MAY 1969 TECHNICAL NOTES 985
References
1
Hahn, D. W. and Itzen, B. F., "Optimum Co-Altitude Ren-
dezvous Trajectories with Continuous Thrust," AIAA Journalj
Vol. 3, No. 11, Nov. 1965, pp. 2151-2152.
2
Burrows, R. R. and McDaniel, G. A., "A Method of Tra-
jectory Analysis with Multi-Mission Capability and Guidance
Application," Paper 68-844, Aug. 1968, AIAA.
3
Breakwell, J. V., "The Optimization of Trajectories,"
Journal of the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics,
Vol. 7,1959, pp. 215-247.
A Simple Formula for the Shock Polar
LAWRENCE L. LEE*
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
T
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HE flows are described in a coordinate system which is at
rest relative to the shock. The upstream conditions are
given and the downstream flows are the desired solutions.
Flows on the two sides of the surface of discontinuity are
related by the conservations of mass, momentum, and
energy on the surface. These conservation laws require the
respective fluxes to be continuous. The resulting equations
are found in most textbooks.1 We shall mention only those
results that are used in our construction of the shock polar;
they are
vn = v2i (1)
I)](sin0 - sin0) (2)
(subscripts 1 are used for upstream and 2 for downstream
quantities, I for velocity components parallel to the shock,
and n for components in the direction of the normal; v,y,M,
and 6 are respectively the velocity, the ratio of specific heats,
the Mach number, and the angle between Vi and the shock;
d will be used to denote the angle between Vi and v2).
In this derivation we first assume that the shock polar is
known, then find the graphical solution, and, finally, in
showing that the procedure is correct, determine the equation
for the shock polar. To find v 2 and 6 (when d is given), we
first plot the shock polar and Vi (see Fig. 1) . Then the vector
PQ which makes an angle d with Vi is the graphical repre-
sentation of v 2 f and OR gives the direction of the normal to
the shock; from it the shock angle 6 is found by using 6 = <p
7T/2. These solutions satisfy Eq. (1) because v\i = PR =
VM (see Fig. 1). The figure also shows that vin = RO and
Vzn = RQ, so Vm vzn = QO = r; Eq. (2) will be satisfied if
Fig. 1 The shock polar in a graphical solution.
Received December 12, 1968.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautics.
t The line PQ generally intersects the shock polar at three
points (Q'jQ, and Q"); the vectors correspond to downstream
velocities for the strong, weak, and unphysical shocks, respec-
tively. Attached shocks are usually weak.
Fig. 2 Essential part of shock polars for some Mach
numbers.
r = [2wi/(7 + I)](sin0 - 1/MJ sin0). This gives us the
equation for the shock polar in polar coordinates:
r(<p) = [2!/(T + cosy - c (3)
If 9 instead of d were given, then the shock polar will enable
us to solve for v2 and d.
The shock polar has been known for a long time. It
appears in most books on aerodynamics. The equation is
usually clumsily written in Cartesian coordinates, and its use
is seldom quantitative. The curve is sometimes incorrectly
called a folium of Descartes or a strophoid; the latter is
correct only when Mi = (2)1/2.
Equation (3) shows that the shape of the shock polar de-
pends only on MI, so that flows with the same MI but different
in other respects (such as stagnation temperature, or even 7)
can be solved by using the same shock polar with the ve-
locities properly scaled. In view of this universal feature, it
is desirable to have available accurate plots of the shock
polars. Such a plot for various Mach numbers is given in
Fig. 2. To this scale, the length of YI depends only on
7: 01(7) = i(T + 1) 0i(l). Some frequently-used values of 7
are shown.
Reference
1
Ames Research Staff, Kept. 1135, 1953, NACA.
Equation of State of Polydiethylene
Glycol-Bis-Allyl Carbonate
JOSEPH G. BERKE* AND LESLIE B. SEELY!
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.
ENSITIVITY data from gap-test1 experiments are often
S reported in terms of attenuator thickness. The thick-
ness is related to pressure in the attenuator by measuring the
shock and free-surface velocities along the axis of the donor-
attenuator system. In the standard propellant test Plexiglas
is the attenuator material, but in cases where the test liquid
is reactive and degrades the Plexiglas, a different material
must be used. One such material is PBAC. J
In this Note we present the results of a set of experiments
to determine the Hugoniot of PBAC from 30 to 160 kilobars.
These results should be useful in sensitivity and equation-of-
state programs generally.
Received November 21, 1968; revision received January 22,
1969. This research was supported by the Office of Naval
Research under Contract NONR 3760(00).
* Physicist, Physical Sciences Division.
t Scientific Fellow, Physical Sciences Division.
t Commercially called Homalite 911 and manufactured by the
Homalite Corporation, Wilmington, Del.