Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
MOVEMENTS
FROM 1870 TO THE PRESENT
PREPARED BY EDELIZA V. MACALANDAG, UAP
MOVEMENTS:1870 to
1930
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Suprematism
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Impressionism Art Nouveau Fauvism Cubism Dada Surrealism
Minimalism
Kineti Concept
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scene.
ARTISTS
KEY
unfinished or amateurish.
ARTISTS
KEY
Edouard Manet
23 Jan 1832 (Paris) - 30 April 1883 (Paris)
Edouard Manet was the most important and influential artist to have
heeded poet Charles Baudelaire's call to artists to become painters of
modern life.
Manet's modernity lies above all in his eagerness to update older
genres of painting by injecting new content, or altering the
conventional elements. He did so with an acute sensitivity to
historical tradition and contemporary reality. This was also
undoubtedly the root cause of many of the scandals he provoked.
He is credited with popularizing the technique of alla prima
painting. Rather than build up colors in layers, Manet would
"There are no immediately lay down the hue which most closely matched the final
effect he sought. The approach came to be used widely by the
lines in
Impressionists, who found it perfectly suited to the pressures of
nature, only capturing effects of light and atmosphere whilst painting outdoors.
areas of
His loose handling of paint, and his schematic rendering of
color, one volumes, led to areas of "flatness" in his pictures. In the artist's day
against this flatness may have suggested popular posters, or the artifice of
IMPRESSIONISM
Edouard Manet : Major Works
Edouard Manet
Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe
1863. Oil on canvas.
Edouard Manet
A Bar at the Folies-Bergere
1881. Oil on canvas.
Claude Monet
14 Nov 1840 (Paris, France) 5 Dec 1926 (Giverny, France)
Claude Monet
Women in the Garden
1866-7. Oil on canvas. 255
205 cm
Claude Monet
Boulevard des Capucines
1873. Oil on canvas.
Claude Monet
Westminster Bridge
(aka The Thames below
Westminster)
1871. Oil on canvas. 255 205
Westminster Bridge is one
cm of the
finest examples of his work
during the time he and his
family were in wartime refuge.
This simple, asymmetrical
composition is balanced by the
horizontal bridge, the boats
floating upon the waves with the
vertical wharf, and ladder in the
foreground.
The entire scene is dominated
by a layer of mist containing
violet, gold, pink and green,
creating a dense atmosphere
IMPRESSIONISM
Claude Monet : Major Works
Claude Monet
Lady with a Parasol
1886. Oil on canvas.
Claude Monet
Rouen Cathedral: The Facade at
Sunset
1894. Oil on canvas.
Claude Monet
Water Lilies
1916. Oil on canvas.
Edgar Degas
19 July 1834 (Paris, France) 27 Sept 1917 (Paris, France)
Edgar Degas
The Dance Class (La Classe de
Danse)
1874. Oil on canvas. 85x78 cm.
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
25 Feb 1841 (Haute-Vienne, France) 3 Dec 1919 (Provence-Alpes-Cte
d'Azur, France)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Bal du moulin de la Galette
(Dance at Le moulin de la Galette)
1876. Oil on canvas. 131 175 cm
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Luncheon of the Boating Party
(Le djeuner des canotiers)
1881. Oil on canvas.
Berthe Morisot
January 14, 1841 (Bourges, Cher, France) March 2, 1895 (Paris, France)
Berthe Morisot
The Mother and Sister of the Artist
1869/1870. Oil on canvas. 101 82 cm
Camille Pissarro
The Woodcutter
1879. Oil on canvas. 35x45-3/4 inches.
Camille Pissarro
The Boulevard Montmartre on a Winter
Morning
1897. Oil on canvas.
IMPRESSIONISM
Camille Pissarro : Major Works
Camille Pissarro
Boulevard Montmartre, Spring
1897. Oil on canvas. 65 x 81 cm.
IMPRESSIONISM
Camille Pissarro : Major Works
Camille Pissarro
Boulevard Montmartre
1897. Oil on canvas. 74 92.8 cm
IMPRESSIONISM
Camille Pissarro : Major Works
Camille Pissarro
Boulevard Montmartre la nuit
1898. Oil on canvas. 55 65 cm.
MOVEMENTS:1870 to
1930
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Suprematism
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Impressionism Art Nouveau Fauvism Cubism Dada Surrealism
Paul Cezanne
The Artist's Father, Reading
"L'vnement" 1866. Oil on canvas.
200 120 cm
Paul Cezanne
The Large Bathers (Les Grandes
Baigneuses)
1906. Oil on canvas. 208 249 cm
The Large Bathers is one of the finest examples
of Cezanne's attempt at incorporating the
modern, heroic nude in a natural setting. The
series of very human nudes, no Greco-Roman
nymphs or satyrs, are arranged into a variety of
positions, like objects of still-life, under the
pointed arch formed by the intersection of trees
and the heavens. The figures are devoid of any
particular personality - the artist assembles
them for purely structural purposes. Here
Cezanne is reinterpreting an iconic Western
motif of the female nude, but in an
exceptionally radical way. The sheer size of the
painting is monumental, confronting the viewer
directly with abbreviated shapes that resolve
themselves into the naked limbs of his sitters.
This is not yet abstraction, but in such
POST-
IMPRESSIONISM
Paul Cezanne : Major Works
Paul Cezanne
Card Player
1906. Oil on canvas. 208 249 cm
Georges Seurat
The Bathers
1884-86. Oil on canvas.
Georges Seurat
Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La
Grand Jatte 1884-86. Oil on canvas.
1910
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Suprematism
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Impressionism Art Nouveau Fauvism Cubism Dada Surrealism
Gustav Klimt
July 14, 1862 (Baumgarten, Austrian Empire) February 6, 1918 (Vienna,
Austria-Hungary)
Gustav Klimt
The Kiss
1907-08. Oil, gold and silver leaf on canvas.
Gustav Klimt
Adele Bloch-Bauer I
1907. Oil, gold and silver leaf on canvas.
Those who look Gaud rarely drew detailed plans of his works, instead preferring to
for the laws of create them as three-dimensional scale models and molding the
Nature as a details as he was conceiving them.
support for their Gauds work enjoys widespread international appeal and many
new works studies are devoted to understanding his architecture. Today, his
collaborate with work finds admirers among architects and the general public alike.
the creator. His masterpiece, the still-uncompleted Sagrada Famlia, is one of
ART NOUVEAU
Antoni Gaudi : Major Works
Antoni Gaudi
Sagrada Familia
Barcelona, Spain. 1882 - ongoing
Antoni Gaudi
Sagrada Familia
Barcelona, Spain. 1882 -
ongoing
ART NOUVEAU
Antoni Gaudi : Major Works
Antoni Gaudi
Casa Mila
Barcelona,
Spain. 1905-
1910
MOVEMENTS:1870 to
1930
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Suprematism
0
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Impressionism Art Nouveau Fauvism Cubism Dada Surrealism
KEY ARTIST
1906
Ideas: Evolving out of Post-Impressionism and
Symbolism, the loosely affiliated group of artists
developed a decorative, anti-naturalistic style to Henri Matisse
express personal feelings towards their subjects.
FAUVISM
Henri Matisse
31 Dec 1869 (Le Cateau-Cambrsis, Nord) - 3 Nov 1954 (Nice, Alpes-
Maritimes)
Henri Matisse
Woman with a Hat
1905. Oil on canvas. 79.4 x 59.7 cm
Henri Matisse
Blue Nude II
1952. Gouache-painted paper cut-outs.
1910
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Suprematism
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Impressionism Art Nouveau Fauvism Cubism Dada Surrealism
1910
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Suprematism
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Impressionism Art Nouveau Fauvism Cubism Dada Surrealism
KEY ARTIST
between the depicted scene in a picture, and the
surface of the canvas. Its innovations would be
taken up by the likes ofPiet Mondrian, who
continued to explore its use of the grid, its Pablo Picasso
abstract system of signs, and its shallow space.
CUBISM
KEY ARTIST
He saw himself above all as a painter, and yet his
sculpture was greatly influential, and he also
explored areas as diverse as print-making and
ceramics.
Finally, he was a famously charismatic personality: Pablo Picasso
CUBISM Pablo Picasso
Guernica
Pablo Picasso : Major Works 1937. Oil on canvas. 349 cm 776 cm
CUBISM
Pablo Picasso : Major Works
Pablo Picasso
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.
1907. Oil on Canvas. 244 x 234 cm
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Suprematism
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Impressionism Art Nouveau Fauvism Cubism Dada Surrealism
KEY ARTIST
affiliated with any specific artistic movementper se.
In his insistence that art should be driven by ideas above
all, Duchamp is generally considered to be the
father ofConceptualart.
In later years, Duchamp famously spent his time playing Marcel Duchamp
chess, even as he labored away in secret at his last
DADA
Marcel Duchamp : Major Works
Marcel Duchamp
Fountain
1917
Marcel Duchamp
LHOOQ
1919
1910
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1930
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Suprematism
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Impressionism Art Nouveau Fauvism Cubism Dada Surrealism
KEY ARTIST
beyond.
Obsessive themes of eroticism, death, and decay
permeate Dali's work, reflecting his familiarity with and
synthesis of the psychoanalytical theories of his time.
Salvador Dali
Drawing on blatantly autobiographical material and
SURREALISM
Salvador Dali : Major Works
Salvador Dali
The Persistence of Memory
1931. Oil on canvas. 24cm 33cm.
Salvador Dali
Soft Construction with Boiled
Beans
(Premonition of Civil War)
1936. Oil on canvas. 100cm 99cm
Minimalism
Kineti Concept
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ARTISTS
international art world.
KEY
Jackson Pollock Willem De Kooning Mark Rothko
ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM
Jackson Pollock
January 28, 1912 (Cody, Wyoming, U.S.) - august 11, 1956 (Springs, New York,
U.S.)
Jackson Pollock
No. 5, 1948
1948. Oil on fiberboard. 2.4m 1.2m
Willem de Kooning
Woman I
1950-52. Oil on canvas.
Mark Rothko
Entrance to Subway
1938. Oil on canvas.
Mark Rothko
Slow Swirl at the Edge of the Sea
1944. Oil on canvas.
Franz Kline
Chief
1950. Oil on canvas.
Philip Guston
Zone
1953-54. Oil on canvas.
Bridget Riley
Blaze
1964. Screen print on paper.
Naum Gabo
Kinetic Construction (Standing Wave)
1919-20. Metal, painted wood and electrical
mechanism
Kinetic Construction (Standing Wave)was initially
created by Naum Gabo to demonstrate kinetic
energy to a class. Here a metal strip stand is
mechanized to create a motion that produces the
illusion of volume. The abstracted form embraces
the elements of time and space in a constructed
form. It reflects the origins of Kinetic art in some of
the radical approaches to sculpture born with
Constructivism. What is remarkable about the object
is that, when immobile and stationary, it fails
entirely as a sculpture, being nothing more than a
vertical strip of metal; it is only movement that
lends it interest, and that interest is the product of
an optical illusion. In that sense the artistry of
Gabo'sKinetic Constructionis a fleeting thing,
nothing more than a mirage that can be gone in an
COLOR FIELD PAINTING
LATE 1940s MID 1960s
A term designating a trend within Abstract
Expressionism. It was coined by Clement Greenberg
in the essay "American-type Painting", 1955, and his
support for it encouraged its survival into the 1970s.
Greenberg believed that there was a tendency in
modern painting to apply color in fields, and some
recent painters were bringing that to a climax. Some
early color field painting suggested grand and lyrical
moods, while later work bearing geometric motifs
bordered on Conceptual and Pop Art.later work
bearing geometric motifs bordered on Conceptual
and Pop Art.
COLOR FIELD
PAINTING Works
Groundbreaking
Frank Stella
The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1870-1970
1970. Color offset lithograph poster.
Helen Frankenthaler
Nature Abhors a Vacuum
1973. Acrylic on canvas.
Mark Rothko
No. 2, Green, Red and Blue
1953. Oil on canvas.
Minimalism
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KEY ARTIST
Bohemian street people, Hollywood celebrities, and
wealthy patrons.
Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective
exhibitions, books, and feature and documentary films.
He coined the widely used expression "15 minutes of
fame". Andy Warhol
POP ART
Andy Warhol : Major Works
Andy Warhol
Campbell's Soup
Cans
1962. Synthetic
polymer paint on
canvas. Each 50.8
cm 40.6 cm
POP ART
Andy Warhol : Major Works
Andy Warhol
Untitled from Marilyn
Monroe (Marilyn)
1967. Silkscreen.
After her sudden death in August 1962,
Marilyn Monroe's life and career became a
worldwide obsession. Warhol, being
infatuated with fame and pop culture,
obtained a black-and-white publicity photo
of her, taken in 1953 for her film Niagara,
and used the photo to create several
series of images. Each Marilyn work was
an experiment of dramatically shifting
colors and shadow. With the help of his
assistants, and the printing technique
used, Warhol was able to recreate images
such as this at a fast rate. Marilyn is an
example of the successful evolution of
Warhol's goal of erasing signs of the
artist's hand from the production process.
POP ART
Andy Warhol : Major Works
Andy Warhol
Mao
1973. Synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen ink
on canvas
Warhol combines paint and silkscreen in this
image of Mao Zedong, a series that he
created in direct reaction to President
Richard Nixon's recent visit to China.
The painting is very large, 448.3cm by 346.7
cm, its scale evoking the dominating nature
of Mao's rule over China. It also echoes the
towering propagandistic representations that
were being displayed throughout China
during the Cultural Revolution.
The graffiti-like splashes of color, red rouge
and blue eye shadow, literally 'de-faces'
Mao's image - an act of rebellion against the
Communist propaganda machine by using its
own devices against itself.
POP ART
KEY ARTIST
greeted by accusations of banality, lack of
originality and, later, even copying.
His high-impact, iconic images have since become
synonymous with Pop art, and his method of Roy Lichtenstein
creating images, which blended aspects of
POP ART
Roy Lichtenstein : Major Works
Roy Lichtenstein
Drowning Girl
1963. Oil and synthetic polymer paint on canvas.
Roy Lichtenstein
Brushstrokes
1967. Color screenprint on white wove paper.
Brushstrokes reflects
Lichtensteins interest in the
importance of the brushstroke in
Abstract Expressionism. Abstract
Expressionist artists had made the
brushstroke a vehicle to directly
communicate feelings;
Lichtenstein brushstroke made a
mockery of this aspiration, also
suggesting that though Abstract
Expressionists disdained
commercialization, they were not
immune to it - after all, many of
their pictures were also created in
series, using the same motifs
again and again. Lichtenstein has
OP ART
1964 -
Jesus-Rafael Soto
Sphere bleue de Paris
2000. Wood and paint construction with aluminum rods, lamps, and
rubber tubing
Soto, a Venezuelan who came to France in 1950,
was another of the many South American artists
who made such an important contribution to Op
and Kinetic art. The globe-like form inSphere bleue
de Parisappears to defy gravity, suggesting a
energetic power-source, a world or universe. It is
created by thin strands of blue rubber tubing,
evenly spaced, and moved with a gentle wind or
slight touch. The tubing creates a segmented
sphere that appears to dissolve into thin air as the
viewer circles it. Soto began making such works in
the mid-1960s, and although this piece was
created many years after the Op art movement
went into decline, it demonstrates the endurance
of many of the movement's personalities and their
ideas. An optical illusion is conjured in order to
OP ART
Art Works
Victor Vasarely
Duo - 2
1967. Gouache and acrylic on board.
Donald Judd
Untitled
1969. Brass and colored fluorescent plexiglass on
steel brackets
Throughout the 1960s, Judd created
multiple versions of this untitled work,
always retaining the same scale but
never using the same color or materials.
He wanted his work to exist in real three-
dimensional space, rather than
representing a space, or another world,
as painting or even traditional figurative
sculpture tends to do. Referring to his
sculptures as "primary structures," he
discarded the conventions of traditional
sculpture (the plinth, the figure etc..),
and instead created objects which,
although oddly cold, everyday, and
industrial in appearance, seemed to
aspire to the condition of art by the way
MINIMALISM
Groundbreaking Works
Tony Smith
Free Ride
1962. Painted Steel.
Minimalism
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Kenneth Noland
Cycle
1960. Oil on canvas.
Howard Mehring
The Key
1963. Magna on canvas.
Ellsworth Kelly
Red Blue
1963. Oil on canvas.
Robert Rauschenberg
Erased de Kooning Drawing
1953. Charcoal, pencil, crayon and ink drawing by Willem de
Kooning, erased
In 1953 Robert Rauschenberg visited Willem de
Kooning's loft, requesting to take one of de Kooning's
drawings and completely erase it. Rauschenberg
believed that in order for this idea to become a work of
art, the work had to be someone else's and not his
own; if he erased one of his own drawings then the
result would be nothing more than a negated drawing.
Although disapproving at first, de Kooning admitted to
understanding the concept and reluctantly consented,
but on the condition that he (de Kooning) would only
give away something he knew he would miss, thus
making the erasure that much more profound in the
end, and secondly that the drawing would be a
challenge to completely erase. It took Rauschenberg a
little over a month and an estimated fifteen erasers in
CONCEPTUAL ART
Groundbreaking Works
Joseph Kosuth
One and Three Chairs
1953. Wood folding chair, mounted photograph of a chair,
and photographic enlargement of a dictionary definition of
"chair"
A physical chair sits between a to-scale
photograph of a chair and a printed definition of
the word "chair." Emblematic of Conceptual
art,One and Three Chairsmakes people
question what constitutes the art - the object,
the idea, the photograph, or a combination of all
three.
Joseph Kosuth once wrote, "The art I call
conceptual is such because it is based on an
inquiry into the nature of art. Thus, it is..a
thinking out of all the implications, of all aspects
of the concept 'art.'" With this work, not only is
the nature of art in question, but also the
authenticity of the objects he has chosen to
POST MINIMALISM
1966 -
Born almost simultaneously in the mid-1960s with the movement
that fathered it, Minimalism, Post-Minimalism was less a coherent
avant-garde than a splintered collection of tendencies including
Process art, Performance, Land art and Body art.
Post-Minimalism describes a collection of reactions against the
abstraction, austerity, and formalism of the Minimalist style. But it
also describes work that extended its ideas: some Process artists
pushed further its interests in the materiality of sculpture; some
elaborated its notion that sculpture could expand beyond the object
they developed new ideas about the placement of sculpture, and
pioneered Land art; and others, including many feminist artists,
reintroduced qualities of emotional expression into Minimalisms
POST MINIMALISM
Major Works
Bruce Nauman
The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths,
(Window or Wall Sign)
1967. Neon tubing and clear glass tubing
This seminal work was created in the studio Nauman
established in an abandoned grocery store in San
Francisco and modeled after the neon advertisement
signs nearby. It acts as an advertisement of a different
kind. Its colorful, circular text proclaims the words of
the title: "The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing
Mystic Truths."
It is characteristic of Nauman's early neon works, and
typical of the tone of dry satire in much of his oeuvre.
Commenting on high art in the materials of low culture
and advertising, it sets up a clash that questions old
assumptions about the purpose of art and artists, like
are artists just ordinary salesmen? One might say that
the piece is Post-Minimalist simply by virtue of standing
at the borders of so many different styles and
POST MINIMALISM
Major Works
Richard Long
A Line Made by Walking
1967. Photograph and pencil on board
Luciano Fabro
Floor Tautology
1967. Floor, newspapers
Mario Merz
Giap's Igloo
1968. Metal tubing, wire mesh, neon
tubing, dirt in bags, batteries,
accumulators
Mario Merz held the distinction of being the
oldest of the Arte Povera artists; he was also
married to the group's only female member,
Marisa Merz. In the first of his signature
igloos, Merz uses a phrase taken from a
Vietnamese military general: "Se il nemico
si concentra perde terreno se il disperde
perde forza" ("If the enemy masses his
forces, he loses ground; if he scatters, he
loses strength"). Merz's igloos provide a
focus for his preoccupation with the
necessities of life - shelter, warmth, and
food - though, as here, they also often
contain neon tubes that suggest more
sophisticated and modern experiences, such
PERFORMANCE ART
1910 -
Performance was first embraced by Futurism and Dada, but it
has been exploited by many avant-gardes. It flourished as a
movement itself in the 1960s and found exponents
internationally. Performance art of this period was particularly
focused on the body and is often referred to as Body Art.
Performance is a genre in which art is presented "live,"
usually by the artist but sometimes with collaborators or
performers. Artists have turned to it whenever they have
become disenchanted with conventional media such as
painting and sculpture, and are seeking to rejuvenate art. In
the 1960s, the movement reflected widespread attempts to
escape the boundaries of the traditional art object. In some
ways it extended the action painting of the Abstract
NEO-EXPRESSIONISM
LATE 1970s EARLY 1990s
Neo-Expressionism can be traced to the rise of
German artist Georg Baselitz and his Neue Wilden
group from the late 1960s, but it flourished
internationally in the 1980s.
Disaffected with the intellectualism of Minimalism
and Conceptual Art, many artists returned to
painting in an expressionist style which reasserted
the creative power of the individual. This took
place almost simultaneously throughout the world
and was marked by interests in primitivism,
graffiti, and the revival of historical styles.
NEO-EXPRESSIONISM
Major Works
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Mona Lisa
1983.Acrylic and oil stick on canvas
Anselm Kiefer
Zim Zum
1990. Acrylic, emulsion,
crayon, shellac, ashes, and
canvas on lead
Kiefer's Neo-
Expressionist works are
marked by a dark,
almost post-apocalyptic
bleakness; topographies
that have been ravished
and fractured by war.
WithZim Zum, his forms
are enigmatic, yet at the
same time eerily
recognizable, as if he
were imagining these
quasi-abstract scenes for
the viewer and creating
NEO-EXPRESSIONISM
Major Works
Francesco Clemente
Scissors and Butterflies
1999. Oil on linen.
IMPASTO Painting that applies the pigment thickly sothat brush or paletteknife
marks are visible
JAPONSIM OR JAPONISME Ageneral term for the influence of the arts of Japan
on those of the West, whereas in France, Japonisme is applied to such influence
and is in addition the name of a specific French style (late 1800s).
ARTS AND CRAFTS An international design movement that flourished between
1860 and 1910, that stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and
often applied medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration and advocated
economic and social reform and has been said to be essentially anti-industrial.
SOURCES