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Fluid Statics
From a force analysis on a triangular fluid element at rest, the following three
concepts are easily developed:
For a continuous, hydrostatic, shear free fluid:
These concepts are key to the solution of problems in fluid statics, e.g.
1. Two points at the same depth in a static fluid have the same pressure.
2. The orientation of a surface has no bearing on the pressure at a point
in a static fluid.
3. Vertical depth is a key dimension in determining pressure change in a
static fluid.
P = { g a} + V
2
Note: For problems involving the effects v ofv both (1) fluid statics and
(2) inertial effects, it is the net g a acceleration vector that controls
both the magnitude and direction of the pressure gradient.
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p = g
p p p dp
= 0; =0; = = g
x y z dz
2
P2 P1 = g d Z
1
Note: P
Z 1
1
We can now define a new fluid parameter useful in static fluid analysis:
P2 P1 = - (Z2 Z1)
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Manometer Example:
Given the indicated manometer, a
g A = 8126 N/m3
gair = 11.8 N/m3
Neglect the contribution due to the air column. Substituting values, we obtain
Note why: (zA- z1) = 0.10 m and (z1 z2) = -0.18 m, & did not use Pa
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the net hydrostatic force on a plane surface is given by (see text for development):
F = PdA = Pcg A
A
The basic physics says that the hydrostatic force is a distributed load equal to the
integral of the local pressure force over the area. This is equivalent to the following:
F = gh cg A
F = Pcg A
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1. Determine depth of centroid hcg for the area in contact with the
fluid
2. Determine the (gage) pressure at the centroid Pcg
3. Calculate F = PcgA.
The following page shows the centroid, and other geometric properties of several
common areas.
It is noted that care must be taken when dealing with layered fluids. The required
procedure is essentially that the force on the plane area in each layer of fluid must be
determined individually for each layer using the steps listed above.
Define an x y coordinate system whose origin is at the centroid, c.g, of the area.
The location of the resultant force is determined by integrating the moment of the
distributed fluid load on the surface about each axis and equating this to the moment
of the resultant force. Therefore, for the moment about the x axis:
F y cp = y P dA
A
Applying a procedure similar to that used previously to determine the resultant force,
and using the definition (see text for detailed development),
for Ixx defined as the moment of inertia, or 2nd moment of area we obtain
gsin I xx
Ycp = 0
Pcg A
Therefore, the resultant force will always act at a distance ycp below the centroid of
the surface ( except for the special case of sin = 0 ).
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y
b L bL3
x
L
2 , 2 0 b L
12
b
R
y
4
R
2
x
2R 0, 0 0
4
bL3 bL
2 2
b L
L y b L
x 3 , 3 36 72 2
b
y
4R 8 R2
4
x 0 ,a = R 0
3 9
a
8 2
R
s
b ( b 2s) L
3 2
L bL 1
y L a = b L
x 3 36 72 2
b
y R
4R 44 1 4 4 R2
a= R R
3 9 8 9
x
16 4
b
1
h( b + 2b 1 ) (b )
3 2 2
y h + 4bb 1 + b 1 h
h a = 0 ( b + b 1)
3( b + b 1 ) 36 ( b + b1 )
x
2
b
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where Xcp can be either positive or negative since Ixy can be either positive or
negative.
Note: For areas with a vertical plane of symmetry (e.g., squares, circles, isosceles
triangles, etc.) through the centroid, i.e. the ( y - axis), the center of pressure is
located directly below the centroid along the plane of symmetry, i.e., Xcp = 0.
Key Points: The values Xcp and Ycp are both measured with respect to the
centroid of the area in contact with the fluid.
Xcp and Ycp are both measured in the plane of the area; i.e.,
o
Ycp is not necessarily a vertical dimension, unless = 90 .
Special Case: For most problems where (1) we have a single, homogeneous fluid
( i.e., not applicable to layers of multiple fluids) and (2) the surface pressure is
atmospheric, the fluid specific weight cancels in the equation for Ycp and Xcp
and we have the following simplified expressions:
F = g h cg A
I xx sin I xy sin
Ycp = X cp =
h cg A h cg A
However, for problems where we have either (1) multiple fluid layers, or (2) a
container with surface pressurization > Patm , these simplifications do not occur
and the original, basic expressions for F , Ycp , and Xcp must be used; i.e., take
care to use the approximate expressions only for cases where they apply. The
basic equations always work.
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Example 2.5
Seawater
Given: Gate, 5 ft wide 64 lbf/ft3
Hinged at B 9
Holds seawater as shown h c.g.
15
Find: A
a. Net hydrostatic force on gate
b. Horizontal force at wall - A
c. Hinge reactions - B c. g.
6
B
8
o
a. By geometry: = tan-1 (6/8) = 36.87 Neglect Patm
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Ixx I sin
ycp = gsin = xx
Pcg A hcg A P
Fw
For a rectangular wall:
y
c.p.
3 Bz
Ixx = bh /12 c.g. 6 ft
c.p.
Bx
Ixx = 5 * 103/12 = 417 ft4
8 ft
Note: The relevant area is a
rectangle, not a triangle.
MB = 0 P
Fw
(5 0.417) 38,400 6 P = 0 y
c.p.
Bz
c.g. 6 ft
P = 29,330 lbf Bx c.p.
8 ft
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Bx = 6290 lbf
Fz = 0, Bz Fcos = 0
Bz = 38,400 * 0.8 = 30,720 lbf
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Fh = FH
Fv = Wair + W1 + W2
From this force balance, the basic rules for determining the horizontal and vertical
component of forces on a curved surface in a static fluid can be summarized as
follows:
Horizontal Component, Fh
The horizontal component of force on a curved surface equals the force on
the plane area formed by the projection of the curved surface onto a
vertical plane normal to the component.
hcg a a
The horizontal force will act Projected vertical
through the c.p. (not the centroid) plane
of the projected area. ycp Curved
cp surface
Fh
b b
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Get the picture? All elements of the analysis are performed with the
vertical plane. The original curved surface is important
only as it is used to define the projected vertical plane.
Vertical Component - Fv
The use of the words effective column of fluid is important in that there
may not always actually be fluid directly above the surface. ( See graphic
that follows.)
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Veff
Veff a
P b
fluid
P P P
P a P
b
These two examples show two typical cases where this concept is used to
determine Veff.
The vertical force acts vertically through the centroid (center of mass) of the
effective column of fluid. The vertical direction will be the direction of the
vertical components of the pressure forces.
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Recall:
Centroid = the location where the first moment of a point area, volume, or mass
equals the first moment of the distributed area, volume, or mass, e.g.
xcgV1 = x dV
V1
This principle can also be used to determine the location of the centroid of
complex geometries.
For example:
If Veff = V1 + V2
V1
a
then
V2
xcgVeff = x1V1 + x2V2
b
or
VT = V1 + Veff Veff
b
Note: In the figures shown above, each of the x values would be specified
relative to a vertical axis through b since the cg of the quarter circle is most
easily specified relative to this axis.
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What volume of fluid would result in the actual pressure distribution on the
curved surface?
Vol = A - B - C
Note: Fv is directed upward even though the effective volume is above the surface.
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Note: We are taking moments about the left side of the figure, ie., point b. WHY?
M B =0 clockwise positive.
MB + 5 Fh + (15 xv )Fv = 0
MB + 35,100 W +10,093.6 W = 0
MB = 45,194W ft lbf Why negative?
The hydrostatic forces will tend to roll the surface clockwise relative to B,
thus a resisting moment that is counterclockwise is needed for static
equilibrium.
Always review your answer (all aspects: magnitude, direction, units, etc.) to
determine if it makes sense relative to physically what you understand
about the problem. Begin to think like an engineer.
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P
It can be easily shown that atm
(see text for detailed
development) the buoyant
force Fb is given by:
Vb
Fb = g Vb Fb
Thus, the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced, which is
equal to the product of the specific weight times the volume of fluid
displaced.
Through a vertical line of action, directed upward, which acts through the
centroid of the volume of fluid displaced.
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All of the problems considered to this point were for static fluids. We will now
consider an extension of our static fluid analysis to the case of rigid body motion,
where the entire fluid mass moves and accelerates uniformly (as a rigid body).
The container of fluid shown below is accelerated uniformly up and to the right as
shown.
P = ( g a ) + V
2
For rigid body motion, there is no velocity gradient in the fluid, therefore
2 V = 0
P = ( g a ) = G
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The equations governing the analysis for this class of problems are most easily
developed from an acceleration diagram.
Acceleration diagram:
Free
surface a
az
For the indicated geometry:
-a ax
ax ax
= tan1 = tan1
g + az g + az s
P1
P2
where G = {a x + (g + a z ) }
dP 1
= G
2 2 2
g
ds
G
and P2 P1 = G(s 2 s 1 )
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Example 2.12 ax
Given: A coffee mug, 6 cm x 6 cm 6 cm
square, 10 cm deep, contains 7 cm of z
coffee. Mug is accelerated to the right
with ax = 7 m/s2 . Assuming rigid body
motion. c = 1010 kg/m3,
10 cm
Determine: a. Will the coffee spill?
b. Pg at a & b. 7 cm
c. Fnet on left wall.
a. First draw schematic showing
original orientation and final a b
orientation of the free surface.
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b. Pressure at a & b. ax
Pa = G sa 6 cm
z
2 2 .5 2 2 .5
G = {a x + g } = { 7 + 9.807 }
G = 12.05 m/s2
10 cm
sa = {7 + z} cos
s 7 cm
sa = 9.14 cm cos 35.5 = 7.44 cm
a
3 2
Pa = 1010 kg/m *12.05m/s *0.0744 m
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