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P. Sam Johnson
y0 = f (c)
f (x) = x 2 + 3x + 2
on [1, 4].
By the Mean Value Theorem for Definite Integrals, there is some c in this
interval such that
1 x+h
Z
f (t) dt = f (c).
h x
As h 0, x + h approaches x, forcing c to approach x also.
Theorem
If f is continuous at every point of [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of f
on [a, b], then
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) F (a).
a
F (x) = G (x) + C
for some
P. Sam constant C for a <
Johnson x < b.Theorem of Calculus
Fundamental January 17, 2017 11/48
Since both F and G are continuous on [a, b], we see that
F (x) = G (x) + C
Example
We calculate several definite integrals using the Evaluation Theorem,
rather than by taking limits of Riemann sums.
Z i d
cos xdx = sin x sin x = cos x
0 0 dx
= sin sin 0
= 00
= 0.
Now F 0 (x)
represents the rate of change of the function F (x) with respect
to x, so the integral of F 0 is just the net change in F as x changes from a
to b. Formally, we have the following result.
If an object with position function s(t) moves along a coordinate line, its
velocity is v (t) = s 0 (t). Net Change Theorem says that
Z t2
v (t) dt = s(t2 ) s(t1 ),
t1
t1 t t2 .
|v (t)|
As
Z b
F (b) = F (a) + F 0 (x) dx
a
we see that the Net Change Theorem also says that the final value of a
function F (x) over an interval [a, b] equals its initial value F (a) plus its
net change over the interval.
So if v (t) represents the velocity function of an object moving along a
coordinate line, this means the the objects final position s(t2 ) over a time
interval
t1 t t2
is its initial position s(t1 ) plus its net change in position along the line.
To find the area between the graph of y = f (x) and the x-axis over the
interval [a, b], do the following:
1. Subdivide [a, b] at the zeros of f .
2. Integrate f over each subinterval.
3. Add the absolute values of the integrals.
(a) (b)
dy
(a) = sec x, y (2) = 3
dx
dy p
(b) = 1 + x 2 , y (1) = 2
dx
ds
(c) = f (t), s(t0 ) = s0
dt
dv
(d) = g (t), v (t0 ) = v0 .
dt
Exercises
12. Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), inventor, military engineer, physicist, and
the greatest mathematician of classical times in the Western world,
discovered that the area under a parabolic arch is two-thirds the base
times the height. Sketch the parabolic arch
assuming that h and b are positive. Then use calculus to find the
area of the region enclosed between the arch and the x-axis.
x2
Z
1
x ln x dx = x 2 ln x
2 4
x3
Z
1
x 2 ln x dx = x 3 ln x
3 9
Z
n n+1 ln x 1
x ln x dx = x , n 6= 1
n + 1 (n + 1)2
Z
ln ax 1
dx = (ln ax)2
x 2
Z 2
2 ax x 2x 2
x e dx = 2 + 3 e ax
a a a
Z
x 3 e x dx = x 3 3x 2 + 6x 6 e x
x n e ax
Z Z
n ax n
x e dx = x n1 e ax dx
a a
a2 x 2 2
Z
2x cos ax
x 2 cos ax dx = + sin ax
a2 a3
Z
x sin x dx = x cos x + sin x
Z
x cos ax sin ax
x sin ax dx = +
a a2
2 a2 x 2
Z
2x sin ax
x 2 sin ax dx = 3
cos ax +
a a2
x2 1
Z
1
x cos2 x dx = + cos 2x + x sin 2x
4 8 4
Z
x 2 1 1
x sin2 x dx = cos 2x x sin 2x
4 8 4
Z
x 2
x tan2 x dx = + ln cos x + x tan x
2
Z
x sec2 x dx = ln cos x + x tan x