CST Impo

1/5/2016
High-performance EM simulation software

Technological leadership since 1992
Complete Technology for 3D EM
260 employees
Worldwide support network
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com
Getting Started / Tutorials
The introductory books are a good

starting point to learn the workflow of the
CST STUDIO SUITE products.
All books are available as PDF documents
in the "Documentation" subfolder of your
CST installation.
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Tutorials
Step-by-Step tutorials are available for CST MICROWAVE STUDIO
and CST EM STUDIO.
Examples Overview
Many pre-calculated examples are available.
Antenna Calculation Examples
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Online Help
Online help documents can be accessed in the "Help" section. It contains:
- Highlights and New Features
- Tutorials and Examples
- Complete Documentation of all Features, Dialogs, VBA Language, etc.
Online Help
In almost all dialogs there is a link to the online help documents
which provides you with extensive help for all settings.
Linked page of the online help
Transient solver main dialog
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Online Help
You can find detailed explanations for many warnings and error
messages in the online help.
Just click on the link in the message window.
Quick Start Guide

File Options Preferences Open Quick Start Guide
The Quick Start Guide
helps new users to make
all settings necessary to
run a simulation model.
Most of the settings are

applied automatically by
the project templates.
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Cylindrical Horn Antenna (8 12 GHz)
units: inch
waveguide: 1.0 in x 0.5 in x 0.5 in
aperture radius: 1.0 in, length: 0.25 in
shell thickness: 0.01 in (outside)
monitors: E-field, H-field & far field at 10 GHz
New Projects - Project Templates

Project templates are the preferred way to customize CST STUDIO
SUITE automatically for a certain type of application.
Your already defined project

templates are listed in the
section "Project Templates".
If you haven't defined a project template for your

application click on "Create a new project" to create
one.
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New Project Template - Horn

At the beginning, choose "Create Project" to create a new
project.
This starts the configuration wizard in order to help you to
choose the appropriate module, main project settings and result
recorders for the particular application.
We choose
Microwave & RF
Antennas
Waveguide (Horn, Cone, etc.)
The recommended solvers for the selected workflow
are T, I and F. We choose the Time Domain solver.
Change the dimensions to inch.
New Project Template - Horn

Apply Frequency settings and set 3D field monitors.
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New Project Template Summary Horn

Finally, verify your settings for the template and save it.
Save the file as Horn_antenna.cst.

Common User Interface
Ribbon Bar
Primary
Window
Navigation
Tree
Parameter List
Message
Window
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Primitives
Cylinder Cone Torus
Sphere
Rotation
Brick
Hints:
Elliptical
Press the tab-key to
Cylinder
enter a point
numerically.
Press backspace to
delete a previously
Extrusion
picked point.
View Options
"Rectangle zoom" allows to zoom in a rectangular domain.
Change the view by dragging the mouse while pressing the left button and a key.
ctrl - rotation
shift in-plane rotation
ctrl+shift panning
Some other useful options are:
spacebar reset view structure
shift+spacebar zoom into selected shape
mouse wheel dynamic zoom to mouse pointer.
Default views are available in a drop down menu.
Top view
Perspective
Views can be saved and restored.
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Picks - Basic
Pick a point, an edge or a face in the structure.
Coordinates of picked point are shown in 3D view.
Picked Point
Edge length is shown in 3D view.
or S
Pick corner point,

edge or face (s) Hints:
Picked Edge Press "s" to activate all pick
tools.
To pick a point by given
coordinates, press "p" and
the tab-key.
Picking an element twice
Picked Face unselects it.
Coordinate System
The working coordinate system (WCS) allows the use of context
dependent coordinates.
Use to switch on/off the WCS.
Use to rotate and move the WCS.
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Coordinate System
Alternatively, use and the left mouse button to rotate and
move the WCS.
Translation. Drag the axis Rotation. Drag the ring segment

of the principal coordinate. around the principal axis.
Multiple transforms can be performed by clicking "Apply" (or

pressing Return) between the single steps.
Coordinate System
The WCS can be aligned, e.g., with a point, an edge, or a face.
Align the WCS

with a point
Align the WCS

with an edge
Align the WCS

with a face
Press "w" to align the WCS with the currently selected object.
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Boolean
Boolean operations can be applied to two or more shapes to create
more complex structures.
Sphere
Add Subtract
Brick Brick + Sphere Brick - Sphere
Intersect Boolean insert

Brick * Sphere Sphere / Brick Brick / Sphere
Horn Antenna Construction (I)
Define a brick (1.0 x 0.5 Pick face.

x 0.5 in) made of PEC. Align the WCS with the
face.
Define a cylinder (outer radius: 1.0

in, height: 0.25 in) made of PEC. Move the WCS by 2.0 in.
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Horn Antenna Construction (II)

Pick two opposite faces. Perform a loft.
Horn Antenna Construction (III)

Perform a
Boolean add.
Select multiple objects

(ctrl or shift + left mouse button).
Shell solid: 0.01 in

(outside). Pick two outer faces.
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Definition of Ports
Available Port Types

Ports for S-Parameter Computation
Discrete Ports Waveguide Ports

(Lumped Elements) (2D Eigenmodes)
Input: Knowledge of TEM Mode and Input: Area for eigenmode solution
line impedance is required. Output: Pattern of E- and H-field,
Output: Voltage and current line impedance,
propagation constant
Discrete ports can be used for TEM- Waveguide ports provide a better
like modes (cutoff frequency = 0), match to the mode pattern as well as
not for higher order modes. higher accuracy for the S-parameters.
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Discrete Ports
S-Parameter Port Current Port Voltage Port
Current source with internal

resistance. Realizes input
power of 1W (peak).
Wires Microstrip Stripline Coplanar waveguide
Discrete Edge Port Definition
Pick two points, or pick one point and a face,

or enter coordinates directly (not recommended).
Select port type

and impedance.
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Discrete Face Port Definition
Pick two edges or one edge and a face.
Select port type

and impedance.
Port Definition Closed Structures

Typically, waveguide ports are defined based on a geometric object. Use the
pick tools to select a unique port plane.
The port size is equal to the smallest rectangular area which includes all picked objects.
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Port Definition Open Structures
1. Pick face.
2. Enter port menu.
3. Adjust additional
port space using k
and h.
The extension factor k varies

in a range of 5 10, typically
depending on the ratio w/h, r
and the frequency.
Horn Antenna Port Definition

Pick point Define a waveguide port.
inside corner.
Pick edge.
Define the port on the internal profile.

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Boundary Conditions and Symmetry Planes

EM boundaries are
defined by the chosen
antenna template.
Image theorem can be

applied using symmetry
planes to reduce the
overall size of the
calculation domain,
thus speeding-up the
simulation.
Meshing Overview
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How to Get a Good Mesh?

1. Use Project Templates
For several classes of applications (e.g. antennas, PCB boards,
etc.) there are some common properties for a "good" mesh.
Project templates apply some basic settings for the particular area
of application, including global mesh settings.
2. Use Automatic Default Settings
Make use of automatic settings to let the software choose the
most appropriate algorithm (e.g. order of curved elements).
3. Use Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Typically the most efficient way to get a refined mesh is using the
automatic mesh refinement which refines the initial mesh
wherever needed according to solver error estimators.
Mesh Generation - A Typical Workflow

This adjusts the global mesh
Project properties to values which we
Template found to be a good starting point
for a certain area of application.
Global Mesh Optimize the global mesh settings

Settings for the geometry of your model.
Start the solver and perform a

Automatic Mesh Perform
convergence study (e.g. using
Refinement Groups Simulation adaptive mesh refinement).
no Simulations and mesh studies

Results provide insight about the
dependency of the results on the
yes mesh settings.
Automation
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Mesh View
Mesh lines in one
mesh plane are shown
in the 3D view.
View mesh.
Mesh controls are
displayed in the mesh
view.
Information about mesh plane.
The total number of mesh cells is Corner Snap lines

also displayed in the status bar. Correction
Global Settings (I)
Absolute and frequency

dependent settings to
determine the largest
mesh step.
Settings to limit the

size of the smallest
mesh step.
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Global Settings (II)
Cells per wavelength" is based on

the upper limit of the frequency
range.
Thus, increasing the upper frequency
limit usually leads to a finer mesh.
Cells per max model box edge" is

based on the dimensions of the
computational domain.
The maximum cell size is calculated
by dividing the largest edge of the
model bounding box by this number.
Global Settings (III)

Maximum mesh cell size:
Refinement in an area filled by the structure is possible in global
mesh settings (previously only via local mesh properties).
The structure bounding box defines refinement area.
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Global Settings (IV)
Minimum mesh cell size:

Absolute or relative values are possible.
Fraction of maximum cell Absolute value
Mesh Groups
Local mesh settings can be applied to single
objects by defining a mesh group and assigning the
object to the specific group, e.g. per drag&drop.
The maximum mesh step width can be defined for
each coordinate direction in a mesh group.
Pre-defined groups are available for
"Excluding from Simulation" and
"Excluding from Bounding Box".
Solid1 is
ignored in the
simulation but Only the sphere is
considered for considered for
the mesh. bounding box creation.
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Online Help PBA and TST
PBA TST
Whenever a mesh cell cuts more than two metallic material boundaries, the cell
is filled with PEC material (staircase cell). Often such cells do not influence the
simulation result much, but if they introduce shortcuts this might be critical.
Mesh View
Mesh properties
TST at work!
Global mesh settings are defined by the chosen antenna template.

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Transient Solver: Start Simulation
The accuracy defines the

steady-state monitor.
The simulation is finished
when the electromagnetic
energy in the computational
domain falls below this level.
Analyze 1D Results
Port signals S-parameters
Power\Excitation [1] Energy
Specific extra 1D Results

are directly calculated
due to the chosen
project template.
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Analyze 2D/3D Results
Port information:
cut-off frequency
line impedance
propagation constant
Electric Field at 10 GHz
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Farfield at 10 GHz
Different Plot type can be chosen from the Farfield Plot ribbon.
The Linear Directional polarization is plotted in 3D using the

Ludwig 3 coordinate system. The orientation of the E field vector
and the propagation directions are indicated in the plot.
Polar Plot for Farfield at 10 GHz

The Polar plot is obtained for E and H plane by selecting different
Cut Angles.
Phi=0 Phi=90
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Comparing Polar plots

The polar plots can be compared for different cut planes by
copying them as 1D results using Farfield Plot properties.
Tips & Tricks for an Accurate Farfield

Tip 1: Choose sufficient accuracy.
The accuracy level in the T-solver should be -40 dB.

For larger frequency bands (e.g. 0-3 GHz) or bad radiation it is
better to use -60 dB so that the E- and H-fields on the bounding
box do not suffer from FFT/DFT truncation errors.
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Tip 2: Set appropriate boundary conditions.
The open (add space) boundary condition ensures /4

space at the center frequency. For lower frequencies (bigger )
the space needs to be increased accordingly.

Tip 3: Check the energy balance.
At 4.5 GHz the farfield may be inaccurate.
Farfield values become inaccurate, if S-parameter balance 1

(no power is radiated). In this case directivity and gain are
calculated from dividing 0/0, which is numerically critical.
A good measure for total radiated power is: (1 - balance).
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Parameterization (I)
2*r1
Change outer radius

value to variable r1.
Parameterization (II)
Outer diameter 2*r1
Select solid, then

right-click and
select Properties.
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Result Processing Templates (Shift+P)

Farfield and Antenna Properties Define gain(theta) at phi=0.
Postprocessing templates provide a convenient way to

calculate derived quantities from simulation results.
Each template is evaluated for each solver run.
Result Processing Templates (Shift+P)

General 1D Define max. of gain (theta)
Read the online help to learn more

about the postprocessing in CST MWS.
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Parameter Sweep - Settings

Define a new parameter sweep.
Sequence from 1 to 1.5 with 3 samples for
the parameter r1.
1
2
Parameter Sweep - Settings
The 1D Results (e.g. S-Parameters) will be stored parametrically.

The Result Templates will be returned in the Tables folder.
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Parametric 1D Plot
Parameter Sweep - Table Results
31

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Formats disponibles

1/5/2016

High-performance EM simulation software

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Getting Started / Tutorials

The introductory books are a good

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Antenna Calculation Examples

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Linked page of the online help

Transient solver main dialog

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Just click on the link in the message window.

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Quick Start Guide

Most of the settings are

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Cylindrical Horn Antenna (8 12 GHz)

New Projects - Project Templates

Your already defined project

If you haven't defined a project template for your

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

New Project Template - Horn

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

New Project Template - Horn

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

New Project Template Summary Horn

Save the file as Horn_antenna.cst.

Common User Interface

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Views can be saved and restored.

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Coordinates of picked point are shown in 3D view.

Pick corner point,

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Translation. Drag the axis Rotation. Drag the ring segment

Multiple transforms can be performed by clicking "Apply" (or

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Align the WCS

Align the WCS

Align the WCS

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Intersect Boolean insert

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Horn Antenna Construction (I)

Define a brick (1.0 x 0.5 Pick face.

Define a cylinder (outer radius: 1.0

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Horn Antenna Construction (II)

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Horn Antenna Construction (III)

Select multiple objects

Shell solid: 0.01 in

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Available Port Types

Discrete Ports Waveguide Ports

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com

Current source with internal

Wires Microstrip Stripline Coplanar waveguide

CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com