Computing Fundamentals

INTERNET AND COMPUTING
CORE CERTIFICATION GLOBAL

STANDARD
IC3 GC3
Unit 1: Computing Fundamentals
Chapter 1:
Recognizing Computers
IC3 Organization Administrator:

Awadh E. Ajeel
TYPES OF COMPUTERS BASED ON USING
Personal Computers
IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Desktop,laptop or notebook, handheld computers
Sometimes called microcomputers
Customized, personalized, meet individual needs
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Business Computers
Workstations, servers, mainframes, super computers
Standardization not personalization
Specially trained administrators and maintenance
technicians needed 2
PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PCS)
Desktop
Laptop

Handheld
Smartphone
PDA-Personal Digital Assistant
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Tablet Computer
iPad
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BUSINESS COMPUTERS
Workstations
Require a lot of power for processing files

May not have a disk drive (storage)
Servers
Network Server
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Coordinate computers in a network
Web Server
Runs specialized software to support Web pages
File Server
Keep organization records
Manages database file 4
BUSINESS COMPUTERS
Mainframes
Information processing for large organizations

Reliable, secure, used for redundancy
Sometimes called centralizes systems
Supercomputers
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Abilityto evaluate complex interactions quickly
Most expensive
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ELEMENTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER
User

Hardware
Central processing unit (CPU)
Random access memory (RAM)
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Storage devices
Input/output (I/O) devices
Software
Operating system (OS)
Applications
Power 6
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
CPU
Heart of a computer,

Synonymous with microprocessor
Made of integrated circuits
Manipulates data according to instructions,
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therefore; it is sometimes named the brain of the
computer
Its speed measured by:
Word Size
Clock Speed
Memory 7
WORD SIZE
Amount of data processed by CPU in one

operation

Bit = binary digit
Byte = eight (8) bits
Larger word size = faster processor
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More calculations per second
Requires optimized software
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CLOCK SPEED
Second measure of processor speed

System clock emits pulses

Clock pulses measured in Hertz
(One pulse per second equals one Hertz)

1 Gigahertz = 1 billion pulses per second
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Processors perform actions with each pulse
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MEMORY AND STORAGE
Primary Storage
For data and instructions being processed

Secondary Storage
For results of processing for later retrieval
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MEMORY
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Contains instructions used for startup

Non-volatile
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory used to store programs and data while in use
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Capacity rated in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB)
Volatile
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SECONDARY STORAGE
Devices for data stored for later use

Magnetic Media

Coated with magnetic material
Hard disks and floppy disk
Optical Media
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Recorded in small pits in a reflective surface
CDs, DVDs - discs
Flash Memory
No moving parts
USB ports, digital cameras
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INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
Input
Transferringdata into computer

Keyboard, mouse
Output
Sending information out
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Monitor, printer
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MEMORY MEASUREMENT
Binary number system

Only two digits: 0 and 1

Electrical
devices replaced by electronic
transistors
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TEXT AND NUMBERS
ASCII and Unicode are standards

Limited by number of binary digits used

ASCII = 8 bit
Unicode = 32 bit
International System of Units (SI)
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Multiplier Size
Kilo 1,000
Mega 1,000,000
Giga 1,000,000,000
Tera 1,000,000,000,000
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Peta 1,000,000,000,000 ,000
PICTURES AND SOUND
Pictures
Patterns of dots

Dots are known as pixels
Sound
Analog
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Analog to Digital Converter assigns numbers to volume and
pitch
Converts sounds into series of numbers
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DATA FLOW AND BASIC FUNCTIONS OF A
COMPUTER
Step 1: Input
Userenters words, numbers, or commands via

keyboard or mouse
Step 2: Primary Storage
Data, program, and commands stored in RAM
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Step 3: Processing
Takesdata from RAM and processes according to a
program and entered commands
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DATA FLOW AND BASIC FUNCTIONS OF A
COMPUTER
Step 4: Primary Storage
Results stored in another location in RAM

Step 5: Output
Processeddata transferred from memory to
monitor or printer
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Step 6: Secondary Storage
Processed data written to hard disk, flash drive, or
optical disc
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SHARING
Resource sharing
Computers on a network share:

Data
Hardware
Software
Internet connections
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Sharing data
Network connections allow rapid data file movement
Sharing software
Software installed and maintained on a server
Easy to maintain
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SHARED PRINTERS SHOWN IN WINDOWS
VISTA

Printers
Available
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Default
Printer
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STANDARD
IC3 GC3
Chapter 2:
Identifying Computer Components
and their Functions
21

Awadh E. Ajeel
BASIC INPUT AND OUTPUT
COMPONENTS
System unit contains central processing unit
(CPU)

Input and output components
Outsideof system unit
Some are portable
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MONITORS
CRT Cathode ray tube

Convex

Older technology
LCD Liquid crystal display
Fluorescent light called backlight
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Pixels determine resolution
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THE MOUSE
Controls the pointer on the screen

Different types

Traditional, wired mouse
Rubber ball and rollers
Optical mouse
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Reads reflections of a beam of light
Wireless mouse
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MOUSE OPERATION
Left (primary) button

Singleclick select

Double-click do an action
Right (secondary) button
Single click without movement
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List of things you can do or have done to that object
Single click with movement (drag)
Move, copy, or create a shortcut for that item
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THE KEYBOARD
Commonly used input device
Keystrokes converted to binary numbers

Combinations of keys can be pressed to
quickly perform routine functions
Special function keys
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CTRL, ALT, Shift
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OPTICAL DISCS
CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays are optical discs

CD compact disc

CD-ROM (read only), CD-R (write once), CD-RW (rewritable)
DVD digital video disc or digital versatile disc
DVD-ROM (read only), Recordable DVD
Blue-ray new technology
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BD-ROM (read only), BD-R (write once), BD-RE (rewritable)
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STORAGE CAPACITY AND USES OF OPTICAL
DISCS
CD
Oldest,most common optical disc

Boxed software likely comes on CD-ROM
DVD
4.7 gigabytes on single-sided DVD
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17 gigabytes on double-sided DVD
Blu-ray
Newest technology
Holds up to 50 gigabytes
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FLASH MEMORY
Flash drive, thumb drive, USB drive

Constant power not required

Solid state - no moving parts
Used in portable electronic devices
PDAs
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Cameras
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EXTERNAL HARD DRIVE
Used as supplementary storage or backup

80 gigabytes to one terabyte

Portable
Connect through a USB port
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PRINTERS
Dot-matrix
Impact printer used for duplicates

Ink-jet
Usually four colors
Photo ink-jet printers
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Laser
Uses toner
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SPEAKERS AND MICROPHONES
External or built-in speakers

Optional subwoofer for low bass sound

Microphones pick up sound
Convert into analog signals
A to D converter
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Voice recognition
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SPECIALIZED INPUT AND OUTPUT
DEVICES
Input Devices Output Devices
Game Projectors

controllers Plotters
Digital cameras Voice synthesizers
Scanner Robots
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Graphics tablets
Bar code reader
RFID
Touch screen
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GAME CONTROLLERS
Allowfor simultaneous input of multiple

buttons

Joystick
Gamepad or joypad
Nintendo Wii
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Wireless controller
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DIGITAL CAMERAS: STILL AND VIDEO
Light-sensitive detectors convert images to binary

Download images with wires or docking station

Most still cameras use flash memory
Point-and-shoot cameras
Digital single lens reflex (DSLR)
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SCANNERS
Convert reflections to binary sequences

Rated in dots per inch (dpi)

OCR (optical character recognition)
Used to convert scanned documents into typed text
Different types
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Flatbed scanner
Multifunction (all-in-one) device
Scanner, copier, fax, and/or printer
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GRAPHICS TABLET AND BAR CODE
READERS
Graphics tablet
Also known as a digitizing tablet

Flat surface
Array of crossed wires
Senses vertical and horizontal position of pointing device
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Bar code reader
Narrow beam of light and a sensor
Sensor converts flicker reflection into binary numbers
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RFID AND TOUCH SCREENS
Radio frequency ID RFID

Uses radio frequencies to remotely retrieve data

Visible in automobiles on toll ways
Touch screen
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Displays buttons, menus, pictures, or icons
Self Service checkout in large retail stores
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SENSORS AND PROBES
Sensor
Detectsthe status of something

Responds to changes in a predictable manner
Probe
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Sensors used to explore inaccessible places
Automobile exhaust pipes
Volcanoes
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REMOTE CONTROLS
Wirelessdevices used as input devices

Numeric keypad button produces binary

number
Transmitted to receiver of appliance
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PROJECTORS
Monitors designed to project images

Rated in lumens

Ideal for presentations or home theaters
2000 lumens desirable
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PLOTTERS
Pen Plotter device that draws designs on

paper with pen and ink

Electrostatic plotter uses toner
Usually for larger drawings
Commonly used by architectural, design, and
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manufacturing companies
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VOICE SYNTHESIZERS AND ROBOTS
Voice Synthesizers
Computer communicates by producing

sounds through speakers
Also known as speech synthesizers
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Robots
Mechanical device programmed to
perform specialized functions
Used in manufacturing
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CONNECTING DEVICES TO COMPUTER
Universal Serial Bus USB
Wireless Devices

Device Drivers
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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS - USB
Designed to reduce the number of different ports

USB 2.0 is newer technology

USB hub
Up to 127 devices can be connected at the same time
Hot-swappable
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Connectors Type A
Type A
Type B
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Type B
OTHER PORTS
Wireless
WiFi

Bluetooth
Uses radio waves
FireWire (IEEE 1394)
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For digital video cameras
Faster than USB
SCSI
Used in network servers
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DEVICE DRIVERS
Tell computer how to control peripheral installation three

ways:

Use installation discs
Use automatic detection (plug-and-play in Windows)
Install hardware without discs
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Drivers available on the Web
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DEVICE MANAGER

Windows 7
Device
Manager
Hardware
Devices
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STANDARD
IC3 GC3
Chapter 3:
Evaluating, Purchasing, and
Maintaining Computer Equipment
49

Awadh E. Ajeel
PLATFORMS
Combination of operating system and hardware

is a platform

Operating system
Software that allows application software to work with
specific types of hardware
Common platforms
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Windows/Processor (Intel or AMD)
Mac OS X/Intel Processor
Linux /Processor (Intel or AMD)
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CHOOSING A PLATFORM
Things to consider:
Software requirements

Cross-platform file management
Backward compatibility
Drivers for peripheral devices
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Cost
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CHOOSING BETWEEN DESKTOP AND
PORTABLE COMPUTERS
Desktop computers
Cost less

Notebooks and laptops
Portable
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Take up less space
Higher cost
More likely to be stolen
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RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FACTORS
Determine tasks the computer will perform

Consider software, platform, and location

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PROCESSOR WORD SIZE AND CLOCK
SPEED
Word size
Unitof data that processor can work with

PCs use 32-bit and 64-bit word size
Display billions of different colors
Characters in hundreds of languages
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Clock speed
Circuit
on a computer chip that emits pulses
Measured in hertz
Newer PCs-3 GHz (three billion cycles per second)
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MULTI-CORE COMPUTING
Multi-Core
Two or more processors

Dual-core and quad-core
Included on single microprocessor
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EFFECTS OF RAM SPEED AND
CAPACITY
RAM
Measured by response time in nanoseconds (ns)

Measured by quantity of data stored in megabytes
Used to store instructions from software
applications
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If RAM is too slow,
May cause errors and malfunctions
If RAM capacity is too small
May cause computer to use virtual memory
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HARD DISK FACTORS
Hard disk magnetic media

Heads read and write magnetic data

Capacity measured in gigabytes (GB)
Speed of rotation revolutions per minute

(rpm)
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Faster rotation = faster performance
Head movement speed
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MONITORS AND VIDEO CARD FACTORS
Pixel
Pictureelement, point of light on the monitor

High-resolution monitors: 1680x1050 pixels
Lower-resolution monitors: 800x600 pixels
Various video cards
Active-matrix
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Screen refreshes each pixel as needed
Passive-matrix
Scans a row or column of pixels at a time and refreshes pixels with
each scan
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IDENTIFYING VIDEO CARD FACTORS
CONNECTION SPEED FACTORS
Internet connection speed

Telephonevoice lines slowest

Broadband is 30 times faster than voice lines
Asynchronous digital subscriber line (ADSL) is fast
Network connection speed
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Common Network interface devices operate at 100+
megabits per second
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OPTICAL DATA STORAGE OPTIONS
Compact discs
700 MBs of data

DVD
Nearly 5 GBs of data
Blu-ray
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Up to 50 gigabytes of data
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OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Software and Sources

Fan noise level

Maintenance contracts
Return policies
Performance/price ratio
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Organizational standards
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PROTECTING COMPUTERS FROM
THEFT
To protect computers from theft:
Use cables with locks

Lock doors and limit access to rooms with
computers
Attach unique identifying tag to computer
Record serial number in separate location
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Install tracking software
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FACTORS THAT DAMAGE COMPUTERS
Overheating
Humidity

Magnetic fields
Electromagnetic interference
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Electrical damage
Power surges
Power fluctuations
Voltage differences
Static electricity
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COMMON PROBLEMS
Dust and dirt

Overheated processor

Sticky keys
Malfunctioning mouse
Printing problems
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Clogged jets or dirty rollers
Hard disk problems
Full disk, fragmentation, temporary files
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Windows 7s Disk
REDUCING FRAGMENTATION Defragmenter feature

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PROTECTION FROM ELECTRICAL
DAMAGE
Surges
Use power strip with circuit breaker

Surge suppressor
UPS uninterruptible power supply
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PROFESSIONAL MAINTENANCE
Replacing and adding:

Powersupply

Expansion cards
Sound cards, video cards, and network cards
RAM
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Disk drives
Floppy, optical, and hard disk
Processor
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COMMON HARDWARE PROBLEMS
Nothing happens
High-pitched whine

Floppy wont read
Blank screen
Distorted images
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New peripheral device doesnt work
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STEPS TO RESOLVE A PROBLEM
1. Isolate the problem(s)

Restart the computer

2.
3. Troubleshooting guide
4. Reproduce the problem
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5. Document the problem
6. Find qualified help
7. Provide specific info
8. Use a repair shop
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CORE CERTIFICATION IC3
UNIT 1: COMPUTING
FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 4:
Identifying Software and Hardware
Interaction and Types of Software
71

Awadh E. Ajeel
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
INTERACTION
User interaction:
Data input

Application programs interpret inputs
Software applies rules and processes
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Software communicates results
Software interacts and shares data
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DATA INPUT
Keyboard
Entering text and numbers

Mouse
Select and reposition items
Scanner
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Capture images
Microphone
Input voice commands
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SOFTWARE COMMANDS
Commands activate modules of instructions

Ways to activate a command

Click a menu option
Click a button
Press a key
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Voice commands
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SOFTWARE COMMUNICATES RESULTS
Results often sent to output devices

Monitor

Display, most common
Printer
Hard copy of results
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CNC Computer Numeric Control
Instructions for automated machinery
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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
SOFTWARE UPDATES
After release, additional errors are identified

Fixes are created to repair known issues

Downloadable from the Web
Often free for legal users
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Commonly known as:
Updates
Patches
Service packs
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UPGRADING SOFTWARE
Major revision to software

New interfaces

New features
Support for new technology
Investment required
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Normally less expensive than full versions
Check hardware requirements
Often requires newer, more powerful hardware
RAM, CPU, hard disk space, video card, etc.
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REASONS TO UPDATE AND UPGRADE
Updates protect us from

Viruses Antivirus updates

User meltdown system locking up over and over again
Upgrades allow us to
Access new tools, features, and gizmos
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Maintain compatibility
Utilize new hardware to its full potential
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METHODS OF STAYING UP-TO-DATE
MostInternet updates download an executable file

Downloads from the Web

Updates secure or unsecured downloads
Upgrades secure downloads
Order CD from manufacturer
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BASIC WORD PROCESSING CONCEPTS
1. Input is received
2. Stored in RAM

Document manipulated within capabilities of
program
Format - bold, italics, font color, etc.
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Input graphics
Ideal for editing

3. Displayed on the screen
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WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENTS
From memos and letters to entire books

Can utilize advanced features

Index
Table of Contents
Save as a Web page
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Graphics
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SPREADSHEET CONCEPTS
Displaynumbers in various ways

Formulas

Calculations based on values in other cells
Worksheet single table of cells
Workbook collection of worksheets
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Layout
Columns Letters
Rows Numbers
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SPREADSHEET BASICS
Cell intersection of a column and row

Formulas

Algebraic or mathematic equation
In Excel, start with = (equal sign)
Functions
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Predefined equations
Functions can be a formula or part of a formula
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SPREADSHEET PROCESSES
Variety of features
Charts pie, bar, scatter plot

Data analysis
Sorting and filtering
What-If analysis
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Crunch values in equation to get desired results
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SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTS
Possible uses
P&L (profit & loss statement)

Investment tracking
Expense reports
Grade book
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Budget
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PRESENTATION SOFTWARE CONCEPTS
Visualaids
Graphics

Clipart and digital pictures
Charts
Text
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Titles
Bulleted lists
Animation
Holds audience attention
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PRESENTATION BASICS
Slides
Image composed of text, graphics, etc.

Slide show Slide thumbnails Current slide
Group of slides
Extra features
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Speaker notes
Displayed on screen
Student handouts
Printouts
Slide miniatures
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Slide notes
PRESENTATION DOCUMENTS
Possible uses
Educational presentation

Display at trade shows
Interactive Web pages
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DATABASE CONCEPTS
Tables in
Database Access Field
Record
A collection of organized data

Stores huge amounts of
information
Used in the retail sales
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environment
Inventory system
Point of sale
Considered more difficult for

beginners
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DATABASE BASICS
Tables
Fields

Records
Keys
Queries filter the data
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Ask a question of the data
Forms input, edit, and view data
Reports view the data
On screen or printed
Database management system (DBMS)
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GRAPHIC AND MULTIMEDIA BASICS
Limited by hardware
CPU, RAM, hard drive, video card

Limited by software
Necessary software not installed
Purchase legal copies
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Download trial versions
Adobe 90-day trial
Avoid copyright infringement
Dont share your legal software
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GRAPHICS SOFTWARE CONCEPTS
Basic graphics programs

Built into some software

PowerPoint, Word, etc.
Microsoft Paint free with Windows
Sophisticated programs
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Able to manipulate pictures
Remove items, recolor hair, etc.
Adobe Photoshop Elements
ArcSoft PhotoStudio
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GRAPHIC FILE TYPES
Image types
.bmp Bitmap

.gif Graphics interchange format
256 colors maximum, can be animated
.jpg Joint Photographic Expert Group
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16 million colors maximum
.png Portable network graphics
Used with newer browsers and is replacing GIF files
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SOUND AND VIDEO FILE TYPES
Sound and video

.wav Uncompressed audio

.mpt3, .aac, and .wma Compressed audio
.mp3 Compressed audio
.mov QuickTime movie
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OTHER TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Utility programs - small programs that do one task

File compression

Reduces disk space
Virus protection
Protects from malicious virus attacks
Adware protection
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Protects from advertising software
Spyware protection
Protects from secretly installed software that can take partial
control of computer or intercept messages or Internet interactions
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OTHER TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Accounting
Income tax

Web browser
Web authoring
Project management
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Chat and IM
CAD
Web conferencing
Collaborative
Social networking
Electronic learning
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SOFTWARE PERFORMS SIMILAR
TASKS
Not apparent which software to use
Example: Table

Word processing programs use tables
Spreadsheets and databases also use tables
Choose software based on need
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Word processing basic table of entries
Spreadsheet calculated values
Database large quantities of data
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INTERNET AND
COMPUTING CORE
CERTIFICATION IC3
UNIT 1: COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 5:
Identifying Operating System Functions
99

Awadh E. Ajeel
OPERATING SYSTEM
Programming that controls interactions with the computers

various parts and the users

Types of operating systems: Windows
Mac Vista
OS
Windows
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UNIX
Linux
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OPERATING SYSTEM VS. APPLICATION
PROGRAM
Operating system

Environment
Works with processor and other hardware
Application program
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Uses operating system programs
Performs specific tasks
Write a document
Create a spreadsheet
Edit a photograph
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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Mainframe operating systems

UNIX

Personal computer operating systems
DOS (text-based)
Microsoft (MS-DOS) and IBM (PC-DOS)
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Graphical user interface (GUI)

Windows, Apple, and Linux
Tablet computer operating systems
Usually same OS as desktop computers
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ADDITIONAL OPERATING SYSTEMS
Personal digital assistant

Palm OS

Microsoft, Apple, Linux have special OS versions
Smartphones and cell phone operating
systems
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Symbian,most common
Windows Mobile, RIM Blackberry, iPhone OS
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ADDITIONAL OPERATING SYSTEMS
Embedded
Used in computer appliances and special-purpose

applications
ATM machines
Media players
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Automobiles
Computer routers
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USING MULTIPLE OPERATING
SYSTEMS
Dual boot
Optionof different operating systems when power

computer on
Macintosh computers
Mac OS and Windows
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PCs
Windows and Linux
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLI AND GUI
CLI Command-Line Interface

Interact
with operating system via keyboard

DOS and UNIX
GUI Graphical-User Interface
Hasbecome the standard
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Windows, Macintosh OS
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DOS example
CLI
Windows example
GUI
COMMON OS PROBLEMS
Corrupted Files
Noticeable slowdown

System restore or recovery disks
See if you can figure out why
Got a virus?
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Restore will help
Hard drive failing?
Restore will not help
Back up data soon!
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COMMON OS PROBLEMS
Security
Failure to install update

Solution - check for Windows updates automatically
Unusual hardware combinations
Hardware, drivers, and peripherals do not always work
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smoothly together
Improper logon procedures
Inexact match of username and password
Capitalization and spaces
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WINDOWS UPDATES Specify day
and Time
of
Automatic
Updates

Updates set to
Install
Automatically
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FUNCTIONS OF THE CONTROL PANEL
Windows uses Control Panel to organize user

preferences

Appearance of the screen
Behavior of input devices
Add and remove software
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Set up printers
Add users
Activate automatic updates
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WINDOWS 7 CONTROL PANEL
FEATURES
BEFORE USING THE CONTROL PANEL
Experimentation can lead to trouble

Back up important data

Create a restore point
Use System Restore
Create restore points when things are working
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CHANGING THE BACKGROUND
Change from this
Background

To this
Background
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COMPUTING CORE
CERTIFICATION IC 3
UNIT 1: COMPUTING
FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 6:
Using Windows 7
115

Awadh E. Ajeel
WINDOWS VS. WINDOWS
Windows (capital W)

Operating system Windows Vista, XP, 2000, 98
windows (lowercase w)
Rectangular area
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Can be expanded to fill the screen
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ELEMENTS OF THE DESKTOP IN
WINDOWS
Desktop
Working area for applications

Taskbar
Notification area
Programs running in background
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System clock
Quick Launch toolbar

Icons of commonly used applications
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DESKTOP ICONS
Used to start programs

Open commonly used folder and files

Common Desktop icons:
Recycle Bin
Internet Explorer
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Computer
Icons can be added to desktop
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Windows
Computer icon Desktop Sidebar
Icon

Quick
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Launch
Taskbar
toolbar
Notificatio
Start n area
button
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DIALOG BOXES
Similarto a window
Cannot be minimized, maximized, or restored

Buttons for user input and to accept or reject
the input
Requires user action
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Windows
Sidebar that
WINDOWS SIDEBAR includes gadgets

By default,
clock,
picture
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slideshow,
and news
headline box
are displayed
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WINDOW SIZING BUTTONS
Minimize
Remove window from screen without closing

Maximize
Use entire screen to display a window
Restore Down
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Use less than full screen
Exit
Removes window
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RESIZE, MOVE, AND SCROLL WINDOWS
Click on the title bar of

Generally open in same size a window to move it
and shape

Resize
Drag a corner
Move
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Drag the title bar

Scroll
Use vertical or horizontal scroll bar Resizing
arrow
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SHUT DOWN AND RESTART
More than just pressing Power button

During shutdown, system closes open

programs
Also records current settings
Shuttingdown and restarting is first step in
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troubleshooting a system
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WAYS TO SHUTDOWN
Multiple ways to shutdown

Start Turn off computer

Choose Turn off or Restart
Ctrl + Alt + Delete
Choose Shutdown
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OTHER OPTIONS
Log off and switch user

Allows multiple user environments

Stand By
Sometimes called hibernate
Reduced power mode
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Monitor is turned off
Hard drive(s) are powered down
Startup is faster than a full boot
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USING THE START MENU
Windows Vista Start Menu

Name of current user at top

Left area shows two part list of programs
Top section Pinned program list
Lower section Recently used program list
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All Programs command
Menu of installed programs
Right pane
Commonly used folders and Windows functions
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EXAMPLE OF A WINDOWS VISTA DESKTOP
AND THE START MENU

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USING ONLINE HELP
Looks different depending on system manufacturer

Electronic version of a user manual

Start Help and Support
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129
STARTING A PROGRAM
Variety of ways
Under All Programs menu

Recently used program list
Desktop shortcut
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Quick Launch toolbar button
Special key on keyboard
130
USING FOLDERS ON THE DESKTOP
Think of your computer as a digital file

cabinet

Folders can be placed in other folders
Create shortcuts to folders in other places
Can create, copy, rename, move, and delete
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folders
131
FOLDERS CREATED ON THE DESKTOP
Newly-
created

Favorites
folder
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Shortcut to
National
Archive Web
page
132
SHORTCUTS
Link to an object
White square with black arrow

Deleting a shortcut doesnt damage the item it
is linked to
Can be moved to other folders, the desktop,
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the Start menu, etc.
Right-click
Rename, delete, or view properties of the shortcut
133
MANAGING FILES
Windows Explorer
Filemanagement program

Easy to use
Computer icon is Windows Explorer
Starting Windows Explorer:
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Double-click
Computer icon on desktop
Start Computer
134
IDENTIFYING FILE TYPES
Data files
Files created by application program

Stored in your User area in folders
Often associated with application program from which
it was created
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Or associated with a default program
Some data files can be opened in different application programs
Application and system files

Usually on main hard drive
Probably best to not work with these files
135
OPERATIONS ON FILES
Can select, copy, move, and delete files

Use special keys to select more than one

Shift key Select first file, hold Shift, select last
file
All files in between included
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Ctrlkey Select file, hold Ctrl, select several other
individual files
All non-adjacent files selected
136
FILE PROPERTIES
Right-click file choose Properties

Files information about:

Size
Date created
Path of file
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Attributes such as read-only
Folders same as above
Can share folder on a network
137
SEARCHING FOR FILES
In Windows Explorer:
Folderspane top right is a Search box

Type search entry
Watch the Content pane for a list of files
Search by
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Filetype
Creation date
Part of a name
Specific location
138
USING THE RECYCLE BIN
Location of deleted files

Folders and files can be restored from Recycle Bin

To recover a file
Open Recycle Bin
Click file to be restored in Content pane
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Click Restore this item on Command bar
When certain that you will never need any of the
files
Click
Empty the Recycle Bin button
Permanently deleted; frees up hard drive space 139
RECYCLE BIN
Restore
this item
button
File
will be
selected
restored
to be

to original
restored
location
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140
MANAGING REMOVABLE MEDIA
Files and folders deleted on removable

media do not go to Recycle Bin

Filesand folders are permanently deleted
Includes files from flash drives, network drives,
and CDs and DVDs
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141
AVOIDING COMMON FILE PROBLEMS
Files and folders

Name with standard conventions

Name with descriptive, relatively-short names
Keep files and folders organized
Opening problem files
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May be able to open the file in another program
142

Computing Fundamentals

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Computing Fundamentals

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INTERNET AND COMPUTING

CORE CERTIFICATION GLOBAL

IC3 Organization Administrator:

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

PDA-Personal Digital Assistant

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Amount of data processed by CPU in one

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Byte = eight (8) bits

Larger word size = faster processor

Second measure of processor speed

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

(One pulse per second equals one Hertz)

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Devices for data stored for later use

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Binary number system

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ASCII and Unicode are standards

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

International System of Units (SI)

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IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator:

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

CRT Cathode ray tube

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Controls the pointer on the screen

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Left (primary) button

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays are optical discs

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Flash drive, thumb drive, USB drive

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Used as supplementary storage or backup

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Connect through a USB port

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

External or built-in speakers

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Allowfor simultaneous input of multiple

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Light-sensitive detectors convert images to binary

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Digital single lens reflex (DSLR)

Convert reflections to binary sequences

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.

Radio frequency ID RFID

IC3 Organization Administrator: Awadh E.