Chapter 6 Objectives

Chapter 6 Objectives 1/16/16, 12:34 PM
Chapter 6 Objectives
Due: 11:59pm on Friday, January 22, 2016
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Sections 6.1-6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics
Exercise 6.5
Part A
What is the SI unit of energy?
ANSWER:
calorie
kilowatt-hour
bar
joule
Correct
Part B
List some other common units of energy.
Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
lumen
newton
tesla
watt
kilowatt-hour
calorie
Correct
Exercise 6.34 with feedback
You may want to reference ( pages 248 - 250) section 6.2 while completing this problem.
Perform each conversion between energy units.
Part A
cal kJ
https://session.masteringchemistry.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3900617 Page 1 of 32
215 cal to kJ
Express the value in kilojoules to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
0.900 kJ
Correct
To conduct the conversion from calories to kilojoules you needed to first convert the value from calories to joules (4.184 J/1 cal ) and then
from joules to kilojoules (1 kJ/1000 J).
Part B
2.35106 kJ to kcal
Express the value in kilocalories to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
5.62105 kcal
Correct
To conduct the conversion from kilojoules to kilocalories you needed to first convert the value from kilojoules to joules (1000 J/1 kJ), then
convert from joules to calories ( 1 cal/4.184 J), and finally convert from kilocalories to calories (1 kcal/1000 cal ).
Part C
4.68103 kJ to kW h
Express the value in kilowatt-hours to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
1.30 kW h
Correct
To conduct the conversion from kilojoules to kilowatt-hours you needed to first convert the value from kilojoules to joules (1000 J/1 kJ ) and
then from joules to kilowatt-hours (1 kW h/3.60 106 J).
Part D
4.96104 J to Cal
Express the value in Calories to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
11.9 Cal
Correct
To conduct the conversion from joules to calories you needed to convert the value using the conversion factor 1 Cal/4184 J ).
Conversions are useful when doing calculations. Being able to do correctly make correlations is a useful skill for future studies.
A particular frost-free refrigerator uses about 705 kWh of electrical energy per year.
You may want to reference ( pages 248 - 250) Section 6.2 while completing this problem.
Part A
Express this amount of energy in joules (J ).
ANSWER:
2.54109 J
Correct
The energy in joules is equal to the energy in kilowatt-hours multiplied by 3.6 106 .
Part B
Express this amount of energy in kilojoules (kJ).
ANSWER:
2.54106 kJ
Correct
The energy in kilojoules is equal to the energy in joules divided by 1000.
Part C
Express this amount of energy in Calories (Cal).

ANSWER:
6.07105 Cal
Correct
The energy in Cal is equal to the energy in J divided by 4184.
Conceptual Connection 6.2
Part A
Identify each energy exchange as heat or work and determine whether the sign of heat or work (relative to the system) is positive or negative.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
ANSWER:
Part B

ANSWER:
Consider these fictitious internal energy gauges for a chemical system and its surroundings:
Part A
Which diagram best represents the energy gauges for the same system and surroundings following an energy exchange in which Esys is
negative?
ANSWER:
Exercise 6.39
Identify each of the following energy exchanges as primarily heat or work and determine whether the sign of E is positive or negative for the
system.
a. Sweat evaporates from skin, cooling the skin. (The evaporating sweat is the system.)
b. A balloon expands against an external pressure. (The contents of the balloon is the system.)
c. An aqueous chemical reaction mixture is warmed with an external flame. (The reaction mixture is the system.)
Part A
Identify energy exchanges as primarily heat or work.
Drag the items into the appropriate bins.

ANSWER:
Part B
Determine whether the sign of E is positive or negative for the system.

Drag the items into the appropriate bins.
ANSWER:
Exercise 6.41
A system releases 691 kJ of heat and does 140 kJ of work on the surroundings.
Part A
What is the change in internal energy of the system?

ANSWER:
E = kJ
A system absorbs 195 kJ of heat and the surroundings do 110 kJ of work on the system.
Part A
What is the change in internal energy of the system?
Express the internal energy in kilojoules to three significant figures.

ANSWER:
E = kJ
Exercise 6.44
The air in an inflated balloon (defined as the system) is warmed over a toaster and absorbs 130 J of heat. As it expands, it does 75 kJ of work.
Part A
What is the change in internal energy for the system?

Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
E = kJ
Sections 6.4-6.5 Calorimetry
Heat Capacity
Learning Goal:
To understand the concepts of heat capacity, specific heat, and molar heat capacity.
Heat capacity, C , is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by exactly 1 degree Celsius. The energy needed to warm
an object increases as the mass of that object increases. We see this in our everyday life. For example, we know that it takes much more energy to
heat a large tank of water than a small cup. Because of this dependence on mass, experimentally determined heat capacities are always reported in
terms of the amount of the substance that is heated. One method is to report how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of one mole of a
substance by exactly 1 degree Celsius. This value is the molar heat capacity, which has the symbol Cp .The molar heat capacity is given in the units
J/(mol C) . A second method is to report how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by exactly 1 degree
Celsius. This value is the specific heat, which has been given the symbol C s . The units for specific heat are J/(g C) .
The heat capacity of a substance is therefore related to the energy q needed to raise its temperature by an amount T . That is, q = nC pT ,
where n denotes the number of moles of the substance, or q = mC s T , where m denotes the number of grams of the substance.
Part A
It takes 55.0 J to raise the temperature of an 11.0 g piece of unknown metal from 13.0 C to 24.4 C . What is the specific heat for the metal?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
You did not open hints for this part.
ANSWER:
Cs =
Parts B and C
The next two questions pertain to silver. They have nothing to do with unknown metal described in Part A.
Part B
The molar heat capacity of silver is 25.35 J/mol C . How much energy would it take to raise the temperature of 11.0 g of silver by 18.8 C?
ANSWER:
q=
Part C
What is the specific heat of silver?
ANSWER:
Using the Law of Conservation of Energy
Imagine that your water heater has broken, but you want to take a bath. You fill your bathtub with 25 kg of room-temperature water (about 25 C ).
You figure that you can boil water on the stove and pour it into the bath to raise the temperature.
Part A
How much boiling water would you need to raise the bath to body temperature (about 37 C )? Assume that no heat is transferred to the
surrounding environment.
Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Part B
This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).
Specific Heat
The heat capacity of an object indicates how much energy that object can absorb for a given increase in that object's temperature. In a system in
which two objects of different temperatures come into contact with one another, the warmer object will cool and the cooler object will warm up until
the system is at a single equilibrium temperature.
J/(mol C) J/(g C)
Note the difference between the terms molar heat capacity, which has units of J/(mol C) , and specific heat, which has units of J/(g C) .
In this problem answers are requested to three significant digits for grading purposes. The true number of significant digits may be more or less.
Part A

A volume of 110. mL of H2 O is initially at room temperature (22.00 C). A chilled steel rod at 2.00 C is placed in the water. If the final
C
temperature of the system is 21.00 , what is the mass of the steel bar?
Use the following values:

specific heat of water = 4.18 J/(g C)

specific heat of steel = 0.452 J/(g C)
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
mass of the steel =
Part B
The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/(g C). Calculate the molar heat capacity of water.
ANSWER:
molar heat capacity for water =
PhET Simulation - Energy Forms and Changes
Energy can exist in a variety of forms. Energy is never lost, but rather it is converted between forms. When examining a system, the internal energy
of that system can change such that it loses/gains energy to/from its surroundings, and the form of energy does not matter. The change in the
internal energy of a system is:
E = Efinal Einitial
which can also be simply represented by:
E = q + w
where q signifies the heat absorbed (or released) by the system, and w signifies the work done on a system. The values for q and w can be negative
if the system loses heat or performs work, respectively. The processes of energy transfer can be described as endothermic (endo-, energy going into
system) or exothermic (exo-, energy leaving system).
Click on the image below to explore this simulation, which shows the how energy is transferred between objects in either the same form or through
conversions. When you click the simulation link, you may be asked whether to run, open, or save the file. Choose to run or open it.
When the simulation is opened, you will see various objects that can be placed on a heating/cooling surface. Checking the Energy Symbols box in
the upper right allows you to view the internal energy of the objects and the transfer of thermal energy. Clicking the Energy Systems tab of the
simulation allows you to view energy conversions by connecting different energy producing and energy converting sources. There are twelve
different working configurations for these sources.
Part A
In the PhET simulation window, click on the Intro tab and check the Energy Symbols box in the upper right. Perform the described tasks and
fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete
before submitting your answer.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
surroundings 1. Drag the beaker of water onto the support. The internal energy of water will be analyzed,
exothermic which makes water the being studied.
endothermic
2. When the slider is dragged down to cool the water, the water thermal energy
positive to the ice, and the ice is considered part of the .
negative
3. This transfer of heat is an process, and the sign on the value for qsys would
gains
be .
loses
4. When the water is heated, the water undergoes an process, and it
system
thermal energy from the fire.
5. In this situation, the sign on the value for qsys would be .
Conversion of Energy
Even if energy seems to disappear, it is never lost, but rather it is converted between forms. This is the principle described in the first law of
thermodynamics. Potential energy can be stored in a system before it is converted to kinetic energy, and many transformations of energy can occur
to drive a process (perform work).
Part B
In the PhET simulation window, click the Energy Systems tab, check the Energy Symbols box in the upper right, and use the simulation to
recreate the illustrated energy conversion processes. Observe the forms of energy as they are converted and correctly identify the energy
conversions for each.
Drag the appropriate systems to their respective targets.
ANSWER:
Heat capacity
Heat capacity refers to how much energy a material can absorb with respect to changes in average kinetic energy, and its specific heat capacity
quantifies the exact amount of energy it takes to raise 1 g of the material's temperature by 1 C (depending on the units, which can sometimes refer
the moles of material). Heat capacity refers to the temperature changes in the same state of matter, whereas the per unit energies required to melt
and boil a substance are called the enthalpies of fusion and vaporization, respectively.
The relationship between heat and temperature change is described by the following equation:
q = mcs T
where q is the heat absorbed or lost, m is the mass, cs is the specific heat, and T is the change in temperature.
Part C
Suppose 1 kg each of water (4.19 J/g C ), brick (0.90 J/g C), iron (0.46 J/g C), and plastic (1.01 J/g C) were held at the same initial
temperature and heated for an equivalent amount of time. Indicate the relative final temperatures by ordering from lowest to highest resulting
temperature (if using the Intro tab of the PhET to help visualize the temperature changes, assume the water iron, and plastic are 1 kg in mass,
and the brick has a mass of 0.5 kg ). Assume no heat is lost to the surroundings.
Rank from lowest resulting temperature to highest resulting temperature. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
Part D
A 1.7 kg block of iron at 35 C is rapidly heated by a torch such that 13 kJ is transferred to it. What temperature would the block of iron reach
assuming the complete transfer of heat and no loss to the surroundings? If the same amount of heat was quickly transferred to a 840 g pellet of
copper at 30 C , what temperature would it reach before losing heat to the surroundings?
q = mcs T
cs, Fe(s) = 0.450 J/g C
cs, Cu(s) = 0.385 J/g C
Express the final temperatures of the iron and copper in C to two significant figures separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
Final temperatures of Fe , Cu = C
Substances A and B, initially at different temperatures, come in contact with each other and reach thermal equilibrium. The mass of substance A is
twice the mass of substance B. The specific heat capacity of substance B is twice the specific heat capacity of substance A.
Part A
Which statement is true about the final temperature of the two substances once thermal equilibrium is reached?
ANSWER:
The final temperature will be closer to the initial temperature of substance A than substance B.
The final temperature will be closer to the initial temperature of substance B than substance A.
The final temperature will be exactly midway between the initial temperatures of substances A and B.
Self Assessment 6.3
Part A
How much heat must be absorbed by a 16.0 g sample of water to raise its temperature from 30.0 C to 46.0 C ? (For water,
Cs = 4.18J/g C .)
ANSWER:
An unknown mass of each of the following substances, initially at 21.0 C, absorbs 1960 J of heat. The final temperature is recorded as indicated.
Find the mass of each substance.
Part A
a. Pyrex glass (T f = 55.5 C)
ANSWER:
m= g
Part B
sand (Tf = 62.0 C )

ANSWER:
m= g
Part C
ethanol (T f = 44.5 C)

ANSWER:
m= g
Part D
water (Tf = 32.4 C )

ANSWER:
m= g

A 2.02 g lead weight, initially at 10.6 C , is submerged in 7.92 g of water at 52.8 C in an insulated container.
Part A
What is the final temperature of both the weight and the water at thermal equilibrium?
Express the temperature in Celsius to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
T = C
For Practice 6.5
Part A
When 1.552 g of liquid hexane (C6 H14 ) undergoes combustion in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises from 25.72 C to 38.83 C . Find

Erxn for the reaction in kJ/mol hexane. The heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter, determined in a separate experiment, is 5.72 kJ/ C .
Express your answer using three significant figures.
ANSWER:
Erxn = kJ/mol
Section 6.6 Stoichiometry of Enthalpy
Self Assessment 6.6
Part A
(C8H18) C
When a 4.50 g sample of liquid octane (C 8H18) is burned in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the calorimeter rises by 27.6 C . The heat

capacity of the calorimeter, measured in a separate experiment, is 6.23 kJ/ C . Determine Erxn for the combustion of octane in units of
kJ/mol octane.
ANSWER:
Erxn = kJ/mol
For Practice 6.6
Part A
Identify each process as endothermic or exothermic and indicate the sign of H .

ANSWER:
Part B
An endothermic reaction has a
ANSWER:
positive H
negative H
positive or negative H
Part C
An exothermic reaction has a

ANSWER:
positive H
negative H
positive or negative H
Exercise 6.61
Nitromethane (CH3 NO2 ) burns in air to produce significant amounts of heat.

2CH3 NO2 (l) + 3/2O2 (g)2CO2 (g) + 3H2O(l) + N2(g)
o
Hrxn = -1418 kJ
Part A
How much heat is produced by the complete reaction of 4.26 kg of nitromethane?

ANSWER:
Exercise 6.62
Titanium reacts with iodine to form titanium(III) iodide, emitting heat.

2Ti(s) + 3I2(g)2TiI3 (s)Hrxn o = -839 kJ
Part A
Determine the masses of titanium and iodine that react if 1.66103 kJ of heat is emitted by the reaction.
ANSWER:
m(Ti) =
Part B
ANSWER:
m(I2 ) =
Exercise 6.63
(C3 H8 )
The propane fuel (C3 H8 ) used in gas barbeques burns according to the following thermochemical equation:
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) 3CO2 (g) + 4H2 O(g)

Hrxn = 2217kJ
Part A
If a pork roast must absorb 1600 kJ to fully cook, and if only 14% of the heat produced by the barbeque is actually absorbed by the roast, what
mass of CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere during the grilling of the pork roast?

ANSWER:
m= g
Self Assessment 6.12
Part A
Which process is endothermic?

ANSWER:
The melting of ice.

The burning of sugar.
The combustion of natural gas in a stove.
The oxidation of iron in a chemical hand warmer.
Section 6.7 Calorimetry and Enthalpy of Reaction
Coffee Cup Calorimetry
Calorimetry is a method used to measure enthalpy, or heat, changes that occur during chemical processes. Two common calorimeters are constant-
pressure calorimeters and constant-volume (or "bomb") calorimeters. Bomb calorimeters are used to measure combustion and other gas-producing
reactions, where the reaction is observed in a strong, sealed vessel. A simple constant-pressure calorimeter can be made from a foam coffee cup
and a thermometer; energy changes in a reaction are observed via a temperature change of the solution in the cup. The idea behind calorimeters is
that if they are sufficiently insulated from the outside environment, any energy gained or lost in the chemical reaction will be directly observable as a
temperature and/or pressure change in the calorimeter.
Part A
A total of 2.00 mol of a compound is allowed to react with water in a foam coffee cup and the reaction produces 178 g of solution. The reaction
caused the temperature of the solution to rise from 21.00 to 24.70 C . What is the enthalpy of this reaction? Assume that no heat is lost to the
surroundings or to the coffee cup itself and that the specific heat of the solution is the same as that of pure water.
Enter your answer in kilojoules per mole of compound to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
H = kJ/mol
Calorimetry
A calorimeter is an insulated device in which a chemical reaction is contained. By measuring the temperature change, T , we can calculate the heat
released or absorbed during the reaction using the following equation:
q = specific heat mass T

Or, if the calorimeter has a predetermined heat capacity, C , the equation becomes
q = C T
At constant pressure, the enthalpy change for the reaction, H , is equal to the heat, qp ; that is,
H = qp
but it is usually expressed per mole of reactant and with a sign opposite to that of q for the surroundings. The total internal energy change, E
(sometimes referred to as U ), is the sum of heat, q , and work done, w:
E = q + w
However, at constant volume (as with a bomb calorimeter) w = 0 and so E = qv .
Part A
A calorimeter contains 32.0 mL of water at 11.0 C . When 1.20 g of X (a substance with a molar mass of 62.0 g/mol ) is added, it dissolves
via the reaction
X(s) + H2 O(l)X(aq)
and the temperature of the solution increases to 28.5 C .
Calculate the enthalpy change, H , for this reaction per mole of X .
Assume that the specific heat of the resulting solution is equal to that of water [4.18 J/(g C) ], that density of water is 1.00 g/mL , and that no
heat is lost to the calorimeter itself, nor to the surroundings.
Express the change in enthalpy in kilojoules per mole to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
H = kJ/mol
Part B
Consider the reaction

C12H22O11 (s) + 12O 2 (g)12CO2 (g) + 11H2 O(l)

in which 10.0 g of sucrose, C12H22O 11, was burned in a bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of 7.50 kJ/ C . The temperature increase

inside the calorimeter was found to be 22.0 C . Calculate the change in internal energy, E , for this reaction per mole of sucrose.
Express the change in internal energy in kilojoules per mole to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
E = kJ/mol
Enthalpy of a Phase Change
Heat, q , is energy transferred between a system and its surroundings. For a process that involves a temperature change
q = m Cs T
where Cs is specific heat and m is mass.
Heat can also be transferred at a constant temperature when there is a change in state. For a process that involves a phase change
q = n H
where, n is the number of moles and H is the enthalpy of fusion, vaporization, or sublimation.
The following table provides the specific heat and enthalpy changes for water and ice.
Specific heat H
Substance
[J/(g C)] (kJ/mol)
water 4.18 44.0
ice 2.01 6.01
Part A
Calculate the enthalpy change, H , for the process in which 29.3 g of water is converted from liquid at 17.9 C to vapor at 25.0 C .
For water, Hvap = 44.0 kJ/mol at 25.0 C and Cs = 4.18 J/(g C) for H2 O(l) .
ANSWER:
H =
Part B
How many grams of ice at -12.7 C can be completely converted to liquid at 11.7 C if the available heat for this process is 4.39103 kJ ?
For ice, use a specific heat of 2.01 J/(g C) and Hfus = 6.01kJ/mol .
ANSWER:
Heat of Solution
Calorimetry is a method used to measure changes in enthalpy, or heat, that occur during chemical processes. Two common calorimeters are
constant-pressure calorimeters and constant-volume (or "bomb") calorimeters. Bomb calorimeters are used to measure combustion and other gas-
producing reactions, in which the reaction is observed in a strong, sealed vessel. A simple constant-pressure calorimeter can be made from a foam
coffee cup and a thermometer, in which energy changes in a reaction are observed via the change in temperature of the solution in the cup. The idea
behind calorimeters is that if they are sufficiently insulated from the outside environment, any energy gained or lost in the chemical reaction will be
directly observable as a temperature and/or pressure change in the calorimeter.
Part A
In the following experiment, a coffee-cup calorimeter containing 100 mL of H2 O is used. The initial temperature of the calorimeter is 23.0 C . If
4.60 g of CaCl2 is added to the calorimeter, what will be the final temperature of the solution in the calorimeter? The heat of solution Hsoln of
CaCl 2 is 82.8 kJ/mol .
ANSWER:
Exercise 6.75
Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the following balanced equation.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)ZnCl 2(aq) + H2(g)
When 0.113 g of Zn(s) is combined with enough HCl to make 55.0 mL of solution in a coffee-cup calorimeter, all of the zinc reacts, raising the
temperature of the solution from 21.8 C to 24.2 C .
Part A
Find Hrxn for this reaction as written. (Use 1.0 g/mL for the density of the solution and 4.18 J/g C as the specific heat capacity.)
ANSWER:
Hrxn = kJ/mol
Section 6.8 Hess' Law
Procedure for Using Hess's Law
Learning Goal:
To understand how to use Hess's law to find the enthalpy of an overall reaction.
The change in enthalpy, H , is the heat absorbed or produced during any reaction at constant pressure. Hess's law states that H for an overall
reaction is the sum of the H values for the individual reactions. For example, if we wanted to know the enthalpy change for the reaction
3Mn + 3O2 3MnO2

we could calculate it using the enthalpy values for the following individual steps:
Step 1: 4Al + 3O2 2A l2 O3
Step 2: 3Mn + 2Al 2O 33Mn O2 + 4Al

3Mn + 3O2 3MnO2
Overall: 3Mn + 3O2 3MnO2
If the enthalpy change is 3352 kJ/mol for step 1 and 1792 kJ/mol for step 2, then the enthalpy change for the overall reaction is calculated as
follows:
H = 3352 + 1792 = 1560 kJ/mol
It is also important to note that the change in enthalpy is a state function, meaning it is independent of path. In other words, the sum of the H
values for any set of reactions that produce the desired product from the starting materials gives the same overall H .
Now consider the following set of reactions:

1
1. CO + O2 CO2 , H= 283
2
kJ/mol
2. C + O2 CO2 , H= 393 kJ/mol
Part A
The equations given in the problem introduction can be added together to give the following reaction:
1
overall: C + 2 O2 CO
However, one of them must be reversed. Which one?
ANSWER:
reaction 1 : CO + 12 O2C O2
reaction 2 : C + O2 C O2
Part B
Part C
Section 6.9 Enthalpy's of Formation
Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is released or absorbed from reactions in various forms. The most easily measurable form of energy comes in the form of heat, or
enthalpy. The enthalpy of a reaction can be calculated from the heats of formation of the substances involved in the reaction:
= n H (products) n H (reactants)
Hrxn p f r f
where n represents the stoichiometric coefficients.
Part A
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction

2A + B 2C + 2D
Use the following data:
Hf
Substance
( kJ/mol)
A -269
B -419
C 181
D -525
ANSWER:
=
Hrxn
Part B
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
Learning Goal:
To understand how standard enthalpy of reaction is related to the standard heats of formation of the reactants and products.
The standard enthalpy of reaction is the enthalpy change that occurs in a reaction when all the reactants and products are in their standard states.
, where the subscript "rxn" stands for "reaction." The standard enthalpy of a reaction is
The symbol for the standard enthalpy of reaction is Hrxn

calculated from the standard heats of formation (H f ) (subscript "f" for formation) of its reactants and products. Therefore, the standard enthalpy
of any reaction can be mathematically determined, as long as the standard heats of formation (H ) of its reactants and products are
Hrxn f
known.
of the
In a generic chemical reaction involving reactants A and B and products C and D, aA + bBcC + dD, the standard enthalpy Hrxn
reaction is given by
Hrxn = cH (C) + dH (D) aH (A) bH (B)

f f f f
Notice that the stoichiometric coefficients, a , b, c, d, are an important part of this equation. This formula is often generalized as follows, where the
first sum on the right-hand side of the equation is a sum over the products and the second sum is over the reactants:
=
Hrxn products nHf reactantsmHf
where m and n represent the appropriate stoichiometric coefficients for each substance.
Part A
for the following chemical reaction?
What is Hrxn
H2 O(l) + CCl4 (l)COCl 2 (g) + 2HCl(g)

You can use the following table of standard heats of formation ( Hf) to calculate the enthalpy of the given reaction.
Element/ Standard Heat of Element/ Standard Heat of

Compound Formation (kJ/mol) Compound Formation (kJ/mol)
H(g) 218 N(g) 473
H2 (g) 0 O2 (g) 0
CCl 4(l) 139.5 O(g) 249
H2 O(l) 285.8 HCl(g) 92.30kJ
C(g) 71 COCl 2 (g) 218.8kJ
C(s) 0 HNO3 (aq) 206.6
Express the standard enthalpy of reaction to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Formation Reactions
The standard heat of formation, Hf, is defined as the enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of substance from its constituent elements in
their standard states. Thus, elements in their standard states have Hf = 0 . Heat of formation values can be used to calculate the enthalpy
change of any reaction.
Consider, for example, the reaction
2NO(g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)

with heat of formation values given by the following table:
Hf
Substance
(kJ/mol )
NO(g) 90.2
O2 (g) 0
NO2 (g) 33.2
Then the standard heat of reaction for the overall reaction is

= H (products) H (reactants)
Hrxn f f
= 2(33.2) [2(90.2) + 0]
= 114 kJ
Part A
equal to H of the product(s)?
For which of the following reactions is Hrxn f
You do not need to look up any values to answer this question.

Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
Li(s) + 12 Cl 2 (l)LiCl(s)
Li(s) + 12 Cl 2 (g)LiCl(s)
C(s, graphite) + O2 (g)CO2 (g)
CaCO3 (g)CaO + CO2 (g)
CO(g) + 12 O2 (g)CO2 (g)
2Li(s) + Cl2 (g)2LiCl(s)
Part B
The combustion of propane, C3 H8 , occurs via the reaction
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g)3CO2 (g) + 4H2 O(g)
with heat of formation values given by the following table:
Hf
Substance
( kJ/mol )
C3H8 (g) -104.7
CO2 (g) 393.5
H2 O(g) 241.8
Calculate the enthalpy for the combustion of 1 mole of propane.

Express your answer to four significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
=
Hrxn
Standard Enthalpy of Formation Reaction

The standard enthalpy of formation ( Hf ) is the enthalpy change that occurs when exactly 1 mol of a compound is formed from its constituent
elements under standard conditions. The standard conditions are 1 atm pressure, a temperature of 25 C , and all the species present at a

concentration of 1 M . A "standard enthalpies of formation table" containing Hf values might look something like this:
Substance Hf
H(g) 218 kJ/mol
H2 (g) 0 kJ/mol
Ca(s) 0 kJ/mol
Ca2+(aq) 543 kJ/mol
C(g) 71 kJ/mol
C(s) 0 kJ/mol
N(g) 473 kJ/mol
O2 (g) kJ/mol
O2 (g) 0 kJ/mol
O(g) 249 kJ/mol
S2 (g) 129 kJ/mol
Part A

What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction used to calculate Hf of CaCO3 (s) ?
If fractional coefficients are required, enter them as a fraction (i.e. 1/3). Indicate the physical states using the abbreviation (s ), (l ), or (g ) for solid,
liquid, or gas, respectively without indicating allotropes. Use (aq ) for aqueous solution.
Express your answer as a chemical equation.
ANSWER:
Enthalpy
Enthalpy H is a measure of the energy content of a system at constant pressure. Chemical reactions involve changes in enthalpy, H , which can
be measured and calculated:
Hrxn = products mHf reactants nH f
where the subscript "rxn" is for "enthalpy of reaction" and "f" is for "enthalpy of formation" and m and n represent the appropriate stoichiometric
coefficients for each substance.
The following table lists some enthalpy of formation values for selected substances.
Substance Hf (kJ/mol)
HCl(g) 92.0
Al(OH) 3(s) 1277.0
H2 O(l) 285.8
AlCl3 (s) 705.6
H2 O(g) 241.8
Part A
Determine the enthalpy for this reaction:

Al(OH)3 (s) + 3HCl(g)AlCl 3 (s) + 3H2 O(l)
Express your answer in kilojoules per mole to one decimal place.
ANSWER:
Hrxn = kJ/mol
Part B
Consider the reaction
2Al(OH)3 (s)Al2 O3 (s) + 3H2 O(l)

with enthalpy of reaction
Hrxn = 21.0kJ/mol
What is the enthalpy of formation of Al 2O3 (s)?
Express your answer in kilojoules per mole to one decimal place.
ANSWER:
Hf = kJ/mol
Enthalpy of Reaction: State and Stoichiometry
Use the data below to answer the questions.

Substance Hf (kJ/mol)
C(g) 718.4
CF4 (g) 679.9
CH4 (g) 74.8
H(g) 217.94
HF(g) 268.61
Keep in mind that the enthalpy of formation of an element in its standard state is zero.
Imagine a hypothetical process in which the methane molecule, CH4 , is "expanded," by simultaneously extending all four CH bonds to infinity. We
then have the process
CH4 (g)C(g) + 4H(g)
Part A
Compare the reaction for the "expansion" of methane with the reverse of the reaction that represents the standard enthalpy of formation. Which
properties are the same for both reactions and which are different?
Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
ANSWER:
Part B
Part C
Part D
Suppose that 0.290 mol of methane, C H4(g), is reacted with 0.440 mol of fluorine, F2 (g) , forming CF4 (g) and HF(g) as sole products.
Assuming that the reaction occurs at constant pressure, how much heat is released?
ANSWER:
heat =
Exercise 6.87
Part A

Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate Hrxn for the following reaction.
2NaHCO3(s)Na2O(s) + 2CO2(g) + H2 O(g)
Express your answer using four significant figures.
ANSWER:

Hrxn = kJ
Part B

CO(g) + H2 O(g) H2 (g) + CO2 (g)
ANSWER:
=
Hrxn kJ
Part C

Ca(OH) 2(s)CaO(s) + H2O(g)
ANSWER:
=
Hrxn kJ
Part D
for the following reaction.
Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate Hrxn
Cr2O3 (s) + 3CO(g) 2Cr(s) + 3CO2 (g)
Express your answer using four significant figures.
ANSWER:
=
Hrxn kJ
Self Assessment 6.14
Part A
The standard enthalpy of formation for calcium phosphate [Ca3 (PO4 )2 (s)] is 4120.8 kJ/mol. What is the correct formation equation
corresponding to this Hfo ?
ANSWER:
3CaO(s) + P2 O5 (l)Ca3 (PO 4) 2 (s)

3Ca(s) + 2P(s) + 4O2 (l)Ca3 (PO4 ) 2 (s)
3Ca(s) + 2P(s) + 4O2 (g)Ca3 (PO4 )2 (s)
3CaO(s) + P2 O5 (s)Ca3 (PO4 )2 (s)
More Questions
Exercise 6.101
Part A
Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate the standard change in enthalpy for the melting of ice. (The Hf for H2 O(s) is -291.8
kJ/mol ).
ANSWER:
Hf = kJ/mol
Part B
Use this value to calculate the mass of ice required to cool 395 mL of a beverage from room temperature (25.0 C ) to 0.0 C . Assume that the
specific heat capacity and density of the beverage are the same as those of water.
ANSWER:
m= g
Exercise 6.109

One tablespoon of peanut butter has a mass of 15 g . It is combusted in a calorimeter whose heat capacity is 120 kJ/ C . The temperature of the

calorimeter rises from 22.4 C to 25.2 C .
Part A
Find the food caloric content of peanut butter.

ANSWER:
q= Cal/g
Exercise 6.123

An ice cube of mass 8.5 g at temperature 0 C is added to a cup of coffee, whose temperature is 85 C and which contains 110 g of liquid. Assume
the specific heat capacity of the coffee is the same as that of water. The heat of fusion of ice (the heat associated with ice melting) is 6.0 kJ/mol .
Part A
Find the temperature of the coffee after the ice melts.

ANSWER:
T = C
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 5.6%.
You received 3 out of a possible total of 54 points.

Chapter 6 Objectives

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Chapter 6 Objectives 1/16/16, 12:34 PM

A message from your instructor...

Sections 6.1-6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics

Exercise 6.34 with feedback

Perform each conversion between energy units.

Exercise 6.36 with feedback

Express this amount of energy in Calories (Cal).

Conceptual Connection 6.2

Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Conceptual Connection 6.1

Drag the items into the appropriate bins.

Determine whether the sign of E is positive or negative for the system.

What is the change in internal energy of the system?

Exercise 6.42 with feedback

What is the change in internal energy of the system?

Express the internal energy in kilojoules to three significant figures.

What is the change in internal energy for the system?

A message from your instructor...

Sections 6.4-6.5 Calorimetry

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Express your answer with the appropriate units.

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What is the specific heat of silver?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

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Using the Law of Conservation of Energy

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This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

Use the following values:

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mass of the steel =

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molar heat capacity for water =

PhET Simulation - Energy Forms and Changes

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exothermic which makes water the being studied.

positive to the ice, and the ice is considered part of the .

5. In this situation, the sign on the value for qsys would be .

You did not open hints for this part.

You did not open hints for this part.

cs, Cu(s) = 0.385 J/g C

You did not open hints for this part.

Conceptual Connection 6.4

Self Assessment 6.3

Exercise 6.50 with feedback

a. Pyrex glass (T f = 55.5 C)

Express your answer using two significant figures.

Express your answer using two significant figures.

Express your answer using two significant figures.

Express your answer using two significant figures.

Exercise 6.68 with feedback

For Practice 6.5

A message from your instructor...

Section 6.6 Stoichiometry of Enthalpy

Self Assessment 6.6

For Practice 6.6

Identify each process as endothermic or exothermic and indicate the sign of H .

An exothermic reaction has a

Nitromethane (CH3 NO2 ) burns in air to produce significant amounts of heat.

How much heat is produced by the complete reaction of 4.26 kg of nitromethane?

Titanium reacts with iodine to form titanium(III) iodide, emitting heat.

Express your answer using two significant figures.

Self Assessment 6.12