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SPECIAL REPORT
SUMMARY
The Commission on Classification and Terminology and the Commission on Epidemiology
of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) have charged a Task Force to revise
concepts, definition, and classification of status epilepticus (SE). The proposed new defini-
tion of SE is as follows: Status epilepticus is a condition resulting either from the failure of the
mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms, which lead
to abnormally, prolonged seizures (after time point t1). It is a condition, which can have long-term
consequences (after time point t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of
neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures. This definition is concep-
tual, with two operational dimensions: the first is the length of the seizure and the time
point (t1) beyond which the seizure should be regarded as continuous seizure activity.
The second time point (t2) is the time of ongoing seizure activity after which there is a risk
of long-term consequences. In the case of convulsive (tonicclonic) SE, both time points (t1
at 5 min and t2 at 30 min) are based on animal experiments and clinical research. This evi-
dence is incomplete, and there is furthermore considerable variation, so these time points
should be considered as the best estimates currently available. Data are not yet available
for other forms of SE, but as knowledge and understanding increase, time points can be
Eugen Trinka is defined for specific forms of SE based on scientific evidence and incorporated into the defi-
professor and nition, without changing the underlying concepts. A new diagnostic classification system of SE
chairman of is proposed, which will provide a framework for clinical diagnosis, investigation, and thera-
Department of peutic approaches for each patient. There are four axes: (1) semiology; (2) etiology; (3) elec-
Neurology, Paracelsus troencephalography (EEG) correlates; and (4) age. Axis 1 (semiology) lists different forms
Medical University of SE divided into those with prominent motor systems, those without prominent motor
Salzburg Austria. systems, and currently indeterminate conditions (such as acute confusional states with
epileptiform EEG patterns). Axis 2 (etiology) is divided into subcategories of known and
unknown causes. Axis 3 (EEG correlates) adopts the latest recommendations by consensus
panels to use the following descriptors for the EEG: name of pattern, morphology, location,
time-related features, modulation, and effect of intervention. Finally, axis 4 divides age
groups into neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescent and adulthood, and elderly.
KEY WORDS: Status epilepticus, Seizure, Definition, Classification, Seizure duration.
1
2
E. Trinka et al.
tional definitions have been provided in textbooks, research time point (t1) at which the seizure should be regarded as
papers, and clinical trials. The seminal work by Meldrum an abnormally prolonged seizure. The second time
et al.9 suggested that 82 min or longer of ongoing seizure point (t2) is the time of ongoing seizure activity beyond
activity in baboons can cause irreversible neuronal injury due which there is a risk of long-term consequences. In the
to excitotoxicity. This observation led to the commonly used case of convulsive (tonicclonic) SE, both time points are
definition for SE as seizure duration of 30 min.10,11 The ratio- based on animal experiments and clinical research. This
nale behind this definition was that irreversible neuronal evidence is incomplete; there is furthermore considerable
injury may occur after 30 min of ongoing seizure activity. variation, so these time points should be considered as
This definition, therefore, remains useful for epidemiologic the best estimates currently available. Data are not yet
studies focused on consequences and prevention of SE. Clini- available for other forms of SE, but as knowledge and
cians have rightfully argued for the need to start treatment understanding increases, time points can be defined for
earlier, because the prognosis of SE worsens with increasing specific forms of SE based on scientific evidence and
duration.12,13 Several suggestions of a shorter timeframe for incorporated into the definition, without changing the
SE have subsequently been made, but none has been based on underlying concepts. This division into two time points
scientific evidence provided by prospective studies. has clear clinical implications: The time point of opera-
This problem was addressed in an article by Lowenstein tional dimension 1 determines the time at which treatment
et al.14 The obvious discrepancy between the limited should be considered or started, whereas the time point of
knowledge of the pathophysiology and the need to treat operational dimension 2 determines how aggressively
patients rapidly led to the concept of an operational and a treatment should be implemented to prevent long-term
conceptual definition. Generalized convulsive SE in adults consequences. The time domain may vary considerably
and children older than 5 years was operationally defined as between different forms of SE.
. . .5 min of (1) continuous seizure or (2) two or more dis- Data from select populations with refractory epilepsy
crete seizures between which there is incomplete recovery undergoing videoelectroencephalography (EEG) monitor-
of consciousness,14 This time frame has been generally ing indicate that most convulsive seizures last <5 min.1620
accepted by the clinical community and used to guide when In unselected community-based populations, the data sug-
emergency treatment of generalized convulsive SE should gest that the estimated duration of seizures >5 min is much
commence. As a basic research (or conceptual) definition, more common than suggested by inpatient monitoring and
the ILAE Core Group on Classification group suggested the that 10% of first unprovoked seizures last longer than
following: Generalized, convulsive status epilepticus 30 min.20,21 Observations from a less selected pediatric
refers to a condition in which there is failure of the nor- population show that there are two subgroups of patients,
mal factors that serve to terminate a typical GTCS [gener- one with a tendency to brief seizures (<5 min) and the other
alized tonicclonic seizures].15 Although this distinction subgroup that represents a significant minority of patients
between a pragmatic, operational definition and a basic with a propensity to more prolonged seizures.20 In this
research definition of generalized convulsive status has study, a seizure that lasted >7 min was likely to be pro-
guided the treatment of generalized convulsive SE, other longed and therefore required acute treatment. Taken
forms of SE have not been addressed. together, these findings led the Task Force to reach a con-
The ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilep- sensus opinion that treatment of convulsive seizures should
ticus proposes a definition that encompasses all types of SE, be initiated at around 5 min.
and takes into consideration current knowledge regarding Given the experimental evidence indicating irreversible
the pathophysiology of SE and the need to address clinical brain damage after prolonged seizures9 and the potential
treatment decision making time points, as well as the con- threat of brain damage in humans, we suggest the time of
duct of epidemiologic and clinical studies: t2 at 30 min in convulsive SE, in line with previous defi-
nitions of SE.10,11 As in the animal experimentation, con-
siderable variation in the duration of prolonged seizures
SE is a condition resulting either from the failure of the
that result in damage has been found, but this time point
mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from
is chosen on the basis of providing a practical safe guide-
the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally
line for clinical purposes. There is limited information to
prolonged seizures (after time point t1). It is a condition
define t1 and t2 in focal SE,19, 22 and no information for
that can have long-term consequences (after time point
absence SE (see Table 1). Furthermore, the likelihood of
t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alter-
damage is dependent on the location of the epileptic focus
ation of neuronal networks, depending on the type and
(also true in experimental animals), the intensity of the
duration of seizures.
status, the age of the patient, and other factors, and
research is needed to define these aspects further. It must
This definition is conceptual, with two operational be emphasized that the time limits given in Table 1 are
dimensions: the first is the length of the seizure and the meant primarily for operational purposes. They are
Epilepsia, **(*):19, 2015
doi: 10.1111/epi.13121
4
E. Trinka et al.
Table 1. Operational dimensions with t1 indicating the time that emergency treatment of SE should be started and t2
indicating the time at which long-term consequences may be expected
Operational dimension 2
Operational dimension 1 Time (t2), when a seizure may
Time (t1), when a seizure is likely to cause long term consequences
be prolonged leading to continuous (including neuronal injury, neuronal death, alteration
Type of SE seizure activity of neuronal networks and functional deficits)
Tonicclonic SE 5 min 30 min
Focal SE with impaired 10 min >60 min
consciousness
Absence status epilepticus 1015 mina Unknown
a
Evidence for the time frame is currently limited and future data may lead to modifications.
general approximations only, and the timing of onset of is also recognized that EEG recordings will not be avail-
cerebral damage will vary considerably in different clini- able in many settings, particularly at presentation. How-
cal circumstances. ever, the EEG will affect choice and aggressiveness of
treatment, prognosis, and clinical approaches, so an EEG
should be sought where possible and as early as possible.
In fact, some forms of SE may only be reliably diagnosed
Comment: Axes by EEG.23 Like in other acute neurologic conditions, the
semiology (symptoms and signs) and the EEG pattern in
The purpose of the diagnostic axes is to provide a frame- SE are highly dynamic and may change over short time
work for clinical diagnosis, investigation, and therapeu- periods in a given patient. Thus, repeated neurologic
tic approaches for each patient.1,4 Previously, in 1970, examinations and EEG investigations in a patient with SE
the axes encompassed (1) clinical seizure type, (2) elec- may lead to a different classification. For example, SE
troencephalographic ictal and interictal expression, (3) may start with focal motor symptoms evolving into bilat-
anatomic substrate, (4) etiology, and (5) age. In the 1981 eral convulsive SE (A.1.b) and may present a few hours
revision, the axes were limited to the seizure type and later as nonconvulsive SE (NCSE) with coma and minor
EEG expression (ictal and interictal) (Classification motor phenomena resembling so called subtle status
1981). (B.1). Likewise, the EEG may show lateralized periodic
At least half of the patients with SE do not have epilepsy discharges at the beginning and a bilateral synchronous
or specific epilepsy syndromesthey have SE due to pattern at the second investigation.
acute or remote central nervous system or systemic ill-
ness. Therefore, the axes used previously in seizure clas- Axis 1: Semiology
sification need to be modified for the classification of This axis refers to the clinical presentation of SE and is
status epilepticus. therefore the backbone of this classification. The two main
taxonomic criteria are:
1. The presence or absence of prominent motor
Classification of Status symptoms
2 The degree (qualitative or quantitative) of impaired con-
Epilepticus sciousness
For classification of SE we propose the following four Those forms with prominent motor symptoms and
axes: impairment of consciousness may be summarized as con-
1 Semiology vulsive SE as opposed to the nonconvulsive forms of SE
2 Etiology (NCSE). Although the term convulsion is sometimes disre-
3 EEG correlates garded as a lay term, it reflects the clinician0 s ordinary lan-
4 Age guage. In fact status epilepticus is also a lay term, as it is
Ideally, every patient should be categorized according the English translation of etat de mal, which was used in the
to each of the four axes. However, it is acknowledged 19th century by patients in the Salp^etriere.24 Thus, it was
that this will not always be possible. At initial presenta- decided to keep the well-accepted term convulsive. It des-
tion, the approximate age of the patient and the semiol- ignates episodes of excessive abnormal muscle contrac-
ogy will be immediately assessable. The etiology will be tions, usually bilateral, which may be sustained, or
apparent less frequently and may take time to identify. It interrupted25 (Table 2).
Table 2. Axis 1: Classification of status epilepticus (SE) Table 4. Etiology of status epilepticus
(A) With prominent motor symptoms Known (i.e., symptomatic)
A.1 Convulsive SE (CSE, synonym: tonicclonic SE) Acute (e.g., stroke, intoxication, malaria, encephalitis, etc.)
A.1.a. Generalized convulsive Remote (e.g., posttraumatic, postencephalitic, poststroke, etc.)
A.1.b. Focal onset evolving into bilateral convulsive SE Progressive (e.g., brain tumor, Laforas disease and other PMEs,
A.1.c. Unknown whether focal or generalized dementias)
A.2 Myoclonic SE (prominent epileptic myoclonic jerks) SE in defined electroclinical syndromes
A.2.a. With coma Unknown (i.e., cryptogenic)
A.2.b. Without coma
A.3 Focal motor
A.3.a. Repeated focal motor seizures (Jacksonian)
The term idiopathic or genetic is not applicable to the
A.3.b. Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) underlying etiology of SE. In idiopathic or genetic epilepsy
A.3.c. Adversive status syndromes, the cause of status is not the same as for the dis-
A.3.d. Oculoclonic status ease, but some metabolic, toxic, or intrinsic factors (like
A.3.e. Ictal paresis (i.e., focal inhibitory SE) sleep deprivation) may trigger SE in these syndromes.
A.4 Tonic status
A.5 Hyperkinetic SE
Therefore, the term idiopathic28 or genetic5 is not used
(B) Without prominent motor symptoms (i.e., nonconvulsive SE, NCSE) here. SE in a patient with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
B.1 NCSE with coma (including so-called subtle SE) (which itself is idiopathic or genetic) can be symp-
B.2 NCSE without coma tomatic, due to inappropriate antiepileptic drug (AED) treat-
B.2.a. Generalized ment, abrupt drug withdrawal, or drug intoxication.
B.2.a.a Typical absence status
B.2.a.b Atypical absence status
The term unknown or cryptogenic (Greek: jqps,
B.2.a.c Myoclonic absence status hidden or unknown, so cm, family, class, descent, origin)
B.2.b. Focal is used in its strict original meaning: unknown cause. The
B.2.b.a Without impairment of consciousness (aura continua, with assumption that it is presumably symptomatic or genetic
autonomic, sensory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, emotional/ is inappropriate. Synonymously and consistent with the pro-
psychic/experiential, or auditory symptoms)
B.2.b.b Aphasic status
posal 2010,5 the term unknown or appropriate translations
B.2.b.c With impaired consciousness in different languages can be used (Table 4).
B.2.c Unknown whether focal or generalized SE in its varied forms has a plethora of causes; a list is
B.2.c.a Autonomic SE attached (Appendix 1). The list will be updated periodically
and will provide a database for clinicians.
4 Time-related features: prevalence, frequency, duration, Opinions expressed by the authors, however, do not necessarily represent
the policy or position of the ILAE. The Task Force on Classification of SE
daily pattern duration and index, onset (sudden vs. grad- met six times (American Epilepsy Society Meeting, San Antonio, U.S.A.,
ual), and dynamics (evolving, fluctuating, or static). 2010, Commission on European Affairs Workshop on the Classification of
5 Modulation: stimulus-induced vs. spontaneous. SE at the 3rd London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Acute seizures and Status
Epilepticus, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2011, American Epilepsy Society
6 Effect of intervention (medication) on EEG. Meeting, Baltimore, 2011, European Congress on Epileptology, London,
2012, American Epilepsy Society, San Diego, 2012, and International Epi-
Axis 4: Age lepsy Congress, Montreal 2013). All members of the Task Force discussed
in a respectful, constructive, and fruitful atmosphere the new definition and
1 Neonatal (0 to 30 days). classification. We have also received valuable input from several members
2 Infancy (1 month to 2 years). of the Commission on Epidemiology and want to thank Ettore Beghi, Ding
3 Childhood (> 2 to 12 years). Ding, Ed Dudek, Charles Newton, and David Thurman (in alphabetical
order) for their comments.
4 Adolescence and adulthood (> 12 to 59 years).
5 Elderly ( 60 years).
Examples of SE that occur in different age groups, are Conflict of Interest
listed in Table 5 and Figure 1. SE in neonates may be subtle Dr. Trinka has received research funding from UCB Pharma, Biogen-
and difficult to recognize. Some forms of SE are seen as an
Idec, Red Bull, Merck, the European Union, FWF Osterreichischer Fond
integral part of the electroclinical syndrome; others can zur Wissenschaftsforderung, and Bundesministerium fur Wissenschaft
und Forschung and has acted as a paid consultant to Eisai, Takeda, Ever
occur in patients within a certain electroclinical syndrome, Neuropharma, Biogen Idec, Medtronics, Bial, and UCB and has received
or when trigger factors or precipitating causes are present, speakers honoraria from Bial, Eisai, GL Lannacher, GlaxoSmithKline,
such as sleep deprivation, intoxication, or inappropriate Boehringer, Viropharma, Actavis, and UCB Pharma. He has no specific
conflicts relevant to this work. Dr. Cock has served as a paid consultant
medication. Examples are phenytoin in some forms of pro- for Special Products Ltd and Eisai Europe Ltd, and received support from
gressive myoclonic epilepsies,33 carbamazepine in juvenile UCB pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, and Lupin pharmaceuticals. Details at
myoclonic epilepsy,34,35 or absence epilepsies.36 www.whopaysthisdoctor.org. She has no specific conflicts relevant to this
work. Dr. Hesdorffer serves on Advisory Boards for Upsher-Smith and
Acorda; is a consultant to Cyberonics, The Department of Rehabilitation
Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, and the Comprehensive Epi-
Acknowledgments lepsy Center at NYU Langone Medical Center; and is an Associate Editor
of Epilepsia. She has no specific conflicts relevant to this work. Dr. Ros-
This report was written by experts selected by the International League setti received research support from UCB Pharma and Sage Pharmaceuti-
Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and was approved for publication by the ILAE. cals. He has no specific conflicts relevant to this work. Dr. Scheffer has no
specific conflicts relevant to this work. Dr. Shinnar has served as consul-
tant to Accorda, AstraZeneca, Questcor, and Upsher-Smith. He serves on
a Daqta Safety Monitoring Board for UCB pharma. He has no specific
Table 5. SE in selected electroclinical syndromes conflicts relevant to this work. Dr. Shorvon has received research grants,
according to age or speakers or consultancy fees from Eisai, Viropharma, Sage, and
Takeda. He has no specific conflicts relevant to this work. Dr. Lowenstein
SE occurring in neonatal and infantile-onset epilepsy syndromes has served in the past as a paid consultant for Upsher-Smith, and his cur-
Tonic status (e.g., in Ohtahara syndrome or West syndrome) rent work with the Human Epilepsy Project, a research project adminis-
Myoclonic status in Dravet syndrome tered through the Epilepsy Study Consortium, is supported by UCB
Focal status Pharma, Pfizer, Lundbeck, and Eisai, as well as various foundations. He
has no specific conflicts relevant to this work. We confirm that we have
Febrile SE
read the Journals position on issues involved in ethical publication and
SE occurring mainly in childhood and adolescence affirm that this report is consistent with those guideline.
Autonomic SE in early-onset benign childhood occipital
epilepsy (Panayiotopoulos syndrome)
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