PHYS1001: Mechanics and Thermal Physics I Useful formulae 2010

MATHEMATICAL
Quadratic eqn: ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b b 2 4ac
Solution: x=
2a
Trigonometry
cos 2 + sin 2 = 1
sin ( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos ( A B ) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B
A B Am B
sin A sin B = 2sin cos
2 2
A+ B A B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
A+ B A B
cos A cos B = 2sin sin
2 2
Binomial expansion

b1 + xg n
= 1 + nx +
b g x +......
n n1 2

2!
Calculus
d n
x = n x n 1
dx
x n +1
=
n
x dx
n +1
1
x dx = ln ( x )
d
sin ( ax ) = a cos ( ax )
dx
d
cos ( ax ) = a sin ( ax )
dx
Vectors
r r
A B = AB cos
r r r r r r
A B = AB sin n where n is a unit vector normal to both A and B
r r r
If i , j , k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors
r r r
r r r r r r r r r r r r i j k
i i = j j = k k =1 i j = j k = k j = 0 r r
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r A B = Ax Ay Az
i i = j j = k k = 0 i j = k, j k = i , k i = j
Bx By Bz

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 PHYS1001: Mechanics and Thermal Physics I Useful formulae 2010

KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS

vs = ds / dt = d / dt r
r Fnet
as = dvs / dt = d / dt s a=
tf
= m
f = i + dt
tf
s f = si + vs dt r
FG = mg
ti ti
vt = r
tf f s ,max = s n
f = i + s dt
tf
v f = vi + as dt at = r
ti ti
f k = k n
v fs = vis + as t f = i + t v2
ar = t f r = r n
r
1 1
s f = si + vis t + as (t ) 2 f = i + i t + (t ) 2 2 r 2 D
1 2
Av
2 2 T= =
v 4
v fs = vis + 2as s
2 2
f = i + 2
2 2

IMPULSE, MOMENTUM, ENERGY, WORK,

r r
Pf = Pi Esys = K + U + Eth = Wext
r r
F = d p / dt K f + U f + Eth = K i + U i + Wext
tf r
J x = Fx (t )dt K = Wnet = Wc + Wdiss + Wext
ti sf

px = J x W = Fs ds
si

K f + U f = Ki + U i Eth = f k s
r r
1 2 W = F r
K= mv
2 Fs = dU / ds
U g = mgy dEsys
1 P=
Us = k (s ) 2 dt
r r
2 P = F v
Fs = k s

RIGID BODY ROTATION

net r r
= L = I
I r
dL
1 1 = net
E = K rot + K cm + U g = I 2 + Mvcm
2
+ Mgycm dt
2 2
r r r 1
M
= r F xcm = x dm
= rF sin = rFt = dF
1
M
vcm = R ycm = y dm

I = mi ri 2 = r 2 dm
i

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 PHYS1001: Mechanics and Thermal Physics I Useful formulae 2010

MOMENTS OF INERTIA
1
I= ML2 Thin rod, about centre. 1
12 I= MR 2 Cylinder or disk, about centre.
2
1
I = ML2 Thin rod, about end. I = MR 2 Cylindrical hoop, about centre.
3
2
1 I= MR 2 Solid sphere, about diameter.
I = Ma 2 Plane or slab, about centre. 5
12
2
1 I = MR 2 Spherical shell, about diameter.
I = Ma 2 Plane or slab, about edge. 3
3

OSCILLATIONS

( Fnet ) s = ks
k m f = 1/ T
= T = 2 = 2 f = 2 / T
m k
mg x(t ) = A cos(t + 0 )
( Fnet )t = s
L vx (t ) = vmax sin(t + 0 )
g L ax = 2 x
= T = 2
L g vmax = A
1 2 1 2 1 1 x(t ) = Aebt / 2 m cos(t + 0 )
E= mvx + kx = m(vmax ) 2 = kA2
2 2 2 2 = m/b
t /
E = E0 e

FLUIDS AND ELASTICITY

= m /V F L
v1 A1 = v2 A2 =Y
p=F/A A L
1 1
p1 + v12 + gy1 = p2 + v22 + gy2 V
p = p0 + gh 2 2 p = B
V

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 PHYS1001: Mechanics and Thermal Physics I Useful formulae 2010

THERMODYNAMICS
pV = nRT Eth = W + Q
pV = Nk BT Vf
W = p dV
p2V2 p1V1 Vi
=
T2 T1 = CP / CV
M CP = CV + R
N=
m Q = ML
N M (in grams) Q = Mc T
n= =
NA M mol Q = nC T
Number density =
N Q / t = (kA / L) T
V Q / t = e AT 4
9
TF = TC + 32o pV = const
5
TK = TC + 273 W = nRT ln(V f / Vi )
Wout
p=
1N
mvrms 2 =
2N
avg =
3V 3V QH
3 TC
avg = k BT 1
2 TH
3 QC
Eth = Nk BT (Monatomic gas) K=
2 Win
5
Eth = Nk BT (Diatomic gas) K
TC
2 TH TC
Eth = 3 Nk BT (Elemental solid)
Ws = pdV
vrms = (v 2 )avg

Propagation of uncertainties for dependent measurements

If q = x + y + L or q = x y L then q = x + y + z + K
q x y
If q = x y L or q = x / y / L then = + +K
q x y
If q = Bx then q =| B | x
q x
If q = Ax n then =n
q x
df
If q = f ( x) then q = x
dx
Propagation of uncertainties for independent, statistically obtained measurements
If q = x + y + L or q = x y L then q = [(x)2 + (y )2 + (z )2 + K]1/ 2
1/ 2
q x y z
2 2 2

If q = x y L or q = x / y / L then = + + + L
q x y z

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 PHYS1001: Mechanics and Thermal Physics I Useful formulae 2010

NUMERICAL VALUES
g = 9.80 m s -2
G = 6.672 1011 m3 kg -1s -2 ( or N m 2
kg -2 )
u = 1.6606 1027 kg
R = 8.314 J / (mol K)
k = 1.3811023 J K
3
Cv = R per mole
2
N A = 6.022 1023 particles mol-1
1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 1.013 105 Pa
Earth Mass = 5.98 1024 kg
Earth Radius = 6.37 106 m
Solar Mass = 1.99 1030 kg
Solar Radius = 6.96 108 m
Earth - Sun mean distance =1.5 1011 m

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