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LAB MODULE
LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY
1 2 3 4 5 6
KNOWLEDGE REPETITION APPLICATION ANALYSIS EVALUATION SYNTHESISE
SCHOOL OF
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
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1. OBJECTIVE
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 CONCEPT
The temperature of a substance does not measure its heat content but rather the
average kinetic energy of its molecules resulting from their motions. A one-pound block of
iron and a two-pound block of iron at the same temperature do not have the same heat
content. Because they are at the same temperature the average kinetic energy of the
molecules is the same; however, the two-pound block has more molecules than the one-
pound block and thus has greater heat energy.
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The scale we use to measure temperature is "degrees" (). There are three
temperature scales that are used today.
i. The Kelvin (K) scale is used by scientists and for astronomical temperatures.
ii. The Celsius scale (C) is used in most of the world to measure air temperatures.
iii. The Fahrenheit scale (F) is used to measure temperatures at or near the surface.
All three temperature scales are related to each other through the "triple point of
water". The triple point of water is the temperature at which water vapor, liquid water, and
ice can coexist simultaneously. The triple point occurs at 0.01 C (273.16 K or 32.02 F).
To convert from one temperature scale to another, we need to use the equations as below:
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2.1.1 Types of Glass Thermometer
a) Partial Immersion
Partial immersion thermometer is immersed in the fluid to a specified immersion
depth. The remaining (emergent) portion of the stem is exposed to the air.
b) Total Immersion
Total immersion thermometer need to be immersed up to the liquid
temperature mark on the thermometer. Since the thermometer column is
fully immersed, this thermometer is the most accurate.
2.3 Thermocouple
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Thermocouple is available in various types with different combinations of dissimilar
metals. The most common types are: Type J, K, T and E. For example, Type K
Thermocouple is ranged between -249.75C to 1373.625C and Type J Thermocouple is
ranged between -189.81 C to 999C.
2.4 Thermistor
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Thermistor has a semiconductor material which changes its electrical resistance as
a function of temperature. Extension wires used with thermistor can be plain copper wire.
Thermistor offers accuracy similar to RTD within narrow temperature ranges near to
ambient temperature. It is generally responses faster comparatively. Since thermistor
standards vary, care must be taken to match the instrumentation to the sensor. The
resistance-temperature relationship of a thermistor is negative and highly nonlinear.
Thermistor is usually designated in accordance with it's resistance at 25C.
A typical RTD as shows in figure 4 consists of a fine platinum wire wrapped around
a mandrel and covered with a protective coating. Usually, the mandrel and coating is glass
or ceramic. Depositing can also make the platinum as a film on a substitute and then
encapsulating it. RTD is wire wound and thin film device that work on the physical principle
of the temperature coefficient or electrical resistance of metals.
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RTD is nearly linear over a wide range of temperatures and can be made small
enough to have response times of a fraction of a second. The classical resistance
temperature detector (RTD) construction using platinum was proposed by C.H.Meyers in
1932. This requires an electrical current to produce a voltage drop across the sensor that
can be then measured by a calibrated read-out device.
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3. COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT
Equipment Note
This Temperature Measurement Bench (Model: HE 151) has been designed to
demonstrate the fundamental temperature measuring techniques using thermocouples,
mercury in glass thermometer, resistance temperature detector (RTD), thermistor,
bimetallic temperature indicator and etc. Temperature measurement is used to measure
air temperature, boiling water temperature, ice-point temperature and wet or dry bulb
temperature. Temperature can be measured via a various ranges of sensors. All of these
sensors infer temperature by sensing changes in physical characteristics.
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4. PROCEDURE
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PART 2 : Ice-point temperature measurement
No. Procedure
1. Half fill the vacuum flask with a mixture of crushed ice and pure water
2. Insert the bulb of the thermometer into the water-ice mixture; stir gently to ensure
intimate contact with the mixture. Observe the reading on the thermometer.
3. Insert the metal rod of the bi-metal thermometer into the water-ice mixture; stir
gently to ensure intimate contact with the mixture. Observe the reading on the
bimetallic temperature indicator.
4. Insert the thermocouple probe into the water-ice mixture; stir gently to ensure
intimate contact with the mixture. Observe the reading on the thermocouple
temperature indicator
5. Insert the RTD probe into the water-ice mixture; stir gently to ensure intimate
contact with the mixture. Observe the reading on the RTD temperature indicator.
6. Insert the thermistor probe into the water-ice mixture; stir gently to ensure intimate
contact with the mixture. Observe the reading on the thermistor temperature
indicator.
7. Insert the metal rod of the vapor pressure indicator into the water- ice mixture; stir
gently to ensure intimate contact with the mixture. Observe the reading on the
indicator.
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PART 3 : Boiling-point temperature measurement
No. Procedure
1. Half fill the water heater jug with clean water and connect the power cord.
2. Swicth ON the water heater jug. wait until water is boil .
Be careful to the hot water.
3. Insert the bulb of the thermometer into boiling water. Observe the reading on the
thermometer.
4. Insert the metal rod of the bimetalic indicator into boiling water. Observe the
reading on the bimetallic indicator.
5. Insert the thermocouple probe into boiling water. Observe the reading on the
temperature indicator.
6. Insert the RTD probe into boiling water. Observe the reading on the resistance
indicator.
7. Insert the thermistor probe into boiling water. Observe the reading on the
thermistor indicator.
8. Insert the metal rod of the vapor pressure indicator into boiling water. Observe the
reading on the thermometer.
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5. RESULTS
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6. DISCUSSION/ EVALUATION AND QUESTIONS
6.2 Why there are differences in temperature readings among measurement devices?
6.3 Which device gives the fast response during taken measurement?
6.5 From your reading, give the temperature measurement device that could be use to
measure melted aluminium which having temperature > 400C.
7. CONCLUSION
Based on data and discussion, make your overall conclusion by referring to experiment objective.
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