Topic 3

A single phase full-bridge SPWM inverter operates in a=0.85 f0=50Hz, fs=12kHz,

Vdc=200V, R=10 ohms and L=0.25mH
a. Determine the voltage transfer ratio Tvv
b. The Maximum output voltage (in RMS)
c. Build the simulation circuit and study the behavior of the inverter;
d. Harmonic characteristic study for the waveforms of output V0 and i0;
e. Design a control to keep the output voltage stable with the change of DC voltage.

Introduction

An inverter Converts DC to AC power by switching the DC input voltage (or current) in a pre-
determined sequence to generate AC voltage (or current) output i.e. An inverter is a DC to AC
converter that converts a DC voltage into an AC of variable voltage and variable frequency. In
inverter circuits power semiconductor devices, such as thyristors, MOSFETs, IGBTs, BJTs and
GTOs can be used. Figure 1 shows the general schematic of a single-phase full bridge inverter. It
is fed by a DC source that can either be a DC battery as in case of hybrid vehicles or the output
of a solar array in case of a solar system. For single phase inverters there are four switches for a
full bridge inverter and six switches in a 3 phase inverter. The output voltage waveform for a
voltage source inverter and output current waveform of current source inverter are stepped
waveforms and their quality depends on the switching scheme of Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM). Generally sinusoidal PWM is used for periodic switching of the inverter switches [1].
DC AC inverters have many applications such wherever variable frequency AC input voltage is
needed like in Motor driver, Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), Solar PV ad HVDC link.

In this report, a Unipolar SPWM switching techniques is applied through simulations and
calculation using MATLAB-Simulink. The voltage transfer ratio and the maximum output
voltage (Vrms) will be calculated, The harmonic characteristic study for the waveforms of output
V0 and i0; and finally there is design of control circuit for the output voltage with change of DC
input voltage.
 Figure 1 A single-phase full-bridge voltage source inverter

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

PWM is one of the most widely used technique in power electronics switching. It is a process of
producing pulse trains with variable widths that control the flow of power through power
electronic switches [2]. Figure 4.2 very clearly shows the simplest PWM scheme in which a
triangular wave is compared with a DC voltage. The amplitude of DC voltage is directly
responsible for the production of pulses with variable width. The output will be high if amplitude
of DC is greater then the amplitude of triangle waveform at any instant. It is obvious from the
related figures that decreasing the amplitude of DC is actually generating pulses with narrow
pulse width and vice versa. It should be noted that the frequency of waveform is independent of
the amplitude of DC value.

Figure 2:Simple generation of PWM using a sin and asin block

 The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a
switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to
the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch.

SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Sinusoidal PWM is the most applicable and performance modulation technique.

In this method, the width pulses is changed in ratio to the amplitude of a reference signal
estimated at the center of the same pulse. The switching signals are created by comparing a
sinusoidal waveform fr with a triangular carrier waveform fc.. frequency, with its peak amplitude
and control the modulation ratio ma. The carrier frequency determines the number of pulses per
half-cycle. SPWM inverter has a constant DC input for generating sinusoidal shape at a certain
frequency [3].
Figure 3: SPWM with Unipolar Switching (a) Input reference Signal (b) Input Triangle Wave (C
Comparison Between reference signal and triangular Signal (d) Comparator 1 Output (e)
Comparator 2 Output

MATLAB SIMULATION

In this report, the working of Sinusoidal PWM inverter has been verified with based on unipolar
PWM. As it is shown in Figure 4 of which illustrate the Simulink circuit Model of H_bridege
Full wave inverter, switches are operated by the pulse which is the result of a sine wave
generator and a triangular wave generator. The output Voltage and output current are displayed in
Figure 5

Figure 4:Simulink Model of Sinusoidal PWM Full Wave Inverter

 Figure 5:

Output Waveform of Single Phase Inverter With Unipolar Switching

Figure 8: THD of AC output Voltage with Modulation index a=0.85

Figure 6:
7: THD of AC output
After Low
Voltage
Current
bandwith
with
Filtering
Modulation
Modulation index
index a=0.85
a=0.85 Figure 6:
Modulatio Voltage Source Inverter Voltage output after Low Current source Inverter
n Index (a) band Filter
THD (%) AC Voltage THD (%) AC Voltage THD (%) AC Current
1 61.91 181.7V 5.34 177.5V 38.48 18.44A
0.95 63.42 176.71V 4.35 172.4V 39.33 17.95A
0.9 65.48 172V 2.77 167V 41.11 17.46A
0.85 67.59 168.2V 2.34 164V 42.05 17.11A
0.8 69.22 165.7V 2.25 162V 43.45 16.85A
Table 1: Total Harmonic Distortion for RL Load