Mrs, Helmick English 102 7 March 2016 Annotated Bibliography Fainaru-Wada, Mark, and Steve Fainaru. League of Denial. New York: Penguin Random House, 2013. Print Mark Fainaru-Wada is a New York Times bestselling author and an investigative reporter for SSPN. Steve Fainaru, the coauthor with Fainaru-Wada, is also an investigative reporter for ESPN and is the 2008 Pulitzer Prize winner. Their book League of Denial describes the corinection between football and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or C.TE. Itis divided into three sections: Discovery, Denial, and Reckoning, The first section, discovery, provides background on Mike Webster, former NFL center who was first diagnosed with C.T.E. after his death. It explains Webster's football career and how adamant he was on staying on the field during games; therefore leading to the psychological and neurological problems he suffered when his football career was over. The second section, denial, describes how the National Football League initially negated the Tink between C.T-E, and football. An example if the denial is that the Mild Traumatic Brain Committee was headed by a rheumatologist not a neurologist. This part also explains the process Dr. Bennet Omalu went through to discover this degenerative brain disease in Mike Webster. Once C.T-E. was found, Omalu went to many established neuro-doctors to confirm his finding. The third section continues to describe the NEL’s denial, and also provides multiple examples of football players who were diagnosed with—— C.TE. after committing suicide. League of Denial is an excellent source for my topic, and I will use it in my research paper to provide background information on C.T.E, and to prove the NEL still has yet to do more to ensure the safety of football players across the country. Fendrich, Howard. “Some NFL Players Still Willing to Hide Concussions.” Professional Athletes, (2014): p. 1-6. Web. Howard Fendrich, an Associated Press reporter, wrote the article “Some NEL Players Still Willing to Hide Concussions” which shows that NFL players will hide concussions to continue to play football. In 2009, most professional players would not admit to suffering from a concussion, but after learning about C.T.E. and its effects, players today would report a concussion. However, some will still risk the potential damage of not reporting a concussion just to keep playing the game. It is brought up that the NFL stresses for its players to report it and not to “shake it off.” Some players today believe football has become safer since the C.T.E. discovery, but concussions still.need to be addressed. Many believe that the NFL has and continues to protect its players through regulations and rules that it has changed. This article will be used in my research paper for the counterargument portions of my paper. Jackson, Nate. “Reduce the N.F-L.’s Play Clock.” The Opinion Pages. (2016): p. 1-4. Print Nate Jackson is a journalist for The Opinion Pages, which is a reputable newspaper. His article “Reduce the NF.L.’s Play Clock,” describes that if the National Football League reduced the play clock from forty seconds to twenty-five seconds it would eliminate a huddle. By eliminating the huddle in between plays, the players cannot run a specific play and they will just have to play, making the tackles less gruesome. The twenty-five seconda: play clock also makes the game go by quicker, which mean less time to stand around, s0 the players will be more tired and will not by able to hit their opponents as hard as usual Also, injuries will be more recognizable because the players have less time to “shake it off.” Players who suffered a concussion in the previous play will be more noticeable because they cannot hide the fact that they are hurting, If the play clock is not reduced, players will continue to struggle with physical and psychological problems after their careers end. Jackson’s article will be used in my research paper, and will serveas an alternative to how football can become a safer sport, but still the same sport people love to watch, Johnson, L. Syd M. “Return to Play Guidelines Cannot Solve the Football-Related Concussion Problem.” Journal of School Health. Volume 82, Number 4 (2012): p. 180-185. Print L. Syd M. Johnson is a professor at Michigan Technological University and teaches ethics and bioethics. Her article presents information on C.T-E. and what causes it. The article describes that in youth football players, concussions are serious, but since they have not been playing as long as professional players, they are not at a greater risk. However, concussions in youth players can cause cognitive impairment in school and sports. The main focus is that concussions will continue to occur because the National Football League has not changed the aspects and rules of the game. An example given to protect youth players is to eliminate tackling for leagues with players younger than 16 years old. The article explains that the main target is youth football leagues because if concussions are reduced at younger ages, the players will not be as likely to tackle as, hard when they are older. I will use this article in my research paper to provide examplesof how tackling can be reduced at a young age, and to show that youth players suffer just.“ as many concussions as professional players. Jost, Kenneth, “Professional Football: Is the NFL, doing enough to protect players?” CO Researcher. Volume 20, Number 4 (2010): p. 73-96. Web. Kenneth Jost is a Harvard and Georgetown University Law Center graduate who wrote the article, “Is the NFL doing enough to protect players?” published by CQ Researcher. This article provides examples of National Football League players who suffered from C.T.E, caused by their years of playing football. It also gives information on what the NEL has done since the discovery of C.T.E. like donating money to conduet more research on C:T-E. The most significant aspect of this article is the answer Dr. Bennet, Omalu and Dr. Ira Casson gave when asked the question, “Do football injuries cause long-term brain damage?” by Congress, Omalu answered this question with a yes, while Casson answered with ano, Omalu’s reasoning behind his answer was that repeated blows to the head has been thoroughly researched and proven that it leads to psychological and neurological problems when the players retire. Casson’s reasoning was that there was not enough evidence to prove the repeated blows to the head causes long- term brain damage. He also states that these psychological and neurological problems are merely heredity and not linked to football. Jost’s article “Professional Football; Is the ‘NEL doing enough to protect players?” will be very important in my research paper because Casson’ s statement will help me prove that the National Football League did not“ acknowledge the connection between football and C.T.E. ‘McLure, Jason. “Professional Football.” CQ Researcher. (2011): Print.a 5 Jason McLure is a journalist for CQ Researcher, who won the American Bar Association Silver Gavel Award in 2002. His article is a follow-up article to Kenneth Jost’s article “Professional Football: Is the NFL doing enough to protect players?” In his article, McLure explains the repeated head trauma causes concussions that can be deadly in the long run, The article describes that the National Football League’s belated acknowledgement to C.T-E. has led to many deaths of former footballl players. However, the article stated that the N.F.L. has taken some measures into ensuring the safety of the players and the game since C..E, has been discovered. One example being, the NFL has moved back the kickoff spot from the 30-yard line to the 35-yard line. The article ‘mentions Ira Casson, ex-co-chairman of the Mild Traumatic Brain Committee, and how he refused to believe that repeated head trauma in football causes long-term brain damage (C-TE.). McLure’s article provides me with necessary information to prove the NFL has to act, but also it provides me with information for a counterargument. “NFL Concussions Fast Facts.” CNN Wire. (2015): Web. The Cable News Network, more commonly known as CNN, is a universal source for current events on television and online. This article focuses on the timeline that describes the major events relating to chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The discovery of C.T-E. is first on the timeline, and is followed by the NFL’s denial of C.T.E. caused by football. The timeline ventures on to the dates when former NFL stars committed suicide, including Terry Long, Andre Waters, Dave Duerson, Ray Easterling, and Junior Seau. ‘The most significant date on the timeline occurred on June 7, 2012; on this day, more than 2,000 NFL players accused the NEL of failing to acknowledge the connection between the sport and head trauma. In August of the same year, the NFL tried to dismiss 4ss the lawsuit of the players. Further down the timeline more football players who suffered from C.T.E. committed suicide, The second to last date on the timeline gives approval to the NEL to provide five million dollars for any retired player who suffers from psychological and neurological problems related to playing football. This timeline will be useful in my research paper because I can prove that along the way of many football . players dying, it took the NFL too long to realize they needed help and neglected any link between their problems and football “NFL Head Injuries.” /ssues and Controversies. Infobase Learning, (2009): Web. Issues and Controversies is a database that is updated regularly and gives necessary o information through Facts On File, The article “NFL Head Injuries” provides two sides of the debate between football and its long-term effects. It explains that the some people believe there is not enough evidence to prove the link, but others believe evidence has proven the link. Examples of what the National Football League has done to protect its players are given in detail, However, the argument that the NFL has not done enough is also present in this article. Some background on how C.T.B. came about is provided, as well as important dates relating to C.T.E. Charts are given throughout the article describing what position sustains the most head injuries and if players have hid concussions or missed playing time because of concussions. “NFL Head Injuries” will be used in my paper to provide information for the counterargument, but also for the main” argument. Pennington, Bill. “C.T.E. Is Found in an Ex-Giant Tyler Sash, Who Died at 27.” The New York Times. (2016): p. 1-7. Print.an Bill Pennington is a journalist for The New York Times, a world-renowned newspaper.“ His article covers the most recent victim of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Tyler Sash. Sash was let go from the New York Giants after suffering five, if not more, concussions in his football career. However, itis believed that even the most blows to the head can contribute to the disease. Sash only played 27 total games with the Giants, proving that C.T-E. can occur in the less important players. Although he did not commit suicide, he died of an accidental overdose to cope with shoulder pain. At age 27, the amount of C.T.E. found in Sash’s brain was very advanced and about the amount found in Junior Seau, who died at 43. I plan to use this article to prove that C.1.E. is a reoccurring problem and the NFL clearly has not done enough to protect the players who do not play every game. Reynolds, Gretchen. “How Training Without Helmet Could Reduce Head Injuries.” The New York Times. (2016): p. 1-4. Web, Gretchen Reynolds is a journalist for The New York Times, a world-renowned newspaper,“ for current events, This article focuses on a way to reduce head trauma in football. A study was conducted Erik Swartz, department of kinesiology at the University of New Hampshire chairman, to try to reduce the amount of head trauma football players sustain, Swartz played college rugby, a sport with a large number of tackling, but not very many head injuries. He contacted the University of New Hampshire football team, and asked to divide the team into two groups: one with helmets and one without; he also provided drills to perform without helmets. What Swartz: had found was the group without helmets ‘was hit 30 percent less often than the group practicing with helmets, This new study can ultimately change football for the better. This article will be crucial to my paper becausems v it proves that practicing without helmets can save players and prevent long-term brain damage.