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Yes
No 1
Baseline Report for MN Hospital
kW (Demand)
800,000 1,400
700,000
1,200
600,000
kWh
1,000
500,000
800
400,000
600
300,000
400
200,000
100,000 200
0 0
Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02
Monthly Electric Usage (kWh) Peak Electric Use (kW)
1,600
1,400
1,200
kW
1,000
800
715
600
400
200
0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
Electric Load Duration Hours Total Avg Thermal Load
Recommended Generating Capacity
0 Electricity Fuels
0 Peak Gas 0 Fuel Oil #2
0 Energy Demand Cost* Energy Cost* Energy Cost
0 kWh kW $ Therms $ Gallons $
Jan-03 640,495 1,079 $31,682 54,340 $41,434 N/A N/A
Feb-03 580,107 1,076 $29,567 45,840 $34,953 N/A N/A
Mar-03 650,700 1,199 $33,223 44,290 $33,768 N/A N/A
Apr-03 648,328 1,155 $32,718 31,540 $24,045 N/A N/A
May-02 716,199 1,311 $36,522 25,220 $11,144 N/A N/A
Jun-02 743,382 1,385 $38,165 25,950 $11,465 N/A N/A
Jul-02 794,868 1,429 $40,059 28,980 $12,803 N/A N/A
Aug-02 794,062 1,435 $40,516 31,020 $13,705 N/A N/A
Sep-02 722,532 1,329 $36,461 23,030 $10,176 N/A N/A
Oct-02 691,080 1,249 $35,103 26,700 $11,797 N/A N/A
Nov-02 636,733 1,228 $32,895 34,330 $26,179 N/A N/A
Dec-02 640,442 1,087 $31,425 50,040 $38,153 N/A N/A
* Excludes Taxes 0.366831 418336 421280 269622 0
Thermal-to-Electric Ratio = 1.08 1 1=Commercial, 2=Institttional, 6000=Industrial
0.5
Recommended Prime Mover(s) 714.5
Gas Engine Recommended
Microturbine Estimated Hours of Electric Generators Absorption Chillers Desiccant
Gas Turbine (Simple Cycle) Recommended Operation 3,200 Hours/Year 846 Hours/Year 846 Hours/Year
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
If "Yes", indicated planned size 1,200 kWe Generator $1,200 per kWe $1,380,000 0.0 kWe 0 kWh
Recommended Generation 715 kWe Heat Recovery Unit* Included Included kWe 0 kWh
Chose Size (per Unit) 750 kWe Absorption Chiller $850 per RT $279,834 11.7 kWe 9,933 kWh
Chose Number of Units 2 Unit(s) Desiccant $5.50 per SCFM $0 8.0 kWe 6,768 kWh
Total Selected Capacity 1,500 kWe Installation* Included
Electric Efficiency 35 % Other kWe 0 kWh
Gross Heat Rate Exhaust (LHV) 6,337 BTU/kWhe Total $1,659,834 19.7 kWe 16,701 kWh
Recoverable Heat Rate (LHV) 4,436 BTU/kWhe
O&M Costs $0.0080 $/kWh/yr * Estimated Costs includes heat recovery unit and installation costs.
375
None Yes
Solid No
Liquid
Milwakee WI
ASSUMPTIONS CHP RESULTS 400,000
Peak Averge Electric Cost 6.923 /kWh Total ECP Cost $1,660 $(1000)
Initial Electric Sell Back 1.500 /kWh Prime Mover Gas Engine 300,000
kW e
Supplemental Elect Cost 5.065 /kWh Parasitic Load 19.7 kW 250,000
Cogen Initial Fuel Cost 4.00 $/MMBTU Total Generation Capacity 1,500 kW
W/O Cogen Fuel Cost 6.40 $/MMBTU Electrical Output 4,800 MWh 200,000
Existing Boiler Efficiency 80.0 % Absorption Chiller Credit 211 MWh 150,000
Standby Demand Charge $1.50 $/kw/month Net Total Generation Effect 5,011 MWh
Standby Capacity Required 750 kW Elecectric Capacity Factor 37 % 100,000
O&M Charge $12,530 $/yr Gross Heat Rate (LHV) 9,751 BTU/kWh 50,000
kW
TOTAL $688
600
COSTS WITH COGENERATION $(1000) Generation Costs 4.31 /kWh
Supplemental Electric Purchase $164
400
Peak Electric Charge Adjustment ($153)
Fuel $258
Electricity Sold $0 200
O&M $13
Standby Charges $14
0
TOTAL $295 0
SAVINGS $393
0
0
450,000
2,500
400,000
2,000
350,000
300,000
kW e
1,500
kW e
250,000
200,000
1,000
150,000
500
100,000
50,000
0
0 0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760 9,132
May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 Hours
Electric Generated Electric Needed Average Electricity Generated Electric Load Profile Generation Installed
Average Dem and Profile Therm al Dem and vs CHP Generation Therm al
1,800
1,200
1,600
1,000
1,400
1,200
800
kW t
kW
1,000
600
800
600
400
400
200
200
0
0
0 372 1,080 1,788 2,532 3,276 4,020 4,764 5,508 6,240 6,960 7,680 8,400 8,760
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760 Hours
Hours
Electric Generation Thermal (Estimated) Thermal Demand
Average Dem and Generator Capability
0
0
0 372 1,080 1,788 2,532 3,276 4,020 4,764 5,508 6,240 6,960 7,680 8,400 8,760
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760 Hours
Hours
Electric Generation Thermal (Estimated) Thermal Demand
Average Dem and Generator Capability
1
Electric_Usage
900,000 1,600
800,000 1,400
kW (Demand)
700,000
1,200
600,000
1,000
kWh
500,000
800
400,000
600
300,000
400
200,000
100,000 200
0 0
Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02
Monthly Electric Usage (kWh) Peak Electric Use (kW)
Page 13
Baseline Electric & Thermal Load Profile
Recommended Generator Size
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
kW
1,000
800
715
600
400
200
0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
Hours
Electric Load Duration Total Avg Thermal Load Recommended Generating Capacity
CHP Electric
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
kWe
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03
Electric Generated Electric Needed
Comparision of Generation to CHP Electric Load
2,500
2,000
kWe
1,500
1,000
500
0
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760 9,132
Hours
Average Electricity Generated Electric Load Profile Generation Installed
Peak Demand Profile
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
kW
800
600
400
200
0
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760
Hours
Peak Demand Generator Capability
Average Demand Profile
1,200
1,000
800
kW
600
400
200
0
0 744 1,488 2,208 2,928 3,672 4,416 5,136 5,856 6,600 7,272 8,016 8,760
Hours
Average Demand Generator Capability
Thermal Demand vs CHP Generation Thermal
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
kWt
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
0 372 1,080 1,788 2,532 3,276 4,020 4,764 5,508 6,240 6,960 7,680 8,400 8,760
Hours
Electric Generation Thermal (Estimated) Thermal Demand
1
Electricity Fuels
Gas
Peak Average Average Average
Energy Demand Demand Cost Energy Demand Demand Cost
Month Hour/Month kWh kW kW $ Therms BTU/h kW $
Jan-03 744 640,495 1,079 861 $31,682 54,340 7,303,763 2,140 $41,434
Feb-03 672 580,107 1,076 863 $29,567 45,840 6,821,429 1,999 $34,953
Mar-03 744 650,700 1,199 875 $33,223 44,290 5,952,957 1,744 $33,768
Apr-03 720 648,328 1,155 900 $32,718 31,540 4,380,556 1,284 $24,045
May-02 744 716,199 1,311 963 $36,522 25,220 3,389,785 993 $11,144
Jun-02 720 743,382 1,385 1,032 $38,165 25,950 3,604,167 1,056 $11,465
Jul-02 744 794,868 1,429 1,068 $40,059 28,980 3,895,161 1,141 $12,803
Aug-02 744 794,062 1,435 1,067 $40,516 31,020 4,169,355 1,222 $13,705
Sep-02 720 722,532 1,329 1,004 $36,461 23,030 3,198,611 937 $10,176
Oct-02 744 691,080 1,249 929 $35,103 26,700 3,588,710 1,052 $11,797
Nov-02 720 636,733 1,228 884 $32,895 34,330 4,768,056 1,397 $26,179
Dec-02 744 640,442 1,087 861 $31,425 50,040 6,725,806 1,971 $38,153
Total 8760 8,258,928 N/A N/A $418,336 421,280 N/A N/A $269,622
Average 730 688,244 1,247 942 $34,861 35,107 4,816,530 1,411 $22,469
Maximum 794,868 1,435 1,068 40,516 54,340 7,303,763 2,140 $41,434
Desiccants - Solid
Parameter Units Industrial Commercial
Flow Rate SCFM 600 4,500 20,000 40,000 2,000 7,000 12,000
Installed Cost $/SCFM $20.40 $9.20 $5.60 $4.40 $7.50 $5.50 $4.30
O&M Costs /SCFM/yr 0.255 0.120 0.075 0.060 0.090 0.075 0.060
Regeneration Requirements (200F) BTU/hr per SCFM 55 55 55 55 45 45 45
Latent Heat Removal BTU/hr per SCFM 35 35 35 35 30 30 30
Electric Use kWh per 1000 SCFM 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.8
Desiccants - Liquid
Parameter Units Industrial Commercial
Flow Rate SCFM 3,000 7,500 84,000 10,000 50,000 84,000
Installed Cost $/SCFM $18.00 $9.78 $5.04 $6.90 $5.63 $4.95
O&M Costs /SCFM/yr 0.375 0.213 0.113 0.150 0.125 0.113
Regeneration Requirements (200F) BTU/hr per SCFM 45 45 45 35 35 35
Latent Heat Removal BTU/hr per SCFM 30 30 30 30 30 30
Electric Use kWh per 1000 SCFM 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
RULES OF THUMB
Absorption Chillers
Steam Requirements COP
Single Effect = 18 lbm/h/RT (@ 15 psig) 0.6
Double Effect = 11 lbm/h/RT (@125 psig) 0.9
Triple Effect = 8 lbm/h/RT (@ 125 psig) Not yet commercial
Average Electric Offset = 0.6 kWe/RT
Gas Turbines
Steam Output
5 to 6 lbm/h/kW e
(300 - 600 psig)
Absorption Chiller
0.28 to 0.33 RT/kW e
(Single Effect)
Heat Recovery from Exhaust Q = MFRe x Cp x (Te - Ts)
Where: Q = Heat Recovered
MFRe = Mass Flow Rate Exhaust Gas
Cp = Heat Capacity 0.25
Te = Temperature of Exhaust
Ts = Temperature of Stack
Fuel Input (LHV ) (BTU)
Gross Heat Rate =
Power Output (kWhe)
Heating Values:
Higher Heating Value (HHV) = Total energy from combustion process
Lower Heating Value (LHV) = Assumes heat of condensation cannot be recovered
LHV is used for majority of calculations.
Determines the discount rate necessary for a zero net present value of the cash flow
Internal Rate of Return (IRR): beginning with the negative cash in the zero year and extending through 10 years following
the beginning of operation.
Industrial
2 Shifts ~ 4200 Hours/Year
3 Shifts ~ 6300 Hours/Year
Continuous = 8760 Hours/Year
Reciprocating Engines
Steam Output
4 to 5 lbm/h/kW e
(15 - 30 psig)
Absorption Chiller (Single
0.22 to 0.28 RT/kW e
Effect)
Thermal Coincidence: Recoverable heat that can provide useful thermal output
Total recoverable heat from the prime mover
(adjusted for availability)
Avg. BTUs
Thermal/Power Ratio =
Avg. kW x 3412 BTUs/kW
BTU/h
lbm/h
BTU/lbm-F
F
F
t value of the cash flow
ng through 10 years following
right to buy purchase
ime mover for any
16 Hours (Weekdays)
24 Hours (Weekdays)
CONVERSIONS
Electrical to Thermal
Energy 1 kWh = 3,412.8 BTUs
1 BTU = 778 ft-lbs
Steam to Thermal
Energy 1 lbm steam* = 1,000 BTUs