,      ? L M ,
  un  
. 

L
   
     ?  8 G J(v)    
O
C
  ?     
    
  un      
J  (un ) 9 (A  ,  un+1 
  8
un+1 = un n wn , ;
<
. n > 0   wn
  V A , .      wn =
J  (un )

 , 
  
.  
  .
  J(un+1 ) ; ,0
J  (un )
,
 8   . 

 
  
<
' 
  
 
A    
# ;
< 
 
 L   MA ? ,   (0.&')*1 E 3.: ,31'9.-A 

  

 
  0   ?
 
 .0
 ;H  V ,    )< 3   u0 

  V A
U E
IQ
 
  
 (un ) ) 
un+1 = un n J  (un ) ,

E C HN ;<

T
R n R   ? 
   


LY
 
J(un+1 ) = inf J un J  (un ) . ;"<

PO
R

LE
'   .   , 
  
 
.

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-"
%
  




U E
#"7$   " " /$  ' "    H N
4%,0?9) CC J I Q "   " )
$  ))   " $-& 5$"/
 J
V

T E C
M > 0, CM > 0, v + w M J  (v) J  (w) CM v w .
Y
;$<

*$ ) ,9P"O

L



0"#  0 $"  ) )"
$-0 O  
  " '
  "
,= $-0 -
 
"$  ,,
u0 (un )

LE
u
 n 

C O
%9,*:10.1',*C  8 f () = J u J  (un )  8 . 
.0 
 R ; J  (un ) = 0 Y A   I? . A un = u V<  0 
 ;"<   0
 


A     
f  () = 0A  
 , 

J  (un+1 ), J  (un ) = 0 . ;&<
'  
 
 L   M 
.   
*

 ;&< 
 
 J  (un+1 ), un+1 un  = 0A  
  ,6.
 J 


U E
IQ
J(un ) J(un+1 ) un un+1 2 . ;-<

N
2

H
*

  
 J(un )    ; J(u)<A  .   , 

EC
;-<  
 un+1 un  . 0 1,
 A ,6.  J   8

T

  
 J(un )  0  
  
 (un )  0 J  

Y
POL
 M  

un  M .

L E
. ;$< 
 v = un  w = un+1 
 ;&<A  . 8 


O
J  (un ) CM un+1 un A  
  
 J  (un )  . 0 ,6. 

C
J  
un u2 J  (un ) J  (u), un u = J  (un ), un u J  (un ) un u ,

 
 un u J  (un )A ,R , 
  .   , 

)9.0;5) CC  

   ,H 
      
  J 
  
.   . A  
 I
 
0  ,
 un u

-(,0'149) &) (0.&')*1 E 3.: @>)

U E

 un ) 
N IQ
,     ?  )     
 ,


un+1 = un J  (un ) ,
E C H ;<

LY T
R 
  8 ) '     
  
 , 
   ?  A 

, 8 ? 
  ,   


P O
 ;"<  
 
.  
 
 #  
  

LE
 
 
  . 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
4%,0?9) CC
N
$  ))   " $-& 5$"/
IQ "   " ) J
H
J
#"7$   ' "   
&" $ $"$" "

  
V

T E C C>0

Y
 
J (v) J (w) Cv w v, w V . ;<

' 
'
  " P O L
'

0"#
0 < < 2/C 2
*$ ) ,=
 0 $"  ) *& $-0 O  
  "
$-0 -
 
"$  ,,
LE
u0 (un ) u

O


C
%9,*:10.1',*C
 * v n = un u ' J  (u) = 0A   v n+1 = v n J  (un )
J  (u) A ,R  .
 2
v n+1 2 = v n 2 2J  (un ) J  (u), un u + 2 J  (un ) J  (u)
  ;<
1 2 + C 2 2 v n 2 ,

, ;<  ,6.  0 < < 2/C 2 A   8  . 

 1 2 +

E
C 2 2 ]0, 1[A   .   
  ;<

)9.0;5) CC         A  

IQ U
H N

 
 ,A     .   O ;<

EC
 ,# 
 80 ;$<  8
  
 
A 
 ,   6

T
 ?  )A ?  (
  ?  A  
 J(un ) , 

Y
POL
 

E
)9.0;5) CC    0
 
    
#
L
;
< 
 
     @     
O
C
,    
  I

  
    
wn   

  J  (un )  
    

 
    /
       
6
 
"A 
   
 ,
 8 
 

# 12 Ax
x b x

)9.0;5) CC '    

      
 

.  .A  
    (    


 
  K        G  

 * A 
 ,. A 
   ,    
?  )    
,
     ?   . A
 ,    H  un A
 
  ?   P
U E
IQ

  8 G 
,
 
  ?  ) @  .  


   A 
. 
 A 
  
   2'1)::) &)

H
+,*2)0()*+)  , A 
 )  0 ,  
   N
,
 un u 8
 ?
   )  
T E C
O LY
* A ,  ;<  
  .   ,  
  ?  )  
 
A 



P 

LE
un u n u0 u . = 1 2 + 2 C 2 .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-"
%
  



U E
N IQ
' 
 
 ,
A 
 . ,
 # 

. 
A- ? 8

EC H

    .
   /C 2  ,. 0, 2/C 2 A .
 


T
    9 8A  
  
  .   
  

Y
POL

 6 
  (. 
    
 ; 

 ) 
  
 un u1/n 
  )A    0 

LE
1A 
 n  . +<

C O
>)0+'+) CC - V = R2
J(x, y) = ax2 + by 2

 a, b > 0(  
 

$
* %

*

 + 
  
 
*

 


 
  a = b  
x0 y 0 = 0(



*


 * 

 

 
 
 8 

 


*


$
* %

*

 + 
 
I  

 

  

 



*


 

(  




 


 

K

@

 .     

 6 $ 

7

E
@ 
   
  0 , . 
inf J(v) ,
IQ U ; <

N
vK

EC H
R J 
 8 6. (0 ) 
 K A 
60 .
8  .   ,  =0  V   5  $ 
  ,

Y T
 ,
   
 u  ; <A  ,  5   

POL
  
J  (u), v u 0 v K . ;
<

L E
    
 6 
A 
  8  ?  
O
C
# 
 
 ,0 K 

-(,0'149) &) (0.&')*1 E 3.: @>) .2)+ 30,<)+1',*

,     ?  ) ,  

0 ; < .
 ?    
 
. *
 
  > 0A ;
< ,
 
u u J  (u) , v u 0 v K . ;<
/ PK ,
  I 
 ,0 . K A ) 
5
   I 

 . ;.  +
  < 3A , 
A ;< ,  ,
 
    u   I

E
   u J  (u) 
 K  3
 A
 
u = PK u J  (u) > 0 .
IQ U
;"<

H N
  8  . 
 ;"<   8 
. ? ;
<A   

E C
 
 u  ; < ,   (0.&')*1 E 3.: @>) .2)+ 30,<)+1',* ;

T

     I<   )  ,

O LY
 
un+1 = PK un J  (un ) , ;$<
P
LE
R 
  8 )

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
4%,0?9) CC
#"7$     $"$" ' - ,, H
J

'N


I Q "  '

0"#
$  ))   " $-& 5$"/
 " )J

CO  
,,
2
V C 0 < < 2/C

*$ ) ,% $-0 -
T

Y E
 0 $"  ) *& - )>"$ $-0

"$
  " '
  "
u0 K (un )

L
u

P O
%9,*:10.1',*C    
5 "  0.

LE

  
.  ;<  
  
 , v  v J  (v)

C O
   
 0 < < 2/C 2 A ,6?6  

   
]0, 1[ ,  v J  (v) w J  (w)  v w .

*

  I
 PK  80  , ;  <A ,
v  PK v J  (v)   A  
 
.  .   

 (un ) )  ;$< .  
 u  ; <

N
>)0+'+) CC ) V = RN
K = {x RN
 
i=1 xi = 1} '


E
$

 
5
   %*

PK


 
 

 

;; 
U
IQ




 

 

*
*


H N
EC
-(,0'149) &!Q.I.

T
 
    
       ?  ) . I
Y
POL
 0 ?
     0 , . . 
7  
   
 

  .
 
A  ,


O L E
 I PK ,  
   J  I ,
 
v V 

 . 8 

  V 
 H  : ?  V

C
   A   ) ;
 V = RM <A  
6
0 K   8
#
M
K= [ai , bi ] ;&<
i=1

;. .
 ai = 
bi = + 
    i< 9 (A  
 8  . 
A  x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xM ) RM A y = PK (x)  
 

yi = min (max (ai , xi ), bi ) 

 1 i M , ;-<


 A  
: I
  L
M    x ' 
A I 
 
 
 
     
A . 


 ?
 
.   9 (A H   0  8 .
U E

 0 K  
  0 
 
  I PK  
 H
N IQ
E C H
 A  0
  8
  

 0
  8 ;&<A #
 
 (R+ )M  1  A  0
 
 H

LY T

   
  ?  ) . IA   

0
 
 
 H 0
  .
 0   :.*:

P O
+,*10.'*1) ' 
  ?  0  ,  ,FCA 
   8

LE

      6

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-"
%
  



U E
N
'   0   . IQ
EC H ;<
T
inf J(v) ,

Y
F (v)0

POL
R J 
 8 . ) 
 V  F
 8 .  V 


LE
RM  
  #
5  B
  5
% 
A  
 

O
;< . ? 
.
 6 (u, p)
  

C L(v, q) = J(v) + q F (v) ,


 V (R+ )M  3    1) 

6
;<

q (R+ )M L(u, q) L(u, p) L(v, p) v V , ;<

 
 
 (p q) F (u) 0 
 
 q (R+ )M A ,R  A 
 
 
> 0A   
(p q) p p + F (u) 0 q (R+ )M ,
U E
 
A , ; <A  

N IQ
EC H
(p + F (u)) > 0 , ; <
T
p = PRM
+

Y
POL
PRM+
   I  RM 
 (R+ )M 

E
3
.
           ;<A 
 
.

L

 -!.-(,0'149) &!Q.I. J ?  ,
  

 p0 (R+ )M A
O
C
 
  
 (un )  (pn )    

L(un , pn ) = inf L(v, pn ) ,

vV
;
<
pn+1 = PRM
+
(pn + F (un )) ,


  8 )

4%,0?9) CC $  ))   J " $-& 5$"/
'   F " $-&

" )#"7$$  V $ RM ' "   
&" $ $"$" C "

  
F (v) F (w) Cv w v, w V ,
U E
;<

IQ
"  
&" $ )$"

 (u, p) 0$0$ ,   V (R+ )M ,
' 
N
E C H
0 < < 2/C 2 '

0"# :7N $-0 O  
  "

$" $"
p0 '

 " (un ) *$ ) ,3 $-0 -
 
"$ u )/
+ ,,

LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C + ,0 
 , ,
 
 u  ;<

P O

  
6 (u, p) ;.  * 
 <A  
 


LE

 
  ,6.  J  1 HA pn  )A  0 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
  ;
<  0
 


 u  1, ,9  $A
n

EC H
 
 ,9
 8  u  un ,.

Y T  
J  (u), v u + p F (v) F (u) 0 v V , ;"<

POL
 
J  (un ), v un  + pn F (v) F (un ) 0 v V . ;$<

O LE
* 
. v = un  ;"<  v = u  ;$<   A

C
 0
 
J  (u) J  (un ), un u + (p pn ) F (un ) F (u) 0 ,

,R 
 ,6.  J    rn = pn p
 
rn F (un ) F (u) un u2 . ;&<

1,
 A  I PRM
+
E
 80  , ;  <A  
6
U
IQ
# ; < ? ;
<  0

H N
EC
rn+1  rn + (F (un ) F (u)) ,


Y T
POL
 
rn+1 2 rn 2 + 2rn F (un ) F (u) + 2 F (un ) F (u)2 .

O E
 ;<  ;&<A  .
L  

C
rn+1 2 rn 2 + C 2 2 2 un u2 .

 0 < < 2/C 2 A  

 
. > 0  
 C 2 2 2 < A ,R

un u2 rn 2 rn+1 2 . ;-<

'   

  
 rn 2   J  0    ;-<
  . 0A  
 P 
 un  . u

3A ,  ,FC  ,  

  ;<  6
O  0 .  
 
  0  
  ;
< 3 
 A    pn  A
U E
IQ


,  

pn+1
H
= max (pni + Fi (un ), 0) 
 1 i M , N
C
i

T E
, ;-<  8
 
  
  5 "      .6
Y
P O L
   
 (pn ) 9 8A  .  ,  
 
  #

A 
 ,
 ,
  ,
  , p (R+ )M  


LE
(u, p)  6 ;.  +
 
  ,9 "
6 
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-"
%
  

"

U E
N IQ
  ? 8    ,  ,FC     
A 

EC H

 ,. I?  + ,0 
  0
  ;< ,

Y T sup G(q) , ;<

POL
q0

LE
RA  )

C O G(q) = inf L(v, q) ,

vV

 
  

     p 
 

0
 ;<
; <

9 8A 
  # F A  
  
 G  (0
 
    G  (q)     ? F (uq )A R uq  ,

 


0   ; < 9 (A 8  

G(q) = J(uq ) + q F (uq ),

  .   ? q

U E
N IQ
G  (q) = F (uq ) + (J  (uq ) + q F  (uq )) uq = F (uq ),

EC H
T
? 
     , 
 uq  @ .  
 -!.-(,0'149)

Y
POL
&!Q.I. *!):1 .510) ;5) -. 9%14,&) &5 (0.&')*1 E 3.: @>) .2)+ 30,<)+1',*
.33-';5%) .5
 30,/-?9) &5.-
 

  
 
  ;
< 
 ,

E
pn+1 = PRM pn + G  (pn ) ;        ? ;$< .

L
+

O
8 
  0
 ;< 
 0      6

C
<  
 .)  8      


 ? , 
.

>)0+'+) CC G
 $

* %
$H#
Q

 


C


;2
  





 


M

 
 
 ) 


B



* M ( 


$  
p $
 
C


;2(  
 



pn 
*

 p

%*.-':.1',* &): +,*10.'*1):

/
 
  
6  . 0.
 
 # ,6

 0   .  
 
  0 
U E
   Y ,  
  3%*.-':.1',*  
N IQ
E C H
/
 .     L M 
L , M    
 , 
   ?    
 (. 

LY T
0   
 
  
  H  ? ,  
,
      
6 "  ' 
 
 ,
 
6

P O
.  :
A   0 LM ; <  
. L  M

LE
;.  
6 
 <

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
/
 
 O 
 )    R V = R A  
   
N

EC

.
 0   .
H
Y T ; <

POL
inf J(v) ,
F (v)0

LE
R J 
 8 . 
  RN  R  F
 8 .

O

  RN  RM 

C
*
 > 0A 
 
   0  
 
1
M
inf J(v) + [max (Fi (v), 0)]2
, ; <
vRN i=1

 
   
   Fi (v) 0  LM @ 
  6
  
 
.A 
  
A 
 A  0 ; < L

E
0M  0 ; <

0,3,:'1',* CC 
IQ U
$  ))   J " $"$ ' ""$" $-&' " $*$
N

$*$'  
 $"$ Fi $" $-& " $"$  )  1 i M ' "  
H
EC

$/
  
K = v RN ,

L Y T
Fi (v) 0 i {1, . . . , M }
u
P

"$  ,' $  
 O
" $$ - , $ $"$"
 $  
"$  , "' )  > 0' u
 $ 

O L E
C
lim u = u .
0

%9,*:10.1',*C ,0 K  . 8A ,  ,

  u


M
5 
    .  J  1 
A  8
G(v) = i=1 [max (Fi (v), 0)]2  
  . 

  8  R  R

 ? x  max (x, 0)2  .   @  
 
  8
J (v) = J(v) + 1 G(v)   .A 
A  ) ? ,) 


G(v) 0A  
 
 ,  ,
  u  ' G(u) = 0A  


G(u )
J (u ) = J(u ) + J (u) = J(u) . ;
<

'  

U E
IQ
J(u ) J (u ) J(u) , ; <

H N
  
 u  0 ,    L) ? ,)M @ 
  

E C
  8 (u )
 
 (uk ) 
 .  .
  u 
 k 

T
. 0 @   0 G(uk ) k (J(u) J(uk )) , ;
< * ? 

LY
A  0 G(u ) = 0A 
  
 u K  ' ; < 
 

O
P
J(u ) J(u)A    u = uA  
 
  A 
  


LE
 (uk ) .  .  H  u

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-"
%
  

&

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC '  
 %: %
 

-  ;!;(  




EC H
  J
F1 , . . . , FM   ,
 E
 

  



 I(u)

T
$



  


 

 u(
 


  

   



Y

 u
 
 

6  ;2 '(  


 

 Fi (u) iI(u)

POL
 


 

 ( M


$  
  

 

*
*

LE
1 , . . . , M
 
J  (u) + i=1 i Fi (u) = 0(

 i = 0  i
/ I(u) " 



(   
i {1, . . . , M }

C O lim
&
2
'
max (Fi (u ), 0) = i .
0

)9.0;5) CC /
 . ?  
6  

 
   
  
  8 L0M

@

 5   %B

@     ) V = RN  9

       
U E
IQ
/C  F
 8   C 2  RN  RN   u
 F 
 

N
H
F ,6?6  


Y T EC
F (u) = 0  F  (u)  .0

POL
 8
  5# 
.   v 
 
 

O L E F (u) = F (v) + F  (v)(u v) + O u v2 ,

C
,6?6   
1
u = v (F  (v)) F (v) + O v u2 .
    /C  ? 
  8O .  
   6
   *

   u0 RN A  

1
un+1 = un (F  (un )) F (un ) 
 n 0. ; "<
+ 
 ,  
  ,.    F  (un )  ; "< 

 , 

 #   ,
     ?   

1
  .
  ,A     /C ,   

.  J
 8   C 3  RN  RA   u
 
 
 J     F = J  A  
 
      
 

    , J  (u) = 0 ' A  
 
 .  
U E
   /C 
     3 

.
N IQ
 5#

E C H
T
1
J(w) = J(v) + J (v) (w v) + J  (v)(w v) (w v) + O w v3 , ; $<

2

O LY
P
 
  J(w) 
.   v 
 8 
 
   

LE
 /C   ?    
 
  ? 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
N IQ
 
    
 

    ; $<   
1

EC H
w = v (J  (v)) J  (v)    J  (v)  ) . @ 
.  

T
8
 . ; "<

Y
POL
,.        /C   .  0 
  

     

L E  ,, " $"$"$$-/
,

0,3,:'1',* CC 
7O
F  
  C2 $ ' " $
RN RN u

C 0
 
&" $ 
"
 '



) ,= $-0' "   
  " $-0 - ' " 
&" *$
F F (u) = 0 F (u) >0
 "
u0 7 )#   u $ . '

u u0   "#   N"$
(un ) u $
$"$" C > 0 "

  
un+1 u Cun u2 . ; &<

%9,*:10.1',*C * 

  F     > 0  
 F   .0  


U E
   0
   u   # 
 
 un     uA

 R u un  A  F  (un )  .0 ' F (u) = 0A  
 
; "<
N IQ
H
1
un+1 u = un u (F  (un )) (F (un ) F (u))

T

A  .  5# 

  u A .
Y
n
EC
POL
1  
un+1 u = (F  (un )) O un u2 .

L E
' u un  A   
 
, 
  C > 0 ;  
O
C
 n   

  
  F    F  
  0
   u  
# <  

un+1 u Cun u2 . ; -<
   
:    ?  
 C 1A  
  ; -< 
 un+1
   0
   u   #  '   .)  

,# 
 u un   
 
 n 0A  ; -<  0  



)9.0;5) CC  E GA  8

 . ? , 
 
   
   /C ; "<   
 ,
 # A  
 
G
 1 
A  .    ;  L
 
M<   ; &< ,


  F    C 2 A   u0  F   uA # 0 

U E
IQ
. 
  
 
 .
 I

,?  9(.A H
N
E C H
      RA     /C 
 .  
 
  u0 Y  8
  
 
  .  
 
 ; &< 

LY T
 
 
,
.  ,
 F 
A    ,  
   /C ?  8 F (x) = x2  RN A 
 
  . 

P O
, 
 
 * 
A   
     /C 
 

LE
 ,
 8 J  
 6 
A   
 
   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-"
%
  



U E
N IQ
.  .
 
 

   J A    .
 
A   

EC H
8 
   F  J       /C ,   



T
 
  
    A     .  

L Y

 
 ; &<     
 

  $ 

=  E P , % ;

   (  4V    
 
L
B 
  %
J  (v) ! "
  '    
F  (v)

C O '    *  

 * %'  
 
  ( 
4V

4V
J
%  
     (   "

J  (v) = F  (v)
  
  *2 % 

     Sn (F  (un ))
1

$     *
  /! 

 n 0.
un+1 = un S n F (un )

0   
 S n 
 *
  
 

S n+1 = S n + C n

U E
N
&  "
 S n (F  (un ))1 %  % 0 
 
   
  (  "
IQ
: C n 
     "
   un , un+1 , F (un ), F (un+1 ) (  
4V 
 % & F/H  F#H
EC H

T
$ 
   (  4V &    
 * J % 
Y
POL
   1 J
 *   C 3  RN  R G = (G1 , ..., GM )

*   C 3  RN  RM % M N !   u
 
 

O L E min J(v) .  I!

C
N
vR , G(v)=0

1  %
 (G1 (u), ..., GM (u))       
  
D(   ) 

M

J  (u) + i Gi (u) = 0 , Gi (u) = 0 1iM .  C !

i=1

:  1 , . . . , M R  

     $ 
  
   
 C !  (N + M ) "
 & (N + M ) 
 (u, ) RN+M 
 ( 
4V $  

J  (u) + G (u)
F (u, ) =
G(u)
,

U E
   % 
N IQ
H



C
J  (u) + G (u) (G (u))

E
F  (u, ) = .
G (u)
T
0

LY
$ 
  "
  (   4V  /! &  * F (u, )   
O
P
F  (u, )  %' 4
  % "
    8
9 
 : 

LE
 &
 %
 

 *         

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

 -   # 
  
%
 

U E
 %'   IQ
    
N ;% 1



H
F (u, ) (w, )
    

T E C
Y
J  (u)w + G (u)w + (G (u)) = 0

$  
 "
 P O
L 
Gi (u) w = 0 1iM

O LE (
C
M



w KerG (u) = KerGi (u) (J  (u) + G (u))w Im(G (u)) .

i=1

$ Im(G (u)) = [ KerG (u)] 

 
 "
   
 "

 
J  (u) + G (u) (w, w) > 0  C!
w KerG (u), w = 0 ,

  F  (u, )  %' $  "

 "
  C!      
          6   
  * (
(  C! "
   
  (   4V $ 
    
%    ( % F/H!
U E
6      (   
 (    $
N

     L(v, ) = J(v) + G(v)  %   & v L  L   IQ
 %
 "
 "

EC H
LY T 
(un+1 , n+1 ) = (un , n ) F  (un , n )
1
F (un , n )

P O
     
 "
 un+1 
   

'  "


O E
"
 &  
L Qn (w) ,  C!
% C
min
wRN
G(un )+G (un )(wun )=0

 
1  n n
Qn (w) = L(un , n ) + L (un , n ) (w un ) + L (u , )(w un ) (w un ) ,
2
 n+1  

      
  
  C! $
 "
 "
   C!   +

 %   D &  
  w

     L(w, n )       G(w) 

 
 un 
  $  .  C!  

   "
"
 
 
      * J  $ 
     
 ( %
 
    "
"
 &   
%
 
U E
IQ
 CC!
1 
J(v) + J  (v) (w v) + J (v)(w v) (w v)

N
min .
2

H
wRN
G(v)+G (v)(wv)=0

E C
?(

   ( ' 
  CC! 
   %  S 0 
 
T
  % "
  B J  (v)  
 * 
    
LY
 B 
   "
  *          
O
    !
P

O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

 POL
O L E 
C
   

   U E
6" 
 & 
$ 
 -&7
N IQ
EC H
Y T




E POL
O L
1  A 
  . 
   +@ ; 6

C
< 1 +@A   LM , ,0 

  J  +@
 A    A  0  ) 
      
 
    
 3 4 1F A ,.
  , 

A   

 ,  , A   )

 
 E  - 
  0     
;. T

U 
 
  <   , 
  0 .
 .  0  +@ 0   ,
   . J  

    0 ,
 ;
  
    
A 
  # ,
  ,A <A  
  .
A 

    
A   ,XA    %A , 6
 ,A   +@ 
  
 ? 

  )
 J
 
   0A  
 
 

U E
IQ
   
 ? , 
   Y ? ,8
A ,
 
N
E C H
.     A 
     0 L8MA ,6?6
 
0   #   
0A  0 :A

LY T
 ,
  .     A 
L**'M ;
   ,
,
    
< 

 
  +@  
 

P O
?    00 ;  
   ,  ,6

LE
 
  
  
 
<A ? ,

 
?   

C O
"
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

     


 



U E
N IQ
I
 ;
  0   #
<     ,. 

EC H
+@ .  
  ,
 ; A  ,

A

T
< /     ,     +@A  
X ,6

Y
POL
 ?
  
A , 0A 
,

  8  ? , 
       J 

LE
   
 : 
  
   0 0 ,6

 
. 
    .A   
A    0

C O
 0I  ;0  DA 0 ,(A  
 
# A 
 
A   A <A  
.  

   
   0  0I 
 .  3#
/
  
.         
30,(0.99.1',* -'*%.'0)A 
 8 ,0I     A   
 86
)  0 , 
 R      ,6
 A 
 0   +@ *8A    0  
.

 
  /
 .    
A ? ,      3,

E
-B?&0) )*1')0A 
  
  8  
     
U
IQ

A 
 
     0  D    6

N

 
  A  30,(0.99.1',* &B*.9';5)A 
  

EC H

 0  
 
 A  
  
  
   6
0 0 
 :   " 
  ,.-(,0'149)

Y T
(-,51,* J    
   
 
 
  0 

POL

A    
.
 
 
  

 /
 .6
 )    $A 
 
  
    ,
 

L E
A   
. 0 ,0
 
   :%3.0.1',*

O
)1 %2.-5.1',* ;L0  0
 M<A ,6?6 A 
  0

C
0 ?
 
0

 4  

 
/
 ,.    
 ,9  
  #
 ,
 
    0A      3
   ,

   0 
 
 . 
  


*(

   
@ .
 
  0 
.A  30,(0.99) -'*%.'0) :,5: =,09)
U E
:1.*&.0&A
IQ
HN
inf c x, ;<
 "
 Ax=b, x0
xRn

T E C
R A 
    m nA b Rm A c Rn A    x 0  )

LY

 
    x  . 

 1 
  
 
 

PO

 
 m n  
    A   m 9 (A  rg(A) < mA

LE
    A    
 0   J   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
%


 


"

U E
N IQ
;  ?   <  0A        

      


EC H
T
 0 ;< 0 H
  
     



Y
POL
  ,   

# x 0  ,  A  

  
#

OLE
inf c x.
 "
 Axb, A x=b
 

C
xRn


   
  8   ;< 
 ?      
9 (A 
 
 ,0 
   ,  A x = b  . 6
 
. 
  ,  A x b  A x b  @ 
  
  
 
. ;
   
   , <

inf c x. ; <

xRn  "
 Axb
1 ; <  
    ,   
  
.
U E
IQ
.0A  &!%+.01:A Rm    ,  Ax b   
.6
 ? Ax = b + . 0 3 ; <  
. ?
H N
Y T
(x,)R(n+m)
inf
EC
 "
 Ax=b+, 0
c x. ;
<

POL
2A    
   x   .   .A

O L E
,6?6     x = x+ x . x+ = max(0, x)  x = min(0, x)A 
0 
 ; <  
. ?

C(x+ ,x ,)R(2n+m)
inf
 "
 Ax + Ax =b+, x+ 0,x 0,0
c (x+ x ). ;<


  0 
 8   ; . 
  .0<  ,#   


   ? 
       ;<
/
 . I? 
 .       

0

'  ;. ,9 < '  
 ,
 
 
 . 
     

   ,
 6
 
min x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 . ;"<
x1 0,x2 0,x3 0

E
2x1 +x2 +3x3 =6

  2
  
 .  ,0  (x1 , x2 , x3 ) 
 .) 
 J
    T  ',
 8   R3 A   8
IQ U
H

 x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 #   
 
 ,  M  *
  
N
E C

  
    8    x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = c 6

T
  c 9 
  .
  c ?   A  L0M , R3

LY
I

,?      T A   
 M  0

   L
M
O
P
   3
 A 
   
  ;"<  
  0
 

LE
T   
 8O   .    
  8 x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 
  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" 

     


 



U E
x3
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
C x2

x1
U E
N

  W 90  0 
 , ;"< IQ
EC H
Y T
 
  T     
. 
  0  T  *
 , ;"<

POL
   
 ;

<    (0, 3, 0)  T  /
 . 
, , 
,
 8  J
   
 ;, < 
 
I
  
. 


L E
   ,0 
  .
 x 
 .)   

O
L
:M  ,
 
   )  
.  
 J , 6

C
  
 8 ;    < , 
 
 
 .
   
6
*
 0    
  
     6
 ;<A 
 . 0  

 ) 
    
.0


%@*'1',* CC $/
 Xad  -"   Rn   "$"
 $"$"

 ,' " 
Xad = {x Rn "
  Ax = b, x 0} ,
" ))
 $/
  :,-51',*: .&9'::'/-):, $ ))

 "  )$" &"

 Xad " " )$" x Xad   $ ) " )  ) $ $ /$$ $-&
U E
IQ
$$ "-
   &  " )$"  Xad' "   ' 
&" y, z Xad "
N
]0, 1[ "
   x = y + (1 )z ' 
 y = z = x,

E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC  .0
  ,  
 
  #
@  
 ; 0<
 .
 
 8   * A

P O

 .
 
   
  ;<   :,-51',* ,31'9.-) ;


LE
 
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
%


 


""

U E
N IQ
@ .) 8 
 ,0 Xad 
 3,-B?&0) ;.
 . <

EC H
;+ 
,
 #  
  )  6  Rn < 

T
 
       #  
 Xad  . A 

Y
P O L  "

.   


c x = +.

L E 
&"  $ $ 
"$ )"
  )$"  $ 

inf
xRn Ax=b, x0

O
C)0
$ "$  ,  " 
$" 
 -
  $  " *$

)99) CC

< inf c x < +.

xRn  "
 Ax=b, x0
%9,*:10.1',*C  (xk )k1
 
   ;< @ 
  6
 A ) 

c
A=
A
.

U E
 
 Axk  
X 
.
N IQ

n

EC H !

T
C= xi Ai . xi 0 ,

Y
POL
i=1

R  Ai       A 1,    2%  & 

O L E
X C  8A  
 
 




C
z0
lim Axk = C,
k+ b

   x 0  



z0 cx
= ,
b Ax
  
    x

%@*'1',* CC $ ))

 /.:)   , $ /  Rm   m


$$  A, $ $" B "" /   " $  "  A'    m
$-/
, )+ ) ""$   
$$ $ ) "  A  
  (B, N )
. N " $ "  "

 m (n m), 8
 E P$ $ ) " )
U E
IQ
x $ (xB , xN )  "  $ 

H N
C
Ax = BxB + N xN .

 )$" -"  $" ))
 -/
  E

# /, :$ :,-51',* /.:';5)
xB

"L
  / "
 $ )

 $  )$"  O $

'
$T / " 

  -/

Y$ "  
 
"$"
 /  ",
-"  x Xad
xN
xN = 0

&%(%*%0%) ,
E P xB

O L
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"$ 

     


 



U E
N IQ
   
 0
  ?     Xad 
H
 " )
!+  C$" &"$"
 
"$ / ,
E

T

)99) CC Xad
Y
O L
 '  "
   "
 4 

 1 x Xad 
 '"
 
  '  m Rn

P R m
x = (x1 , ..., xm , 0, ..., 0) (b1 , ..., bm ) xb = b

E  
i=1 i i
1
 "
 
 O L
0<<1 y, z Xad x = y + (1 )z
 
nm    
      & 
m y z y z Xad

C 
A"
   
   
 
     
 '  
m
yb =b
i=1 i i
zb =b
i=1 i i

 "
 
x=y=z   

x   Xad
x       '     
Xad
 k

  
 %
      b = ki=1 xi ai :  (ai )    
A 
  "
 x 
 
 '"
  
  
% "
  *  (a1 , ..., ak )
 '  Rm  '
 ' B      * ! 1
 "
  
    K    y = 0  "
 ki=1 yi ai = 0  (yk+1 , ..., yn ) = 0 5  
  (x1 , ..., xk )    %    > 0  "
 (x + y) Xad 
E
(x y) Xad   * "
 x = (x + y)/2 + (x y)/2       x
U
IQ
 x 
 
 '"


H N
EC
 
 8  
. 
  
,  
:  
 

   
#  Xad 

Y T
POL
0,3,:'1',* CC
&" $ 
"$ )"
 )0
$ "$ 
,' 
 
&" $ 
"$ )"
 / ,

O L E
%9,*:10.1',*C      ? 
  " 

C
x Xad
 
   ;< @  k  0   
 
A  
 .
    


k
b= xi ai ,
i=1

R  (ai )     A   8 (a1 , ..., ak )  0  Rm A  x

 
  0
  (a1 , ..., ak )  A    y = 0  



k
yi ai = 0  (yk+1 , ..., yn ) = 0.

U E
IQ
i=1

N
'   (x1 , ..., xk )   .A    > 0  


H
C
(x y) Xad  ' x 
   
A   

Y
c x c (x y),
T E
P O L
,6?6  c y = 0 @ ) 
 8   z = x + y 

LE
  9    .
  = 0A   
 
 
    

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
%


 


"&

U E
N IQ
,0 Xad I

,?
 .
 0 
?  
   z 0  .

EC H
3
 A z0 Xad   

 (k 1)   
   

T

  @   ,
   . x = z0 
 8

Y
POL
 (k 1)  (ai ) 3 8  
     8A  0 
)
 8 0 
 
  0


LE
)9.0;5) CC 9 
  *  $ 
 c = 0 ;
 

O
C
 0   <A  . Q 
  " 
  
 Xad 
6. A Xad  

  '  ,  

  # 

 ; 
 6  R2 <

>)0+'+) CC C

*






max x1 + 2x2
x1 0,x2 0

 
  



U E
IQ
3x1 + 2x2 2

N
x1 + 2x2 4

x1 + x2

EC H 5

T
9 
  0  
#  Xad   
   


Y
POL
H    
0  .0 @  .) 

 
 , 
.

>)0+'+)
L E
CC " 
 
$ 
 % 


A 


m n




O
C
b Rm 



R 
Xad  

  [0, 1]nm 
 




M



 n m  
 Ax = b ' 





 
Xad


 2nm 


 .     )

, 
  G ? 4 1F       ?

  
#   
  0 I

,?  
, 
.

 
  ; 
          (.

 
 < , 
     ,
 

 A  P  .
   8 cx   ,
  

.
@         ;< + 
,
  ;

U E
IQ

 0
<  ,0  
  0 Xad   


N
0 B ;m  0  A< 3 
   A  
 

H
A = (B, N )  x = (xB , xN ),
T E C
LY
  
,  Ax = BxB + N xN  5
 
  0 
 , xB =
O
P
B 1 (b N xN ) 0  xN 0    ? B  ) ;, < 

LE
xN = 0  xB = B 1 b 0    
 c = (cB , cN )   0A

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"- 

     


 



U E
N IQ
  
   G ,
 
  0 

 x . 
 

EC H
 
 0
 x @ . 8 
 c x c x   
 

Y T
cB B 1 b cB B 1 (b N xN ) + cN xN .

POL
;$<

LE
@  
    , 
.

C O
0,3,:'1',* CC  ))$  
 
"$ /    B " $$ 0$
' "    B 1 b > 0, :$ $ "$ $ "  6$" )    ""

"$ /    B " )"
 "  
cN = cN N (B 1 ) cB 0. ;&<

 -"  cN " ))
 2)+1)50 &): +,M1: 0%&5'1:,

U E
IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C  x
 
 0
     ? B   cN 0A

N
 
 
 
  0 x  

EC H
c x c x = cN xN 0 ,

Y T
POL


 xN 0 1    ;&<  
: 
 
 x  
+
A 
 
, 
  i  cN 
  

L E
cN ei ) < 0 *
  > 0  ) 
 .
 x()  xN () = ei
 .A (

O
C
 xB () = B 1 (b N xN ()) * 
 Ax() = b A  B 1 b > 0A 

 .
 
:      x() 0A  x() Xad  1,
 A
x(0) = x A   > 0A  

c x() = c x(0) + (
cN ei ) < c x,

 
  
 x ,   1    ;&<  

)9.0;5) CC 1      *  -A   

 0

    A    ;&<  
:  , 
 

IQ U
@ 
   *  -
   
 
 P  .


H N
  8 G c x ?  ,
 
 0
 x ;    

E C
< ' x  6A  
 
.
  G

T

 cN  
 cN ei < 0 @ )  x()  6 
 *

  G

LY
P  . A   H ?    
   .
 0  
O
P
 
 ,   Xad  ',    , 
 
 


LE
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
%


 


"

U E
-(,0'149) &5 :'93-)>)
N IQ
EC H
W  ; < J  
 0  B 0  
  


Y T
0
  x0   0

POL


(B 0 )1 b
x0 = 0.

LE
0

C O W  ; < J ? , k 0A   ,

 0 B k  ,
 

1
0
  0 xk  @ 
  G 
 ckN = ckN (N k ) (B k ) ckB 
 cN 0A  x    ,   ) A  

k k

.0 60 ,  i  

 ( cN ei ) < 0A    ai  
   A @ 
xk () = (xkB (), xkN ()) . xkN () = ei , xkB () = (B k )1 (b ai ).
W   
   > 0 
  
 , .
 . xk () Xad  1
 A  

    

U E
IQ
W   
 .
  k 
   j  
  j 6 6

N
  xk (k ) ,
 @ 0 
 
. 0 B k+1 
 

EC H
B k  O  j 6     ai   
. 

 0 0
 xk+1 
 G 8
 
  ? 
  xk 

Y T
 
  0   
 ?   , 
6

POL
 /
      .


L E
%(%*%0):+)*+) )1 +B+-.()
O
C
@  
I
 c xk+1 c xk A   
 # .     
  0
0
 xk   A 

   
 
. 
 k = 0 ;  , 
 A     *  - 
   <
@      0    G J ,  
#  


 H ,   .     #  , 
A 
 
  #  ,P I
9 ,0  # A , 
 

 
60 
  Xad  
 ;  8O <  G '  # 
 0
)  A ,    
.
    G
 @     
 
.

)99) CC  " " 
"$  /
 /  xk ) " )

0
"# )
& $" $$ 0$' 


0"# $-0 $ $ $/ U E
*$ "),
N IQ
E C H
3   0 ,  , 
 
 H 
 

LY T

  0   ;
     
0  .0
n Y . ,9   < E 
,    ; 
< R , (6

P O
.  A  
    .  
 0 , 
 

LE

 8 #  n

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     


 



U E
4,'> &5 +4.*()9)*1 &) /.:)
N IQ
EC H
T
, #  

 
.
 G 
 ckN   .A

Y
POL
 8
 8
   ,  *

    0A  
    
  .

O LE
C

*'1'.-':.1',*

' 
.
 
  0 0
   , K ;+6
 
    , 0 xB = B 1 b 0 ,  .   <
   P
 ? 
   


0 * A 
 
0 ;< 
   m .0 ,A Idm 
 0   
L 0M   ,   ;<  b 0A  .
 (x0 , 0 ) = (0, b) 

 
  0 0
 
 ;<
U E
N IQ
1   A  

 
. .0 y Rm A
 
.
.

G k > 0A 
 
.
  

EC H
Y T
POL
inf cx+ky ;-<
x0, y0
Ax+y=b

O L E
R   0 
  1 
   ,   

C
?    .  b    
 b 0  .
 (x0 , y 0 ) =
(0, b) 
 
  0 0
 
  0 , 
 

 0
     ;<    
  ;< ,
 A   
   ;-< .)  y = 0 9

 , 
 ? ;-<A  
. 
 
  0
0
 
 ;< ,  
 , ,   ;,6?6   Xad = <A
     
  ;-<   
 .
 (x, y) . y = 0
. A 
 
.  
 
  0 
 ;<   H
?  k     ? c

U E

*2)0:',* &) -. /.:)
N IQ
E C H
5 
 
 ,.  , 
   ,. ? 


LY T
   0 B k A  
 
 H  G
 
  0   
 ;. 0

   

 ,   B k    
0 

P O
< @ 
  
8 
 B k+1  (  B k 
 
 

LE

  

 
   9 (A  ,  j 6  


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
%


 


$

U E
 A  
N IQ
EC H
1 l1

LY T





 0

P O
1 


LE

B k+1 = B k E k . E =
k
lj ,

C O







1






0  
ln 1

 E k  8 ? .

1 l1
 

E
  0

(E k )1
1
=
1 lj1

.
IQ U
N
1
lj

H
lj+1 1

EC
 

T
0  

Y
POL
ln 1

@
   8
A 
 8 8A

O L E (B k )1 = (E k1 )1 (E k2 )1 (E 0 )1 (B 0 )1 .

C
>)0+'+) CC C

 $
* %
 


*




min x1 + 2x2
x1 0, x2 0, x3 0, x4 0, x5 0

 
  



3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 2
x1 + 2x2 + x4 = 4

x1 + x2 + x5 = 5

>)0+'+) CC C


 $
* %
 


*




2x1 x2
U E
IQ
min
x1 0, x2 0

H
 
  

 x1 + x2 1
x2 x1 1/2  
$

 $ 

N
 

 


 $
 
T E C
>)0+'+)
LY
CC C

 $
* %
 


*




O
P
LE
min 3x3 x4
x1 0, x2 0, x3 0, x4 0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     


 



U E
 
  


N IQ
EC H
x1 3x3 + 3x4 = 6
x2 8x3 + 4x4 = 4

Y T
POL


 .     
 


LE
1
  .
  B  B% 
0
   -A


C O

.  , A    
A  

 
 
        ,  .   
,

   
 ;
A 
  A  
  0
# 
Xad <      
 .
 ? ,
  Xad   I 
 0 
,? .  /
   
     
 , 6
 
 .-(,0'149) &) 10.<)+1,'0) +)*10.-)  #  
   
. 
   J A     ? ,   6
 
8 L0M Y 
A 

    /C 


E
 ,
  ?  
.
1.    
      

IQ U
HN
inf c x. ;<
 "
 Ax=b, x0
C
xRn

T E
LY
@ )
   
 
 x > 0

PO

n

E
(x) = log xi . ;<

O L i=1

C
*

    > 0A  
  0 
.
min (x) + c x. ;<
xRn  "
 Ax=b, x>0
+
 
, 
   x > 0 ,  
   , I
. J 
   ;<   
  L,M
0  x > 0

   8 LM   (x) . +
   ,   I     ;< 

   /C 
  .
  
  
    9 (A 

 . FA  0  ;<  .     ;<

>)0+'+) CC " 
 
(  Xad
   
( 




U E
IQ
   

x  8

   $ 
 

 

(  /


N
E C H


   

x0 (
 x 
*

 x0 

 
 #


 * 

LY T
P O
   
 ; I? .
    
6 

<  


LE
    '  ? 
.
     

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
%


 


$

U E
N

 
   ;  

< IQ
E C H c x, ; <
T
inf
 "

LY
xRn Ax=b, x0

P O
R A 
    m nA b Rm A  c Rn  *
 p Rm A  

     ; <

O LE L(x, p) = c x + p (b Ax), ;
<

CR ,  
 L
M   ,  @ 
  8


G(p) = min L(x, p),
x0


A  
A .


pb  A p c 0
G(p) = ;<

E


 0
  ; <  
IQ U
H N
EC
sup p b. ;"<
 "
 A pc0

T
pRm

Y
POL
,  
  0
0
 ;"<  
Pad = {p Rm  
 A p c 0} .

O L E
+ 
 ,  
  0  ; < 

C Xad = {x Rn  
 Ax = b, x 0} .

    ; <  ;"<    &5.-'1% ,H  
 .

 
. 
 
  

5 




4%,0?9) CC  ,  ,=  $ -
  )"
 *$' 
 
&"

x Xad 
"$ )"
  , " p Pad 
"$ )"
  ,=  
-*$"



min
 "
 Ax=b, x0
cx = cx = pb = max
U
 "
 A pc0 E
pb ;$<

IQ
xRn pRm

x p
-*$"
 $ "$ )"
"  Q #$ " A J H N
8 )
' " $" 
"$ )"
  , " ,=  " 
$"  



E C
T

$/
  
"$
L Y
Ax = b, x 0, A p c 0, x (c A p) = 0. ;&<

- ,O
 ,  ,=  $ -
  )"
 $*$'
 /
 
 " )/
+ " P
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     


 



U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC   
  
5   


EC H
 
A  x Xad  p Pad  
 
  0  ; <  ;"<A

T
.A  .)

Y
POL
c x b p.
1 HA  x Xad  p Pad .)

O LE cx= bp

C
 x  
   ; <  p  ;"< ' 
  
 
. 8  0 
  .
   ; <  ;"<A 
  
 
 (x, p)  

%9,*:10.1',*C
 
 Xad  Pad   .   x Xad  p Pad 
' x 0  A p cA  

E
c x A p x = p Ax = p b,

IQ U


 Ax = b 9 
A    
 
  .
 

H N
 
 0A  
A  )A  
,    


EC
  .

  
 ,  ;$<     ,

T
;&<  
 

5 
 

Y
POL

  
 ,
  
 0  

  

.
  ) *
 )   A   
, , 
0


O L E
;
 
 #
 8 
  0 < 3A    

: 
, 
 
  p  ;"<  Xad ,  . A  

C

.   
    
 )   7 

 Xad ,  .  
     2%  & *
 p Rm A
 
  .
  Rm+1



b p
b =  p = .
b p 1

@ .) 
 b p = b p b p 0A 
 
 p Pad  1,
 A   
p Pad 
  
) *

A
p C = p R m+1
 
 pm+1 = 1, A p 0 . A =
.

E
c

IQ U
' b p 0 
 
 p C A    2%  & 
  
, 
Rn  
 x
x 0  b = A
H N
xA ,6?6  
 x Xad 
 ,   . 

E C
2A 
 
  .
 
0   ; < 

T
 Pad ,  . A 
 
 x Xad  
 p Pad A   c x b p 9 

LY

 
   Xad  0 b p = A  
 0
  1 Pad
O
P
 .      
A   .
   ; < 

LE
)A  Xad  . 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
%


 


$"

U E
N IQ
,H  
 
 
     ; <  


EC H
1,
 A  ,  A  
 H 
 8  
  0

T

 ;"< ;
  m .0  n  , < 
  0 

Y
POL
; < ;
  n .0A m  ,   n  , <
1,
 A  
 
    

  : 
 

LE

  ; < 

  
 8  

 


C O
>)0+'+) CC H 
 

   
@+ 

A 

 
 W 

*




min 8x1 + 9x2 + 4x3 + 6x4
x1 0, x2 0, x3 0, x4 0

 
  



4x1 + x2 + x3 + 2x4 1
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 1

U E
>)0+'+)
IQ
CC <
 


 
2 $ 


 

 

x 0( $
 +
$   

*
*

N
EC H
T
L(x, p, q) = c x + p (b Ax) q x

Y
POL


 q Rn
 
q 0 0



 !


 








q  ' 
$ $:

 $ B + @

A
 
 

x 0

O L E
C
>)0+'+) CC 
 



 
!
 + 

 2

>)0+'+) CC  ) v Rn ( c Rn ( A 



m n
b Rm   


*




inf c v . ;-<
v0
Avb

" 
 




 
 


 



(

 q Rm

sup b q . ;<
q0
A qc

U
)
 v
q 
  

 
.
/( 

 

  " 
E

v
q  
    

 (



 (
N IQ
E
(c A q) v = 0  (b Ac) q .
C H ; <

LY T

 
 *
  
2; 


 +,*&'1',*: &): %+.01: +,93-%9)*1.'0):

P O





( 

 

  ?


 
 4 


 


LE

  

  

 *
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$$ 

     


 



U E

 43 

N IQ
EC H
/
 . I

,   0 ,,31'9':.1',* +,*1'*5) J  8 ?

Y T
  (0A  ,0  
  0  ) 

POL
, ,
 0 )    A  H (0
,,31'9':.1',* +,9/'*.1,'0)A 
A   0 
 
 ,6

LE
0  
  0  &':+0)1 3A   
0 ,(6

O
C
 
  8 ,0I  ,9  A ,0  
  0 
,0  
  n   :
  0 0
 ,
 A 
 ,  
 
 ,0  
  0A 

   ;    n!   
0 ,(<A  ,
 A

  
   ,  
    ,  
  , ? , 

 (
/
    .   
    
A    6
A     , 
 
   06
 '   (  0 0 #


U E
sup c x ,
N IQ ; <

H
xP Zn

Y T EC
R P 
 #   Rn A ,6?6 
  ,
 0 )  6
A  c Rn   8
 ; <  0  ( 
 6

POL
0 0 
 0 
J  
 
0   , 
 ; <A 
 0

O L E sup c x , ; <

C
xP

 
 
 0    A 8 
)  0 

0)-R+4%  ; < ;1  A    0 QA 
A

  
0  <  0 Q ; < 
   :6
         J 
  :
  ; < .
  
 
 
   
  
#  P ; 3,'*1 )*1')0A

    ?   < /
   
   R  

0  ; <  
. ? 
  Q 
; < ' A 
 
. 0 A  
8 ,
    
A    
 
 6
 0  0 0  J 
 
 A (A
 
  0  D ? G 


U E


! 
 ))    
$)
N IQ
E C H
  
 .    0 0  0 

LY T
   3,'*1 )>10%9.-A  I?    1)   J

  ,
 . K 
  x  
 x = (y+z)/2  y, z K P

P O
y = z = x @   K ,0   
  K  + 


LE

  X 
 
60  Rn A   )*2)-,33) +,*2)>)  X A  ,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 * 
  

$&

U E
N IQ
  X A  
  .  X A   .) 
,    ? ,0

EC H
 0# ,
 0 ) ,  X  ,)*2)-,33) +,*2)>) =)09%) 

T
X A   X A   
  . 8  X      ?  8


Y
P O L :$ )" $-& 
  X   
 
.  8 

" $-
)) $-&

LE
4%,0?9) CC $'*D,I:D'6 Rn

$/
   )$" &" &,

C O '  :  

 K =   K 
 K 
 . 
 Rn  3 8A K =   K 

 K  8  
.
 
7%C%  
   ,# ,
A 
  , 
 
  =0 J
 # : H = {y Rn | c y = }A . c Rn A
c = 0A  R 
 4B3)03-.* &!.335' ,
 . K A 
 x K A 
= c x c y A 
 
 y K  /

 ,0. 
.

 H " $ #!))
$ ))   $ $-& K Rn ' 
 " "

)99) CC
)$" &"
 H K " )$" &"
 K ,
U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C
H
 H = {y Rn | c y = } . c Rn A c = 0A  RA


EC
# ,
  K   x = (y + z)/2 . y, z K A   x K H A  .

T
= c x = (c y + c z)/2A   c y  c z A   
Y
POL
= c y = c z A  y, z K H   , 
 
 x 
   
K H A  .  x = y = z A  
  
 x 
    K 

L E
%9,*:10.1',* &5 14%,0?9) &) '*D,I:D' CC C @ 
 . 
O
C

 K = ;A  
  .< + 
   ,
 .
6.    )    , : 
,    @ . 6
    
 
    K  
 ?  Rn 


6 :A  
 
 
 K    n  n = 0A K  

?
 A     .)
     
 
 .   

 n 1A   
 
  x  K 
0# ,
 0 )   
  K   x 
  8 
K A  '    8

 # ,
 H  K  x ' K H 

  .   

 n 1A  #  
A x 
0# ,
 0 )   
  K H A 
  
  

  K ,   
  * 
  


x  K A   D
  :   x ,0 D K 
  
U E
IQ
  8 [y, z]A R   y, z    8  K  1,  


N
 A y  z  0# ,
 0 )   
  K  '
x  
 H 0#  y  z A    

  ##  (   ?3V3 

 T E C


H

  
 

L Y

  *  (   W?  "
   "

  
O  
    
"
 
P
%  % % *    '    
  


LE

 "
 
(   B(@(

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$- 

     


 



U E
% *    % % "
 %N
I Q
  %

     @(! $  "
  

E C H   

( 

Y T
/
 
     7%C% 
0 ,6

OL
 0 ; < 1  A  8 G J(x) = c x  A

P
   
     
   9.>'9':.1',*  86

O LE
 .A 
     (   9'*'9':.1',*  8

C
.  
 '    /
   

 0 X 6
0A 

 P Zn 

0,3,:'1',* CC $.>'9':.1',* &) =,*+1',* +,*2)>):6   " " $"$
$-& J : Rn R' " )  " "  $/
 X Rn '
sup J(x) = sup J(x) = sup J(x) , ;
<
xX x
X x
X

"  X " /$'

U E
sup J(x) = sup
N
J(x) .
IQ ; <

H
xX x
X

EC

%9,*:10.1',*C  y  X A  
  y = i xi A . xi X A

T
 1ik 

Y
i 0A  1jk j = 1 *

 J  .A   J(y) 1jk j J(xj )

POL
max1jk J(xj ) supxX J(x)A  

   . 
 
 y  X A  
supx
X J(x) supxX J(x) * 
A 
 
 z  X A  
  z =

L E
limk yk A . yk  X  '
 8 . Rn R  

O
C

 ;8 9  &<A   J(z) = limk J(yk ) supx
X J(x)A  


  . 
 
 z  X A   supx
X J(x) supx
X J(x)  

   .A    ;
< 
 X  0A  X 
  

0A   1,    7%C% 
A  X =    X A 
 
 ;
<A supx
X J(x) = supx

X J(x) = supx
X J(x) =
supxX J(x)A  
 
. ; <

 * 
 
 
    ,. .  ,0
 0 X = P Zn   0  ; <

%@*'1',* CC $ ))

 )*2)-,33) )*1'?0)  $ )
!+  P Rn '
$-

)) $-& 
$/
  )$" $"  P '  
$ $" Pe =  (P Zn ),
U E
IQ
  L. M       
 J , A
N
H

 . 
 0I 
 A  
, Pe P 

 J : Rn R C
" $-&' "  T E" $ )
!+ ' 

Y
,0,--.'0) CC P Rn

P O L
sup J(x) = sup J(x) . ; "<

LE
xP Zn xPe

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 * 
  

$

U E
N IQ
3A  
 
I
   0  ; < 
 0 

EC H
,0  0 
 . 
 J  A  0 ? 

T
 ; "< 
    
 J      :
 

Y
P$O "L  $ )
!+ 
 
A 
,A
#  Pe   # 
  R 
 . 8

" $ 3,-B?&0) )*1')0  P = Pe ,

LE
%@*'1',* CC P

C O /
       
: ;< 
 
,

#   


 5   
 
  
 #  

 
 ,

P = {x Rn | Ax b} ; $<

U E
. A Rmn  b Rm   .   
,
  #   
 

IQ

  #  Xad  
  0
     ;8
N
H
1)  < J  (A Xad   ) 
   X 8  Rn A

EC
 
 .  
 I?  
 Xad ,  6. A  
I
  

T

  
 ,    

 #  

 ;8 +
  &<
Y
POL
    
  Xad ;  "< ,  
   
.

$" 
"$O

)99) L
CC E
:$ )$" &"
)
!+  *$ ) ,% " $
P

n C  ' " "
 -"  

0$
 $ !"+
A b
' . " $  " $-/
  
A x = b A

0$ )$ $"  , b

%9,*:10.1',*C  x
    P A   I(x) = {1 i m | Ai x =
bi } ;,0   .  x<A R Ai    i6    A  
8 {Ai }iI(x) A ,    nA  
 
.
 .
  
 y  

Ai y = 0 
 
 i I(x) ' x   
  x y  x + y A 

 0    P    F A    ,  x 3A
 
 
.
 
 0 I  I(x)    n  
   n n
      Ai A . i I  A  .0  # Ai x = bi , i I  A
  x

U E
IQ
  
-   
 
,
 #  , 
,
 0 ) 

N
 


>)0+'+)
E C H
CC " 
 

 
 x
   
P 
 A x = b (

Y T


 A
b 

 


.(
 x
  
 

L
P O
  
- 
 ,
   R  
 ,
 #  

LE


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

     


 



U E
0,3,:'1',* "
CC AZ nn

N IQ
$ " $-/
,  "$  -$"
$"  -
$" O
E C H
' $  Y T ,
, detA = 1G

OL
, )  " " b Zn A1 b Zn

P
LE
%9,*:10.1',*C ,  
 
X  8
  ' +6

A 
 
 A .) ,  7 ,0 
 A1  ?

C O
:  9  
 b  i6 .
   0 
  Rn A
 . 
  i6   A1 A 
 [  . A1 bA  ? : 
'   . 
 
 1 i nA   A1 Znn  1 detA1 ZA 
1 = detA detA1  
 detA . 1A ,6?6  
 detA = 1

%@*'1',* CC  $ "   $ " A Znn " 5*'9,&5-.'0)  $

detA = 1' "   $ " B Zmn " 1,1.-)9)*1 5*'9,&5-.'0)  $
" "  "  &""  B "  "$$" 1  0,

U E
9   
6 1 1A  .  
 
  : ,


IQ
 

 .  1 
0 ,
 
N
H
 

  .   
 
.

E C $"
,0,--.'0)

' "
CC

,O
T
$31'9.-'1% &): :,-51',*: )*1'?0):6
" ""
$" $
'

'L Y
f (Z {+}) ' m
D Zmn $
f (Z {})m ' g (Z


 )$" &" & )
!+ 

{+})n

E P
g  (Z {})n

O L$", $ )"
'  " /$' $ 

Q = {x Rn | f  Dx f, g  x g} ; &<

" "
C
$" $$"
$"$ $-&  $ ' $ 
J Rn R
Q Q = Qe ' " ) 

sup J(x) = sup J(x) . ; -<

xQ xQZn

%9,*:10.1',*C @ 
 
Q = {x Rn | Ax b} , ; <

R b 
 .
  )  A 
   
      
8 Di A . Di
   

  DA    8 ej A R ej  
j 6 .
   0 
  Rn A 

   

 1 j n
U E
@  ,0 
 A  

   M
 
6
N IQ
E C H
 k k   A 7  
 
 k 
 detM {1, 0} 
k = 1A  
 
X   

  D
 

LY T
 
 
. 
 
  
6   A   


k 1A    
 M   M 
     ?
 .
 ej A 

P O
. detM   ?   A   
A  
  
.

LE
 M  
     
  A detM = 0A   
  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 * 
  

&

U E
N IQ

. A M [ A 
 
      A .


EC H

6  DA   D  

A detM {1, 0}A  


T
.  
.   

  A

Y
POL
' Q    ; <A . b   A 

A 


 
-    * 
 
   
  QA

LE
, A  
 , 
  
 
 Q  0A Q  A  ,  5

C O
 7%C% 
A Q =   Q '  Q  8  .
 A
Qe =  (Q Zn )   Q = QA   
 ,
 Qe Q  .
,  ; -<   0
  
  ' 
$

>)0+'+) CC L $
* $
 


 0

 0
R




 

 
  :
Xad = {x Rn | Ax = b, x 0} 
  


  *





(

 A Zmn 

* m " 
 



   

  


 I
   b Zm ( 
  
 
 
Xad 
 
 X
U E
IQ
2 
 
 

 m m 
A  


 1  0

N
) 


 D Zmn (
 Q = {x Rn | Dx b, x 0}  6

H
EC

$


 
$



 
   

  %


OE

N=
 I
Y T
POL
   b Zm ( 
  
 
 
Q 
 
 X
 D
 


 



)9.0;5)
O L E
CC  @  
  ' 
   

  

C

 J A   . 9 
A  J(x) = cx  A   
 
  ,    
 
.
 
G c

)9.0;5) CC   ' 
   


  
 
  

   1,
A 
 J  A   
  H 
?  
  
   

A  
 0#  

 ,
     
 

)9.0;5) CC     
 Q  0 ,   
 :6
 
 Q = Qe   ' 
 J 
 
   
 # 
0A 
  
:  
 
    
  0 6
U E
IQ
0A

 
 ) , > T
&U 
 
  

H N
   0
 
 
   

 /


E

 0  ? 
   
: 

T C
LY
0,3,:'1',* CC  $,'*+.0%6  A " $ "  6$" 1  0' -
O
 )
 $ 6$" 1 ) 
$$' "  )
 $ 6$" 1 ) 
$$' 
 A
P
LE
" ""
$" $
,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

     


 



U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C '   
 .) A  
 
6A  
:

EC H
 . 
  A  A detA {1, 0}  A 
  
A detA = 0 

T
A 
  . 

 : 6
A  .  

Y
POL
  ?  A  , 
  
 
 detA {1, 0} 
  
,     R 
   A  
 :

LE
1  
 : 1 J A 
     
A 
detA = 0

C O /
 
  * 
" 
 0  D   
6
 
. 1 
 ,  
  R , 
 
 ? 
 ?  



>)0+'+) CC $0,/-?9) &) +,52)0150)6 H 
 
$


 %





%
*
I ct
 



  

 B 

 + $
 

t {1, . . . , T } H 

 



 

 




 




 
 
 


  
B
:
  

U E


$ :
k %

 


 
( $%

i 
 

  
  



IQ
[i , i ](

 1 i i T ( 
 

 +


 
  
 

  
Si

N




+ 

 +  

 

 



 
$
 i + $
 i  
H
EC

uit = 1  i t i (
uit = 0  Y 
 


T


Y
inf xi Si . ;
<

P O

1ik L
x Nk
xi uit ct , 1 t T
1ik

L E
" 
 
$



  

 



 $


CO
$



  
 
 $ :



2&( 4 


D
 



$


( $
 +



+ 
M
  0, 1



 1




 

  

 " 
 $


$



 





 0



 ! &   C 
3)  )  0  DA  
   G = (N , A) J
N  ,0  *S5&:A  A N N  ,0  .0+:   

a
i 
a
j    (i, j) @ 
 
  (i, j) A ,

+.3.+'1% uij R+ {+}  ,
 +,M1 cij R ; L uM  uij  
 L

0
 M< @   
  
 a


 D    bi R
; bi < 0A  ,  ,
 D A   0
< @  T,1

U E
8 x RA A (i, j)  xij A .)  -,' &): *S5&: &) L'0+4,A
N IQ
bi +

xji =

xij ,
E C
i N , H ;
<
jN ,(j,i)A

Y
jN ,(i,j)A

L T
 
    .

P O
OLE
0 xij , (i, j) A . ;
<

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 * 
  

&

U E
N IQ
9     a
 ;
<A  . 
,
    


EC H
, ,
 D  
    D     


Y T 
;

<

POL
bi = 0 .
iN

LE
/
 
 
I
 
    ;

<  .)  D   .&

C O
9'::'/-) , 8    
xij uij , (i, j) A . ;
<

%@*'1',* CC  $ ))

 30,/-?9) &) T,1 E +,M1 9'*'959
 )0

$

min cij xij 
   (11.31), (11.32), (11.34). ;
"<

E
(i,j)A

 0  D ? G 

   

 
60 A
IQ U
N
  0    ,9 A 
 0 ,( 

H
EC
,9  

Y T
>)0+'+) CC '
 


Z + ,  


 

POL



 
$'

/  



*
%


L E
  
 8 
0  D ? G 
   0

O

D A 
30,/-?9) &) T,1  A 
  
 

C
 ;   G<      
 
 G  
 a
 6

A s  pA  . :,50+)  35'1:A  
 s ,    

;{i N | (i, s) A} = <A  p ,   

 ;{i N | (p, i) A} = <
 v R+  @  T,1 .&9'::'/-) &) s E p &) 2.-)50 v
 
 x
 ;
<A;
<A;
<A .
v  i = sA
bi = v  i = pA
0 

%@*'1',* CC   30,/-?9) &5 T,1 9.>'9.- $"  " - $ R"  
/
  s  p  -
  &
,
U E
>)0+'+)
N
CC " 
 


 Z 



E
 

  

IQ
*
%



 
 
   
 Z 


E C H

 
 


Z + , 
 L
 I  

5
 



LY T
9 
A   
.  
  ,
 0  D J 

P O
A 
  0    ,9 A    ? .

LE

. H  A  .
 6 
   .     

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

& 

     


 



U E
N IQ

     
 0  D ? G 
  



EC H
 
   3) ,
  ' 
A  
 

T
  a
  B( ;
< 
 , Ax = bA R   A RN A A

Y
 9.10'+) &!'*+'&)*+) *S5&:.0+:  G A  ) 

POL 1  i = k A

LE
Ai,(j,k) = 1  i = j A

C O 0 
  A  0 )A 
8      R   
 0
A ,6
?6 
  (j, k)  
 j = k   D 
 

 0
 
 0


  )     a
  B( ;
<A 
 ,# 66 

 
  ? 
    0
A  
 
 8   
  

/
 
.   ,0  D  0

E
{x RA | Ax = b, 0 x u} . ;
$<

0,3,:'1',* CC 
IQ U
 " $ $ $S   $ 0)# " ""
$"
$
,
H N
T EC
%9,*:10.1',*C ',
 
     * 
"
Y

,0,--.'0) CC
O L
$31'9.-'1% &): T,1: )*1')0:6 
 R" $"$" &0+$
,3%P  
"$  /
  $ )/
+  R"  4"
$" $"' " 
 )" $" $"+  $*$' 
'
 )$" &
" & 
$/
 E
bi uij

$
$" O
$$- 'C
L $ )"
' 
$/
  R"  /
 " /$ "
$",

&" $ R" $" )"
,
%9,*:10.1',*C ',
 
  
' 
   
* 
-

>)0+'+) CC " 
 




 
'

 
 


 
  

Z + , (



 
 
$'




>)0+'+) CC C

 

$

E

(   
 $'

/2
 
5 n *
R
n 
( 
 ( aij
  
  




U
%
  
(i, j)(
 %
%



 Sn (    


E

IQ
HN
max ai(i) . ;
&<

C
Sn

E
1in

Y T
 " 
 



 


 



 

 

L
PO

max aij xij , ;
-<

LE
xBn Znn
1i,jn

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 * 
  

&"

U E
N IQ
4 Bn *
$



 

  %
 
( $
 +
$



 



EC


 x = (xij ) 


n n

 

H
LY T
i {1, ..., n}, 1 =

xik ,

P O 1kn


LE
j {1, ..., n}, 1 = xkj ,

C O i, j {1, ..., n}, 0

1kn
xij

2 " 
 


.
  

Z
 
 + ,  




*
%
 ' 


:
Bn

 
 J

 
 


 + 
M   
$
E

 K
 6


 




 %
 

 
:
 
$ 

 


 


 
%

 , + V=%E
 6


 

 +  
(  :
n *
R
n 
( %

*
R

U E

:
   
  + r 
(
%



:
   
 
+ r *
R(

 r 1( 

IQ

 


 n 
 


 



 

 $ B


N


 5+   
  $ + $
 

%

 , + N1*
H
>)0+'+)
T EC
CC 0






* %




 %

 Z (
Y
POL
, + 7
7=
  


 Z 

 $

s +   
p 
  *
%
G = (N , A)  
6  & - 
(  


E
$


 

  uij 

 


 + -  I, J N (
 
L
x = (xij ) RA (  
x(I, J) = iI, jJ, (i,j)A xij    $

   
N
O
C

 
 


 S
S
 

 
s  p  s S
p S(
$
 
u(S, S)

 
 
 




 " 
 
 

(S, S) 

 s 
p(
  Z

x

s + p 


 v (
x(S,
x(S, S) S) = v .

' 





 
 Z


s + p
 
5

 


  





 s 
p
2 8
   Z

x 
s + p(   
  Gr (x) =
(N , Ar (x)) 4 Ar (x) *
$



 
 (i, j)
 
 
 (i, j) A

xij < uij (  
 (j, i) A
xji > 0 " 
 
$

 %
 
s + p

U E

 
*
%

 Gr (x)( 
 

 
 

 Z

x

s + p 


  

 

+ 


x(
 
 


 
 



IQ
xij 
(i, j)  (j, i)
 
  %
  


  

 x

 

N

 
 

  
 
(  
 % x
 


E C H
  



 $ $:

 
%
 
s + p 
 Gr (x) ) S $




(S, S)
L T

 [


 
 s 
 Gr (x)(
S 




S 
 N  " 

Y

 



 s 
p  


 
 *

+ 


  Z x

P O
 0




 


 Z 
s + p
 *

+ 


  


LE
$



 s 
p 0$
 
%
@Z 


\


A( 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

&$ 

     


 



U E
@
ZQ\ A( 
7
7=

N IQ
EC H
! ' 

* %



 ( 

 

  
 
( 




T
 Z 

 
s + p
 
 O(v |A|)( 4 v
 


 


$ Z

Y

s + p(
|A|
 

$


POL
)9.0;5) CC , P    LD c
 6

LE
M  2  2
% ;
   ,9 
-<
  

6
O
C
 
      
 
 ,
 , ?
  0

0  D  .
 A  
.  
  2  2
%

  #   (   J  J

3   0 C)
 "
  
     (   L , %    (  
 (    
L 
  (   
 
 
 (  0  
W 
 - & . 
    
   O(nm2 )  

   : n = |N |     ' Y
  m = |A|     '
E
 5    
    &  & ("
    ( 
U
IQ
 J  J
3  
 
 (   s & p &  (   s & p "
 

H N
 
   '  6  

  (   L  +  ( 
8LV
(9  O'  D; I)N! "
 
   
  O(n2 m) D

 
Y EC
    
 
'   L & - 
 > FH 

 
T


E POL
4  
3
  + 

O L
C
   

   #
A .  + E    "A 

     
 ,
 
 0     
;    A 
8 
  .0    8 
<
 ,  
 
 0 , )
 0  ,%1.1 3 
 
 
 .
     A  ,
   
#
   .
 ,
  ?
   ?    


 
   ? , 
. ;   #
   ?
,  
    .
 7%.  ?    00<


!
 #    D 

U E
 30,(0.99.1',* &B*.9';5)  
   ,  EA
N IQ
E C H

 
 ,      

0

 

 J 
 
 
  ,
 . A ?
 . B  
 . C A

 dXY    X ? Y A  0

LY T
  
6   A ? C  
 
 
   A ? C  9

P O
OLE
dAB = min(dAC + dCB ) , ;
<
C

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
%


 *

&&

U E
N IQ
R  min   
 ,0  . C  
 
 
 

EC H
 A ? B  ,
 ;
< 
  
 ,
   

T
#
A 
%;5.1',* &) )--9.*A  .   
 
. d

Y
POL
 
 dXY  
 
 X  Y   . .   ,
P  
 J 
 
    0

  dAB A

LE
A  B  
 . )A  
 .  . 
, .  0
 
 dCB ;
 
A dAC < 
 
  .   C  

C O


 . 0 G H ) 
 8

 .   J , 

 
 8   
 
6 
 
. /
  ,0

. 
 
0A R   P A   
6
  
 .  
0

 
 A 

 8

 A   
6 



 ! &  
 E
(

' 
  0  
 
A 
     6
U E
IQ
0  X    F )  G = (N , A)
  A

H N

 ,
   c : A RA 
 
  
 +,M1 +

,
 +4)9'* 
 
  a
  
.   A  
,


Y T EC
       a
[    +'0+5'1  G
,
    )    G    2
  T

POL
;,F<A 
 a
 i N  @ .
 
  G    i 
F T 
 , 

O L E
C
viT = min c0 ,1 + + cT 1 ,T . ;<
(0 , . . . , T ) 
0 = i

 8 i  viT A 
 , 
  
 .
 v T (R {+})N A
    =,*+1',* 2.-)50 ; F T < /
 . 
. ;< 
 min = +A  
 . ?  viT = + 
  ,#  
   

 T   i     
    T = 0 J
  
   ;<    

 
 @ . 

 
 
 
A  # 
 
  

 
   
A  
  G  F 9 
A vi0 = 0
 .
 [.  ;<  ? 
 
    6


 T A   0 P  . T     #6
U E
IQ

 . 
   8  
A    ,(
   #6

N
 ;    #  )   +
 $$<

E H
,  
 
 viT   8 . ,F  , A  

C
vk 
 
 0 t T  k N  9 (A  
  
 
 i N A  t 1A
t

LY T ;<
O
vit = min (ci,k + vkt1 ) ,

P
kN , (i,k)A

OLE
vi0 = 0 . ; <

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

&- 

     


 



U E
N IQ
,
 ;< 

 ,  E J  G  6

EC H
  iA  t A  0
    
. i k A  6

T
 ?   G      
.A ,6?6  ci,k 


Y
POL
 G    k  F t 1     ; <  . J
,   

 
 ? I
A   #  @ . , ,
  6
 #
A 
%;5.1',* &) )--9.*A   ?  0 J 

LE

   
  
  
  .
 v 0 , v 1 , . . . (R {+})N 
O
C
  8  
  0 
 
   ) ; < '6
    
. 8 .


viT = min c0 ,1 + + cT 1 ,T + T , ;
<

(0 , . . . , T ) 
0 = i

R (R {+})N 
 .
 
   ? , )

 = 0A  
. ;< 
   8   ,
 
j N A 
U E
IQ
0  k = j
;<
N
k =
+ A

EC H
;
< 8 ?   , j A  viT    G   T 

Y T

   i ? j   8 .
 ;
< .) 
I
 ;<A .  
.

POL
   
 ,
  E

O L E v0 = . ;"<

C
',     
 
   T 
 .  ,
 
E ;<A;"< ,
 )* :)*: '*2)0:)
 #
 
 .
  I ;
< J    A T    
  ?
I
A 

  
 , 1)09'*.-   I (0 , . . . , T ) 
6
 ?      '*'1'.-)  ,
  E @  
  

,
  E 
 
 0%10,(0.&) ' .
 
 
 0   J  , 
. 
,?  ) ,
 
.
 
,     8  I
 
0

,H  ,
  E ;<  
 v t 
  
 ?  
v t1   O(|A| + |N |)A R |A|  |N |   .  0 ,
  0  a
A .  +
  
 
   3A v T 
 

   O(T (|A| + |N |))A ?    .   O(|N |pT )
U E
,
   [8 
    

 T 
  R 


N IQ
H
   p 

 @ 0 ,
   


T E C
  ?   ,
  E ;<A ;"< J   0 = iA

   1   
  ;<A  vT0 = c0 ,1 + vT11 A 

O LY

  r+1  
 vTrr = cr ,r+1 + vTr+1 r1
 * 
A viT =

P
c0 ,1 + + cT 1 ,T + T A  
  
 (0 , . . . , T ) 
   


LE
 0 ;
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
%


 *

&

U E
>)93-)
N IQ
CC *
 
  
  A     ,
 
(
 

EC H
 
   .    
  2
    . 

T
8   FA =A
 
 
A 3
 A  E
 0
 ; ,R

Y
POL
 
(
 .   ? . <  
(
   
 8 T 
A
  =A     A 
       
 cA 

LE
,
 A A 
  8 
 , )    
 @ 
    
 
  A        

C O
  B  ) 
    .
  )  I
  B  /
 

 
 
     8
    
 ,  ,
 0 
A ,
    #
 , .  


A  

 + J
t t1 t1
vH = max(3 + vH , 10 + vA )
t t1 t1
vA = max(12 + vH , 7 + vB )
t
= max(5 + vH , 3 + vA )
t1 t1

E
vB

IQ U
N
= .
0 0 0

H
vH = 0, vA = 2, vB

T EC
'
     
  F

Y
  H  

POL G


O L E 
C C B

C
@

/

  W  
(
    


 
: ,.

1
vH = max(3 + 0, 10 + 2) = 12 ;$<
= max(12 + 0, 7 + ) = 12
E
;&<
1

U
vA

IQ
1
vB = max(5 + 0, 3 + 2) = 1 ;-<
2
vH = max(3 + 12, 10 + 12) = 22 ,
H N ;<

T E C
R ,  
    
   
 @  
 
  

LY
A A  0
 I
 ,0  
 
     ;< ;

O
P
. ,0  = ? 3<A 
  
 
     ;&< ; .  3 ?

LE
=<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

     


 



U E
  
 ,  "
    I
N Q (
 ( G=
%
(N , A) n = |N |
%
 K
 %

Y
 
 "

 %
  
m = |A|

5E C

 8(9!
T
h {1, . . . , n}m H

 



-   & 
 
%

c

 89!
t {1, . . . , n}m
 % & 
   
 &    "
  Y
c Rm
A 1
  
 -
m

P O
ck = ci,j  L
( 

"
   
 % 
(i, j) A

   
k &
 $ %

hk = i tk = j
O(n + m)

O L

 E
*  "
  (
#! 
       '  
 &  
  
O(n + m)
vt v t1

C

 ! &   
  F 
G  #H =

'    0
+4)9'* &) +,M1 9'*'959 
A 
 
  i  j A  ? 
.
   

 0 
 i ? j   G 
  ,  ,
 
0

 


E
 I? .
   
6  J  
  A

  
   
  G  8 9   
 A  
 8
  

IQ U
H N
EC
vi = inf viT = inf c0 ,1 + + cT 1 ,T + T , ;"<

T
T N (0 , . . . , T ) 

Y
T N, 0 = i

POL
R  .
 
  ) 
 
 j    ;< @ 


O L E

  
  (R {+})N 

A  
    

 
 @  
 vi   ? .
  R = R {} ;

C
 ?   ;"< 
. . +A  
A   0 
 
    0 8
A  ,      6


 0  <  8 .
 v .)  
. 
 
E
 
vi = min i , min (ci,k + vk ) , i N . ;"<
kN , (i,k)A

*  . ;<A   ,

  
   

  0  ,H  , 
  k .   ) k A
 
     ;<A    ,H 
 
, j 

E
 
 8
   
  # ;"<   
 
8 .
 + 
,  :,-51',* 9.>'9.-) ,
 



 
 I 
  

IQ U
H N
4%,0?9) CC

 "$  K

$ ,=, T C
 $"$ -
  v *$ ) ,= "
 
"$ &

E
O LY
P
%9,*:10.1',*C @  I?  
 v .) ;"<  v RN
 


LE



  ;"< 7 
 v v   (0 , . . . , T )
  



C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
%


 *

-

U E


N
  i ' v .) ;"<A  
  v r IQ
cr ,r+1 + v r+1 A 
 



EC H
0 r T 1A  vT T  9 P   A

Y T vi c0 ,1 + + cT 1 ,T + T

POL
   ,)
 
 
   (0 , . . . , T )   iA vi vi  3

O LE
v  v A  
  
 v  
   ;"<

C>)0+'+) CC " 
 
$

 
V

 ! 

 
 
 
 L
 I 
  *
%


  
 


>)0+'+) CC >  

*

%

 


    [
i  *
%
( 

 %
 
i +  [ j
 
j = +  
 


 
*
%
$

 
 
, *


 


 (

$
 
V

 ! 


  
( *

+ v  - 

( 

v  RN 
  
$
 
V

 !    $



U E
IQ

 


HN
C = {i N | i min (ci,k + vk )} ,

C
kN , (i,k)A

T E

$ %  %

i C  [ (i)
 

P O LY
vi = ci,(i ) + v(i)

.

L E
 
 


 : C N  " 
 

 
 i C ( 


CO

 
 k
 

k 
  k (i)( $

 


 + C  0

v  v 
@ 
  ;"< 
 
   ) v = f (v)A .
 6
) .   f : RN RN  3
  5  
66  

v ? ,  ,
     ) *
 
 ?  .    
  )A  
 
. ?  
   A ,# 
 .  8 
X  ?  

 ,  @ 
  ( RN 
,  

A )   A  
   A ,6
 f : x  f (x)   *

 f () A
 
   

 f r+1 () f r ()A 
 
 r 0  
 {f r ()}r0 
 P . 
 .
 .
 v  RN  ; 
   
 , 
 
.
 
  :  v  A     . < @  f (v  ) = v 
 
  f  1,
 A  v  
  ) 

  f A   .6
U E
IQ
 v  A  

 f  A v  = f r (v  ) f r ()A 
 
 r 0A
N
H
   ,)
 
  r 0A v  v  A  v    
   )

E C
 f  *

 ,  5  A  8 .
  
  
 
6)  f A  .    
 
.
T
O LY  " T" -

4%,0?9)
E P
CC $
1%0.1',* :50 -): 2.-)50:6
$"$ -
  *$ ) ,=,
{f r ()}r0

L
v

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

     


 



U E
N

    
 
     I
Q
 "
   

H
f
%
 

 
  (   & 
 & 

 

 "
"
   "
 C
f r ()



T
!  &  

 !   
 Y
f () E





  "
  

"
"
 
  %
L  < ("

 (   4V
x = f (x)
   *  
  '     
  
P  O
 "
 
  
 L
O E 5 > 6  66 ( 1 @  ?  II/!  
% 

$ 
"
 %    . @0AD10W 1 .    

C  
 %    
   
  %

    
  %
     .     

/0  
# (5* +     , 2    G    !!  
!0 ! 
" 
 f |N |1 () = v 1  ! G   !!   !0 !

"   G  !%!!
   &
/ !! 44$*   !  
 f |N | () <
f |N |1 ()

U E
0 #C 
      
  (   
  %

 $ 
  
  
 x0 =   xr = f (xr1 ) 
 r 0  %
 &
IQ
("
   xr = xr1  
"
  xr = v         "
 
N
EC H
   %   
% '

 
  "
 |N | 1!
  % &
r = |N |     K   "
 
 
  -    * 0

T
"
        "
   (   
  %
 
Y
POL

<  % 
%   O
1   (   J@  
"
  & ;
 

 < 
     
  %
 6 

L E

       % "
   
O G  

C


7+ ( )  1 , D
  9

v (R {+})N b 
 r  i, k N
G = (N , A)  c : A R F 9

:

9 r 0 b % H     i N  vi i 
I

 r < |N |  b  9
b *
 H
    i N      (i, k) A  ci,k + vk < vi   vi ci,k + vk 
b %
" r < |N | v    
  r = |N |   
   0 !



 
  
  %
   '  
(
+
   
 
  J
    
 &  %
  (    0  


 '   H  5    
 
     * 
 H & A  %  "
  22!  (
+
   & *
  ' 

U E
 
     
 vH = +
    '    
N

   
  <  11 
    ("
 
 
 f 
 IQ
&   /! %
E C H
[f (x)]H =
LY T
max(0, 8 + xH , 1 + xA )
[f (x)]A =
P O
max(2, 1 + xH , 4 + xB )

OLE
[f (x)]B = max(16 + xH , 14 + xA ) .

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
%


 *

-

U E
 
  %
  & 
 x
N
0
=  x = f (x )
1
IQ
0
    
x 0
=
EC H
= (0, 2, +)

Y T x1H = max(0, 8 + 0, 1 + 2) = 1

POL
x1A = max(2, 1 + 0, 4 + ) = 2
x1B
E
= max(16 + 0, 14 + 2) = 12

 O
L x 2
= 
x1 = v, ,

C       % "

      "
   
"
  "
   *
   
B H A
A 

/0  

+  % !



"  <%=

   ! 

 !!   !0 
" 8
  
 6  '  %   (   J@  "
 *
*    "
  
  Y
 i    (i, k)   '
 
 (  ## K  
%    "
  8'   ( 9  

   (    *    
  (   J@ 
U E
    
  
 
  (   - 
    

N IQ
(  "
   
  - *  
!    - 
%  

EC H
* . 
  
   *  '

 
 "
 J@ 
"
  ( G    
  +

  +  & "
 
T

    
    "
   
 (   i & j   i j  1
%
Y
POL
 Y
  ;& 
         ! .  
   
%
       %    FH 
 
 

O L E
 $  "

  (      
     
  '

  *   
  (     "
 
 
C
 
 %  A "
 NN 
 
   
       
!
, *  Y
   
  v & +  +

 
 

*  
'
 vi min(i , minkN , (i,k)A ci,k + vk ) 
 ("
 i  
 
i    
 '  * %
  "
 
    ,

  
  "
'  
 :  -  * 

 K   
 
  
  (    
 * 1 /!   (  
?.;3 %    FH

/0  
 >   
/ 
 4 ' &
 
 !
   !%'%
>    !  
     (  ! n 5    !
p1 , . . . , pn N   

  !& u1 , . . . , un R 
  P N
   
 

   
'  (  xi = 1   
 i% 5 
 !%'%  xi = 0
 ( &   
 

 ! '    !  
U E
IQ

/!
N
max xi ui .

H
 x {0, 1}n

C
1in
xi pi P

E
1in

  !
  !     1 t n  0 Q P
LY  T

 


P O
max
 x {0, 1}
t
xi ui , /C!

OLE
1it
xi pi Q
1it

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

     


 



U E
  
 &
   
 (  v =
t t

N
t
 IQ
H
vQ (vQ )0QP
4 /  v  !  vt1 '
  
   "  
EC
t

* / 
   
"   
  44* ? 

   
!  

" 8
T
 @
 

" '
 
  & A
Y
POL
max 8x1 + 2x2 + 9x3 . /#!

LE
x {0, 1}3
2x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 6

O
C  "  
     &

/0  
 (5   8  *     , 1
(N , A) c RA 
G =
 !0  NA     
(R {+})N 


.
 ( .   B   ! s   
 T N 

 !! '  &  ! (0 , . . . , m ) 
"      s  0 = s

 
 " 
c , + + c , +   
  
 !   !

0 1

 T    
 !  , + +  , T  (    
   
m1 m m

0 1
!!    
 !     
 <
  
"  " %
m1 m

    
  ! 

 @
! A  &  "  
 !
 !0    B  1  B  6    
 10  
 
  "  44
   


  
  3""
U E
/0  
 +
     
C      D 

I  
&  !  &
E @&" 3 &
E !  H N Q  5 

+  !  !!

    
 
 &

 C

  !  !
(E
  
C    
"
 
 5 
    
 4,,%4,T

 Y
!F   
   
!
  

   
C '
  /
L
 !  E! ' !  ! O
"  E & 

  &
 
  & 
 5 
  P

 

  
  
!

  '  1  
E
0 5
   !  E   '  
  

 

   L
O
 E
 ! ! 2   ! 
     '
C
   !  &
E  
"
"
     
 ! ' !0
  

  "   !!    
   
     

/0  
" (   "    

 2     
  ' !  &!
 (a, b)  a b = min(a, b) 
 

! (a, b) 
a b = a + b      !
 ' - 2
&
 


  29G
4 3  !  
"
  !  (R {+}, , )   

   
 /

 &
.
 H    
      
 
 H 

  "  &
. a a = a    

   =

 !
 


 I . 44$4          ! %

/

E
viT = Mi,k vkT 1 ,
kN

IQ U
H N
&! Mi,k = ci,k  (i, k) A  Mi,k = +  3    

 H
 !

      
 % %

!&   

v t = M vt1 ,  v T = M T .
T E C
O L
?  '

   =

 444 


!&Y
P
LE
v = Mv . //!

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"
%
  % 
-"

U E
2  
 !0     ! 
"   

 I  Q
2  
 
  
  44 
"
 ' N  :
'  
 
(M t )i,k

 H
t i k

C
v = M M = M0 M M2

limT M T = +
T E
 G & 
 )
 44$* 2

 !   

Y
    !!   !0 
"
G
!7! 
" '  G & 

L
+


  !

/ !! 44$*
P O
/0  L E

! @ 
 5 2J& .  5 '  5   K
!L  KL  
C O


! '    M
  5    "  . '     
 ! 
!
   
   ""   
!  ""      

  %
!! +   "   . A
 
 5   ! 




!! 
    
5 8 (    
    5 

! 
     "    
 &
      

! 9! A !
   & '
 

 min  max
    
   &  
  & A %
 
!  &  5  "" N %
 
 &  5  "" N %
 
! 
   &  5  !
  



U E
  
 % &    
  
   "
 
 
 
N IQ''

      "
 5 "
 %       "

H

 
 
 
* "
 
    ( ?3%
C  
   
    "
  *   "
   8 
    '  %   E

   9 K
 
;
 (!
L Y T

P O


O L E
#  


C-
       





@  
,
   
 
   (-,51,* ;L  #MA  6
<A , 

 
  0    ?
 
  A

 ,  ? 
 8 

  8 ,
  A   
I  
     
  
  0  06

  
6A   ,4)50':1';5) (-,51,**) * A  , 

  0     . ?    A   ,
.
   0  
 ;,
 .
0  
L% M<A  
  
    ?     8

.
A  ?        O   
  J ,
U E
?
  #
 ,

 
 ,H  

 

N IQ
E C H
 ,H 
.   ?  
 8
  .  
 #6
A  
  :
 ? .
 , ? ,
      

LY T

  0 
 

   
 8

 

 ;. ?  
I  +
 "" 6 
< /
 
  

P O
     
 

  8  ,  


LE
8

 
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-$ 

     


 



U E
N I Q  #&  =


 .    A     & 
$
   F 

E C H
Y T
@ ,  ?
  6 /
  V ,0 

OL
A  E ,0  HA 
 
 
60  ,0  

P
? 
   V  @   {i, j} E , # 
 H    i 

OLE
j  / 
 
 0 
   6
 A 
  
  ,HA  
 
 .   a
  , 

 

C
 ;  L V M  L E M . 
    L.M  L M<
  ;6<   +,**)>)  
  

 
.
H  
    ;6< 

 
 H 
 +,93,:.*1): +,**)>):A 
   )   ,
. 
 
 R  
 iRj , # 
   i  j  @  =,0U1
 
;6<  
  .0/0) 
 8H  @  
,
 
6 
G  
.
  G  
   G   ,

 H

E
 G    
  ;6<  G = (V, E)A   H 

&) +,M1 9'*'959  ? 

.
 0 
. T   G
IQ U

 ,
 8 G E RA {i, j}  cij A  0  ,.0/0) +,520.*1


H N
EC
cij ,

Y T {i,j}T

POL
 
 ' 0 ,       0
 Q0 A 
 , .
  

 0   
 

L E
  

  )

O
,   B
% 

 
  8H @    8H 6

C
 
    

 H 3 
 A    I
 ?
 8HA  
  H  , I     
A   
G  
 ,   
  8H 
 0 
.

4%,0?9) CC  G = (V, E) " $ 0)# $$$" $$&'  $  $

$"$ 4" /" c : E R'

0"#  Q J
 $" $ /  -$"
 4" $ ,
3)    5 "A 
 O
    
0 
.A   .)   

 
 ,

)99) CC $
)99) &!%+4.*()6  T " $ /  -$"  $ 0)# G ' "
U
 i " j $"  & "  G ' 
&" $ $  #$  T 
$" i  j , $ E
N IQ
 "'  {i, j} " $ E"  G   $))"$" )  T ' $ /"$" $ $ /

E C H
 -$" 
$ )
 $ E"  
$  #$  T 
$" i  j ) {i, j},

Y T
/
 
.      ,

L

)99) CC
P O
" G " c  $
 A#+ ,=,' " " T $ /
LE
 -$" G ,  "$  -$" $"  -
$",

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"
%
  % 
-&

U E
, T "  4" $  G
N IQ
EC H
, )  #  E" {i, j}   $" ) $ T '
 $  #$  T 
$" i "
T
j "  E" $" # $ "  4" $   0
 cij G
Y
POL
3, )  #  E" {r, s}  T ' )  " " )$" $$& C 0)#
/"$ $ "$" {r, s}  T ' " )  " " E" {i, j} $" $ &"" "

O LE $ 
 " $ C ' crs cij ,

C%9,*:10.1',*C , ; <; < 


 ,  " J
 {i, j} 
 H 
 ,   T A   {r, s} 
 H  ,

 
 T  i  j A  
 cij < crs A  0   {i, j} ?    {r, s}
 T
 
. 0 
.  G  8
 ? 
  T 
/
   ;
<; < +
 
 ,0 
 
 0
  {r, s}  T   
  A C
 C = V \ C 
 
, 
 H {i, j} . i C  j C A  


E
cij < crs  ,

    i ? j  T   {r, s}A
 
  
    ; < ,  8

IQ U
/
  ) ;
<;<  T
 0 .) ;
<A   T 
 0

H N
 G A 
 , 
   
  0 ,H  
 

EC
T  T    @ .  
 T = T   1   A  


T

.
 H {r, s}  T    T     0
 I
 {r, s}
Y
POL
? T  
 
A C A  ,H {r, s} '    

  C  C
 0
 . {r, s} ? T  ' 

O L E

 C  I?
 H  C ? C A ? . {r, s}A   

 
 HA {i, j}A  C  C    T  0
 O

C
{i, j}  {r, s}  T   
 0 
.A ,   , A 
   ;
<  
  G  T   8
 
  ? 
  T   3A
T   
 0 
.  G 
A   T    
 .
T
 H  
 
 T  A    ,#     )
 T  A @   T  = T 

%9,*:10.1',* &5 4%,0?9) CC C     
 ,   B
6
%A 
 ?
  A  .
 0 
. ' 0 .)
,
 "


   
6  '     (   W
3   
O(|E|| log E |) : |E|    '  
( % FH

U E
       ( 
  
;
     I*
N Q

H
  

     
  ;& 
  (  
   '
 K  
 %  '   & *'"

 'C
 
  
 '    T

 *  '    (  "
  Y
E

 % 
&    
L
E
&  
 *  %  & ("

  %
 ;&   * PO
E
 & ;
   * 
 %
 "
"
  "
    ' 
E

LE

  (  
 "
 *

 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-- 

     


 



U E
    '     (   N
I Q  

 

  &
 '!  
%     (

 (  
    T E

C
   / 
 
    H 
 
    %
 "
     "

     (  T 
L Y
 T %   FH
O

P
O

.
LE :  
   
 + +(

C

1  
 ,
 0  +@A
   Q   6
P 
    : ;   A DA  

A < ,
 
 8A  A 
 H .
 0  6
A    #  ,
  K @ 
 0 G 

?  

 
A 
?  6

   
 


E

  0
A . ?  
I  +
 $& 1 ,   
A

 
  
X 
    A ? 0   

IQ

  , 0A 
   
. , U
H N
  
 
.A 

 
A  
 , ? ,


T E C
 & 
7



 $ 
6&


O L Y
P
'   0 0  

O L E min J(x) ,
xX
;"$<

C
. X ) ; <A  J : X R 1       .

;  A L0  0
 M<A  :%3.0.1',*  ?  ,0 X
 
  0   8
 ,
 0A 
 , .   a

  ,0     ;  ? ) 
.0  A   
<A  a
 
 
 A
 
  ,     ,%2.-5.1',* ,A 
 
 a

 s  ,0A 
+,M1 +,*&'1',**)-
v(s) = min J(s ) . ;"&<
s 
     
    s

;  L  M     

A  
  ,0 .  
 
A   8
  0<  
   G    s  
.


 
  0  ;"$< ; 
A 
 s   A ;"&<
U E
N
[  . ;"$<<A , 

 
  )  0 ;"&<A 
IQ
E C H

 
 ,
 ,
  b(s)
G    s J

T
b(s) v(s) , ;"-<

LY

 , . ) 
 
 a
  ,0 /
 
. ,
 A 

O
P
 ;< /,0*) '*=%0')50) 

  /,0*)  

LE
b(s)

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

' 


 



-

U E
N
*,*+% &) -!.-(,0'149) &) :%3.0.1',* )1 %2.-5.1',* IQ
EC H
,     .
  ?   a
  ,0A

Y T
     9 
 ,A   mA  G  

POL

 I? 
.A  
  
   @  , 
. m = + 
  . 
   8
 a
 s
A 

LE
.
  0 b(s)  b(s) mA    ?  ,  0 )
a

C O
sA   G  8
 
 ,# 
. ,  
 
  G   


 A  ,  
a
  s )  

. ,
 ,0 ; 
 .
    
 , +,53)  0  ,0

a
s<  
 b(s) < mA   0 
  0 
 s 
 
  m J  

    , 
,0A   
 a
 )  s 
  . ?
 8
  ,0A 


 
  0 x X  ;"$<A    
,? 
  .

J(x) J  J(x) < mA  
 
 
.  xA    m = J(x)A 

E
,  x ?    , 
 
 
. @ 

 
,  ,0   
a
   8
 


IQ U
,  . 


 8 
 8
      
 R 

H N
0 b   I  
  0 J ,  .    ?

EC

 
  
  0  ;"$<

Y T
POL

--5:10.1',* 7 )>)93-) &5 2,B.()50 &) +,99)0+)

L E
3)     A    0
.# 
  A

O
I? .
  ,9  /
     . 6

C
.# 
  A 
  
  6 +,93-)1 G = (V, E)
;  ) 
 E  8  
      V < @  
V = {1, . . . , n}A . n = |V| /
  ? 
    {i, j}

 
,  tij ; 
 
 0. 
 t{i,j} A    tij = tji


    6<  0
   
.
 
A ,6?6 


   1 , . . . , n  
   G
 
 
 8A 
 
   
t 1  2 + t 2  3 + + t n  1 ;"<

 

9
 ,.
 ;"<  
 
A  


U E

I
 
 
 , 
 1A  1 = 1  
   ) 

IQ


   
 2 , . . . , n1   :%3.0.1',*
0 . ?  6
N
E C H
   ,
 
 
 
   * A  
  
   2 V \ {1 } 
  A    3 V \ {1 , 2 }

LY T

   A    
 I

,? n1     
,0      ?
 
6
 (1 = 1 , 2 , . . . , k )A .

P O
k n 2A 
 
  L
 M  ,   0 8
 

LE
G   ;"&<A        
 
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     


 



U E
N
 1 , . . . , k  @ 
     0 [. IQ
EC H
T
b1 (1 , . . . , k ) = t1 2 + + tk1 k + min t k j +

Y
jV\{1 ,...,k1 }

POL
 
min tm1 + (n k 2) min tjm . ;$<
mV\{2 ,...,k } j, m V \ {1 , . . . , k }

LE
j = m

C O
9 (A  

 ;"<   


  (1 , 2 , . . . , k )A
 t1 2 + + tk1 k A 

  ,H {k , k+1 }A 
 ,   
   ;$<A 

  ,H {n , 1 }A 
 ,  #6

      ;$<A  )A

 (k+1 , . . . , n )
'    

 nk2    

   {1 , . . . , k }A
 
         ;$<A  
  

b1 (1 , . . . , k ) v(1 , . . . , k )
3
  ,     .
A .  0 b1 A
?
    .# 
   '   .  # 7
U E
IQ
 
  2
 
 @   ,0 V = {1, . . . , 5}   

N
  
   
  A    P1 = (0, 0)A P2 =

EC H
(3, 0)A P3 = (1, 1)A P4 = (3, 2)A  P5 = (0, 3) ; 
    . ,9  

<A  tij     
 Pi 
 Pj A ,6?6  
 Pi Pj 1 
Y T
E POL 1 2

O L 3

C 4

 
W  .# 

    7
 
 ,0     
  2
  @ 

a
(1)A 
  ?
 
  .  
 1   . 
   ,   ?    
.   . 
 , .
.A 
 
 H 2A 3A 4A 
5 '     2A  
 
 

a
(1, 2) 
 
 .  ? 
  ,0A .  
 
U E

 
   ' 
 ,.   
  0 
 ,A
N IQ
E C H
m = +A     b1 (1, 2) < m  

 .)A 
  

 b1 (1, 2) *

.  
  8 
 ,0 J  . 
a

LY T
(1, 2, 3) ;
 . ? 
.
  
 <A 
 
a
(1, 2, 3, 4)A

 
 8
A     

  
  0 x =

P O
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)A   m = 16  
   0
  ? , 

LE
  8
  . ?
 8
A    8 
  
a

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

' 


 





U E
N IQ
A 
    ?  8
 
.A 
   
 (1, 2, 3, 5, 4)A 

EC H
 18  
 m   
.
a
  (1, 2, 4)A  , 


T
b1 (1, 2, 4) = 13 < m J   
  )  (1, 2, 4)A 
 8
  


Y
POL
x = (1, 2, 4, 5, 3)A   14A  
  
 
 m J    m = 14 ,

)  (1, 2, 4) 8

 
 
   14A (1, 2, 4, 3, 5)  
.
a

LE

. .  (1, 2, 5)A . b1 (1, 2, 5) = 17 m J  
   
60
  (1, 2, 5)A   
.
a

.  (1, 3) /
   


C O
)  
A    
 x = (1, 2, 4, 5, 3) 
 
    14 


(1)

U E
IQ
(1, 2) (1, 3), b1 = 12 (1, 4) (1, 5)

H N
Y T EC
E POL
L
(1, 2, 3) (1, 2, 4), b1 = 13 (1, 2, 5), b1 = 17

C O

16 18 14 14
x = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), m = 16 x = (1, 2, 4, 5, 3), m = 14

  W    ,0    .

A 
  0 
.# 
     2
 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5)

E C H
CC  0
.# 
    7 

 

.# 
   
A  
 tij     i ?

LY T
j 

  
A A      1    


.# 
   
   O   
 A  ,   

P O
 ,
 
 . 
 
  
 ;
.  #   


LE
 ,
A  0
 .# 
   
   
 A 
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     


 



U E
N
   A <  0
.# 
   ;
 
<  IQ
EC H

  
  0 /*6 : ;.  +
 $$<

Y T
POL
) -!'93,01.*+) &) -. ;5.-'1% &) -. /,0*)
 
 
  
  0 b1  0A  .# 

LE
,    
  
  0  
 /


O
C
.   ,  
  A  
    .#6

    7A   8 .  0 n  
>
 I
 
 #
A   0  a
  ,0  
 .
A  8  n J

n
        

          
      

  n = 15  I?
 
 

 *'

 /
 .   

,  ,)>3-,:',* +,9/'*.1,'0)
U E
+.A      0 b1 P J 
 n k

N
  A   
.    



    IQ
EC H
(1 , . . . , k )  (n k 2) 8  
    H  

T
A  . ? 

 
 
  ,  n @ .  


Y
POL

      ,.
A    0 ,.

0 
 
 
:  L#
M
0

O L E
,0*) &5 1.0/0) 3,50 -) 2,B.()50 &) +,99)0+)

C
1
   ,
  0 
  .# 
   6
  
 
  (1 , 2 , . . . , k )  G A . k n2A 
 
 G  
   
 0   V  = V \ {1 , . . . , k }A ,6?6  
 ,0   V   ,0 ,H E  = {{i, j} E | i, j V  }
/
  (G  )  G 
 ,
 0 
. G   ;+ 
  
,0 
.   )    "A R 
 . 
 .

,

0 
.  G 
  
   O(|E| log |E|)  , 
 B
%< @   0 8
 
.

b2 (1 , . . . , k ) =
t1 2 + + tk1 k + min t k j + min
U E
tm1 + (G  ) ;. $<

IQ
jV\{1 ,...,k1 } mV\{2 ,...,k }

H
1    R  
    

 
A  k = 1A  
 :
N
T E

 . H  ;?    
 
    
 C
    0 b2   
   A  H {1 , 2 }  {k , 1 }

<A  
   
. 0

O LY
P
LE
b2 (1 ) = min (t1 j + tm1 ) + (G  ) . ;$ <
j,mV\{1 }, j=m

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

' 


 





U E
N IQ
'  0A 
A  
 
    /,0*) &5 1.0/0) ;


EC H
160 ,
  
 
6  8 ,
  ,
 0 
. 


T
  
  
  L 1MA  ,
   
 H

Y
POL
  1  ,< * A 
     2
 
A ,6
  B
% 8
  160  G   
  2
 "
 G   160  b2 (1) = 13 9 . ? ,0   2
 A 

LE
. 
  b1  b2 
     .   
a

O
C
(1, 3)A  b2 (1, 3) = 14  

 ; 8A  < ?  .
 m = 14   


  .  .  (1, 3)

1 2

U E
IQ
5

H N

 " W E
160 b2 (1)A 
  0
.# 
   

Y T
0 
 1     EC
 2
 
 ,0 
. G     A  
 H  

POL
5 +4,'> &) -!.0/0) )1 &) -!,0&0) &!)>3-,0.1',* &): /0.*+4):
E
O L
 #    

    ,0  
  6

C
0 X A     
. 
   
 . ? 80
 
0 3A 
 .   
6 $ 
, 
    .#6

   
     .0 A  


 
 {i, j} E
 .0 xij . 1  ,H {i, j}  


   0  3.
   A  
 

 0  6
  ,.
 0A  

    ? )
 .
 ,
 .0 xij ? 0 
? 1  
    , 
 
  .   J   I

 ,  
 X 0 ;A
     ,0<      
,   
 ,D


  G   
A  0
   
  0  
 
 0

E
 ,0 1  H A  m .  .
 ,
 
 0



A 

 +A  8 
,  ? 
 
 X  0

IQ U


 " )
  &   &
 
H N
T E C
  #
 ,0  0 8
 
  .
 

LY

G ,
 0 0  ? 0)-R+4)0 ;
<  0A
O
P
,6?6  ?  ,0  0   ? 0
 0 


LE
8A 8

 0 8
 
  0  
 ,0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     


 



U E
N IQ
 0     A
   Q  ,
0

EC H

    /
 . I? .

   

T
.  0
160 
  .# 
   J  
  

Y
POL
 160  
 
   
 . /
   
 
   

LE
)-.>.1',*: +,*1'*5):
O
C ,:  
     
 
.    
0 0       0  J  0

 0 8
  Q   , 
* 
 
     
.# 
   6
  1F A 2
%A  N 
   "A 
 . ?
,

 0 ? 49 .           6

 
I
 ,
    ? 

   . ;



E

 
   , A  
   ? L@  
 8

IQ U
.  0MA 1 3 A + E0#A > '.dA  \ '%A
8 $" B"#,A 9 .
 '7 -A  6 $"6$"$A  
  ? 
  


 
<
H N
EC
/
         
  .# 
  6

T
 J G = (V, E) 
     ; E  
  H
Y
POL
 
   V <A .
 8  t : E RA {i, j}  tij  3 


A  
 .
 x {0, 1}E  
 xij = 1  {i, j} 8 

A 

O L E
xij = 0  +
A
 .
 x {0, 1}E   
6  
G # 
 H  {i, j}  
 xij = 1  
 8
   

C
    8 
 x {0, 1}E 
 
 ' 

 ,
 
   
 .A x .) 

xkj = 2 , 
 
 j V  ;$
<
kV,{k,j}E

  ;$
<  

:  ? 
 
A  ,0 
H {i, j}  
 xij = 1 
   H  J  8A  
 . 

 x {0, 1}E 
  ;$
<   
 I
 
 3) ,  
 A  
 I
  

.A   :,5:1,50A

U E
IQ

 
 S V,  
 S =  S = V, xkm |S| 1 . ;$<

N
k,mS,{k,m}E

E C H
@ . 8 
 x {0, 1}E .) ;$
<  ;$< A  
 A 

LY T

 
 J  (A 
 .
  ?
 
 .)  A
 
A  
 x {0, 1}E .) ;$
< 



P O
I  
A  
:   

 S ,0    ,
 
6

LE

   
 
 0 k,mS,{k,m}E xkm = |S|A   x .) 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

' 


 



"

U E
N IQ
   
6
 ;$<A    S = V A  
  
 x 6

EC H

 
 ' 
   8
  0  .# 
  

T

     0 

Y
POL
(V C) : min tij xij 
   x {0, 1}E , (11.63), (11.64),
{i,j}E

LE
  0 
X
 0 8
        
O
C
 .0 


(V C) : min tij xij 
   0 xij 1, (11.63), (11.64).
{i,j}E

7   0     ;$<A   0  6


 : (V C)     
 @  ? 
{i,j}E tij xij 
   0 xij 1  ;$
<A  
0  
 
6
 ;$< @ 
. 
  x [0, 1]E  @ . 
 

E
, 
 
 0 S V A S = A S = V A 
 
 ,   ;$< 
U
IQ
.A  
 
  8 ;9 $<  : , ,  A  

N

(V C)   

   
.
 S  
 ;$<    8A

EC H
,  ? 
.
{i,j}E tij xij 
   0 tij 1  ;$
<A
 I
 ,   
6
  ? S  9 

.  
  6

Y T
  I
 
8 , A  0
 ) ?
 
 

POL
(V C)  '   
 , 
    +,53):
/  ( P  #  
  0
0 (V C) A  

L E
t : x  {i,j}E tij xij  8  
 ,     
 , 

O
C

 . ? )
 
   # P 1 P 2 P @
 
 ,0 
 P 1 ,0 )  0 xij 1  ;$
< @ 
,0 t 
 P 1 A   
   
  x1   x1   P A   

(V C) A  

  ;$< .  x1 . ? :%3.0)0 x1 
P A ,6?6  ? 
.
 6 H 1 
  
 x1 H 1 A  P H 1 A
 , 
. . ?  t 
  
.
# P 2 = P 1 H 1 A
0
 L
M P 1  H  , 80
 
 
   #6
   
  
. 
, LM P 
. 

R t   1  
 
. H 8
  

0
  (V C)A  ,  0  
. ,
 
A  
 0A
 , 
: 0  X
  Pe  P 

>)0+'+) CC " 
 


 

(V C) (  
 


 

U E
 

   
 
  


N IQ
H


 
 S V,  
 S =  S = V,

T E C
kV, mS\V,{k,m}E
xkm 2 . ;$"<

LY
" 
(
  
 
%

7
7=
 J
   
$'

.
O
P

$ 
 
   

 x [0, 1]E 

  ! + $

$
* %

LE

Z 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 

     


 



U E
)-.>.1',*:
.(0.*(')**):
N IQ
'   0  
EC H
Y T
POL
 J(x) 
   J
x X,
;$$<

LE
Fi (x) 0, i = 1, . . . , m,

O
Fi (x) = 0, i = m + 1, . . . , m + q,

C
R J, F1 , . . . , Fm+q   8  Rn  RA  X 
 
60 6
.   Rn  '      L : X RA . = (R+ )m Rq 
L(x, ) = J(x) + 1 F1 (x) + + m+q Fm+q (x) .
 J  .
   ;$$< /
 . I?    +
 


,  
I
 ,  
 80
J = inf sup L(x, ) sup inf L(x, ) = sup D() , ;$&<
xX xX

U E
IQ
R

HN
D : R {}; D() = inf L(x, ) ;$-<

C
xX

E
  8
      0)-.>.1',*
.(0.*(')**)  ? 6
T
LY
#   0  ;$&<  0 8
 
  .
 J

O
0   ;$$< /, 
 

     8


P

 0 D() J A    
    
 0 0A 
E
L

 . ?  D @ DA 
 
 )
  8 :A  .

CO
A  ,   
  
  0 0A X  )A D 


 )
 )  8 :A 
 8 *,*&'A%0)*1'./-) ;
8
0 G     < 7 D .   ,,31'9':.1',* *,*
&'A%0)*1'./-)A 
      8 . 6 (0
;
#
A     8 . 6 (0<
/
  0. 
    A  9%14,&) &) :,5:
(0.&')*1A 
          
6 "   

8
 ,0 )    :,5:(0.&')*1 ;
  8 .< 

 :50(0.&')*1 ;
  8 .< 
    8 
 # . ;
 
     
<  
 
   8 . ? .
  R {+}A  #
 
8 . ? .
  R {}A     8 D )

U E
 ;$-<  .  
    .
 ; .
 + ,  0A

IQ
 
 . 
  X = < 
 J  .  Rn  R{+}A 

N
E C H
  J = {x Rn | J(x) < +}  &,9.'*)  J  #
A  J 

 8 .  Rn  R {}A  )  J = {x Rn | J(x) >

LY T
}   ,
    
    8 .A  


 
  
   . #
 
  8 . 

P O

       
 ? #  
 
  
 ? 

LE
  8
  ?  0  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

' 


 



&

U E
Q
I $
HN
%@*'1',* CC  J " $ $"$ $-&  R n
' " 
R {+} x
 J ' $ ))

 :,5:&'A%0)*1')-  J $ x
$/

T E C
Y
J(x) = {p Rn | J(y) J(x) p (y x), y Rn } . ;$<
 
$" 
"   0 $"P O L
$"
J(x)
 $
))
 ,  $"$    5$"

:,5:(0.&')*1:
$"$ $-  $ $" *$ !
" $" E
Rn R {}

O L $ $-$"
$0
" $ ,%,

C  
 
X   1) ;$< 
  
6 ( J(x) 

. 8  Rn  1,
 A  0 J(x)A x  . 
  

  J 

)9.0;5) CC  

6 ( 
. H )  ;$< H

 J ,  .     


 
 J  .A
    J(x) =  
  x  J ;, ?
 
  

E
8 

  =6E<  .   

IQ U
,
.   1) $  
6   .  )  @

  ( )  
6   ,
 8 

 J  Rn 

H N
R {+}A   
 p 
 
6    J 
  x  J  J 

EC
 L

M   8 : y  J(x) + p (y x)A ,6?6 

Y T
J(y) J(x) + p (y x) + o(y x), 
 y x .

E POL

 J  .A     
. ? p J(x)

O L
3
    ?  8
 D     

C
  D ? Rm+q   D() = A  A  
 ) 0
 8
.  Rm+q  R {} 
 X  )A  D =   
6  
  8
 D  
 A ? ,   ,0. 
.

0,3,:'1',* CC  ))$ X *$' " D
 $"$ 
 *$ ) ,%'
" )  " " ' )$ () =  xX L(x, ) = {x X | L(x, ) = D(x)},

' )  " " x ()' F (x) = (Fi (x))1im+q " $  0 $"  D  )$"
,
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
 x ()A  
 
 A   D() D()
L(x, ) L(x, ) = F (x) ( )A  
  
 F (x) 
 
6    D

E

 

)9.0;5)
IQ U
CC  * $ 
 . 80

 
.

H N

  
6 (    8 .  J  Rn  R {+}

.A 
 
 i I A A 
 
 x  J A
T E C
   8 J(x) = supiI Ji (x)A R I 
 0 )A   x  Ji (x) 

J(x) = 


O LY + 
;&<
P
Ji (x) .

LE
iI
Ji (x) = J(x)

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 

     


 



U E
IQ
HN
 
.     8 ,0I  ,9 $"

T E C
 P  I  Rm+q  A  1 , . . . , m , m+1 , . . . , m+q )
(+ +

LY
,.-(,0'149) &) :50(0.&')*1 ;I< 
   8 . D
 ? 
  


P O  

LE
k
k+1 = P k + pk , ;&<
pk 

C O
R 0   0A R pk 
 
6   

  D 

 k A  R k 
 
    8  


k 0, i = + . ;& <
i

. A  .
 k+1 , 0 ) 
  pk = 0 
 pk = 0A , 6
 ,H J k    
  J ; ) H  
6  

E
 
 ,
 
6   
  
 
  8    

U
IQ
<

N

         ,


EC H
 G 
 .   A I?   ,9 $
      #
 /
   


Y T
  G = (N , A)A , (i, j)  

G cij 
 ij  *


POL
)   A      G 
     

 10A

a

 s = 1 
a

 p = 6A   

O L E 1, 4

C
2 4
1, 8 2, 1 2, 2

1 6
3, 6
8, 1 1, 6
3 5
2, 3 ;&
<

@   
 
   .
 c  A    A  A ,
(1, 2) G c12 = 1   12 = 8
  
 
 8
 
 ,0 8
  0 
  8 ;$$< *
 A

 
    .
 E x RA  
 xij = 1 
(i, j)  
A  xij = 0   0  
 
  ,


 s ?
 
 p   

 T , 
U E
IQ


N
 (i,j)A cij xij

   J x {0, 1}A ,

E C H
x 
   s ? p,
;&<

T


O LY
(i,j)A ij xij T .

P
 #  0 G 

  ,
   ;$$< 3A , .6

LE
 
 
 .    L x 
   s ? pM 


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

' 


 





U E
N IQ
8  /
 
 
    .    a


EC H
 B( ;
< 7
    a
 
 
.   J  


T
           ?  )  


Y
POL
LM 0      
 ?
 0 
 A

0  8 
   0  A ,  

LE
  
, 8
 QA   , 
0  A  0
 
 6
0    G 
 9
    A  8

C O
D : R+ R {} ,  (
     
D() = inf cij xij + ij xij T ,
A
x {0, 1}
x 
     s  p (i,j)A (i,j)A

= T + inf (cij + ij )xij .
x {0, 1}A
x 
     s  p (i,j)A

3 )A  
  D() . ? 

 0 
    G

 :.*: +,*10.'*1): &) 1)93:     G cij + ij A  
 

U E
N
 8    #
A  
  H
    
IQ
EC H
 ,
   
A  ,   
 , ;&
< 3

 ,   
6   ;&< 
   *
 1 = 0A  


Y T
8
 
.    G 
 1 6    
  G cij +0ij

POL
1

E
2 4

L
2
1 2

C O 1
8
3
1
6

3 5
2

,0 (0)   

  
 
  (1, 2, 4, 6)A  (1, 2, 5, 6)
   A 
  
 G 4 3A D(0) = 4 0T = 4 1, 
* $A    
6  

p1 = 12 + 24 + 46 T = 4 .

3.
  1 = 1A ;&<  2 = 1A   
.
 
  G
cij + 1ij
U E
IQ
2 5 4
9 3
4

H N
1
9
T E C 6

Y
9

L
7

O
3 5

P
5 .

LE
'    ,   A    H 
6   p2 = p1  9

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     


 



U E
N
   2 = 1A   3 = 2A  
    IQ
EC
9 H
T
2 4

Y
6

L
17 4

PO
1 6
15

OLE
10 13
3 5

C
8 .

 #   8  
  
 J (3 ) = {(1, 3, 4, 6), (1, 3, 5, 6)}A  G 21
9 
A  
6     
 (1, 3, 5, 6)  13 + 35 + 56
T = 0 ,   
6   ,H  J maxR+ D() = D(2) = 3120 =
11 '   (1, 3, 5, 6)    10 T   G 11 = D(2)A 
 .
 
  
  0 Q   A 
  ? 
D()A     0  ;&<  8 
  Q   
8

 

0      9 A 

U E
# 
 
 
A   x      8
 ;$-<A

N IQ
.
 
   
  DA 
. 
. H  )  

  G 
 . ?
 
 ;
6<
0  @
  ,4)50':1';5):
.(0.*(')**):
EC H
T
*
 
  
      A .  6

Y
POL
0
.# 
   
  6  G = (V, E)A 

,
 8  t : E R+ , {i, j}  tij  @ 
   0
.# 


E
  
 8      0 A 
. ? (V C)A

O L
C
min {i,j}E tij xij 
  
E
 {0, 1} ,
x
kV,{k,j}E xkj = 2, 
 
 j V A
x 
   ? |V| H 
. 
  

1

  
 1 V  A 
 
 j V \ {1}A  Q 
 kV,{k,j}E xkj = 2A  0  8
 D : RV\{1} R
  
D() = min {i,j}E tij xij + jV\{1} j ( kV, {k,j}E xkj 2)

  
x {0, 1}E
kV,{k,1}E xk1 = 2

U E
IQ
x 
   ? |V| H 
. 
  


H N
3
 jV\{1} 2j A  P  D()  G 
 ,
 160

E C

   D = (V, E)A  
 H {i, j}  

G tij +i +j A 


T
i, j V \{1}A   
 H {i, 1}A 
 i V \{1}A  
 G t1i +i  '

LY

 ,. I? 
   
6 $A ,   B
% 
O
P
  "  I
  

 160  G 
  

LE
O(|E| log |E|)A  
 
     a
. : ,  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

' 


 


 

U E
N IQ

6   ;&< 
 
  0 
. J supRV\{1} D() ' 0

EC H

0 
  0
.# 
  A 
 ? =  B 

T
0
160 .
   
6 $ [  .  .
 D(0) 0


Y
POL
  8  #      kV,{k,j}E xkj = 2A 


 j V \ {1}

LE
>)0+'+) CC 0

 
  

D()  

&(



O
C

 


 
maxR+ D()

>)0+'+) CC -
 





*
*


 




 

 
+ !2(
$

 + $'

!

>)0+'+) CC

 @
 
A  
 :
*
 




+ 
  *
%

  G = (N , A)(  $
 
 t : A R+ (
+
%
%
   
  

 




 
 %

[  



E


 




*
*

(



 

 %




U
IQ

 

 

*
*
( 

 

  

D() 


+ 

N
 
$
E

 '
  





   




H
EC



O

N
( 
 

 
 
  
 :
*
 



T

 

Y
POL
>)0+'+) CC >
 
 

&;( 
 

 4  
 Ji

E
 
   

 
Rn 
 R  $
 



 + $
 $

L
 (   


$

 


 
 
  0%
 
;(
O
C
 
 

 
  

 + 

 
 >  C 

 



&;  " 
 
C J(x) 2  

0 J(x) ' 
 

*




min t 
   y Rn , t R, Ji (y) t, i I ,

 
 
0 C   0





*

( C = J(x)

   @ "

     ';   
  "
"
  
"
   0
 ,  (      
 !    

 

 


!  ' 
 * <   !
      $  "

 '      
  


  (        '  < 
 *  
U E
IQ
  '  "
   8'9 
  "
    0 #C

H N
 "
  '   & 
%
 (   -   
 Y
 &


 
 (    , 
    '     
E C
     (  
  
 
    
T
 
      (    
 "
  
LY
1
 C 
     ! ,   '   '
O
P
"
  ' 
   
'

  6    4 6
% 

LE

 '      4   
 %
 "

 
   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

     


 



U E
N I
Q
"


        '   5
 B  & 

H
  
 
 % ("
   
 ( * 

'   4    %
 
 C
 B       T E
 

"
"
 %
 
%E %
 
     '  %  ("

Y 
4


   "
O
P L
 ! , 
    ' 
@
  '  1 "
  & 
, '    9'3

LE
  
 
  "
 
  '   4  "
  
 "
   
% 
  '        
 
 
  '  
4 O
C
  
*
   '  9'    '    &
 %   
4   4 K    '  
 (  - & 53
1  5
 B    '  4  $
 
 "

 '     4 "
  %   4
     
%
 
 B   - 
 &


  % 
     - 
 
 '  4 M  ' 

&  0 #/ 
 '  

 
 (  %  
0 #N     4 $ 
  "
  '  4
 %'  
  "
  '  < 
 K  "
   
U E
&  "
 = 4 
 '  
% '  
  

N IQ
 "
 
 
 - ! 
 
 ? A O  . 1 7(
J  IGI  "
 - !
  ! 5 B  
  Z
II/
EC H

T
   
 
  (  &  A$  
Y
POL
 
 (   "
  
   
 
  '  "

 ;
   '   

 
' "
     
L E

 
% "
  (   
 
% &  
   *
+ K  (  ("
   
 "
     
 % 
O
C
  FCH! 
'    %   F/H , (  %  

(
"
 "
  &    
  
 
% 


  ' 1   "
  
 "
     
'   
 (
"
 
 "
 
 %  %
 

.  (   "
  
 
 
 (( '

   
 
 "
   %     %  
 
% &

 
' ,  ("
   + "
   
% 

      '    !      
 
5 "
       
 &     "


   '   
  "


U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

U E
#442': : '2: 2:4#2: !2 ; '<2&
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
/
  0. 

     =0 ;
 


C
 A 
 .# 

  
 T$U< *
 )  6
A     
   ,  =0 
 R

%@*'1',* C C :$ )  @
/" 
" $ ) -"
  R'  $

 $ ) " 
' 
$" x, y'   " )
" ) 
 $    ) "

' $" x = x, x, $ ))

   $ ) -"
$ " )
"
 " "  "  ; #! " $  " $-0$" $"

" ))"$"  "
),

U E
IQ
1 
  
 
 
  V
   =0 A  x, y 

  

H N
%@*'1',* C C :$ $/
 K V
E C' )  " "
" " $-&
T x, y K " " "
LY

[0, 1]'

$" (x + (1 )y)
))"$"  , K

P O
E
 
      I 

 0 . ;.

L
     T$U<
O
C
4%,0?9) C C  $&) 30,<)+1',* :50 5* +,*2)>)6
/", " $ $-&  $$ - ,   " "
K V
" V
x V'
$ )  @


&" $ $ 
xK K "
 
x xK  = min x y.
yK

8 P$  -
$"' xK " " )
 ))"

xK K, xK x, xK y 0 y K. ; <

$ ))

 xK
 )>"$ "#0$
   K  x,

U E
)9.0;5) C C
N IQ
 5     )
  PK A 6

E C H
 
  I 
 ,0 . K A   PK x = xK  @
.)   
 PK  
  80 A ,6?6  


LY T
PK x PK y x y x, y V . ;  <

P O
OLE

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) C C    
  . 8 K 
 
6 .6

EC H
 8 W  1  A   ; <  xW .

Y T xW W, xW x, z = 0 z W.

POL
9 (A  ; <  
:    y = xK z . z 

  W 

O LE

 1 y
 
   & "
 y %

C
n n
K

dn = x y n  d = inf x y
yK
"
 n +.
? "
 yn 
 
  5
( 0
    

  
%
1 n 1 1
x (y + y p )2 +  (y n y p )2 = (d2n + d2p ).
2 2 2
$  %  K  (yn + yp)/2 K   x 12 (yn + yp)2 d2   "


U E
IQ
y n y p 2 2(d2n + d2p ) 4d2 ,

H N
 "
  "
 yn 
 
  5
( 5  V 
   B'  

T EC
    
 yn  %  %
   xK   
   K 
*     xK  & K   "
   d = x xK  5  
 
Y
POL

    %      * 
"
  xK   
  

 minyK x y

L E
1 xK K    
 
 
 y K  [0, 1]  %  K 
xK + (y xK )  & K   
O
C x xK 2 x (xK + (y xK ))2 .

0 %       %

x xK 2 x xK 2 + 2 y xK 2 2 x xK , y xK ,

 "
  
 > 0
0 2 x xK , y xK  + z2 .
0 *  %   '   ! A"
   xK "

%
   
 
 y K  
x y2 = x xK 2 + xK y2 + 2 x xK , xK y x xK 2 ,
U E
IQ
HN
 "
 
% "
 xK  '  ; (   x 
 K 

%@*'1',* C C 
T E C
" V $ )  @
/" ) 
 ) " 
 , , $ )
Y
)

 / #
/"$$  $//
  V $ 

 $//
 (en )n1 

L
PO
$"  V   " "#$
 ) 
 ) " 
 " "

  
) -"

LE
$0$  ) "" 

 " $ $ V ,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 "

U E
" $ )  @
/" ) I
Q
0,3,:'1',* C C 
$ / #
/"$$  ,   " " H
V
N

$"
) " 
 , "
 ' 
&" $ $ 
, 
(en )n1
 "
E
V
C)
 
 "

  
  )"


(xn )n1
T
p x V
$-0 -  $
n=1 xn en x
p

O L Y
"$ -
$*$' " ""  " " *$

, 8 )
' $ 
xn = x, en 

E P x2 = x, x = |x, en |2 . ; 
<

$O "L

n1

C x=


n1
x, en en .



 1 
 
 (x n )n1    "
 limp+ pn=1 xn en = x
  ; 
 en     
   
   p!  
xn = x, en   "
 
% 
   
 (xn )n1  ?   
 
 
 ' (' 
 
 x V  
 
  > 0   y
 ' 
  (en )n1   "
 x y <  OP 
D(   
E

 

   Sp "
 & 
  z V  *  Sp z = zW 
U
N IQ
: zW   ; (  
  
 % W     p  
%
 (en )1np  0 %
 ! (z Sp z)  (  & 
    W  
 
 & Sp z $  
 "

EC H
Y T
z2 = z Sp z2 + Sp z2 , #!

POL
 "
  "


E
Sp z zz V.

O L
5  Sp z      (en )1np   "
 (z Sp z)  (  & (
 
(en )1np   %
 *  "


C Sp z =

p

z, en en .
n=1


 p 
     Sp y = y  y 
  ' 
  (en )n1 
 "

Sp x x Sp (x y) + y x 2x y 2.

$  
  %   Sp x % x .  %    "
 #! 
 2 2
lim Sp x = x ,
p+

"
   
 "
  *
    C!   %
U E
IQ

H N
, ,
 0 0 00 ,   
 
 

E C
  =0   
. 
     
:6

T
Y
 , ,
 0 0 00

0,3,:'1',* C C 
O L
" V $ )  @
/" )/
 ,, 
&" $ 


P
LE
$//
 $ $ V ,
 
&" $ / #
/"$$ $//
  V ,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$ 
  

U E

 1  *    
 I
N Q    
%
H
(vn )n1
 "
 & 
   &  
    
 
;
 

V vn

E
"
  '!   
 
T C O 1(  &  *   '
Y

 *  (   5     
 "
 

 %  L
(en )n1 [v1 , , vn ] = [e1 , , en ]

   .P O 

 ' ('
T % 
   
(en )n1 "
  (vn )n1

LE
V (en )n1

C O
%@*'1',* C C  " "  & )  @
/" 
, :$ ))
"$

V W
$ A  V $ W " " $"$  
&" $ $"$" C "

  
AxW CxV x V.

 )
 )"" $"$" C   -* "" $0
" "
 $ 
))
"$

$ A'  "$" "
A =
AxW
U E
IQ
sup .
xV,x=0 xV

H N
EC

. 
   
. ,
 

,

T
   =0 ;   ,
  

X 
 ,6

Y
  
<  V    )A  
  

POL
  V  W  
A   , 
 .  V   
)

O L E
C
%@*'1',* C C  " V $ )  @
/" 
, $ 
V  "
$/
 

$ +,*1'*5):   V ' " 
$/
  ))
"$
$
$"$   V $ R,  *$"$'
 $  $ 
$" L V  "
|L(x)|
LV  = sup .
xV,x=0 x

1
   =0 
 
    Q 

  +F ;.   
  T$U< 

  , )
  
=0 ? 
  

4%,0?9) C C  $&) 0)30%:)*1.1',* &) '):Q6 " V $ )  @
/"

U E
IQ

' " " V  $ 
,   " " 
$ $"$  L V  
&" $
$  y V "
 
H N
8 )
' $  LV = y,
L(x) = y, x x V.

T E C


O LY

 1 M = KerL 6   
 
 *   V  L  

1 M = V
E P  
 % 1
   "
  
 M = V    
L
L y=0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 &

U E
 1 
z V \M zM M Q  & 
 ; 
  5  I
  
    D(     (  & N
M z zM

H
M z

     1
 
C
M

Y T E z zM

L
z0 = .
z zM 

D
 %

P O


LE
xV

C O %
x = w + z0 =
L(x)
L(z0 )
.

$ %
   "

 L(w) = 0  w M  5 
% "
 V = Vect(z0 ) M  

  zM   z0    w, z0  = 0  "
  "

L(x) = x, z0 L(z0 ),

:  
  % y = L(z0 )z0 
  %! .
   
y = |L(z0 )|,

U E

N IQ
H
|L(x)| x, z0 

C 
LV  = sup = L(z0 ) sup .
x xV,x
=0 x

 
         E
xV,x
=0

"
 
LV  = y
L Y T   x = z0   "
  "


P O
L E
 
  
 
.     2%  & ;


O
 <    
 
. 
  
 ? 8 8 ?

C
,


4%,0?9) C C $ %3.0.1',* &!5* 3,'*1 )1 &!5* +,*2)>)6 " K $ )

" $-& $$ -  "   $ )  @
/" V ' " x0 / K ,
 
&"
$ #!))
$   V   ) ""$" x0 " K ' "   
&" $

$ L V  " R "
  
L(x0 ) < < L(x) x K . ; "<

 4 x  ;  x 

 K  
"
 x
K 0 / K    xK x0 = 0
0
1 L  *   
 
 
 y V  L(y) = xK x0 , y   =
(L(xk ) + L(x0 ))/2 . !   L(x) L(xK ) > > L(x0 ) 
 
 x K   "

U E
(%   
N IQ

E C H
/
 
 ) 0 
   5  7%C% 
 ,


LY T
.
  A 8 .    ,#6
 ,
  K 
 . ,
   =0 V A   4B3)03-.*

P O
&!.335'  K 
  x
 # : H = {y V | L(y) = }A .

LE
L V  A L = 0A  RA  
 = L(x) L(y)A 
 
 y C 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

- 
  

U E
,0,--.'0) C C $B3)03-.* &!.335'6
)$" $"+  $ $-&   $ )H
Q ))  $ " "

&" $ I#!))
$
 N@
/"  $$ *$,
 C
K

 1
  *E
xn x
x

L
  D(   Y T
I
K   
 

K
*
 
 

 * 
xn V \ K

 %

PO
n Ln

  "
 

Ln (xn ) Ln (y) 
  $ 
 (     5 
yK Ln 1 V



 E
   
 (
      "
 &   

V

L
Ln

 
 "
 %  %
 *    "
  
 
O
Ln L

C
  
xn x
 6 
    &    
 
 '
 %
1

L(x) L(y)
   "

Ln (xn ) = Ln (xn x) + Ln (x)
"
 "
  yK
Ln (xn ) Ln (y)   "
  ;


|Ln (xn x)| Ln xn x =
  H = {y V | L(y) = L(x)}

 ( 
  K  x

      
% 
5        
 K
    
 Ln  '
 %
 ( L 
    *'   
 "
 L = 0 5       ' K  
  2 &  
* 

 "
 
 % *   2 
 % D
   K  
E
 *   x 
 
  2 &     *   
U
( 
  x
N IQ

EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

U E
#=#'>:2 =)2 2 )#&  2''2
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
'    ? ,# 

 A  
 

C

  
 
 
  #  ; 
 

      )<A  
 
  .
  .
 
,
  
6 I ;.   
     ,
  

< *
 
   
 .# 
 
.  T U  TU



 3 
 

@  #   0 

  ? 
.  
 

U E
IQ
x Rn ;  <  ,
  0
 
.

H N
EC
Ax = b, ;
<

Y T
R A  ? ,0 Mn (R)     ,  nA  b Rn

POL

 .
   0 E GA    0 8

 ' 
A 

  .0 A   (a1 , , an )A  

L E

  ;
<   

O
C xi =
det(a1 , , ai1 , b, ai+1 , , an )
detA
.

@ 
  
  8
  
: 
  0 7  ,
 A   8
  '  1,1.-)9)*1 '*.&.31%): 
 

:  
 ,
 #  9 (A 
 G   ,



  
  08 J  8
 
 n + 1    
 
 
.    ;
< 
    

 n! 
 3
A     '   
  (n + 1)!

A  
  . 0 J   
 n = 50A   


E
 (
 

  
 8 ?  4 D ;
  ,
  <A    
   ,   4.8 1049  V 7H  


 
   
 
       ' ,
IQ U
H
 .   
   
 
  . ;   0
N
,  #
  ,   n3 <

T E C
/
 . 
 #     
  #  J 

LY
 A ,6?6  
   
  
  
 0
O
P
) ,A    '1%0.1'2):A ,6?6  
 

 
 

LE

  
 .  .  
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



* 

 



U E


"   
  I Q
H N
E C
/
 O      *,09) :5/,0&,**%) 
  6

T
Y
 @  Mn (R) ;. Mn (C)< ,0   

P O L
 ;. < ,  n 7H  ,    
A   A 
   
 
   ?  +6

L E " $ $ -"

   , $
  $ $


 
A       

O
C"

' "  / $$  "" $ -"

' *$ )
%@*'1',* C C  Cn

Ax
A = sup .
xCn ,x=0 x

* 0
         H 8O   .  

0  @ .)  
,
  
0   )  0

  
 Mn (C) 

 Mn (R)
U E

)99) C C "   $ $ "

  / $$   Mn (C),
N IQ
H
,   " " " A'
 $ A "   *$ )
EC
A = sup

LY T Ax = sup Ax.

O
xCn ,x=1 xCn ,x1

E P
, 
&" xA Cn , xA = 0 "
  A = Ax A

L .

CO
xA 
3,  "  $"" -*  Id = 1.
9, $" A " B  & ", $  AB A B.
%9,*:10.1',*C     .       


  8 
 Ax   
 
   {x Cn , x = 1}
   . A   
  
 
 
  , 
ABx A Bx

)9.0;5) C C      

   
0  ? 
6

 
0 .  
      
  ) 

E
n 2  9 (A    Id =
A = |a | n A  
 ,  0 



U
i,j=1 ij

IQ
 
0 

H
@  Ap    
0  ?   . 
 Cn
N
C
n

E
1/p
) 
 p 1  xp = ( i=1 |xi |p ) A  
 p = +  x =

Y T
max1in |xi | @ 
 
      
0 

L
;1 
  
 
   A    I  A<

P O
LE
>)0+'+) C C " 
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 

U E
N
 A2 = A 2 = 
 
 

 *
 
A(

IQ

2 A1 = max1jn ( ni=1 |aij |) (
 
EC H
 A = max1in
Y T n
|a | 

POL
j=1 ij

)9.0;5) C C    

 H    
 

LE
 Mn (R)A  
   Mn (C)  R C   C 
 

O
C
.  Cn A  
 )    R ? Rn 
  

 
.  Rn  *

   A Mn (R)A  
  ) 

  
0  AC  AR 
AxC AxR
AC = sup  AR = sup .
xCn ,x=0 xC xR ,x=0 xR
n

3   
 ) 
. H  4Q 
 8
  
,9 
A   
, [   xC 
   x1 A x2 A

U E

x  ' A 
 ,
  .  
 . AC > AR 

IQ
* 
A   
.   * 
&   0   ) 


N
C    
0  H      ', 

 
 C
H
EC
  1) 
    
0 

T
%@*'1',* C C " A $ " $ Mn (C), $ ))

 !$ )"
 A'
Y
POL
" $ $" (A)'
 &   
  -
  ))  A,

O L E
 #  (A) , 
  
 Mn (C) 9 (A  
 .
(A) = 0 . A = 0 ; A  A
  
 .  F

C

   < ' A   6 
  
 ,
  

,0   

)99) C C  U " $ " $" U = U 1' $  U A2 = AU 2 =
A2 ,  $ $"'  A " $ " $
 A A = AA ' 
 A2 =
(A),
%9,*:10.1',*C ' U U = IdA  
U Ax22 U U Ax, Ax
U A22 = sup = sup = A22 .
xCn ,x=0 x2 x, x
2
xCn ,x=0

1,
 A     .0 y = U x .) x2 = y2 A  
U E
AU x22 Ay22 Ay22
N IQ
AU 22 = sup
H 2 = A2 .
2
= sup = sup

C
1 y2
xCn ,x=0 x2 yCn ,y=0 U yCn ,y=0 y2
2

E
2

LY T
 A  A    0 
 0   .

   
  
   
 A2 =  diag(i )2 = (A)

P O
LE
@     ,
  A .  #  (A)

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



* 
 



U E
$ $  / $$  I Q , $ 
0,3,:'1',* C C " 
H N Mn (C)

T E C (A) A.

L Y "  "

  
C) $"' )  " " " " )  " " 
' 
&" $ $
  O
A  > 0
 / $$
E P
 )$ A 

O L A (A) + . ;
 <

C %9,*:10.1',*C  C
 .
   A  
 (A) = ||A  x0 = 0

 .
   ;Ax0 = x0 < @ 

x0  = (A)x0  = Ax0  Ax0 ,

,R , 
 (A) A '  .
  x0 
 H A 
  ,

  . 
 Cn H 

  

E
;8 +
 
< +
A  
  U .0  

T = U 1 AU  
 

 *
 
 > 0  )
 
  D = diag(1, , 2 , , n1 )    
   T ) 
IQ U
H N
EC
T = (U D )1 A(U D ) = D1 T D

.)
Y T
POL

t11 t12 n1
t1n t11 t12 t1n


T =
O
0
L E 








. T =
0






.

C
      
   tn1n    
0 0 tnn 0 0 tnn

9   > 0A  

  
:  
 
   6
 
  T    
A   
 
A 
 
 1 i n1A

n
ji |tij | .
j=i+1

3 , B (U D )1 B(U D ) 

  
0  ;
 6
  A  < 
 .) 0 ;
 <

U E

)99) C C
 -
$"
" A $ "  Mn (C),   " $ "$  -$" $"
N IQ
, limi+ Ai = 0'
E C H
, limi+ Ai x = 0 )  " " -"  x Cn '
3, (A) < 1' LY T
P O
9, 
&"  $ $ $ "

  / $$ "

   A < 1,
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C 7 
 ,0 
 ;< 
 ; < , 

EC H
Ai x Ai x

Y T
POL
 
 limi+ Ai x = 0 9
A ; < 
 ;
< A  (A) 1A   
 x = 0  
 Ax = x  || = (A)A A  
A  
 Ai x = i x 

LE

  .  .  ' L;
< 
 ;<M 
 
  

C O
  * 
&A    
 
,?  
 ;< 
 ;< *
 A
      
0   
 A < 1A   

Ai  Ai 0 
 i +,

 
  
 Ai  . 



 '



  & 

E
3.       
  # A  
 8

U
IQ
.
  0     0
 
 
 ,  9 (A

N

  
  ,#    
 A      ? 


H
EC

0  0
 
   0  J ,0



T
$ 0 ; 
 8 ? 
 - 
$ (  )8<  8
  8 

Y
 
 .0 
 ,   ? 
   

 ,
 


POL
   

  
  #  
 ,)  

   0 9 
A 
     
  ?

L E
 8 )J+.+): )1 :1./-): ' )  
    
O
C
  *
 
)  A  
     
,
 

%@*'1',* C C " $ $ "

  / $$  
$ $" A -

 8*$"$ 3,,, $ ))

 $ "$$$"  $ " A Mn (C)' 
"
 "" $'
 -
  *$ )
cond(A) = A.A1 .

'     .   

 ,)  6

   ; 0 
< 



0,3,:'1',* C C 
U E
" A $ " $-/
, " b = 0 $ -"  $$ $
,
, " x " x + x
 
"$ )"-  !"+
N IQ
C H
Ax = b ' " A(x + x) = b + b.
E

 $ 
LY T
P O
x
cond(A)
b
. ;

<

LE
x b

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



* 

 



U E

 
"$ )"-  !"+I Q
, " x " x + x
' " C H
N
Y T
Ax = b
E (A + A)(x + x) = b.

POL

 $ 
x A
cond(A) ;
<

LE
.
x + x A

O
8 )
'  $0
" $" )"
,
C
)9.0;5) C C @  
,
   0      6
     ; .
 <  
,      
     3 
  
   * 
A  6

  8
 8  
 
 ,    

 # 


    
%9,*:10.1',*C *
    
A  
 
 Ax = bA
  x A1 .b @A   
 b AxA  
  ;

<
U E
IQ
'     
 
. J 
 
  AA   b 
N
H
x ;
    A<  
 ;

<   8
   9 (A ,


EC
    
0  ;.   
 <   x 

T

 b = Ax    b  
 x = A1 b
Y
POL
*
 0 ;
<  
 
 Ax + A(x + x) = 0A   x
A1 Ax + xA  
 
 ;
< *
   ,A  .

O L E
 
 
 
  A  
 
0 A 
  0
b 
 
  #    4Q 
 
   y = 0  
 A1 y =

C
A1 y  
   
 @  A = Id  b = (A + A)y  @ .)
 
 y = y + x  x = A1 y A   A = ||  0 ,  
;
<

    


  
 

condp (A) = Ap A1 p 
 p = 1, 2, +,

R   Ap   )    
 @ .)
8
  0  
 

>)0+'+) C C ) 



A Mn (C) 
 

U E
 cond(A) = cond(A1 ) 1( cond(A) = cond(A) = 0(
N IQ
2  




( cond2 (A) = n1 (A)
H
( 4 1 (A), n (A)  

 
(A)

E C


 
 



 *



 *

A(
T
O Y
  




( cond2 (A) = |
L |1 (A)| ( 4 |1 (A)|, |n (A)|  

 
n (A)|

P


 
 



 *



 

 

A(

LE
  




U ( cond2 (U ) = 1(

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 "

U E
N IQ
!  




U ( cond2 (AU ) = cond2 (U A) = cond2 (A)

EC H
>)0+'+) C C " 
 

 

 




*  Kh ( 

Y T

  2  
 %

 
   P1





(


POL 4

LE
cond2 (Kh ) . ;
"<
2 h2

C O
  



 

 
 
Kh 


k

k = 4h2 sin2 1 k n,
2(n + 1)

 
 

 
 uk  

 
 




jk
ukj = sin 1 j, k n.
n+1

U E
IQ
)9.0;5) C C  , ;
"<
       6

N
 Kh 0  A . 
 9 (A     
H
EC
) .   h = 1/(n + 1)  . F 3
 A  
  

T

. H 0
 
             7

Y
  A  .0 
 ,  
   0 

  

POL

 ,H  ) 
     
  uh 
(      2 

A  ,    
  

L E
 0 bh
#  Kh Uh = bh ,  

    
O
C
     * 
   ,    
,    A  ,O 
,  0
 

 .
 b 

 .
   Kh  ?  
   .
  n  1, ,96
 

A
  .
   8 
    ; 
     ,
  ? ,
<    0 bh  
 L
M
;,6?6  
,  0   K  .
  uk  Kh <A
 
   
   * 
  0
x b
C(K) ,
x b
R C(K) 
      n ',   
 . 

U

A      I
) ,
      
E
)     ,
 ,    
 
  


N IQ



 5  
E C H
%14,&) &!%-'9'*.1',* &) #.5::
LY T
P O
,           ?  
 ,
 #

LE
     
 9 (A  
 ,
 # A

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$

* 

 



U E
N IQ
T x = bA R   T  
  .0A   8  

0
 
. 9 (A  #

EC H

Y T

POL

t1,1 x1 + t1,2 x2 + t1,n xn = b1




t2,2 x2 + t2,n xn = b2

OLE
   .

  

C

tn1,n1 xn1 + tn1,n xn = bn1


tn,n xn = bn

 
  
 ,0 xn = bn /tn,n A 
 xn1 A    
 I

,? x1 
@     0)9,*1%) ;    ,
  
 8
A
    
 
     
  x1 ? xn  
&):+)*1)< +
 
 ,   
 # T x = b  . 
 T  1  H A    ,  4
 . 
 
# Ax = b  
 ,.    A
U E
IQ
   ,  4
      J

N
;<  J 
 ,
  M .0  
 M A = T  6
H
EC

 

A

T
;<  ? I

 0 J 
 
  M bA

Y
;< 
0
 J 

# 
 T x = M b   6

POL


E
, ,
   M     
 
.   .

L

  
. 
 ,  ,
 
    ,6
O
C
  4


0,3,:'1',* C C  " A $ "  $-/
  $$, 
&" 

$ $ " $-/
 M "

  
 " T = M A " "$0
  )
 ,

     

 
   Ak  1 k n 
 (k 1)        E 
     
   

%    A1 = A & An = T "
  
 

 $  akij 1i,jn
      Ak     %  Ak   akkk  
   
 Ak &   Ak+1  
 
 ' "
  % akkk   
 1
  
  k    %
 
   
      %

U E
IQ
   
 
   &    
      k  
 
   k     *   '      
 %
 k   
H N
E C

    +
   
% $
 Ak 
 
T
 
 P k 
 ' Ak = P k Ak  "
  % akkk   
 1 akkk = 0
LY
  
   P k = Id 1   akik = 0 % i k + 1  
 
O
P
k    %  i    P k = (e1 , ..., ek1 , ei , ek+1 , ..., ei1 , ek , ei+1 , ..., en ) 

LE

      k   
    akik % i k  
   

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 &

U E
  & * S! 
 
 k
N I Q

   
 k

H
A E

 EC

T
1

L
0

PO



OLE
1
E =
k 
 k
a ,
CN!
k+1,k
1

C
k
a
 

k,k

 
k
a

0 an,k
k 1
k,k

 "
   
     k    
     $ 

111
a 11n
a
 
0 

 


U E
IQ
 kk,k
a kk,k+1
a kk,n
a
k+1
=E A =
k k


H N
A
 0 ak+1 ak+1


C  
k+1,k+1 k+1,n


T E  

LY
0 ... 0 ak+1
n,k+1 ak+1
n,n

% ak+1 P O k
kk,j 
 k + 1 i, j n   Ak+1   '  * 
E

a
= akij a a
i,k

L
ij k

 %  k    

"
   E 
    
CO
k,k

(n 1)    An  

 

  %
 An = M A % M =
E n1 P n1 ...E 1 P 1    M  %'  detP i = 1  detE i = 1
$ 
  & ;
    ' & 
 M b! 
*
  & 

"
  
   P k  E k  $ 

 
    ' (bk )1kn

 
b1 = b, bk+1 = E k P k bk 
 1 k n 1,
   ' bn = M b 
 
     Ax = b    
 "
& 

   An x = M b : An = T 
  
 



  #
6 
 "
"
  "
   (  
 O

 $  
 ;  M S $   ' 
   E k  P k 

U E

 M b  An 
 1 A   %'  % 
%
     An = T 
   
N IQ
C H
%  
% 
 T x = M b      
;
 '
E
k + 1 & n
LY T
C  k   
 "
      k + 1 & n     

P O
# 5  

     O
  
 
     

LE
 A 0 +   detA = detT    '  
 +


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-

* 

 



U E
( 

   %  
 %  N
I Q
 
  

/ 
 '
 
 ' 
"
   

 H
   
 
 *
 (  
  % 'C
kkk
a



 $  "
  *
Y
akkk
%T
  
  
 E 

%
 '
 ?  "
  %
  &  
 
  %
kkk
a


! $P  O
    
k L         *    


     
  % ' 

LE
 
"
  *
 %      
  % '
 *
        
C O 
    !
(n k) (n k)

%14,&) &) -. =.+1,0':.1',*


     ? 8   A 
 
  
 

 A = LU A R L  
 8
 ;L 
 LCM   < 

U E
U  
 

 ;U 
 L
M   <  ,   8
H
  
 
  ,  4
    
 R ,* *) 3'2,1)

IQ
<.9.':  8 0  8   AA  

# 
N

 U x = y 
EC H
Ax = b  
. ?   
  
 # 
 Ly = b

Y T
POL
0,3,:'1',* C C  " $ " A = (aij )1i,jn   n "

   " "

  " 0$
   k' *$ )

O L E

C
a11 a1k
,, ,,, ,,
k = , , ,
ak1 akk

$" $-/
, 
&" $ $   )
  " (L, U )' - U "$0

 ) ' " L "$0
 $  !$" $ 0$
  ' "
 
A = LU.

)9.0;5) C C  ,#   * 
" ,  0

9 (A   . A  A A  ) . 9 (A  k ,
 .0A   
 .
  
 xk Kerk     
U E
N
 F  

 .
  
 x = (xk , 0) 
 .) Ax x = 0A  

IQ
    ) 8  A

E C H

LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C
 
,

  ,  4
  ,#   06
  8  
 
    .A ,6?6  
 
  . 6

P O

 akkk   
 3A .     * 

  An =

LE
E n1 ...E 1 A . E k )  ;
$< @  U = An  L = (E 1 )1 ...(E n1 )1 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 

U E
N IQ
3   A = LU     ? .) 
 L  0 
 86

EC H

  
 8  
 (E k )1 ,0 8 ?   E k  6

T
      
   A ,6?6  
A  lik = aki,k /akk,k A

Y
POL

 k + 1 i nA  

1 1

OLE
 
0  0 

C
 

Ek =
1 , (E k )1 =  1 .
   
 lk+1,k   +lk+1,k 

     
     
0 ln,k 1 0 +ln,k 1

 
 
  
 L  
 8
  
  k 6  
 H 
   (E k )1

U E
IQ
1 0 ... 0

l2,1    



H N
EC

L=  .
 
  

Y T 0

POL
ln,1 . . . ln,n1 1

 8
  .) 
  .  ,
  
 ,# 8 


L E
  k  @  .)  
   . a11   
 

O
C
  ? 1 
  .0 @ 
 
 
  . I

,? ,  k 1 
 
 7 
  
.
. akkk  
  
 '  k 1
 .   
A   

  0   Ak  @ 
 ,  (E 1 )1 ...(E k1 )1 Ak = A 
  8 ,
    
 0
k 
k 
k 
L11 0 U11 Ak12 A12
= ,
Lk21 Id Ak21 Ak22 A21 A22
. U11k
A Lk11 A  k  0    k A  Ak22 A IdA  A22  0 
  n k  9 
     
    0A 
0
Lk11 U11
k
= k ,

U E
IQ
R U11
k

  
 

A  Lk11
  
 86
= (Lk11 )1 k 
N

 .   
    @  
 
   U11k

@
E C H
.0  
   .0      


k
detU11 =
# k

LY
akii = 0, T
P O i=1

LE
  . akkk ? , k   


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

* 
 



U E
N IQ
   
 
,? .) ,
  
     6
 A = L1 U1 = L2 U2  @  
 
 L1

EC H 1 1
2 L1 = U2 U1 A R   L2 L1

T
1
 
 8
  U2 U1  
 

  .



Y

& 9   
  
  A       L1

POL
2 L1
   A   L1 1
2 L1 = U2 U1 = Id

O LE

)99) C C  " T $ " "$0
 $ , $ $- 
&"
C
"   $ " "$0
 $  "  
$" 0$ & $"
 $
-  
$" 0$ &  T , " T  $  " " "$0
 $ ,
 ) " T T  "   "$0
 $ ' "  
$" 0$ & $"
 )
"  
$" 0$ &  T "  T ,
/
  

   
 
&

.-+5- 30.1';5) &) -. =.+1,0':.1',*

C @ 
 
  8 LU
U E
IQ
;  < ,
  A   )  A 

 LU  9 
A = (aij )1i,jn A 

H N
EC

T
1 0 ... 0 u1,1 ... ... u1,n

Y
   

L
l2,1    
, U = 0 u2,2

PO
L=
  
,

     
  0  
E


O
ln,1
L . . . ln,n1 1 0 ... 0 un,n

C
 L  
 8
  U 
 

A 
 1 i, j n 
.
n 
min(i,j)
ai,j = li,k uk,j = li,k uk,j .
k=1 k=1

9  )        A   

    L 
 U  3A  . 
  (j 1)    L   U  8
 (j 1)    AA    j 6   A

 
E
i i1

U
ai,j = li,k uk,j ui,j = ai,j li,k uk,j 
 1 i j,

IQ
k=1 k=1

N
j j1

H
ai,j k=1 li,k uk,j
li,j = 
 j + 1 i n.
C
ai,j = li,k uk,j

E
ujj

T
k=1

LY
@ 
   j     j 6   U   n j
O
P
    j 6   L  8  
 (j 1) 

LE
 @ .   . ujj 
   H  
 V

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

  

U E
N IQ
-(,0'149) *59%0';5)C @   
6   8
 , 

EC H
  ?       @ .  . 
 , 


T
  A    J ? , k  
  k 6   LA 


Y
POL
 8 P  F 
      k 6   (
 
0    k 6   . 
     k + 1 ? n '

LE
? , k  k      k 1      
 
  )A  
 % 
 H 0
A   

C O
 AA   Ak  Lk = (E 1 )1 ...(E k1 )1 ;  % 
  
 .
  Lk ?    F  Ak 
      k 1 
< 3  )  0
    L  U ;L    86

 ;     <  U    

<

( k = 1, n 1 )
 k
( i = k + 1, n   i
aik = aakk
ik
    *
( j = k + 1, n
U E
IQ
aij = aij aik akj  
    i  k

N
+  
  j
+  
  i
+  
  k
EC H
Y T
POL
,931) &!,3%0.1',*:C *
 
 ,:  ,    6
     0 ,  ?   ;


L E
  ?   ,
 

  
< @  
 

O
C
  0 ,A    
    .6
 #
 
   n    1 
A 
 )
   
  
  . ;       0
  
H     
<
W 9 
  J  0 , Nop 

n1 
n 
n
Nop = (1 + 1),
j=1 i=j+1 k=j+1


A 
  A  Nop n3 /3
W
0
 ;
6  
  
 # 
< J 
0 , Nop     8


U E

IQ
n
Nop = 2 j,

H N
C
j=1


A 
  A  Nop n 
Y
2
T E
P O L
3
  
 ,
 #  Ax = b       8
   Nop n3 /3   n2    0 . n3 
 n 

LE
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



* 
 



U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) C C  @
 
      8  
 


EC H
   ,. ,
  *
 0 A1 A   A 

T
8
    
 n #  .    0  .


Y
POL
 0 (ei )1in ; 
0
  
A   .
  0 ei  
0
  
A  
    ,   . L<
 0 , 
 
 A1 

OLE n3  j 2
n

C
n2
Nop + + n( ) n3 .
3 j=1
2 2

*
 
    AA   A  8
    

   U ;
  L .
 <A  
   
  
 
  
  U  
 ;n 1 
<  0 ,

 
 detA   Nop n3 /3

%14,&) &) 4,-):DB

U E
N IQ
',
   
  ,
 
,
  #
 A )
. 9  ? 8
  A 
  8 A = BB R B 

EC H

  
 8
 ; B   I 
<

Y T
0,3,:'1',* C C " A $ " !"  

' *$ )"-, 
&"

POL
$ $  " 

 B "$0
 $ ' "

   "   
$" 0
$ & $" )"' "   -*
O L E
C
A = BB .

%9,*:10.1',*C *    * 
"A  



 

  (L, U )  
 A = LU . U 
 

  L 

8
 #
     @  D     )  D =

diag( uii )   0             
"
U 
 
  
    0  
 ki=1 uii =
detk > 0A R k   
6   ,  k   AA  

uii   8 @   B = LD  C = D1 U 
 .) A = BC 
' A = A A   
 C(B )1 = B 1 (C ) 9 .

 
&
  C(B )1  
 

A   
 B 1 C  


U
 B  C   HA      B 1 C , 
 
  A E
8
 9   
  
   1 
A    


IQ
,6?6  
 C(B )1 = B 1 C = IdA  C = B  *
  ,

N
E C H
    '%#A  
 
,  
 8 A =
B1 B1 = B2 B2 A ,R B21 B1 = B2 (B1 )1  1
 
&A   
 


LY T
B21 B1 = D = diag(d1 , ..., dn )A   
 A = B2 B2 = B2 (DD )B2  ' B2
 .0A  . D2 = Id  di = 1 @ 
  :  
 ,


P O
  '%#  8  # 1 di = 1A  
 


LE
B1 = B2 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 

U E
N IQ
.-+5- 30.1';5) &) -. =.+1,0':.1',* &) 4,-):DBC 9 
A  
  86

EC H

  '%# B   )  ,  A = BB   A = (aij )1i,jn A

T
B = (bij )1i,jn . bij = 0  i < j  *
 1 i, j nA  .

Y
POL

n 
min(i,j)
aij = bik bjk = bik bjk .

LE
k=1 k=1

C O
9  )        A ;
  A  
 . 

H 

 A  #
<   
    B  3A  .

  (j 1)    B  8  (j 1)  
 AA    j 6   A  
    
1
2
j 2 
j1
ajj = (bjk )2
bjj = 3ajj (bjk )2
k=1 k=1
 j1

E
j
ai,j k=1 bjk bi,k

U
ai,j = bjk bi,k bi,j = 
 j + 1 i n.

IQ
bjj
k=1

H N
@ 
   j 6   B  8   (j 1)  

EC
3 

  A   G 
A  A  #
 ) .A

Y T
  
     
 8 3
A  A ,

POL
 ) .A  
. 
 ajj j1 (b
k=1 jk )2
0 

   j A 

 H   , 

O L E
-(,0'149) *59%0';5)C ,   '%# 
 ,  8O  6

C
 

 
 0

    A  
   
?


8
 B  +
 
, 
:  %   8
  A 


A  #


( j = 1, n
( k = 1, j 1
ajj = ajj (bjk )2
+  
  k

ajj = ajj
( i = j + 1, n
( k = 1, j 1
aij = aij bjk bik
U E
+  
  k
N IQ
H
aij
aij =

C
ajj

E
+  
  i
+  
  j

LY T
P O
,931) &!,3%0.1',*:C *
 
 ,:      '%# 

LE
  0 , ;

  
<  ?  6

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 

* 
 



U E
N IQ
  0     n 
    0   
,

EC H
T
W 2  '%# J  0 , Nop 

Y
POL


n 
n
(j 1) + j ,

OLE
Nop =
j=1 i=j+1

C W

A 
  A  Nop n3 /6

0
 J  8
 (

  
  
  #

  ? B  B   0 ,  
  
Nop n2 
    '%#   . &)5> =,': 3-5: 0.3'&) 

  4
 

  #
 ) .

.10'+): /.*&): )1 9.10'+): +0)5:):

U E
N IQ

,
   0

  : 
A   
,  +0)5:)  

EC H
  
   ?     A   
   



 /.*&) *
  
 #   ;
  


Y T
      )    
  
  <A 

POL

    ,     %   
 


 #  '      


O L E
:$ " " " " /$ '  
0 
 /$ 

0 
C
%@*'1',* C C

 /$  " 
 ,
# 0$
 pN
A Mn (R)

2p + 1
 
$" -*$" ) 
ai,j = 0 , 
|i j| > p

,H   0  .    

.

>)0+'+) C C " 
 



 
 H

0%
=: 

 
 




 



)9.0;5) C C   8    '%# .  




E
0   A  ,    H  
 

 
 9 A 
A  
 ;H ? ,
 ,
 0 <A  8
 L  U A 
B  B 
LM ;   
< ? ,
   H 0 
IQU
H N
T E C
, 
.   
)   
, #  ?
   0 

LY
>)0+'+) C C " 
 
(  




$
n




*

O
P



p( 

$
 


 
 H
 O(np2 /3)

 


LE

 
 
0%
=:
 O(np2 /6)

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

  "

U E
N IQ
* 
   
 9
 ,0    %

EC H
  
      
 '   % 
 

T
  
   A  0
    0 /
 6

Y

    % A  :1,+D.() ,0:)A 

  A

POL
 

,  ,
  
 
 
      

LE
   
9 0 3 0

C O A=
7 1 0 4
0 5
1 0 1 2
2 0
.

   A  %A     A 

 0
?
 
 

 @ )
 0
  
  
  0
     A 

 J 
  
; ;i<<      
 
   i @  
 0 ,
 0




  
    

 %  
 J  ai,j  %  
(k)A 


(k) = j 

U E
 0   
  A    ?  
.



;

.
 
<  0     A    ?  
.
  
1  A  
N IQ




 
EC H
Y T
POL
9 1 1
3 3 3

E
7 1 6

O L 1 2 8

C
4 4
5 2
2 3
1 1
1 3
2 4

9 A  8    '%# ,

  
 

 8
 LM . 
,  
 ;     
 6
  L M     : 
     
0 < 9 
A   
  
.  
   6
. 
 
 .   
6 
 6 
 9 (A  

U E
IQ
6.
  8 ? .
 .  #  % 

H N
;5'2.-)*+) &!,3%0.1',*: )1 .-(,0'149) &) 10.::)*
$  "
 "
 
  (  
 T C
E  
  
 
        "
  
Y
OL6

n3  % %  A "
 C)!
  
 
% "
  P


  
  n     
 T   

O L E   "
 % 
 

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 $

* 
 



U E
N
      "
 
  
  ' I Q"
 %  ' &
  %

  ' 
  "
!
C H
  # 

 ! T E
 ! 
  Y
 !
 !
  !6!  !1
O L
 

!

   
 !   
    


E
 !   P

 

!   

 

    
 
 

O(n ) 2
  
    
 
L 1   '  
 
 
  ( 
O(n )

O


C  "
   C
I(n)
%

2  ? "
 
  ( 
I(n) Cn
A1


 
  
    ' 
AB   "
  

P (n) C
"
 P (n) C  n %      $  "
 "

 1  
Id A 0 Id A AB
0 Id B = 0 Id B .
0 0 Id 0 0 Id

 "
  
 AB  '
 %
  C * 
  .
U E
P (n) I(3n) C3 n .
N IQ
EC H
1  P (n)   '  
 
 AB 
  (   
"
  C  %
 P (n) Cn  ? "
 
  (  
 

Y T
A1    '  I(n)   "
  C  
 "
 I(n) C  n %

POL
     $  "
 "


E

1


O L A B
=
A1 + A1 B1 CA1
1 CA1
A1 B1
1
.

C
C D

% = D CA1 B  *     1(

! $  

I(2n) 2I(n) + 6P (n),

       0   *

 
 n = 2k   '
 

k1

k1

I(2k ) 2k I(1) + 6 2ki1 P (2i ) C 2k + 2ki1+i .

i=0 i=0

5  2   

I(2k ) C  2k .
1 n = 2k 
 
 k   k  "
 2k < n < 2k+1  $     A 
U E

 
     2k+1
N IQ


A 0


E C H
T
0 Id

: Id    2k+1 n $ '

O LY
P
LE

I(n) C (2 k+1
) C  2 n ,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

  &

U E
 "
   
  IQ
N   
 %!

E
$     
"
 
  H
C ? 

 
%  1

T
n
 
%   *    
 INI   "
   Y
n3

P

   L
"

% 0 + 1   

  (  
O
   
  '

   
  6  n

LE
'

   ( 
O
C5 

%
Nop (n) = O(nlog2 7 ) log 2 7 2, 81. CG!

 
 & * 
  
    K   
% 
  ( 
 
  "
    '    % 
   n
  
;
  
%  
  (  ' & 
 "
 
 


    "
 Nop (n) = O(n )! 0%  
    
     
    (    '  (   1
 +%  
 
  

! ?(

    (  

%  '   ' 
"
   
  
 ! "
  


  "

 (   1  
    
%  ' '  S
U E
  # # (+  - ,      !
N I Q   # 
 ; 
E C H
   C !
  < 
    < !
   
 

 ,   

 Y "
 T



P 
OL


E
a b m1 + m2 m4 + m6 m4 + m5

L
= ,
m2 m3 + m5 m7

CO
c d m6 + m7
%
m1 = (b d)( + ) m5 = a( )
m2 = (a + d)( + ) m6 = d( )
m3 = (a c)( + ) m7 = (c + d)
m4 = (a + b)
$   ' G
  ) 

  
     CC  "
    
  1
 
 %'       
  '  
% 0

   % 
   '
1 
    n = 2k  $ 
    # '  
k1
   "
     1 1     
  

E
2
 
     '  Nop (n) 
 +
  
  

 %

IQ U
N
k k1 k1 2
Nop (2 ) = 7Nop (2 ) + 18(2 ) ,

E C H
   
    n "
 n2  , 
   

L
Nop (2k ) = 7k Nop (1) + 18
Y

k1

T
7i 4k1i 7k (Nop (1) + 6) .

$  
 *  "
   'P O i=0

O L E    Nop (n) %
  ' CG!

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 -

* 
 



U E


 5  $
N IQ
EC H
   .  
  
    

Y T
 
  
 9 (A        
.

POL
.
 G  
   %    08 ;  
 
8  
 '%#    ,   n3 < 'O

LE

       .

C O
%@*'1',* C C " A $ " $-/
, $ $" " $ )"$
0
+  A $ $0
 1)
""$02' "  $  )
  " (M, N ) -
M $-/
 " 
  $- $
 )"  "
  A = M N ,  "# 
""- /  
 )
""$0 (M, N ) " *$ )

x0 $$ $ Rn ,
;
-<
M xk+1 = N xk + b k 1.

U E
  
  
  xk .  .
  x 
 k  .

IQ
,)A A    ?       
 ;
-<A  0
N
(M N )x = Ax = b.
EC H
Y T
POL
* 
A   
  
  . A    8
 

# 

O L E
1,
   .
 
A  8
 . 
  
 H  A ,6
?6  ? 
  xk  
:    
 
 x '

C
  P  xA   
    ,H  
  
 x xk   R
     *   P Ax ;
 .
 b<A 
  ,H
8

  b Axk   ' A     A1    
 
 H 
 

x xk  A1  b Axk  A1 


 
   H 

%@*'1',* C C $ "   $ "#  ""- " $-0$" ' ;5)- ;5)
:,'1 -) +4,'> &5 2)+1)50 '*'1'.- x0 Rn '
  "  
"$ ))# xk
$-0 -
 
"$ &" x,
U E
N IQ
H
@   
     
:  . 

1) 
" 
    # <
T E C
,
   . ? , 
#     , ;. 

O LY
 "#  ""- *$ ) 3, $-0  " 
$" 

)99) C C
P
LE

 !$ )"

 " ""$ M 1 N -* (M 1 N ) < 1,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

  

U E
%9,*:10.1',*C @ ) ,
 ek = xk x @ 
N IQ
EC H
ek = (M 1 N xk1 + M 1 b) (M 1 N x + M 1 b) = M 1 N ek1 = (M 1 N )k e0 .

Y T
POL
* 
 
-A   
 
 ek  . A 
 
  e0 A
  
  (M 1 N ) < 1

O LE
.  "
    
    & 
  *
 

 %
 ! 5 
"
 
 
  
  % 
C  "
 

  #  "  A 
 ! !

  &
   "  
   ! 

 ;  A  &
  A = M N  M 
 2   ! (M + N ) 
!

 '   (M + N )    &
    
(M 1 N ) < 1.

 D
 '  "
 M
+N  ' (  K
(M + N ) = M + N = (A + N ) + N = A + N + N = M + N.

U E
IQ

$ 
    % |x|A = Ax, x 
 Rn "
  '
    A 
N

 %! $  .     
' & |.|A  $ %  "

H
EC
M 1 N  < 1  "
  "
  
  P &   CG $ 


Y T
M 1 N 2 = max |M 1 N v|2A .

O L  
|v|A =1

E P
$     C   v M 1 N   "
 |v|A = 1 
L
1
|M N v|2A = M 1 2
N .
5 
C O
N = M A
|M

1
 '  
N v|2A = 1
AM N v, M N v
w=M
1
1
Av 

= AM 1 (M A)v, M 1 (M A)v
= (Av AM 1 Av), (I M 1 A)v
= Av, v AM 1 Av, v
+ AM 1 Av, M 1 Av Av, M 1 Av
= 1 M 1 Av, M M 1 Av
+ AM 1 Av, M 1 Av M M 1 Av, M 1 Av
= 1 w, M w + Aw, w M w, w
= 1 (M + N )w, w.
$ (M + N )w, w > 0   (M + N )  
 %  w = 0  A  M %'
.
U E
IQ
1 2
M N  = 1 (M + N )w, w < 1,
 "
     
H


N
E C

"
  ( %  
       & 
T

 
  
   
      ( 

LY
     %
 "
  
      
  

O
P
 %   ( 
    * %  %  *
 
 J

LE
(

            
 
%

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net




* 

 



U E
  # " "  
   ! 
 ;   &
I Q
   
N 

  A = MN

H
A M

 "  

 !! 
 
C
b Rn x Rn Ax = b

!E

 
   !      7  
   
 %

  !
 

 $< T
k k Rn xk+1
E 
L Y
O 
  

!    
 

  
P xk+1 = M 1 N xk + M 1 b + k .

O
 L E 

 



(M 1 N ) < 1

C
 k0
k  .
2    
 

 K 

  

  M 1 N  

lim sup xk x K.
k+

 $ 
  

 ek = x k x     ek+1 =
M 1 N ek + k  $  

 k 
k1
 i
U E
ek = M 1 N e0 + M 1 N

N
ki1 .
IQ CI!

H
i=0

T EC
     CG  
    
'  s 
"
 M 1 N s < 1 
"
 (M 1 N ) < 1 $      *2    %
Y
POL
 $ 
    % 
 Rn  "
% K   

 C 1 "
    "
  M 1 N   "


O L E C 1 y ys Cy y Rn .

C
0 ; CI!  %

k1
C
ek s M 1 N ks e0 s + M 1 N is C M 1 N ks e0 s +
1 M 1 N s
i=0

:  '  
 % K = C 2 /(1 M 1 N s )

        

 
    .
0 

  


%@*'1',* C C $9%14,&) &) V.+,/'6

diag(aii )
 0$

" A = (aij )1i,jn , $ $" D =
 A, $ ))

 "#  
/
 "#  ""- 
U E

 )"$
N IQ
M = D, N = D A.

E C H
LY T
 ,    
     . *
 
,  0 )A 
8
 0 G 
     D  .0 * 


P O

 &A    R A  #
 A     N0 .   A 

LE
2D A  ) .

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 


U E
"I Q
. H N "
 0$
'
%@*'1',* C C $9%14,&) &) #.5:: )'&)-6 , $ 
A = (aij )1i,jn
)  
  "
A A = DE F

T C D = diag(aii ) E

E"#   ?  

 "#  ""-

 )" "$0
 $  ""$"' " "
 )" "$0
  )
F

 
 )"$L

O
A
Y
  ""$"  , $ ))



P
O LE M = D E, N = F.

C *
 
     4
6    0 )A  8
 
   D E
 .0A ,6?6  
 D  .0 ;  (DE)  8 ? .
   
< * 
 
 &A  A  #
 
) .A     4
6   . 

%@*'1',* C C $9%14,&) &) 0)-.>.1',* $ 66 " R+ , $ ))



"#   
&"$ C $ $0
 )  1 - - C
&"$2' ) 

)+" '
 "#  ""-  
 )"$
U E
M=
D
E, N=
1
D+F
N IQ

EC H
T
*
 
       0 )A  8
  
  

Y
D  .0 *
 = 1A  
.     4
6    < 1A

POL
  
, ,  ,
    
6A   
 > 1  ?

E

    
6 9 A  
   opt 


L
  #     , M 1 N A   
  
O
C
.  . 

>)0+'+) C C ) A 



%
 


 
 " 
 

 ]0, 2[( 
 %




 
*


>)0+'+) C C " 
 
(  

 %




( 
5
(M 1 N ) |1 | , = 0,

 $



 
*
 
 0 < < 2

%@*'1',* C C $9%14,&) &5 (0.&')*16 " $ )+" 
= 0, $

))

 "#  0 $"
 "#  ""-  
 )"$ U E


N IQ
M=
1
Id " N=
1
C H
Id A .
E
T

LY
  
  0  
 . 
    6
O
P
A   
    
      

LE
8 f (x) = 12 Ax x b x 
 
 
 
   0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net




* 
 



U E

)99) C C
... n , 1 0 n
A
' 

 "#  H N
0 $"
I$Q$-0
" $ " 0$
/
  -
  )) 1 2
)    $
' 
C
-
   ,  0 < 1

$"  0 < < 2/n
Y T
... n
E )"
'   $
' "
 )+"

 "#  0 $" $-0  "
' "
(M 1 N )

P O L "

n 1

LE
2
opt = min (M 1 N ) = .

O
1 + n n + 1

C
)9.0;5) C C  1 ... n < 0A   
 
 #


 ) 8      *

    opt A  #
    , 
 8 
 n /1   A
 
 IA    , 
 
    cond2 (A)  
 A * 
A 
   A  0  A 
  
.     
 

%9,*:10.1',*C 1,   
 $A   

   
  
U E
IQ
.    
  (M 1 N ) < 1 @ M 1 N = ( Id A)A 

H N
EC
(M 1 N ) < 1 |1 i | < 1 1 < 1 i < 1 , i.

Y T
' 
 
 i > 0 
 
 1 i n * 
 
  .


POL
  A . H  
 
H   
    
 
 .     1 0 n A   

   A 
A  

L E
0 < 1 ... n A    
 
, 8
 0 < < 2/n  *
 
 

O
C
  opt A  
 
  8 |1 |  

 ] , 1/] 
  
 [1/, +[A 

(M 1 N ) = max{|1 1 |, |1 n |}.

* 
A  
   8 (M 1 N )   
 ,6
 opt = 1 +
2
n
  
 



 5   
 
I
  
  I

     .   
 


U E
 #      #
  ) .  , 

IQ
,
  
    
  ;

   0

N
.
  A .  1) 

< *
 
   
H
T E C

  I

A  
   ,  B#.

%@*'1',* C C
O LY
" r0 $ -"  $ Rn , $ ))

 )  Q!
- 
 -"  r0 ' " $ $" Kk '
  ) -"
 Rn $0$  )
 k + 1
P
LE
-"  {r0 , Ar0 , ..., Ak r0 },

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 

U E
N IQ
   B#. (Kk )k0 8
 
   
6 .6

EC H
 Kk Kk+1 k 0 ' Kk Rn A  
 . 8 6

T
 ?  ,
    *
 A 
   
 .)

Y
POL

, 
  
 k0 A . 0 k0 n 1A  


dimKk = k + 1  0 k k0 ,

O LE dimKk = k0 + 1  k0 k.

C9  r0 = bAx0 A   8  . 

A 
   
 A ,
xk  ? , : [x0 + Kk1 ] ; )  ,0  .
 x
 
 (x x0 ) Kk1 <A  
 
 
  
rk = b Axk  ?
,  B#. Kk ; 

 r0 <
*
    
 A     L
 M xk 
, : [x0 + Kk1 ]   
  I

 A ?  ,

.
  x0 Rn    
r0 = b Ax0 A ? 

 
 


 k 1
U E
.
 xk [x0 + Kk1 ]  
 rk = b Axk    

6 Kk1 A

" $ " !"  

 *$ N I

)"-Q   , "

  "  ) H

)99) C C A n

"#  0 $" $> 0  " *$' )  E C

'
x0 Rn r0 = b Ax0 ' "(Kk )k0  Q!
-   , 
r0

L "Y
T k1 ' )

O
xk [x0 + Kk1 ] rk = b Axk Kk1 .
P $ $  -"  $$ ) 3,, 8 )
' ""
;
<

  " " k1

O E
' 
&"
"#  $-0L
/$ xk
-
 
"$ !"+
$ $'  )
' ""$,
C
Ax = b n

)9.0;5) C C   

$  

 , 
  6
I

 
,  O

   .   8
   


, .  
 0 ) , ; k0 + 1 R k0  
 
  B#.< ' A   
  ,
 

  . 
 .  L

M  0

   k0 + 1 6
 
.   8  . 

    I

  
   9 (A  
rk    ?
 
6 Kk  
 

  
%9,*:10.1',*C 7 
 ,0 
,  0


 xk 
 6

U
8  # ' A  ) .A  
 )  
 
E
    ,   rk .
N IQ
x, yA = Ax y 
 Rn  @  xk 
  8 xk = x0 + yk . yk Kk1 A

A1 r0 yk , yA = 0
E C H
y Kk1 ,

LY T
 
 ,  ,
 
    yk  I   

P O
A1 r0 
  
6 Kk1 ;
  
  , A < ' 
. ,

LE
 ,
  xk 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net




* 

 



U E
N IQ
 k0   
    B#.A ,6?6  
A 
 


EC H
k k0 A dimKk = k0 + 1 9 
A AKk0 Kk0 +1 = Kk0 A  rk0 +1 = b

T
Axk0 +1 = r0 Ayk0 +1  ? Kk0 
  
    * 
A

Y
POL
rk0 +1 = 0  xk0 +1   
 
# 

LE
)9.0;5) C C   
  I

    

  ,    ? ,  B#. /
 . 
 

C O

A   
.A  
 ,
 
 0  
*
 A xk [x0 + Kk1 ]   
  [x0 + Kk1 ] 

1
f (x) = Ax x b x,
2

0   
rk = b Axk   Kk  8
1 1

E
g(r) = A rr

U
2
. r = b Ax
N IQ

EC H
>)0+'+) C C ) A 


: 

 
 ) (xk )0kn 

Y T


 
%
 

 
 
 %
 *

 5*  

POL
rk = b Axk
dk = xk+1 xk  " 
 

 $



N: Kk

 *
 +

O L E Kk = [r0 , ..., rk ] = [d0 , ..., dk ],

C
 

(rk )0kn1
  %*


rk rl = 0   0 l < k n 1,

 

(dk )0kn1
 5*

 
 + A

Adk dl = 0   0 l < k n 1.

 ) 
 , .      
  I

 

 
 9 (A  ,   
 ,  
 
 rk

E
  ? Kk1 A     
 xk   
   
.

U
IQ
  8
 
 
  
 
  .


0,3,:'1',* C C

E C
" (xk , rk , pk ) "  " *$ )
 
"$   $ HN
" A $ " !"  *$ )"-' " x0 Rn ,

LY T

" )  O
xk+1 = xk + k pk
p0 = r0 = b Ax0 ,

E P 0k

rk+1 = rk k Apk ;
<

OL
pk+1 = rk+1 + k pk

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 
"

U E
-
N IQ
k =
rk 2

EC H" k = rrk+12
2
.

T
Apk pk k

Y

' (xk )0kk +1 "
  "  
"$ ))# 
 "#  0 $"
POL
0
$> 0  *$ ) 3,,

O LE

 6  *    
 "
  

C
rk+1 = rk k Apk
r0 = b Ax0  xk+1 = xk + k pk

 "
 "
  
 rk  '  

 & % rk = bAxk , 
 

*  "
  

rk = rk1 k1 Apk1
r0 = p 0  pk = rk + k1 pk1

 "
 "
 pk  rk  &   W% Kk  
 
 k 0 $  

    
 xk+1 = xk + k pk  "
 xk+1  ' &  
U E
N

    
 "
 rk+1  (  & rj  
 
 0 j k  IQ
[x0 + Kk ] 
 
  
 *
  "
 rk+1  (  & Kk  D
 '

EC H
"
 pk+1  ;

 & pj  
 
 0 j k & "
 Apk+1 pj = 0 
 
Y T
POL
2
r1 r0 = r0  0 Ap0 r0 = 0
 p0 = r0  

L E
Ap1 p0 = (r1 + 0 p0 ) Ap0 = 1
0 (r1 + 0 r0 ) (r0 r1 ) = 0.

C O 

$ 
 "
 ;
"
&  k  
rk rj = 0  Apk pj = 0 
 0 j k 1.
0 j k 1,

? "
   % &  k + 1 
   *
  
 "
 
xk+1  
rk+1 rj = rk rj k Apk rj ,
 & 
    rj = pj j1 pj1  '
rk+1 rj = rk rj k Apk pj + k j1 Apk pj1 .


  ((  
   
 *  "
 rk+1 rj = 0  j k 1
 "
  *
 
 k  "
 "
 rk+1 rk = 0 .
   *
 

 "
  pk+1 
 &
U E
Apk+1 pj = pk+1 Apj = rk+1 Apj + k pk Apj ,
N IQ
   Apj = (rj rj+1 )/j   

E C H
Apk+1 pj = 1
LY T
j rk+1 (rj rj+1 ) + k pk Apj .

P O

 j k 1 ((  
  (   rk+1 "
  % '!

LE

% "
 Apk+1 pj = 0 
 j = k  ' Apk+1 pk = 0 P 
 *
 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


$

* 

 



U E
I Q  (  
HN
k  k  5    
 5   *  (rk )0kk 0
 '  "
 rk = 0 $ rk Kk   "
 = Kk = [r0 , ..., rk ]   
 
E C
      "
 rk+1  ' (  & Kk    
 xk  '
 
 ;

 T
LY

P O
  #
$ $  "
  
 (p )  6+
  & A   
LE
k
(  
  
  x, yA = Ax y 5   "
   

C O
 &  (
 
    
    *
 C!  
 8%9
0 *  
 "
 &   CCI 
   0 C)
 "
  
 dk = xk+1 xk  ;

   & A  "
  
  
  (d0 , ..., dk ) T % Kk  $  
 
  "
  

  
 dk K  "
   (   O 1(  & (r0 , ..., Ak r0 )

  
  x, yA  
  
%   
 pk "
   
 & dk  
% "
 dk = k pk ! OP &     A  *
  O 
1(  "
 
 pk   
 '    '
  "
"


! 
 *
 C!
U E

N
-(,0'149) *59%0';5) 1  
A 
,   
. ,  IQ
EC H

  I

A  8
 ;
<   * 

   

T
   
.

POL
   
 x0
 


r0 = p0 = b Ax0

O L E rk1 2

C

k1 = Apk1

pk1

xk = xk1 + k1 pk1
)
  k 1 rk = rk1 k1 Apk1

rk 2


k1 = rk1 2

pk = rk + k1 pk1

1 
 rk = 0A ,   . A ,6?6  
 xk   

#
Ax = b @  
  .     k0 +1 A R k0 n1  
 
    B#. ;
 ,  P   < ' 
  
A  
 
  
  
I
 
I ?  
 , A
   
.   rk0 +1 = 0 ', 

A  

 ee
  ;#
 104 
108    <A     

U E
IQ
,   .   

rk 
.
H N
r0 

T E C
* 
A 
  #     ;
 
 n  k0  e  eA

LY
 ,   104 ? 106 <A   
  I

 
 

O
P
  .A ,6?6  
, . A 

 6 
A 


LE
0 , 0 8
 ? k0 + 1 ;8 * 
 6 
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 
&

U E
)9.0;5) C C
N IQ
EC H
 9 A   ,  ,  
  
A   , 

T
 
  I

  x0 = 0   

 
  0
Y
POL

( 
  
A  
  x0   
  
 3 
   , 0  8 
,
 
 
 6.
A ?

LE
. Apk A  rk  
   8
  
     

C O rk = b Axk 

 *
   
.   
  I

A  ,  
 %   A 
 0
   
  
 
.
 Ay 
 
 .
 y 
   
  I

   :  
 9  0
6

  . 
 A  
   
#
 ) .

IQ
>)0+'+) C C )  

 %
 *

 5* 

 %
U
H N


(  
 

 

 
 


( k0 = n 1( 

$


EC
 
 


   
 : 



 Nop = n3 (1 + o(1))

L Y T
/
    
  .  
. ;. TU<

"P O
E
0,3,:'1',* C C $ " !"  

 *$ )"-, "

 
"$ &"L
A x
!"+ , "
  "  
"$ ))#
CO
Ax = b xk
0 $" $> 0 ,

 k
 cond2 (A) 1
xk x2 2 cond2 (A)  x0 x2 .
cond2 (A) + 1

@  
    ,
  #
  ) .A 
      8
 cond2 (A) = n /1 A R 1 , n  6
.  
    
   .
   A  * 

   


 
 .
  
   
  I


.  0

 
 . 
   
 
@ 
   
  
  5
 ,0 A   

  I

 8 0 
   . 9 (A H
U E
IQ
   8   n  
 
 . A  
 ,
 
N
E C H
 x  xk ,
 
 
,  1,
 A  .  .  
   
   AA   
  
6

LY T
H  
   
     
  I


.   0

 
 . 
 
   ;  
  .6

P O
  
 
 

,H < 9)A  .   ,
 


LE
  
 cond2 (A)    A ,6?6  
 A  0  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


-

* 

 



U E
0%+,*&'1',**)9)*1
N IQ
EC H
'  .  .     
  I

 

Y T
     AA , 
    
 

POL
#  Ax = b 
  C 1  
     (C 1 A)
 
  
 
  A 9 
  
  C LM  A

LE
 
 8 ? .

O
C "$$$" 
%@*'1',* C C "   
 !"+
$ Ax = b, $ ))

 )$
A' $ " C 
  $- "

   cond2 (C 1 A) "
)
 )""   cond2 (A), $ ))

 !"+ )$ "$$
 !"+  -
$"
C 1 Ax = C 1 b,

9 A   C 1 A , 

 #
A  
  0 


   
  I

 ', 

  
 
.

  L#
M 
 
 . 
 ;


U E
)< 
 C
  #
 ) . 
  
 

IQ
 '%# C = BB  @   #   Ax = b   #

.
H N
EC
x = b, R A = B 1 AB , b = B 1 b  x = B x.
A ;
 <

Y T
  A  #
 ) .A  

 , 
6

POL
 I

 
 
  # /A   P  
I
 
8  '%#  C ;
0   .
   8  
 ,<

L E
  
 # 

  8 , 
  I



O

  # ;
 < 
   R 
 C P ;   8
 B <

C
>)0+'+) C C   


  

 
 
  


 + $
* %

 *

 5*

 : 


2 ) xk = B xk ( rk = B
rk =
b Axk (
pk = B pk  " 
 
$
* %
 *

 5*  2


 $
 



   
 x0
 

 r0 = b Ax0

p0 = z0 = C 1 r0
rk1

E
z
k1 = Apk1
k1 pk1

IQ
xk = xk1 + k1 pk1

rk = rk1 k1 Apk1
)
  k 1
zk = C 1 rk
H N
C



E
zk rk

k1 = zk1

T
rk1

Y
pk = zk + k1 pk1

P O L
 

    :    
 


LE
.    /
  
   0  C

  

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net


   *  

 


U E
N IQ

 
     
    L  6

EC H
M J   ?   C = diag(A)   

 
:A  

T

 8 
.  L  @+M ;
 # @+< 9 

Y
POL
D = diag(A)    ,
  #
 A  E   
8
  
 A = D E E A 
 ]0, 2[A  

LE



D 1 D

O
C = E D E .
2

C

@ .) 
A  A  ) .A  C , 
  # Cz = r 
8 ? 
  C  I? 

 8 8  
  

       .
8 
,. C .
? (
 
  
.     .   ; @+<A
. 
  , #
 ,
  ,


>)0+'+) C C ) A 


$
n 


 
 





 N = 1

  
 $



 h = 1/(n + 1)
U E
IQ

1
N
2 0 0

H
 

EC
1 2 1  

1   
A=h 0

Y T  0

. 

POL
 
  1 2 1

E
0 0 1 2

O L
" 
 
 


  


C opt =
2
 2(1
1 + 2 sin 2n

n
)


 

 



C1 A
 
5 

1 1
cond2 (C1 A) + ,
2 2 sin 2n

 
(  n *
(  *
*
 

 n 
 




*


     L   '%# M  
C   
  8 BB R B   8
 LM   8
 '%#  A ;.  * 
< '  
 8

U E
IQ
B  0
  
 ,   8  '%# ? A  8O
N
E C H
,  bij = 0  aij = 0 '  )  ,  
A ,
  
 
8
 B  
 
 
   AA  ,
  
  
   8


LY T
  0

   ;   
< 
  

8
 
 A  
 ; 
    
       )<

P O
    '%#   
.    

LE

 :  


C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



* 

 



U E


N
   %   %  IQ
EC H
1   
 
  
  .
   

Y T
.
  ,
  #
    #
   

POL
    
  ,   ) ,
 
 
 .
 1  A  .
  .
     

LE
  
  #
 
6I ;. ;&
<<

O
C
*

  .
  ,
  A      #X

 det(A Id) *
 
  .
 A  
 
[. 
, L
:M  8  #X 
  ,   J
  
 4  30 
,  
  
   
; A 
A   <   ,
 #X 


   

 
  ? " *
 , .A  
 
 
 ,

 #X    nA
 
P () = (1)n n + a1 n1 + a2 n2 + + an1 + an ,

U E
IQ
  #X 
 ; .   ?   < 

N
 
1

a1 a2 an
0
EC H
0
A=

Y T 




.

POL
0 
    
    

O L E 0 0 1 0

C
* 
A   
       ;,6?6  
  

 
 0 ) ,< 
  
  .
  V  ,
 
    . 
 
  .
  ;  .

<   
. 
  
 
  .
  .
  ,

 
 Q 0

 
 : 
  
 ,
 # 
2 

A     #
  ;

 
 
 


, 
: 
  <  0 
  
     

6 I
/
  
    #
 ; #   ,
A .
 

:  
 
<      
   
  
   0     4.6=
    


E

 ;


< .
    

    . ? 

U
IQ

  .
  2A     FA 
 L0M 

N
  I

A  ?  0  0
 .  
 


E C H

    
 : 
     




5    


LY T
P O
     
 
  
   
 
  .


LE
 ; 
< ,
  ;
 .
  <     

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  $


  $ 
 

 

U E
N IQ
 
        
  .
  H 
 ,

EC H

  H  ;
 
   ? A ,6?6  
  

T


6     <  A
  #
 

Y
POL
,  nA  .
  (1 , , n ) . n > |i | 
 
 1 i n 1 
    
 
 
  
   .
  n  ) 

LE
,  6 


C O#
, 

  x0 Rn   x0  = 1


,)
    k 1
#
yk = Axk1

xk = yk /yk 

       xk xk1  - 
.

1    .  

  0 A #
   ? 106 

E
 k = xk xk1  A  xk 
 .
    A  .


U
IQ
  yk   Axk yk xk = Ak 

H N
$  ))  
 " A " !"  

'  -
EC
0,3,:'1',* CC

  )) (1 , , n )'   $ / "#$  -"  ))
Y T
(e1 , , en )' "  
 -
  ))  )
 0$ 
 n " )
 " )"-'

POL
"    |1 |, , |n1 | < n , $  ))    
 -"  $"
x0 $"
) "#0$
 en,

 "#  
 ) $ $-0' "   

O L E - x = en.
C
lim yk  = n , lim xk = x
k+ k+

 -"  $-0$ " ))"$$

  ))" |n1 |/|n |

n1 2k n1 k

|yk  n | C ,
xk x  C .
n n

)9.0;5) CC  .    

  .
   yk 
 
   
   .
   xk ;
 
 


<      
 8 
 
    #6

A   .   yk   
    

U E
IQ
n
%9,*:10.1',*C  x0 = i=1 i ei  .
 A . n = 0  .
 xk
  ? Ak x0 = n
i=1 i i ei A ,R  .
k

H N
n1 
T E
k C
xk =

O Y
n en + i=1 i ni
L
ei
 .
Pn1 2  i 2k 1/2

LE
2
n + i=1 i n

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



* 
 



U E
N IQ
' |i | < n   
 
 xk .  . sign(n )en  1 HA  


EC H 
n1 2  i 2(k+1) 1/2
T
2

Y
n + i=1 i n

POL
yk+1  = n
 ,
n1 2  i 2k 1/2

LE
2
n + i=1 i n

C O

 .  . n 
9 
 ;  
  
  .
    

,
 0 
  
<A   

    3-5: 3)1'1)
.
 A  
A  A @ 
       A  
 
     
 .  ,    6 
 @  

  #
  A   
  .
   
  
  . 0 < 1 < |i | 
 
 2 i n
#
, 

  x0 Rn   x0  = 1


,)
    k 1
U E
#
) Ayk = xk1
N IQ

xk = yk /yk 

EC H
T

       xk xk1  - 
.

Y
POL
 k = xk xk1  A  xk1 
 .
    .

  1/yk   Axk1 xyk1
k
= Ak 

O L
0,3,:'1',* CC E $  ))  
 " A " !"  

'  -
C

  )) (1 , , n )'   $ / "#$  -"  ))
(e1 , , en )' "  
 -
  ))  )
 )"" 
 1 " )
 " ""$"
)"-' "    0 < 1 < |2 |, , |n |, $  ))    
 -"  $
"
x0 $" ) "#0$
 e1 ,

 "#  
 ) $ $- $-0'
"   
lim
1
k+ yk 
= |1 |, lim xk = x
k+
- x = e1.
 -"  $-0$ " ))"$$

  ))" 1 /|2 |
2k k
1
yk 1 1 C 1 , xk x  C .
2 2
U E
IQ
    ?    * 
   
  
N


 
 ,

E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC      +
 
  ,
 
 ?
     
 . *
   . A  
 
I


P O
  ?
     A 
,   A Id .


LE
  1 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  $


  $ 
 

 

U E


 5   -$
=8   I Q
H N
E C
    4.6=
     
  
. J 


T
Y
,0 ,   =
  
 

  #
 A 


P O L
    ;  ,(
 
 0 ) ,<A 

,   0  4. 
 8
 ;   .<  .


LE
 ,
    

C

O

)99) CC $&) ,5:)4,-&)06
&" "
(n 2) "#0$

" $ " !"  

  
"

   Hk
A n,

T = (H1 H2 Hn2 ) A(H1 H2 Hn2 )

" " 0$
, K$ 4' A " T $"
 E -
  )),

   A  

 
   (Ak )1kn1  "

A1 = A  Ak+1 = Hk Ak Hk % Hk
  (  (    "

Ak   

  ' 
%


U E
IQ
Tk Ek
Ak =

N
Ek Mk

EC H
: Tk 
       k Mk 
    
n k  Ek 
  
 & (n k)    k   
  
T
  ak Rnk   

Y
     O L

P  
0 0 ak,1
 
E

 
OL  
ak,2
Tk = , Ek = .
    

6 
C
 "



0

0

An1  
 *    $  "
 "
 A  ' 
 

ak,nk

*  
 k = 1 1   Hk 
 


Idk 0
Hk = ,
0 Hk

% Idk     k  Hk     B

(  n k

 
vk (vk )
Hk = Idnk 2 , % vk = ak + ak e1 , CC!
vk 2
: e1     %
   ' "
  Rnk  A "
 "
 Hk ak = ak e1 
 "
 Hk  (    "
 4 "
 Hk  ' 
 "
  vk = 0
U E
  2       k    Ak  ;& 
    
 
 Hk = Idn  ,   
  "
 N IQ
C H

T E  
0 0 ak 


Y

Ak+1 = Hk Ak Hk =
Tk
Hk Ek
(Hk Ek )

P
Hk Mk Hk
O L %
Hk Ek =




0



,

OLE
0 0 0

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net



* 

 



U E
IQ
HN
 Ak+1   ' 
  *  

9
  , 
  #
 
T E C  0  4. 

  6

P O

LY
b1 c1 0

LE
 
c1  
A= ,

C O

0




cn1
cn1
bn

R  
A    A 
 ci = 0 
 1 i n 1 9 (A ,

   i  
 ci = 0A   . 8 


det(A Id) = det(Ai Id) det(Ani Id)

R Ai  Ani  
 
H # 
 A  ,  i  n i
. 1 
 ,0 
  

U E
 "

I Q

)99) CC   1 i n' $ *$" $ " Ai
H N i)

b1
T E C c1
,,, ,,,
0

L
c1

O
Ai = .
,,, ,,,
P


E
ci1

L
O $ )
!$H "" ,   "
0 ci1 bi

C
" pi () = det(Ai I)
  $
pi () = (bi )pi1 () c2i1 pi2 () i 2,
pi -*
 


- p1 () = b1 " p0 () = 1, 8 )
' )  " " i 1'
 )
!$H pi )+ 


))"  -$"
lim pi () = +'
,
,  pi(0 ) = 0' 
 pi1 (0 )pi+1 (0 ) < 0'
3, pi  " i $ 

 "$"   )$" ""$"
 (i + 1) $
 pi+1 ,

 0 % det(Ai Id)   &      '  U E
*
  
       %  
 
< 
N IQ
 pi (0 ) = 0 
E C H
"
 
 
%  
    "
   *
  
 "

2

Y
pi+1 (0 ) = ci pi1 (0 ).

L T
5  ci = 0   pi1 (0 )pi+1(0 ) 0 5     *    pi1 (0 ) =
P O
pi+1 (0 ) = 0    
  "
 "
 pk (0 ) = 0 
 
 0 k i + 1 

LE
"
   ' 
"
 p0 (0 ) = 1

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  $


  $ 
 

 "

U E
Q "
  

          I "

N
H
pi () i
   
"
   "
  ?  

C
i1 ... ii Ai

  T E
"
        
i pi     D
 ' 
pi1
  % 

O L Y i=2

P
p2 () = (b2 )(b1 ) c21


L "
E          ?
 
  "
   
 
(21 , 22 )   
11 = b1  $ 21 < 11 < 22

"
O 
p1 ()

C
pi () i pi1

           $ 


 < 
qi
pi+1 i+1
2i
qi () = pi1 ()pi+1 ().
pi

$ = ;& i 1   qi   pi1 !     i %

     pi !
 "
 qi () < 0 & "

k ) = 0 1 k i 1,
qi (i1 qi (ik ) < 0 1 k i,

%
U E
IQ
i1 < i1
1 < i2 < ... < i1 i
i1 < i .

0 ik  ik+1   qi 

 
 
  k = i1     
%
 

   qi   pi+1   qi  
 "
 i1
k

H N
k       

EC

  
'   % qi  
 
  i1 k  $ k  
i1
i1

Y T
   pi1   k  
   pi+1  ? & 
     


POL
 
% "
 i1 
  
 
  <  pj % 0 j i + 1  "

  '  p0 = 1  "
  %   "
 ("
 

k

ik , ik+1  
 
  k = i1 
<  qi   pi+1 
 
L E
%  
% (i 1)    pi+1 "
    pi   

O
k

C
qi (i1 ) < 0  qi (ii ) < 0  "


lim qi () = +.

$  
   
  
    qi    pi+1  "

   pi 

)99) CC   " " R' $ *$"

0$  pi()  pi () = 0,
sgnpi () =
0$  pi1 ()  pi () = 0.
" N (i, )
 $/  #$0$"  0$ $" 
$" $ " 
 


 $$ E(i, ) = {+1, sgnp1 (), sgnp2 (), ..., sgnpi ()},
' N (i, ) "
 $ U E
/  $  pi   $" ""$" $   ,
N IQ
C H

 $  "
 ' "
 sgnp ()  
   '
T 
"
 
E
T
i
  pi1 () = 0& 
 
  
  CN $   

Y
pi () = 0

  
   %
  

L
i i=1

P O
b1 E(1, ) = {+1, +1} N (1, ) = 0,

O L E
> b1 E(1, ) = {+1, 1} N (1, ) = 1.

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

$

* 

 



U E
$ 
  
 % ;
"
&  i 1
N I Q 
 
(ik )1ki (i+1

H
pi k )1ki+1
  pi+1       $ 

T E C
LY
i1 < ... < iN(i,) < iN(i,)+1 < ... < ii ,


P O
 %
L E C 
  CN 6     '
iN(i,) < i+1 i
N(i,)+1 < N(i,)+1 ,

O
C 11


  
iN(i,) < i+1
N(i,)+1
 
sgnpi+1 () = sgnpi () N (i + 1, ) = N (i, )
i+1 < <   
i
sgnp i+1 () =  
sgnp i () N (i+1, ) = N (i, )+1
#
N(i,)+1 N(i,)+1
1 = iN(i,)+1    sgnpi () = sgnpi1 () = sgnpi+1 ()  N (i + 1, ) =
N (i, ) + 1 & 
 

   
  CN
. 
   N (i + 1, )  '   '    pi+1 *
  
& 

-(,0'149) 30.1';5) &) #'2)*:C @  1 n  .

   A
      *
 
 

  i6 .
  i A
U E
IQ
 
 . [a0 , b0 ]  
   G 
 i  
. ; 

N
H
a0 = b0 = A2 < @ 
   0 N (n, a0 +b
2 ) )    
 &
0

EC
; .
   
 pj ( 2 )A 
 1 j nA  
   8
 
a0 +b0

Y T


 
 $< ,  
. 
 N (n, a0 +b2 ) iA    
 

0

POL
i  ? ,. [a0 , 2 [  
  
. 
 N (n, a0 +b
a0 +b0
2 ) < iA
0

 i  ? ,

 . [ 2 , b0 ] 1 
     . 
a0 +b0

L E

 ,.  
  i  * A ,6?6    

O

  .  ,.  i A    .
   i

C
.   



 5   
E 
    F   
  .
  ,
  #6

  
   ,  B#.A I? 
 ? 
 , 
  I

 '   ;  0
 6
<   : 
        ,  
   
      
      


1  
 
A   A
  #
  ,  nA r0 = 0
Rn
 .
   
A  Kk ,  B#. A     
U E
IQ
.
 {r0 , Ar0 , , Ak r0 } + 
, 
  k0 n 1A 

N
 
  B#.A  
A  k k0 A  8 (r0 , Ar0 , , Ak r0 ) 
0  dimKk = k + 1A   
  k > k0   Kk = Kk0 

E C H
,   F  ? 

 
  .
 (vj )1jk0 +1

Y
  8
  
 
.A 
 2 j k0 + 1A
L T
P O vj

LE
vj = Avj1 (Avj1 vj1 )vj1 
vj1 vj2 , vj = , ;
<

vj 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  $


  $ 
 

 &

U E
N IQ
. v0 = 0  v1 = r0 /r0  *
 
  k k0 + 1A  )
  Vk

EC H
  n k      .
 (v1 , , vk )A  
,
 

T
#
 10'&'.(,*.-) Tk   k k    

Y
POL
vi+1 , (Tk )i,j = 0  |i j| 2.
(Tk )i,i = Avi vi , (Tk )i,i+1 = (Tk )i+1,i = 

O L E
3.  A  
  F .)   
0

C" "

)99) CC   " (vj )1jk0 +1 " /$ *$ ) 3,9  vj  = 0 ) 
1 j k0 +1' "$    vk0 +2 = 0,   1 k k0 +1'
 

 (v1 , , vk+1 )
D$  -
 / "#$  Kk $" " )
 )   ?# "
))
  
 

 (r0 , Ar0 , , Ak r0 ), 8 )
' )  1 k k0 + 1' $ 
AVk = Vk Tk + vk+1 ek , ;
"<
. ek "
 k+ -"  
 / $$   Rk '
Vk AVk = Tk " Vk Vk = Idk ,

U E ;
$<
. Idk "
 "  $""  "

 k k,
N IQ
EC H

 $
' 
   
 C#!   
 (vj )1jk +1 
 2    
% 
    "
  "
% & C#!!
0

Y T
POL

j1

vj = Avj1 (Avj1 vi )vi , vj =

vj

vj 
, j 2, CG!

E
i=1

L
% v1 = r0 /r0  @ - CG!    "
  vj  = 0 1 vj  = 0   "

O
C
 (   &  j   
 vj  (  & vi 
 1 i j 1 

  %
 *  "
 vj Kj1  5   
    W% Kj 
   
 j k0 +1   
 "
  "
  (    
 %
 (v1 , , vj ) * 
 ' (   Kj1   "
 vj 
(  & (v1 , , vj1 )  
 (  & Kj2  0 
  *  (v1 , , vj )

  CG! T %  ' (   Kj1 
   
 O 1(  "
 &  *  (r0 , Ar0 , , Aj1 r0 ) 5 
% "
  ( 
   &    "
  W% k0  & "
 vj  = 0  "

j k0 + 1  vk +2 = 0
0
?  "
  
 C#!  CG!   
 (vj )  "

5  A   "
  

E
i

Avj1 vi = vj1 Avi = vj1 vi+1 + (Avi vk )(vj1 vk ).

IQ U
N
k=1

j 3 H
OP 
  (   (vk )   
 "
 Avj1 vi = 0  1 i
C
 "
 Avj1 vj2 = vj1  .  
 C#!  CG! T
E
LY T
J    C/!       
 "

 

  C#!    vj    Vk Vk = Idk 
 
 ( 
P O
  *  (v1 , , vk )  "
   Vk AVk = Tk '    


LE
 C/! & 
(  Vk  Vk vk+1 = 0

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

-

* 

 



U E
N
)9.0;5) CC ,   F P 
    
6 IQ
EC H
 
 8     ,   =
  .
 

T
/A ,   F , 
  
 
  

Y
POL
    A 
 n  A  
 ,  
  
,    .
 vj   
 

LE
/
     .
   .
  

C O
 A  Tk0 +1 ;
     H     < @ 
1 < 2 < < m  .
    A ;. 1 m n<A 
P1 , , Pm    I   
  
6  6
   A @  


m 
m
A= i Pi , Id = Pi ,  Pi Pj = 0  i = j. ;
-<
i=1 i=1

)99) CC   -
  ))  Tk +1 $" )
 " $"   -
 
E
0
))  A, C) $"'  $  ))   r0 -* Pir0 = 0 )  " " 1
i m' 
 " "
 -
  ))  A $"   -
  ))  Tk +1 "
k0 + 1 = m,
IQ U 0

H N
)9.0;5) CC

Y T EC
1   R Pi r0 = 0 
 
 iA   A  Tk0 +1
   H .
 A  .
 
 .


POL
( 

  .
   Tk0 +1   @ .   6

 
  
,  

    .
  

L E
A  Tk0 +1       
 r0 
  
     0

O
 9 (A  r0 
 .
   AA  k0 = 0    Tk0 +1

C
  


 .
   
   ? r0 

 1  y Rk0 +1


%
  
 %
   "

Tk0 +1 y = y  5  vk0 +2 = 0   C/! % 
 k = k0 + 1 AVk0 +1 =
Vk0 +1 Tk0 +1      
%
 y   ' A (Vk0 +1 y) = (Vk0 +1 y) 
%
 Vk0 +1 y   
  y = 0     Vk0 +1  '  "

Vk0 +1 y  '
 %
   A  &  %
  "
   * 
  &
  i 
A"
   
  
 % Em  Rn     %

(P1 r0 , , Pm r0 ) 1 Pi r0 = 0 
 
 1 i m  %
  '   ;
Pi  
 & 
 (   "
     Em     m
4
   "
      m = k0 + 1  C)!   Ak r0 = mi=1 ki Pi r0 
& "
 Ak r0 Em      W% %
 Kk Em 
 
 k
U E
IQ
0 0 
   "
 "
 dimKk0 = k0 + 1 m  
   '

H N
(P1 r0 , , Pm r0 )  Em    
%
 Ak r0  (k1 , , km )
  
 *  (r0 , Ar0 , . . . , Am1 r0 )  Em     ' (P1 r0 , , Pm r0 )  
 M 
 

T E C

1

1

O LY
21 m1
1


P
M = .

LE
1 m 2m m1

O
m

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 
  $


  $ 
 

 

U E
N
  M 
   > . ?  m I"
Q %'  
 
EC H
i   .  *  (r0 , Ar0 , . . . , Am1 r0 )  ' 
"
 (P1 r0 , , Pm r0 )
 5  "
 "
 dimKm1 = m  m 1 k0  .:  

  "

m = k0 + 1  Em = Kk 
Y T
POL
0
OP &  *
 C)!   A(Pir0 ) = i (Pi r0 ) 5  Pi r0   
   
' 
 %
   A  &  %
  i  5  Em = Kk  "
 
LE
0
  Vk +1 * 
 '  Kk    
 "
 
 %
  

0 0
yi Rm  "
 Pi r0 = Vk +1 yi  $
       CN!  yi 


C O
'
0

Tk0 +1 yi = Vk0 +1 AVk0 +1 yi = Vk0 +1 APi r0 = i Vk0 +1 Pi r0 = i Vk0 +1 Vk0 +1 yi = i yi ,


   yi  %
   Tk +1 
  %
  i  5 "
   
0
 

 

 
  
   
, 8
 
  
6
  F I

,? ,  k0 + 1A 
 
  .
 
 Tk0 +1 ) , 
  .
    .
   A ' 6
U E
     F 0 ?   4.6=
  ;  k0

N
  ,   nA  
    ,    
 < 1IQ
EC H

A 
      F  0 

 ? 


T
   ,   .
 vj 
   .0 
 , 

Y
POL
;.  +
 
 <
2 

A  
 
.  
 
, ,    8

O L E
0

 ,   
  F 
 0  .
 
 Tk 
   0     A ;. k 0

 
 

C

 k0 
n<

0,3,:'1',* CC  " $ $" 1 k k0 + 1, " $ -
  ))  Tk

" y Rk $ -"  )) $$ $
, 
&" $ -
  )) i  A "


 
|ek y|
| i | 
vk+1  
vk+1 ,
y
. ek "
 k+ -"  
 / $$   Rk ,
)9.0;5) CC    
   * 
   
A 
vk+1   A   .
   Tk   0  
U E
IQ
 .
   A  
 
   
  

 J     ,
 .
   Tk  A  

H N
C
.
    
 0  ,
 .
   A

Y T E

 1
 %
   
 y
C/!  y  '
P O L Rk  "
 Tk y = y  ?


LE
AVk y = Vk Tk y + (ek y)
vk+1 ,

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"

* 

 



U E
:  

N IQ
$    
  '  %
C
E H
A(Vk y) (Vk y) = (ek y)
 
vk+1 . CI!
Vk y

L Y T A

O

m

P Vk y = Pi (Vk y).

E   CI! %   &    C)!  

$ L
i=1

C O  


m
Vk y

(i ) |Pi (Vk y)|2 = (ek y) ( C !

vk+1 Vk y).
i=1

0         ; 

  
(     5
(
1(VE  % 2
min |i | Vk y y 
vk+1  Vk y.
1im

'
U E
5     Vk  (    Vk y = y    
 
min |i | 
vk+1 .
N IQ
H
1im

EC
5   
      "
  5
(1(VE 
  < ek , y >
 C ! .    
%
Y T
POL
|ek y|
min |i | 
vk+1  ,
1im y

L E
 "
     
O

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
  $%
&'  POL
O LE
C
TU 3=N3 +BA 734/3/5 5A @+/ NEA "NJ RNA * =A 6
   +.A /C N# ;
<
T U 33+9 4A B3E9+  7A
0+/
$ $  , ;  " &'
  9A * ;  <
T
U E9/37 7A 9 B3+@ /A
U E
$  
"'    , *#6

A *
; "<
N IQ
EC H
TU E9+/3+1 'A 7313Z ZA +3*955 2A 8""$ -"$$

 
)/
+  &
" 

)" ' 7
  3 "A  A
* ; <
Y T
POL
T"U E@//3/ NA 4E9+5 N6'A 973+9'=3 'A 343 5b3E3 'A )
""$ $  ' 7
  3 &A  A * ;&<
O L E
T$U E@/Z N67A ;  $
!, A#  "/ "$ " $
!  < '
C   , *#
A *
; <
T&U E+9b =A $
! $"$$

' 7A * ;-
<
T-U '=>f53 >A $ )0$0A 2  'A /C Z% ;-
<
TU '3+95 *4A $" "$ 
$
! $   "

 " 
)"
"$' 7A * ;- <
TU '3+95 *4A A# *$" 
$" "#   

)" )/
' /6= A
3  ;&-<
TU '3+95 *4A @/ N6A @$ /J  $ 
$
!' /6= A
3  ;<
T U '@@B NA '///4=37 \=A *9ZE3/B \+A
U
'=+N>9+ 3AE
;/$"
)"7"$A \#A /C Z% ;-<
N IQ
T
U '@+3/5 +A =E9+5 +A
C H
B"#   "#"
)#!' N \# g
$" "$ 
)""$' T E
A /C Z% ;-<
TU '@ N6'A

O L Y
"$ $   $ ;UU'

  9A * ;<

P
T"U 13/33 A =9'=5 2A *+@//93 @A

E
L
1
 A * ; 
<

C O "
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

" %



U E
N
T$U 13/33 A N@Z *A B3E9+  7A *@ 59 7A I Q$" "$  


EC H
$"*  )
 )" ' 1
 A * ; "<
T&U 135+3Z +A @/ N6A $
! "#"  " 

$   ) 


Y T
$ "
 "#$ ' 7A * ;--<
POL
T-U 1E@ 2A 19 *+9 EA !"+ #!)/
  
  $-"$ G )

LE
)
"$ 
 !$   07'    , *#
A *

C O ; "<
TU 1>35 4A @/ N6A  $ "$ $ $  " $ )#! ' 1
 A
* ;& <
T U 9B93/1 A 59737 +A $
! $-& " )/
+ -"$$
' 1
 A
* ;&<
T U 9+/ 3A 49+7@/1 N6A
$" *$ O "#' ))
"$'  $
 -' 7
  3
$A  A * ;  <
T U 23++9 *A $
! $  , " )""$'  *#
A 96
A   7% A * ;--<
U E

$" *$' 7A * ;< N IQ
T
U 49@+49 *A ?$"$  ""   

0' ))
"$  & "# 

EC H
T U 4+35 >A +3>3+5 *63A <$" 
$" "#   -"J  
T
"$ O "#! $ 
0"#'  A E ;-$<
Y
POL
T "U 4@>9+ 2A 34/3 7A A/ #' B
CA E ;&<

O L E
T $U 4'=3+195 3A $"0"$, $
! #
/"$$'  *#
A 96
A   7% A * ;-<

C
T &U 319/E3'= 2A ;

5$"
" $"0
'    , *#6

A *
; <
T -U 9735+9 NA '=3E@'=9 N6A B$   " & 
 ' 1
 A
* ;-"<
T U @/ N6A V 
  "#   
"$  )/
+  &
" $$

$' 1
 A * ;$<
T
U @/ N6A 7349/9 9A /
+  &
" $$ #0+$ " ))

"$' 1
 A * ;&<
T
U '/ EA *+@//93 @A $" "$  

$"* ' 7A

E
* ;$<
T
U 7@=37731 EA 3h3' N6=A "  
 
"$ $  ' 1
 A
IQ U
N
* ; 
<

E C H
T

U *31E9+4 7A $ )"7"$ $ &"$$A  A E ;<
T
U *+@//93 @A B"#   
$" *$ ) 
 R  ' 7A *
;--<
LY T
O
T
"U +3>3+5 *63A 5=@73 N67A $" "$ 
$
! $     
P
LE
"$  & - )"

' 7A * ;-
<

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

%

 "

U E
T
$U 39/i@/ NA B$ 
N IQ
 
 & $"$ '    , *#6

A *
;  <
A#! 
$E$ C
H
T
&U '=+N>9+ 3A
;-$<
L Y T $"0 )0$0 A \#A /C Z%

T
-U 59737 +A

P O  "$, A#! $ $ 
$
!'
-"J 37

LE
' *
0 A *. A + ; <

C O

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
C

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
() POL
O LE
C
 I 
 1 
 2
 
(
&
   /
 
 2  E
-  




-"   '2 A "A A &A & A &&
   ?  )

    
)
$
   ?  

-    

U E
IQ
   I


A 
-   

N
   I
 
-$
 B
%
-$


"&
EC H



 
6  
-
Y T .
$

POL
,FC
 
)
$A

0
-$ X --A



&
H
-$
O L E .  80 -
.  

 &

C
0     -

6 I 

. A 

.
6 "
0
"" 8 "
0 0   
0  & G -A
&


  . -& ) . 


&    0 &
 $  &

E

&&   "


&&
. &
. 80 -

.  
$
IQ U
  <


H
( ) "
N
 ;
6< 
 ;<  E C
(0

T

  2

 

O LY 
  4Q


 A  $
P (
8 "&

LE
  
  (
 

 "&

C O "
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 ""

U E
  0

N IQ
  I


  "

EC H
 &

T
8 "&

Y 8

POL
0
 -
. 
 -
 '%# 

LE

   A $& D
&

C O ,
 8 .
$


"A
$
A $
8
G 
0I8 -
 4 $
 
$"  
( 
 $$  &
  ,  &A $ .

&&
 
A 
 8H
-$
 ) 8  $
    & 8
 80 "

U E
8
 . &

IQ
 = &
8
  4 $-A 

N

 

 &
  4
 $
EC H
 
A

-A 


 A &
Y T I


A 

POL
  
 I

. 

L E
.
$$

O

$-

-
 
-$

C
   
&


#0
 

 .  
# ,

$&A &
 E
&&
  
  &
 (
 A $    * &-A 
 !    
 ,9

&
    )
 -
 
 A &
) ? ,) 

. "$ 0 

E

  ,  $&   

 "

  

"

 $A 
IQ U
N
.    , -
,  -$A A $A "A ""
 E -

E C H
.0 -

 =0 

 0. -$
LY T
  
A

 

P O
 ,  $A  A A  

LE

&$ 

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"$ 

U E
 ' "

N IQ
  &
 E06=0 

EC H
 
0  

T
 2%
-

Y 
 $

POL
  a
  B(
&
 
  "A "$A &"A " ,
   

LE
  
 --
O
,
 
"

C
 
8 "$ 
. 
 $

0
 
0   
 ,A    "

  "

"A
$
 


    "A "
A "-A


$
,
-

$$

 
8
 $-


 
#  &A
$
U E
IQ
 4
6   

#  
$

N
 4.6=
  

H
# 
 &
 N0 


EC
# ; < 
 F $
  
 
Y T 
"

POL

"A
$

 /C
&

  

 

O L E

  



 A A
-A  A $A
"A $$

C

6 

  I

 

 .
 .
 &A 
. 
0



  &A $&
0 -
0  &
 -
 '
# &A $&
   $


"A
$

  A A &A A 
&A 
A &A

"A
$

"A $

$$

.      
 -

6  -
  
"


    

  #

&$
U E
IQ
I   

/*6 
N 6  
H N
  ? . ) A A $A

C
$&

E
N 6 &
/.6 % &

&"A
&
LY T

 
 "

O

  +#  
0  * $
P
OLE
 
 $-   &

C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

 "&

U E
  - A
"
N IQ

. &&A "

 


EC H.
  

T

 ; < --

Y .

-

POL

 ;
.< $
   
$ .0 ,
"

.
  

LE
.0 -A A $A $"
+@
" > /
 A $

C O
 
&
 
.


A 
0 "

 
"


 0
"
0

""

E
8 $$
80 "

-
IQ U

"
H N
EC
. "
 "$A
-$
Y T
POL

6 (
&

6  
&
 "

O L E
0 A
&A &

C
 


% A &

 0 $-A -

  -

  -
# 

#  

 B
  5
%


 67  &
U E
IQ
 7%C%
$&
 + &

H N
C
  
 -
A
&

 &&A "
Y T E

 &"

P O L
LE



&

C O
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

"-  



U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
()
E 
&& *
 $( POL
O L
C
 . ,
                                                      &
 6                                                           $
                                                          -$A



   
                                                 A
$A "&
X ,
 0                                                  --A

"
.6 (
 ,
                                  $A &A -$
U E
(
 ,
                                           -$A &A &
N IQ
EC H
  .0                                                                A "
                                                                   -$A


T
                                                               
A 
A &
Y
POL
 #
                                                           $A
&
)                                                                            $

L E
)
  

                                                           
$

O
 
                                                                       -

C

  D
                                               A &A -A 

 

                                                    A  A -
0 
                                                          A

"

 
                                                                 
$

 
                                                        A $A 
0 ,(                                                     -
A
&
0  D                                                              
&
0                                                            -

0
6?6                                                      -A
-

  ,                                                A
&A "A $"
                                                        
"
 
  F                                                       

U E


.# 
                                            -A
-
N IQ
H
.0                                                                      $

T E C
O LY
P
O LE
C
 www.biblio-scientifique.net

  
 "

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
()
E  ($
 $( POL
O L
C
A   I                                                             
 X . .  X                                                  
$$
C k (), C k ()   8 k 8 G .0                 $$
Cc ()   8 ) .0 ? 
         - A -
Cc ()   8 ) .0 ? 
 0                -
D()   8 ) .0 ? 
                -
U E
IQ
D ()   0
                                                  -
N
EC H
ij #0  B%                                                       "-
dx 
 .

 ;  0
<                                              $-

T
ds 
 
8
 ;  0
<                                              $-
Y
POL
.  ,                                                     -
0 ,
 
.                                                          $-

L E
Epi(J)   ,
 8 J                                              

O
 K 0   
 ,
 . K                         
$$

C
H 1 ()   0.                                                        -$
H01 ()   0. ?  
                                           
H m ()   0. ,  m                                             
H 1/2 ()                                                         
H(div)     .
                                           

J  ( ,
 8 J                                               


L2 ()   0
                                                        -
L ()   0
                                                       -

n 
 
                                                    $-
|N |   ,
 0 ) N                                              
&-
Pe .   P                                                      
$-
Pk   #X     k                                       &&
U E
Qk   #X     
 .0 k                         "

N IQ
H
+ 6                                                                 
RN

T E C
V 
 ,
  V                                                          $

O LY
P
O LE
C