I. Before Giving Care Reaching assist, Throwing assist, Wading A. Aims of First Aid : Preserve Live, Present situation assist from worsening, Promote recovery II. CPR B. Role in the EMS : Recognize that emergency exist, A. Checking a conscious person : Decide to act, Activate EMS system, give care until Look for any abnormal condition of the help takes over body, ask where any areas may hurt, look C. While giving care : for breathing, look for consciousness, such Avoid contact with blood and other body as drowsy, confused or isnt alert. fluid B. Checking an unconscious person Use protective CPR breathing barriers 1. Check the situation and environment, is it Use barriers safe? Cover own cuts, scrapes, or sores 2. Check Respond (AVPU) Do not consume anything before you wash 3. Call for Help your hands 4. Head Tilt, Chin Lift Avoid handling any personal items 5. Look, Listen, Feel D. Priorities of treatments 6. Give 2 Rescue Breaths Is it safe? 7. Look, Listen, Feel, check Pulse (Carotid, Immediate danger involved? Radialis, Ulnaris, Bronchialis) What happened? 8. Perform a Good CPR How many people are involved? 30 compression, 2 rescue breathe Anyone else available to help? 100 compression per minute What is wrong? 5 cm compression depth E. General Guidelines Allow chest to recoil Do no further harm Minimalize interruption Monitor the persons breathing and STOP CPR IF: consciousness Tired Help the person rest in the most AED/ EMS Personnel is available comfortable position Casualty gives respond Keep the person from getting chilled of Situation worsening overheated III. Breathing Emergencies Reassure A. Choking Give specific care if needed A. Symptoms : F. Transport a Person : Unable to speak of cough Faced with immediate danger Grasping or pointing to the throat Get to another person who may have a Distressed look on the face more serious problem Congestion of the face initially Necessary to give proper care (Place to do Pale skin and cyanosis in later stages CPR) Unconsciousness in later stage Using tools : Scoop stretcher, Long spine B. Managing Adult Patient board 1. Encourage the patient to cough With spine Injury : Log rolls 2. Shout for help G. Never transport a person 3. Bent the casualty forwards so the When trip may cause additional injury head is lower than the chest When the person may develop a life- 4. Give up to 5 firm blows between the threatening condition shoulder blades with the palm of your If were unsure hand 5. Stand behind the casualty, place both of the nature of the injury of illness your arms around their waist H. Techniques 6. Make a fist with one hand and place it Non-emergency moves: Walking assist, just above the belly button with your two person seat carry. thumb inwards Emergency moves: pack strap, clothes drag, blanket drag, ankle drag 7. Grasp this first with your other hand, V. Soft Tissue Injuries then pull sharply inwards and A. Closed Wounds upwards. 1. Bruises: Fill a plastic big with ice C. Managing Infant Patient and water or wrap ice in a wet 1. Check responds cloth and apply to the injured area 2. Back blow (5 blows, between shoulder for periods of about 20 minutes. blade) Remove the ice and wait for 20 3. Check between blows, check if minutes before reapplying. obstruction cleared Do not elevate the injured part if it 4. Chest thrust 5 times causes more pain 5. Check between thrusts 6. Call for help B. Open Wounds 7. Continue cycle 1. Abrasions: Irrigate with soap or D. Asthma + COPD water to prevent infection, painful 1. Help the person rest in a comfortable because scraping of the outer skin position layers exposes sensitive nerve 2. If conscious, check for other condition endings. 3. Remember that a person having 2. Lacerations: A deep cut which breathing problems may find it hard commonly cause by a sharp object, to talk, try questioning a yes or no sometimes not painful because question damaged nerves cannot send pain 4. Ask person around you signals to the brain. 5. Tell the person to relax and breath 3. Avulsion: Portion of the skin, slowly, calm them down, if it doesnt sometimes other soft tissue. A slow down the person could have a violent force my tear away a body serious problem. part, including bone, such as IV. Head, Neck, Spinal Injuries finger, known as amputation. The spine: 7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 9 Sacrum and 4. Punctures: Pointed object pierces the skin, if it remains in the wound, called embedded object. Using Dressings, Care guidelines for Open Wounds Tourniquets : Use tourniquets, hear the pulse with stethoscope, or feel with hand, pulse must be heard. C. Burns a. Superficial Burns (First Degree): Only the top layer of the skin Red and dry, painful and the area may swell Coccyx Heal within a week without permanent scarring What to do until help arrives: (Remove Helmet + Perform a b. Partial thickness (Second Degree) logroll with an equipment) 1. Support the head and neck in the position found Involves the top layers of the skin 2. Place both hands on both sides Causes skin become red, usually 3. If the head is sharply turned to one side, do not painful, have blisters that may open move it. Support the head and neck in the position and weep clear fluid, making the skin found appear wet, may appear mottled, and 4. If the patient is wearing the helmet, remove it if we often swells are specifically trained, and if its necessary to assess Usually heal in 3 to 4 weeks and may the persons airway scar 5. If unconscious, opens airway, check breathing. c. Full-thickness burns G. Chest Injury May destroy all layers of skin and some 1. Ribs, Sternum, Spine or all underlying structures (Fat, 2. Protect vital organs : The heart, major muscle, bones, nerves) blood vessels, lungs, esophagus, trachea, The skin may be brown or black, with respiration muscle the tissue underneath sometimes 3. Cause by : Motor vehicle, crashes falls, appearing white, can be extremely sports mishaps, and crushing or painful or painless (if destroy nerve penetrating forces endings) H. Sucking Chest Wound Healing my require medical assistance, 1. An occlusive dressing helps keep air from scarring is likely entering a chest wound when person RC3 : Remove, Cool, Cover, Comfort inhales 2. Having and open corner allows air to d. Call emergency if : escape when the person exhales Trouble breathing I. Signals of Internal Bleeding Burns covering more than one body part 1. Vomiting blood or coughing up blood Suspected burn to the airway 2. Excessive thirst Burns to the head, neck, hands, feet, or 3. Rapid weak pulse genitals 4. Tender, swollen, bruised, or hard areas of Full thickness burn and I s younger than 5 the body years or older than 60 years 5. Moist, pale, bluish skin 6. Injured extremity that is blue/pale Burn caused by chemicals, explosion or 7. Altered mental state : Confused, faint, electricity drowsy, unconscious Rules of Nine more than 30% VI. Injuries to Muscles, Bones, and Joints (Head, Both Hands 9%) (Torso, Back, Both A. Fracture : complete break, chip, crack in a bone Legs18%) (Genitals 1%) B. Open Fracture : involves an open wound Involving major joints C. Dislocation : movement of a bone at a joint away 2nd degree burn/ Partial thickness, from its normal position involving more than 10% TBSA D. Sprain: tearing of ligaments at a joint, mild sprains 3rd degree burn my swell but usually heal quickly Chemical burn E. Strain : Stretching and tearing of muscles or Inhalation trauma tendons Previous medical history F. Suspect a severe injury when : High risk burn There is pain Child below 5 years There is significant bruising and swelling Need social intervention, such as Significant deformity emotional and rehabilitation Unable to use the affected part normally D. Nose Bleed Bone fragments sticking out of a wound Have the person lean forward, pinch nostrils Person feels bones grating or the person together until bleeding stop felt or heard a snap or pop at the time of E. Missing tooth injury Place a rolled sterile dressing and insert it into the The area is cold, numb, and tingly space left by the missing tooth G. When to call for emergency : F. Abdominal Injuries Obvious deformity Severe pain Moderate or severe swelling and Nausea and vomiting discoloration Weakness Bones sound or feel like rubbing together Thirst and signals of shock A snap or pop was head or felt at the time Bruising of injury External bleeding There is fracture with an open wound Tenderness or a tight feeling in the abdomen Injured person cannot move or use the Organs protruding the abdomen affected part normally Injured area is cold and numb Involves the head, neck, or spine Has trouble breathing Cause of the injury suggest that the injury may be severe It is not possible to safely or comfortably move the person to a vehicle for transport to a hospital H. What to do until help arrives : Rest: Do not move or straighten the injured area Immobilize: Stabilize the injured area in the position it was found Cold: Fill a plastic bag with ice and water or wrap ice with a damp cloth and apply ice to the injured area for periods of about 20 minutes Elevate: Elevate the injured part only if it does not cause more pain, may help reduce swelling. I. Splinting : 1. Check situation 2. Call for help 3. Check airway 4. Check breathing 5. Get consent 6. Support the injured part both above and below (Pembidaian) 7. Get splint (Rigid, Soft, Anatomical) 8. Secure bandages 9. Recheck circulation (Artery distal, CRT, Proximal artery) 10. Artery (Radialis, Ulnaris, Branchialis, Dorsalis Pedis)