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Assignment No. 4
Q1. A river 6 m wide conveys flow at normal depth 2.0 m along a slope of 0.0002 and n =
0.035, upstream of a water fall. The water falls to a depth of 1.9 m. Taking N = 3 steps/
section, determine:
Given:
B = 6 m, yo = 2 m, So = 0.0002, n = 0.035, y = 2 m to 1.9 m, N = 3 steps/ section
i. Flow area A = By = 6 2 = 12 m2
Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y = 6 + 2(2 ) = 10 m (1)
1
q2 3
Critical flow depth y c =
g
1
0.9126 2 3
y c =
9.81
y c = 0.4395 m (1)
M2 profile
yo
y = 2 m ~ 1.9 m
yc
Mild slope
ii. length of gradually-varied flow profile produced based on the method of
numerical integration
ave
yc
3
1
dy y
ave
y 2 + y1 Byave B + 2y ave Aave 2 So K 2
1 1
o
3
Aave Rave
2 Pave n K ave
3 2
y yave Aave Pave Rave Kave y K dx
1 c 1 o
(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m) (m3/s) (m)
y ave K ave
1.9 1.933 1.917 11.5 9.833 1.169 364.721 0.9879 0.1269 1297.7
1.933 1.967 1.950 11.7 9.900 1.182 373.667 0.9886 0.0736 2239.4
1.967 2.0 1.983 11.9 9.967 1.194 382.658 0.9891 0.0237 6950.2
Length of profile L = dx 10487.3
(9)
iii. profile sketch
M2 profile
yo = 2.0 m
y = 1.967 m
yc y = 1.933 m y = 1.9 m
Mild slope
6950.2 m
2239.4 m 1297.7 m
L = 10487.3 m
(2)
Upstream of waterfalls
y
3
1 c
dy y
ave
y 2 + y1 Byave B + 2y ave Aave 2 So K 2
1 1
o
3
2 Pave Aave Rave K
n ave
3 2
y yave Aave Pave Rave Kave y K dx
1 c 1 o
(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m) (m3/s) (m)
y ave K ave
1.9 1.92 1.91 11.46 9.82 1.167 362.938 0.9878 0.1380 715.88
1.92 1.94 1.93 11.58 9.86 1.174 368.294 0.9882 0.1051 940.01
1.94 1.96 1.95 11.70 9.90 1.182 373.667 0.9886 0.0736 1343.64
1.96 1.96 1.97 11.82 9.94 1.189 379.056 0.9889 0.0433 2285.70
1.98 2.0 1.99 11.94 9.98 1.196 384.461 0.9892 0.0141 6996.87
Length of profile L = dx 12282.10
(9)
Q2. A river of width 6 m conveys water at normal depth 2.0 m along a slope of 0.0002 and n
= 0.035, upstream of a water fall. The water falls to a depth of 1.9 m. Using direct step
method with N = 5 steps/ section, determine:
Given:
B = 6 m, yo = 2 m, So = 0.0002, n = 0.035, y = 2 m to 1.9 m, N = 5 steps/ section
i. Flow area A = By = 6 2 = 12 m2
Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y = 6 + 2(2 ) = 10 m (1)
n 2V 2
where S= 4
R3
Uniform incremental of water depth over N steps
y y min
dy = max
5
2 1.9
dy =
5
dy = 0.02 m (1)
A q V2 V2 V2 n 2V 2 S2 + S1 V2 V2
By B+2y y+ y 2 + 2 y1 + 1 y 2 + 2 y1 + 1
P y 2g 2g 2 g 4 2 2 g 2 g
R 3
S o S ave
2
y A P R V V E E
dx
2g (= E2 E1) S Savg So Savg
(m)
(m) (m2) (m) (m) (m/s) (m) (m) (m)
2.00 12.00 10.00 1.2000 0.4563 0.0106 2.0106 0.00020
1.98 11.88 9.96 1.1928 0.4609 0.0108 1.9908 0.0198 0.00021 0.00020 0.000003 6928.03
1.96 11.76 9.92 1.1855 0.4656 0.0110 1.9710 0.0198 0.00021 0.00021 0.000009 2277.92
1.94 11.64 9.88 1.1781 0.4704 0.0113 1.9513 0.0198 0.00022 0.00021 0.000015 1340.80
1.92 11.52 9.84 1.1707 0.4753 0.0115 1.9315 0.0198 0.00022 0.00022 0.000021 938.55
1.90 11.40 9.80 1.1633 0.4803 0.0118 1.9118 0.0198 0.00023 0.00023 0.000028 714.98
(9)
M2 profile
2.00 m
1.98 m
1.96 m
1.94 m
1.92 m
yc
1.9 m
Mild slope
6928.0 m
2277.9 1340.8 938.6 715.0
L = 12200.3 m
(2)
If N = 3 steps:
A q V2 V2 V2 n 2V 2 S2 + S1 V2 V2
By B+2y y+ y 2 + 2 y1 + 1 y 2 + 2 y1 + 1
P y 2g 2 g 2 g 4 2 2 g 2 g
R3
S o S ave
2
y A P R V V E E
dx
2g (= E2 E1) S Savg So Savg
(m)
(m) (m2) (m) (m) (m/s) (m) (m) (m)
2.000 12.0 10.000 1.2000 0.4563 0.0106 2.0106 0.00020
1.967 11.8 9.933 1.1879 0.4640 0.0110 1.9776 0.0330 0.00021 0.00020 0.000005 6835.81
1.933 11.6 9.867 1.1757 0.4720 0.0114 1.9447 0.0330 0.00022 0.00021 0.000015 2226.32
1.900 11.4 9.800 1.1633 0.4803 0.0118 1.9118 0.0329 0.00023 0.00023 0.000025 1292.90