PROPERTIES OF MATTER

mechanic - 7 1

Bahan Cakupan
Density
Stress
Regangan
Modulus Elastisitas (Young, Geser, Bulk) dsb
Kalor

mechanic - 7 2
Pengantar
o You live in a huge universe of matter. Because you cannot live
without a sense of order. Our sorting techniques are usually
based upon what we can detect with our senses. The
characteristics of substances we can note with our physical
senses are physical properties. Just as you can recognize your
friends by their physical appearance, you can also recognize
matter by its physical appearance and properties.
o The world around us is composed of three recognizable types of
materials solids, liquids, and gases. We call these types the three
state of matter. The fundamental difference between them lies in
the way that forces act between the atoms or molecules
composing the substance.
o In gases, the interaotomic forces are practically nonexistent,
allowing individual gas atoms (or molecules) to move
independently except during collisions with one another.
mechanic - 7 3

Pengantar
o In liquids and solids these interatomic forces are strong enough so
that external forces cannot significantly change the volume
occupied by a given solid or liquid sample. Thus solids and liquids
are nearly incompressible.
o In solids, the interatomics forces arrange the atoms in a rigid
three-dimensional array , or lattice structure. As a result, solids not
only are incompressible, but also rigid, resisting attempts to
change their shape.
o This three-dimensional structure is lacking in liquids, however. As
a result, liquids are readily deformable in shape, conforming to the
shape at any container, and are able to flow in respionse to
applied forces.

+ heat + heat

Solid Liquid Gas

mechanic - 7 4
Physical Properties
a property that can be determined without changing the
composition of the substance
Examples: color, odor, density, melting point, boiling
point
We have studied how to find the density of matter.
As you know, the equation for mass density (rapat massa) is:

mass = density x volume Satuan mass density :

volume = mass kg/m3 or 1 g /cm3
density
Density of water :1000 kg/m3
mechanic - 7 5

Physical Properties
The equation for weight density (rapat berat) is:

Satuan D : N/m3 or lb/ft3 or lb/inch3

Specific Gravity (Berat Jenis/BJ) :

The ratio of the mass of a solid or liquid to the mass of an
equal volume of distilled water at 4C (39F) or of a gas to
an equal volume of air or hydrogen under prescribed
conditions of temperature and pressure.

BJ tidak mempunyai satuan

mechanic - 7 6
 Contoh Kerapatan Bahan
Kerapatan
Material
(kg/m3)
Kaca 2.4 x 103
Besi Baja 7.8 x 103
Emas 19.3 x 103
Tembaga 8.9 x 103
Alumunium 2.70 x 103
Es 0.917x 103
Air (40 C) 1.00 x 103
Air laut 1.025 x 103
Air Raksa 13.6 x 103
Bensin 0.68 x 103
Udara 1.29
Helium 0.179
Uap air (1000 C) 0.598

mechanic - 7 7

Contoh Physical Properties

The following is a list of other ways of telling one form
of matter from another.
ductility: The property displayed by certain metals that
enables them to be drawn out into wires without breaking
malleability: The property displayed by certain metals that
enables them to be hammered, rolled out, shaped, etc.
without breaking
hardness: The property of an object that resists being
crushed or deformed
brittleness: The property of an object that can easily be
broken or crushed into smaller pieces under low pressure
mechanic - 7 8
Contoh Physical Properties
conductivity: The property of metals, some metalloids, and
ionic solutions that allow an electric current to pass through
them
state or phase: form gas, liquid, solid in which matter
is found
solubility: The property of a substance that allows it
to dissolve
melting point: The temperature at which a solid changes to
a liquid
boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid changes
to a gas

mechanic - 7 9

Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties of a matter are defined as
the reaction of the material to certain types of
external forces.
Those properties that reveal the reaction, either
elastic or plastic, of a metal to an applied stress.
Tensile strength, yield strength, elongation,
stress, reduction of area, hardness, impact
strength, and bend ability are examples of
mechanical properties.

mechanic - 7 10
 Tegangan dan Regangan
Tegangan: gaya persatuan luas, dimana gaya
tersebut bekerja, P = F/A
Dimensi: Gaya/Luas, N/m2
Regangan: perubahan yang dialami dibandingkan
dengan keadaan awalnya, L /Lo , A/Ao , V/Vo
Tanpa Dimensi

Tegang. Regang.

Penyebab mechanic - 7 Akibat 11

Tegangan dan Regangan

F Stress
Tegangan
A
Lo
L Strain
Regangan
Lo
A L
Stress: penyebab deformasi suatu material karena
pengaruh gaya
Strain : perubahan bentuk (deformasi) relatif yang
disebabkan stress mechanic - 7
F 12
 Modulus Young
F
Tegangan Normal F A, gaya normal
A
Tegangan = modulus elastisitas Regangan
F L
E
A L0
Regangan
Tegangan E: Modulus Young
L
F = E A Dimensi sama dengan tegangan
Lo
mechanic - 7 13

Tegangan dan Regangan

Dua jenis regangan:

Regangan tarik / tekan (strain)

Regangan geser (shear)

h

mechanic - 7 14
 Modulus Elastisitas

Untuk Tegangan yang kecil, benda tegar bersifat

elastis. Faktor perbandingan antara tegangan dan
regangan didefenisikan sebagai modulus elastisitas.

Tegangan = modulus elastisitas Regangan

mechanic - 7 15

Modulus Elastisitas
Modulus Young:
Menggambarkan keuletan bahan, Mod. Young
besar, bahan semakin susah ditarik / tekan.
Modulus Geser:
Menggambarkan kekakuan bahan, Mod. Geser
besar, bahan semankin susah di puntir.

Modulus Bulk:
Menggambarkan kemampuan bahan untuk dimampatkan.
mechanic - 7 16
 Modulus Young

F
Tegangan Normal F A, gaya normal
A
Tegangan = modulus elastisitas Regangan
F L
E
A L0
Regangan
Tegangan E: Modulus Young
L
F = E A
Lo Dimensi sama dengan tegangan
mechanic - 7 17

Modulus Geser

F //
Tegangan Geser , F A
A
Tegangan = modulus elastisitas Regangan
F// X
G
A h
Regangan geser
Tegangan geser
G: Modulus Geser
Dimensi sama dengan tegangan
mechanic - 7 18
 Modulus Bulk (B)
Adalah bilangan yang menggambarkan perubahan volume benda yang elastis
F
p Perubahan tegangan
A

V
p B
V

Tegangan, tekanan
Regangan volume
B: Modulus Bulk
Kompresibilitas zat K:
Dimensi sama dengan tegangan
k 1/ B
Note: tanda (-) pada V menunjukkan pengecilan V karena p
mechanic - 7 19

Contoh Modulus Elastisitas & Kekuatan Maks Bahan

Modulus Elastis Modulus Geser Modulus Bulk

Material
E (N/m2) G (N/m2) B (N/m2)
Besi Cetakan 100 x 109 40 x 109 90 x 109
Baja 200 x 109 80 x 109 40 x 109
Tembaga 100 x 109 35 x 109 80 x 109
Alumunium 70 x 109 25 x 109

Kekuatan Kekuatan Kekuatan

Material Tegangan Pemampatan Geser
(N/m2) (N/m2) (N/m2)
Besi Cetakan 170 x 106 550 x 106 170 x 106
Baja 500 x 106 500 x 106 250 x 106
Tembaga 250 x 106 250 x 106 200 x 106
Alumunium 200 x 106 200 x 106 200 x 106
mechanic - 7 20
 Kurva Tegangan-Regangan
Batas Oa: bersifat elastis
proporsional
d Hukum Hooke berlaku

Ob: batas proporsional

Titik patah
c Batas elastis Material kembali ke panjang
b
Semula jika tegangan di hilangkan
a
Tegangan

c: permanen

Bersifat plastik d : batas patah

Bersifat elastis

O <1% c 30%
Regangan Bab 7-21

Contoh :
1. Premium 51 gram mempunyai volume 75 cm3. Tentukan rapat massa dan berat
jenis premium :
Jawab:

atau:

2. A cube of aluminum ( = 2700 kg/m3) is 2.00 cm on each side. Find it mass.

= 21.6 g
Bab 7-22
Contoh :
2. Sebuah kawat baja (E = 2 x 1011 N/m2). Panjang 125 cm dan diameternya 0.5 cm
mengalami gaya tarik 1 N. Tentukan:
a. tegangan.
b. regangan.
c. pertambahan panjang kawat.
Jawab:

a. Tegangan = F/A ; F = 1 N.
A = r2 = 3.14 (1/4 . 10-2)2 m
F = 1/(3.14 . 1/16 . 10-4) = 16 . 10-4/3.14 = 5.09 . 104 N/m2

b. Regangan (e) = L/L = (F/A)/E

= 5.09. 104/2.1011 = 2.55.10-7

c. Pertambahan panjang kawat: L = e . L = 2.55 . 10-7 . 125 = 3.2 . 10-5 cm

Bab 7-23

Contoh :
3. Sebuah batang baja pejal (E = 1.9 x 1011 N/m2) panjang 4 m dan diameter 9,0
cm. Baja tersebut dipasang vertikal dan ujungnya harus menahan beban 80 kg,
Tentukan berapa pemendekan batang baja tsb.

4. Hasil pengujian percobaan komposisi pencampuran aspal dan pasir yang

dibuat setebal 3 cm dengan luas 15 cm2 yang diberi gaya geser 0.5 N pada
permukaan aspal + pasir tersebut mengalami pergeseran 4 mm relatif terhadap
permukaan dasarnya. Tentukan tegangan geser yang diderita campuran tsb.
Tentukan pula regangan geser yang dialaminya. Berapa modulus geser untuk
campuran aspal +pasir tsb.

Bab 7-24