Modules 14-17 Test A

A. Classical conditioning AB. Law of effect BC. Observational

B. Generalization AC. Shaping learning
C. Discrimination AD. Latent learning BD. Vicarious learning
D. Behaviorism AE. Overjustification BE. Mirror neurons
E. Operant conditioning effect CD. Phoneme
CE. Morpheme
DE. Overgeneralization

1. Recognizing the difference between stimuli and producing a different response

2. These activate when a person does certain behaviors or sees others doing those behaviors
3. Smallest unit that has meaning
4. The same response is produced for two different stimuli
5. Behaviors with good consequences occur more than behaviors with bad consequences
6. Broadly applying a grammar rule
7. When a reward replaces a persons natural motivation
8. When a stimulus gains the power to cause a response
9. Psychologists that study behavior instead of mental processes
10. Smallest unit of sound
11. When the behavior depends on the consequence that follows it
12. Altering behaviors based on observing others
13. Learning that has occurred, but the leaner doesnt realize until they need it
14. Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior
15. Seeing the consequences another person receives for a behavior and adjusting your behavior
accordingly

16. Behaviorists define learning as course, the accident made her feel anxious. Now,
a. A relatively permanent change in behavior whenever she hears that song, she feels anxious.
caused by practice The accident is
b. Memorizing and recalling specific a. An unconditioned stimulus
information b. A conditioned stimulus
c. What happens when you remember how c. An unconditioned response
to perform a certain action or skill d. A conditioned response
d. When you understand something 23. To become a CS, a stimulus must be _______
17. While playing in the yard, little Amanda was stung before conditioning trials begin.
by a bee. The sting made her cry. The sting was a a. Positive
a. Response b. Negative
b. Stimulus c. Neutral
c. Discriminator d. Operant
d. Reinforcer 24. During acquisition, the _____ is paired with a
18. In the situation above about Amanda, crying was _______.
a.. a. CS; US
a. Reinforcement b. CS; UR
b. Stimulus c. US; CS
c. Response d. US; UR
d. Cognition 25. If a dog salivated only to a tuning fork but not to a
19. In classical conditioning a(n) _______ stimulus bell or a buzzer, we can say that _____ has taken
becomes a(n) _____ stimulus. place.
a. Conditioned; unconditioned a. Discrimination
b. Neutral; conditioned b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Conditioned; neutral c. Acquisition
d. Unconditioned; conditioned d. Generalization
20. 26. In Pavlovs demonstration of classical
21. conditioned, the tuning fork became the
22. While driving along and listening to her favorite conditioned stimulus because
song on the radio, Carla was hit from behind. Of a. It came after the meat
 b. It reliably predicted the unconditioned
response
c. It produced the response of salivation after
being paired with the unconditioned
stimulus
d. It produced the salivation response after
being paired with the unconditioned
response
27. In Watsons famous research with Little Albert,
the conditioned stimulus was
a. The rat
b. The loud noise
c. Fear of the rat
d. Fear of the loud noise
28. In the little Albert experiment, Watson was most
interested in showing
a. That fear responses of children are
produced by loud noises
b. That fears can be classically conditioned
c. The natural fear children have of rats
d. The unconscious nature of phobias
29. When advertisers show scenes of teenagers having
fun snowboarding and laughing with friends while
drinking Mountain Dew, they are attempting to
use classical conditioning. In this scenario the
Mountain Dew is the
a. Unconditioned stimulus
b. Unconditioned response
c. Conditioned stimulus
d. Conditioned response
30. Operant Conditioning is
a. A type of learning in which the frequency
of responding depends on consequences
b. A way to describe certain thoughts or
cognitions about operations, like problem
solving
c. Conditioned that involved pairing
unconditioned and conditioned stimuli
d. Learning by observing the operations of
other people
31. When Simon wore the blue flowered shirt that his
aunt got him, the other students laughed and
made fun of him. The ______ of his wardrobe
selection ______the likelihood that he will wear
that shirt again.
a. Consequences; decreases
b. Consequences; increases
c. Color; decreases
d. Color; increases
32.
33. We can only know if a response is a reinforcement
by observing if it
a. Strengthens a behavior
b. Weakens a behavior
c. Has little effect on a behavior
d. Fits the predetermined definition
34. It is against school rules to use a cell phone in
class, but you do it anyway. After you are caught
by Mrs. Eldridge using your phone, you are given
a detention and as a result are careful to never use
your phone again during class. The detention you
received is a(n)
a. Conditioned stimulus
b. Unconditioned response
c. Reinforcement
d. Punishment
35. In what was is positive reinforcement different
from negative reinforcement?
a. Both are types of rewards, but negative
reinforcement refers to rewards that an
organism doesnt like
b. Positive reinforcement involves adding a
stimulus, and negative reinforcement
involves taking a stimulus away
c. Positive reinforcement is like a reward and
negative reinforcement is like a
punishment
d. Positive reinforcement is used with
humans and negative reinforcement is
used with animals
36. Secondary reinforcers are reinforcing because
a. Getting two reinforcers changes behavior
more quickly
b. Most people think about them in favorable
ways
c. They occur after an event so we associate
them with specific stimuli
d. We learned to pair them with primary
reinforcers
37. Taking away something desirable following a
behavior is
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Shaping
d. Punishment
38. Reinforcement will lead to ______ change in
behavior than punishment.
a. A more gradual
b. Faster
c. Unpredictable
d. A less permanent
39.
40.
41.
42. Which schedule of reinforcement produces a very
high rate of response?
a. Continuous
b. Variable ratio
c. Fixed interval
d. Variable interval
43. Which type of reinforcement schedules requires
the learner to wait a period of time after a correct
response for reinforcement?
a. Interval schedules
 b. Continuous reinforcement schedules a. Banduras Bobo doll study
c. Partial reinforcement schedules b. Freuds TV study
d. Ratio schedules c. Skinners pigeon studies
44. Which schedule of reinforcement is the most d. Watsons Little Albert Study
resistant to extinction?
a. Continuous 48.
b. Variable ratio 49.
c. Fixed ratio
d. Fixed interval 50. An example of prosocial behavior is
45. Learning by imitating others behaviors is called a. A teacher getting to school late
_____ learning. The researcher best known for b. Friends collecting food for a food bank
studying this type of learning is _______. c. Your father yelling at the family dog
a. Observational; Watson d. A group of friends gathering to watch a
b. Secondary; Pavlov football game
c. Observational; Bandura 51. The American Psychological Associations
d. Secondary; Skinner Commission on Violence and Youth found that
46. What is the main difference between violence on TV
observational learning and operant conditioning? a. Occurs more often in animated cartoons
a. In operant conditioning, the organism than on live action shows
itself must receive a stimulus in the form b. Is correlated with increased aggressive
of a reinforcement or punishment. In behavior
observational learning, the organism can c. Is harmful to older children but not to
learn by watching others. younger children
b. Observational learning involves the d. Is not harmful in any circumstance
pairing of two different stimuli, but 52. Which of the following is both a phoneme and a
operant conditioning involves stimuli used morpheme?
as rewards and punishments. a. Ed
c. Only humans can be operantly b. Ing
conditioned, but both humans and c. K
animals learn through observational d. A
learning. 53. Which of the following researchers believed that
d. Only animals can be operantly we learn language through association, imitation,
conditioned, but humans and animals can and reinforcement?
learn through observational learning a. B.F. Skinner
47. You get in a debate about the effects of TV b. Daniel Kahneman
violence. Which of the following studies would be c. Noam Chomsky
the most helpful when arguing that TV violence d. Abraham Maslow
increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviors?