INTRODUCTION

Electricity is one of the vital requirements for sustainment of comforts of life. IT should be used
very judiciously for its proper utilization. But in our country we have lot of localities where we
have surplus supply for the electricity while many areas do not even have access to it. Our
policies of its distribution are also partially responsible for this because we are still not able to
correctly estimate our exact requirements and still power theft is prevailing.
On the other hand consumers are also not satisfied with the services of power companies. Most
of the time they have complaints regarding statistical errors in their monthly bills.
Thus we are trying to present an idea towards the minimization of technical errors and to reduce
human dependency at the same time. With the help of this project we are aiming to receive the
monthly energy consumption from a remote location directly to a centralized office. In this way
we can reduce human efforts needed to record the meter readings which are till now recorded by
visiting every home individually.

This results in considerable loss of human hours and also provides considerable details regarding
the average consumption of a locality so that power supply can be made according to these data.
This will help the officials in deciding the specifications of transformers and other instruments
required in power transmission.

This idea is economically efficient as well because we can get the meter reading at a very low
cost. The implementation is done in such a way that a SMS is delivered to the Modem whose
reading is to be noted and then that meter replies to the server in the SMS format and it is known
that SMS costs are very low.

The purpose of this project is to remote monitoring and control of the Domestic
Energy meter. This system enables the Electricity Department to read the meter readings
regularly without the person visiting each house.

This can be achieved by the use of Microcontroller unit that continuously monitors and records
the Energy Meter readings in its permanent (non-volatile) memory location. This system also
makes use of a GSM modem for remote monitoring and control of Energy Meter.
The Microcontroller based system continuously records the readings and the live meter reading
can be sent to the Electricity department on request. This system also can be used to disconnect
the power supply to the house in case of non-payment of electricity bills. A dedicated GSM
modem with SIM card is required for each energy meter.

The GSM AMR takes the advantage of available GSM infrastructure nationwide coverage and
the Short Messaging System (SMS) cell broadcasting feature to request and retrieve individual
houses and building power consumption reading back to the energy provider wirelessly.

The Store and Forwarding feature of SMS allow reliable meter reading delivery when GSM
signsl is affected by the poor weather conditions. The stored message is archive in the mobile
operator and can be later retrieve for billing purposes.

History of Meters:

Over the past years electric energy meters have undergone phenomenal changes and are expected
to become even more sophisticated , offering more and more services.

The electromechanical based energy meters are rapidly being replaced by digital energy meters
which offer high accuracy and precision. Now the generation of electric energy meters is that of
AMRs. Various features offered by AMR are given below:

1) Higher speed
2) Improved load profile
3) Automatic billing invoice
4) Real time energy cost
5) Alarm warning
6) Remote power switches ON/OFF

Literature survey
Q. Gao, J. Y. Yu, P. H. J. Chong proposed two algorithms, namely clustered simple polling and
neighbor relay polling, for solving the typical silent node problem in automatic meter reading
(AMR) systems using powerline communications (PLC)-access networks. A silent node[1] is a
meter unit that cannot receive signals directly from the BS or that cannot send its metering data
back directly to the BS. Here the factors responsible for an unreliable rate of data collection and
significant time delay are the significant level of signal attenuation along cables, the noisy
power-line environment, and the changing inhome impedance. These schemes are tested through
computer simulations to be both effective and efficient in overcoming the silent node problem
in AMR systems. Also, a two-state transition Markov model is used to simulate a meter unit with
such a silent node problem in a PLC network. The processing time model is established on a
meter topology of three-level clustering. By using these models for our computer simulations,
the performance of our proposed schemes can be evaluated in terms of reliability and efficiency.
Polling is normally implemented in a system with a central controller that is called a base station
(BS). The BS sends a polling message to each network station, in accordance with a round-
robin procedure or any other cyclic order. When a network station receives a

polling message from the BS and it has data to send back to the BS, it can transmit its data for a
predefined time period. Then, the network station also transmits an acknowledgement (ACK) at
the end of a packet transmission to inform the BS that its data transmission is completed before
the stipulated time limit. If the network station has no data to send, it just sends an ACK to the
BS to inform that it has no data to send. Afterwards, the BS polls the next network station in the
same cycle immediately. If the BS cannot hear anything from the polled station after a stipulated
time period, it will poll the next station anyway. Hence, the next network station in the same
cycle can be polled. The NRP is a more effective mechanism because it can reach a nearly 100%
data-collection success rate under normal network conditions. In some cases, the NRP cannot
guarantee the data-collection time well below 30 min due to additional time for the repolls.
Under some extremely adverse network conditions, the meter units belonging to the same
building and the same phase of the same transformer cannot be guaranteed as neighbors because
they may not be able to communicate directly with each other. Hence, the polling message and
metering data may need to go through more than one relaying meter.
Mpendulo Ndlovu, Ling Cheng Proposed Power-line communication offers a networking
communication over existing power lines and finds important applications in smart grid, home &
business automation and automatic meter reading. However, the power-line channel is one of the
harshest known communication channels currently in use and it requires robust forward error
correction techniques. Powerful decoding algorithms tend to be complex and increase latency
while robust modulation schemes offer lower data rates. The presented work extends the existing
narrow-band power-line communication forward error correction scheme of concatenated Reed-
Solomon Convolution codes in OFDM framework by introducing permutation codes as an inter
subcarrier encoding scheme in OFDM to combat narrowband interference and carrier frequency
offsets. Permutation encoded OFDM has been presented as an alternative modulation scheme for
narrow-band powerline communication. While it uses more bandwidth than OFDM, it performs
much better in the presence of carrier frequency offsets. OFDM-MFSK[6] is a similar scheme
that was proposed by other researchers as another alternative. Although this schemes
performance is similar to that of the presented scheme, it is less efficient in terms of bandwidth
utilization. Permutation encoded OFDM uses up to 103 subcarriers in a 256 length IFFT window,
giving 40% bandwidth efficiency. On the other hand, OFDM-MFSK uses a maximum of only 64
subcarriers, translating to an efficiency of 25%. Permutation encoded OFDM [6] therefore gives
an improvement of 60% in terms of bandwidth efficiency on this scheme. In addition, MFSK-
based schemes are limited to sending only log2M bits for every M frequency, while PE OFDM
can employ higher order M-PSK schemes in OFDM subcarriers and achieve higher throughputs.

Mohamed Chaker Bali, Chiheb Rebai praposed the design of advanced physical layer for
narrowband power line communications (NB-PLC) based on coded modulation[7]. The coding
modulation scheme is described and decoding process based on soft decoding is proposed. Using
this innovative scheme, the decoder performs a gain of 3 dB at symbol error rate (SER) equal to
10-3 over traditional receiver with hard decoding. In the implementation analysis, both the
digital signal processor (DSP) resources usage and the maximum data rate are considered. It is
concluded that a transmission rate of 2.4 kbps is reached for a robust NB-PLC and available
resources can be used for full protocol stack implementation. This architecture greatly simplifies
both the hardware and software design implementation of overall coding modulation NB-PLC
modem. A new decoding process for coding modulation is proposed and analyzed under
frequency selective channel through numerical simulations. The proposed soft decoder achieves
3 dB of gain for SER equal to 10-3 compared to hard decoder. Finally, a practical and optimized
DSP implementation of NB-PLC modem [7] is presented. This DSP-based modem offers to
users flexibility and programmability to design full AMR solution.

K. S. K. Weranga, D. P. Chandima focuses on smart metering for next generation energy

efficiency and conservation. The discussion here is based on implementation of new
methodologies to achieve energy efficiency via two way interaction. Improved measurement
technology by displaying all per phase information and three phase information on LCD at the
meter side, automatic meter reading, power quality and exported energy measuring capability,
energy and cost forecasting for better energy conservation are the key methodologies of this
research. The digital meter was developed using ADE7758 energy metering chip, 18F452 PIC
microcontroller and PCF8583 real time clock IC. The data are sent to a remote server via SMS
using SIM900 GSM module. The server handles the incoming SMS, processes, displays and
stores the required information. Energy consumption and its cost, average daily energy
consumption and cost prediction for the month are calculated in the server side
 What Is IoT?

Internet of Things represents a general concept for the ability of network devices to sense and
collect data from the world around us, and then share that data across the Internet where it can be
processed and utilized for various interesting purposes.

Some also use the term industrial Internet interchangeably with IoT. This refers primarily to
commercial applications of IoT technology in the world of manufacturing. The Internet of Things
is not limited to industrial applications, however.

Fig.5. Basic architecture of IOT

What the Internet of Things Can Do for Us

Some future consumer applications envisioned for IoT sound like science fiction, but some of the
more practical and realistic sounding possibilities for the technology include:

receiving warnings on your phone or wearable device when IoT networks detect some physical
danger is detected nearby

self-parking automobiles

automatic ordering of groceries and other home supplies

automatic tracking of exercise habits and other day-to-day personal activity including goal
tracking and regular progress reports Potential benefits of IoT in the business world include:
 location tracking for individual pieces of manufacturing inventory

fuel savings from intelligent environmental modeling of gas-powered engines

new and improved safety controls for people working in hazardous environments.

What is WSN?

A WSN can generally be described as a network of nodes that cooperatively sense and may
control the environment, enabling interaction between persons or computers and the surrounding
environment. In fact, the activity of sensing, processing, and communication with a limited
amount of energy, ignites a cross-layer design approach typically requiring the joint
consideration of distributed signal/data processing, medium access control, and communication
protocols. Through synthesizing existing WSN applications as part of the infrastructure system,
potential new applications can be identified and developed to meet future technology and market
trends. For instance WSN technology applications for smart grid, smart water, intelligent
transportation systems, and smart home generate huge amounts of data, and this data can serve
many purposes.

Fig. 3.WSN network

NODE

A sensor node consists of sensors and actuators, which interact with the physical world around
the sensor node; a microcontroller, which interacts with the components and executes the
software; a communication device, which typically is a radio; and a power source, which often is
a battery but which also can be an energy-scavenging device such as a solar cell. Additionally,
the sensor node may also contain secondary storage, such as on-board flash memory. Unlike
general purpose computers, sensor network nodes do not have support for memory hierarchies,
multiple protection domains or multi-level caches.

Fig.4.Embedded sensor node

BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of the project consists of controller part, and raspberry pi based server.
Controller part consists of PIC 18F4520 controller and RASPBERRY-PI. Raspberry pi for the
IOT operation. LCD, Relay, Buzzer, 555 monostable mulivibrator these are other components
present in the system. Microcontroller is the core component of the project that connects input
and outputs of the devices. The microcontroller used is PIC 18F4520. Initially DC power supply
to give voltage to the circuit. Amplifier circuit and isolation circuits are connected with relays
and load. The load and relays in this circuit represent the devices that need energy or electricity
to operate and are used at homes. Energy meter is connected to PIC controller through 555 timers
which are used Monostable multivivrator. This gives the information to the controller about the
energy consumed, bill and if any theft occur. The bill is calculated using the formula as shown
below. Bill = consumed units * 3 + 50 Once the information is sent the raspberry pi server it will
further communicate to server and it will matain database on IOT.
The information can be sent ot using IOT based system and GSM MESSAGES.

COMPONET EXPLANITION

Embedded Linux Board:

The Raspberry Pi board used in the proposed system which having following features:

5V@1A maximum power from an adaptor.

700 MHz ARM1176JZF-S core (ARM11 family, ARMv6 instruction set).
1GHz operating speed.
4 USB ports for Key board mouse or accessing external memory.
40 GPIO pins.
Ethernet port for internet connectivity.
VGA connector and HDMI connector.
3.5mm stereo jack for audio out to amplifier.
MicroSD card interface slot to carry the OS.
512MB of SDRAM.
PIC Microcontroller:
PIC18xxxA series controller is an 8 bit controller; it has 40 pin and Consist of high Performance
RISC CPU. It consists of Self-reprogrammable software. Only 35 single-word instructions to
learn and 20MHz clock input is used, Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory can be
used. It is a very effective controller when compared to previous versions. It has an inbuilt 8-
channel ADC. Port A and E are multi functionality ports which can be used for I/O. PIC8xxxA
series controller is highly available and very cost efficient. Wide Operating Voltage Range (2.0V
to 5.5V) and low power consumption.
PIC18FXX2

28/40-pin High Performance, Enhanced FLASH Microcontrollers with 10-Bit A/D

High Performance RISC CPU:
C compiler optimized architecture/instruction set
- Source code compatible with the PIC16 and
PIC17 instruction sets
Linear program memory addressing to 32 Kbytes
Linear data memory addressing to 1.5 Kbytes

Up to 10 MIPs operation:
- DC - 40 MHz osc./clock input
- 4 MHz - 10 MHz osc./clock input with PLL active
16-bit wide instructions, 8-bit wide data path
Priority levels for interrupts
8 x 8 Single Cycle Hardware Multiplier

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

LCD is used in a project to visualize the output of the application. We have used 16x2 LCD. So
we can write 16 characters in each line. Total 32 characters we can display on 16x2 LCD.LCD
can also use in a project to check the output of different modules interfaced with the
microcontroller. Thus LCD plays a vital role in a project to see the output and to debug the
system module wise in case of system failure in order to rectify the problem.

GSM
 Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital
cellular communication. GSM is a common European mobile telephone standard for a mobile
cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. Throughout the evolution of cellular
telecommunications, various systems have been developed without the standardized
specifications resulting in many problems directly related to compatibility. The GSM standard is
intended to address these problems. In the current work, SIM300 GSM module is used. The
SIM300 module is a Triband GSM/GPRS solution in a compact plug in module featuring an
industry-standard interface. It delivers voice, data and fax in a small form factor with low power
consumption.

SOFTWARE AND LANGUAGE USED

MPLAB software

MPLAB is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) which is a free, integrated

toolset for the development of embedded applications employing Microchips PIC and
dsPIC microcontrollers. MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS Windows, is
easy to use and includes a host of free software components for fast application
development and super-charged debugging. MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified
graphical user interface for additional Microchip and third party software and hardware
development tools. Moving between tools is a snap, and upgrading from the free software
simulator to hardware debug and programming tools is done in a flash because MPLAB IDE
has the same user interface for all tools. Choose MPLAB C Compilers, the highly optimized
compilers for the PIC18 series microcontrollers, high performance PIC24 MCUs, dsPIC
digital signal controllers and PIC32MX MCUs. Or, use one of the many products from third
party language tools vendors. Most integrate into MPLAB IDE to function transparently
from the MPLAB project manager, editor and debugger.

PYTHON Software
 Python is a high level, interpreted, interactive and object oriented scripting
language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently
where as other languages use punctuation ,and it has fewer syntactical constructions than
other languages. Python is Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter.
do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs. Python is Object Oriented: Python supports
Object-Oriented style or technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
Python is a Beginner's Language: python is a great language for the beginner -
level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from
simple text processing to WWW browsers to games. History of Python Python was
developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the National
Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands. Python is
derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula 3, C, C++, Algorithm 68
small Talk Unix shell and other scripting languages. Python is copyrighted. Like Perl,
Python source code is now available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).Python
is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van Rossum
still holds a vital role interacting its progress.

Python Features

Python's features include: Easy-to-learn Python has few keywords, simple structure,
and a clearly defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
Python2
Easy-to-read: Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy-to maintain. A broad standard
library:
Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX,
Windows, and Macintosh. Interactive Mode: Python has support for an interactive mode
which allows. interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code. Portable Python can run
on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all platforms.
Extendable You can add low level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable
programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient. Databases: Python
provides interfaces to all major commercial databases. GUI Programming: Python supports
GUI applications that can be created and ported to many system calls, libraries, and
windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
Scalable: Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell
scripting. Apart from the abovementioned features, Python has a big list of good features,
few are listed below: IT support functional and structured programming methods as well as
OOP. It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte code for building
large applications. It provides very high- level dy namic data types and supports dynamic
type checking. This supports automatic garbage collection. It can be easily integrated with
C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA ,
and Java.

MySQL Database Server

In the word of Jack Urlocker [Mytton, D. 2004], Vice President of Marketing at

MySQL, the principle strengths of MySQL are that it is: fast, reliable and easy to use.
Indeed, speed is MySQLs prominent feature, a nd has won it high profile customers such as
Yahoo! Adobe, Sabre, NASA, Associated Press, Google, Evite/CitySearch and Lufthansa
[Mytton, D. 2004]. MySQLs ease of use is also a feature important in its leverage in the
enterprise, says Yahoo!s Zawodny [Gilmore W.J. 2001]: We went from
experimental to mission-critical in a couple of months. Once others saw it,they jumped on
board. The current version of MySQL (version 4.1) represents a somewhat featureless yet
high performance and reliable database engine, which, in the words of Urlocker [Mytton, D.
2004] does not suffer form from server bloat. The major shortcoming of MySQL when
considering its role in the enterprise is its small feature-set and the fact that the current
version does not support triggers, stored procedures, views or events [MySQL. 2005.
1.7.5.4; 1.7.5.6], all of which are considered significant in the development of enterprise
applications. Borland, in a comparison with their own database server (InterBase), also
criticise MySQLs user-level role management and poor monitoring tools [Todd, B 2004.
pp: 11:14]. A report by Troels [Troels A.] also suggests that MySQL deviates from the SQL
standard in particular by not supporting views, using abnormal joining mechanisms and with
the LIMIT workaround. This produces problems with layered architectures 15 as Hartman
[Hartman H. 2001] describes with regard to swapping a feature rich Oracle 9i database for
the MySQL equivalent. A notable feature of MySQL is its support for an array of different
table types. The two which are used commonly are MyISAM and InnoDB. According to the
MySQL certification guide [DuBois, P.2004, pp: 91-96]; My ISAM tables are incredibly fast
for SELECT queries because they feature table locking which essentially converts
data to a fast compressed read-only table. However, MyISAM tables are slow in terms
of UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE queries, and they dont support data integrity
measures most notably foreign keys. This is a very serous omission, and in my
opinion makes the use of MyISAM tables almost redundant in a serious database as
they require application programming to ensure referential integrity.

APACHE WEB SERVER

The Apache web server, more popular as simply Apache, represents an open-source web
server platform lying in the basis of most of the websites we see today on the World Wide
Web. Looking back at the time when it was introduced in mid 90's and gradually adopted as
a preferred server platform on the web, we could state that Apache acted as the main driving
force behind today's web expansion. As a web server 'pioneer', Apache has turned into a
standard for the development of other successful web server platforms. The
Apache web server is a work of the Apache Software Foundation open source community.
Namely the fact that it is backed up by the efforts of many supporters orldwide keeps it so
well maintained and regularly updated with new useful features and functionalities up to the
latest quality and security requirements in HTTP service delivery. Where does that strange
name of the popular server come from? There are two intriguing and radically different
stories behind its origin. The more popular one says that naming the server this way is a kind
of a tribute to the Native American Indian tribe Apache, known for its fighting strength and
dauntless spirit. According to the other story, the name Apache server represents a sound
analogue to a patchy server, with 'patchy' referring to the bundle of patches that are
attached to the codebase of NCSA HTTPd 1.3.

Apache a Cross Platform Web Server

The wide use of the Apache server on the web is visible through the multitude of web
platforms and operating systems it is working with. Most of them are well established and
extremely popular among users, including Windows, Linux, Unix, Solaris, Mac OS X,
Microsoft Windows, NetWare, FreeBSD, OS/2, just to mention a few. The Apache server is
distributed with a rich set of modules, allowing for users to run miscellaneous scripts and
applications on it. This allows for every website hosted on an Apache server to be dynamic,
content driven and fully compliant with the current HTTP standards.

Some of the capabilities supported by the server include support for CGI (Common
Gateway Interface) and SSI (Server Side Includes), URL redirection, automatic directory
listings, user authentication, anonymous user accessryts, loading modules support, HTTP
header metafiles, proxy caching abilities, etc. Since its initial launch in April 1996, the
Apache web server has been released in several consequent versions defined by the number
of the major improvements made to its configuration. The most recent and noteworthy
Apache versions include Apache 2.0, offering a considerably simplified functionality, a new
compilation system, multi-language error messaging, support for IPv6, Unix, the mod_echo
protocol and many others, and Apache 2.2, offering a more flexible user authentication and
proxy caching modules, SQL support and support for 2 GB-exceeding files. To the web
administrators' convenience, each version is accompanied by a comprehensive
documentation set.

Linux

(pronounced i/lnks/ LIN-ksor, less frequently, /lanks/ LYN-ks is a Unix-like

and mostly POSIX-compliant] computer operating system (OS) assembled under the model
of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of
Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on October 5, 1991 by
Linus Torvalds. The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the
operating system, which has led to some controversy.

Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for personal computers based on
the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms
than any other operating system. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones,
Linux has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems. Linux is also
the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe
computers and virtually all fastest supercomputers,but is used on only around 2.3% of
desktop computers when not including Chrome OS, which has about 5% of the overall and
nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales. Linux also runs on embedded systems, which
are devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored
to the system; this includes smartphones and tablet computers running Android and other
Linux derivatives, TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation
controls, televisions, video game consoles and smartwatches.

The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source
software collaboration. The underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed
commercially or non-commerciallyby anyone under the terms of its respective licenses,
such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a
Linux distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. Some of the most
popular mainstream Linux distributions are Arch Linux, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo
Linux, Linux Mint, Mageia, openSUSE and Ubuntu, together with commercial distributions
such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Distributions include
the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU
Project, and usually a large amount of application software to fulfil the distribution's
intended use.

Distributions oriented toward desktop use typically include a windowing system, such as
X11, Mir or a Wayland implementation, and an accompanying desktop environment such as
GNOME or the KDE Software Compilation; some distributions may also include a less
resource-intensive desktop, such as LXDE r Xfce. Distributions intended to run on servers
may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, and instead include other
Linux is freely software to set up and operate a solution stack such as LAMP. Because
redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use.
Power Supply

In alternating current the electron flow is alternate, i.e. the electron flow increases to maximum
in one direction, decreases back to zero. It then increases in the other direction and then
decreases to zero again. Direct current flows in one direction only. Rectifier converts alternating
current to flow in one direction only. When the anode of the diode is positive with respect to its
cathode, it is forward biased, allowing current to flow. But when its anode is negative with
respect to the cathode, it is reverse biased and does not allow current to flow. This unidirectional
property of the diode is useful for rectification. A single diode arranged back-to-back might
allow the electrons to flow during positive half cycles only and suppress the negative half cycles.
Double diodes arranged back-to-back might act as full wave rectifiers as they may allow the
electron flow during both positive and negative half cycles. Four diodes can be arranged to make
a full wave bridge rectifier. Different types of filter circuits are used to smooth out the pulsations
in amplitude of the output voltage from a rectifier. The property of capacitor to oppose any
change in the voltage applied across them by storing energy in the electric field of the capacitor
and of inductors to oppose any change in the current flowing through them by storing energy in
the magnetic field of coil may be utilized. To remove pulsation of the direct current obtained
from the rectifier, different types of combination of capacitor, inductors and resistors may be also
be used to increase to action of filtering.

RECTIFICATION

Rectification is a process of rendering an alternating current or voltage into a unidirectional one.

The component used for rectification is called Rectifier. A rectifier permits current to flow only
during the positive half cycles of the applied AC voltage by eliminating the negative half cycles
or alternations of the applied AC voltage. Thus pulsating DC is obtained. To obtain smooth DC
power, additional filter circuits are required.

A diode can be used as rectifier. There are various types of diodes. But, semiconductor diodes are
very popularly used as rectifiers. A semiconductor diode is a solid-state device consisting of two
elements is being an electron emitter or cathode, the other an electron collector or anode. Since
electrons in a semiconductor diode can flow in one direction only-from emitter to collector- the
diode provides the unilateral conduction necessary for rectification. Out of the semiconductor
diodes, copper oxide and selenium rectifier are also commonly used.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

It is possible to rectify both alternations of the input voltage by using two diodes in the
circuit arrangement. Assume 6.3 V rms (18 V p-p) is applied to the circuit. Assume further that
two equal-valued series-connected resistors R are placed in parallel with the ac source. The 18 V
p-p appears across the two resistors connected between points AC and CB, and point C is the
electrical midpoint between A and B. Hence 9 V p-p appears across each resistor. At any moment
during a cycle of vin, if point A is positive relative to C, point B is negative relative to C. When

A is negative to C, point B is positive relative to C. The effective voltage in proper time phase
which each diode "sees" is in Fig. The voltage applied to the anode of each diode is equal but
opposite in polarity at any given instant.

When A is positive relative to C, the anode of D 1 is positive with respect to its cathode. Hence

D1 will conduct but D2 will not. During the second alternation, B is positive relative to C. The

anode of D2 is therefore positive with respect to its cathode, and D 2 conducts while D1 is cut

off.

There is conduction then by either D 1 or D2 during the entire input-voltage cycle.Since the two

diodes have a common-cathode load resistor R L, the output voltage across RL will result from

the alternate conduction of D1 and D2. The output waveform vout across RL, therefore has no

gaps as in the case of the half-wave rectifier.

The output of a full-wave rectifier is also pulsating direct current. In the diagram, the two equal
resistors R across the input voltage are necessary to provide a voltage midpoint C for circuit
connection and zero reference. Note that the load resistor R L is connected from the cathodes to

this center reference point C.An interesting fact about the output waveform v out is that its peak

amplitude is not 9 V as in the case of the half-wave rectifier using the same power source, but is
less than 4 V. The reason, of course, is that the peak positive voltage of A relative to C is 4 V,
not 9 V, and part of the 4 V is lost across R.Though the full wave rectifier fills in the
conduction gaps, it delivers less than half the peak output voltage that results from half-wave
rectification.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure-10

VOLTAGE REGULATOR

One can get a constant high-voltage power supply using inexpensive 3-terminal voltage
regulators through some simple techniques described below. Depending upon the current
requirement, a reasonable load regulation can be achieved. Line regulation in all cases is equal to
that of the voltage regulator used.Though high voltage can be obtained with suitable voltage
boost circuitry using ICs like LM 723, some advantages of the circuits presented below are:
simplicity, low cost, and practically reasonable regulation characteristics. For currents of the
order of 1A or less, only one zener and some resistors and capacitors are needed. For higher
currents, one pass transistor such as ECP055 is needed.

Before developing the final circuits, let us first understand the 3-terminal type constant voltage
regulators. Let us see the schematic in Fig. where 78XX is a 3-terminal voltage regulator.
Schematic for obtaining low-voltage regulated output using 3-terminal voltage regulators.

Rectified and filtered unregulated voltage is applied at VIN and a constant voltage appears
between pins 2 and 2 of the voltage regulator. *The distribution of two currents in the circuit
(IBIAS and ILOAD) is as shown.
Figure-11

METHDOLOGY
STEPS:

TAKE reading from meter.

Update it on server.
Check for monthly timer.
Send the bill via GSM module.
Electronic meters advantages:
High accuracy over a wide current dynamic range
Reliability and robustness
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)
More easily enable new functionalities
Tamper proofing
Power out range detection
 Power factor detection
Easily reconfiguration, upgrade
Do not use gears that wear out or magnets that saturate with DC current
Do not require precision mechanics or have large tolerance variations over temperature

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:

1. Provides user friendly remote energy meter monitoring.

2. Supports controlling of meter.
3. Can be controlled any where in the world.
4. Non-volatile memory based energy-reading storing.
5. Auto disconnect feature.
References

[1] Q. Gao et al., Solutions for the Silent Node Problem in an Automatic Meter Reading
System Using Power-Line Communications, IEEE vol. 23, no. 1, January 2008

[2] Subhashis Maitra et al., Embedded Energy Meter- A New Concept To Measure The Energy
Consumed By A Consumer And To Pay The Bill, 978-1-4244-1762-9/08 IEEE 2008

[3] Nhat-Quang Nhan et al., Improving the performance of mobile data collecting systems for
electricity meter reading using wireless sensor network, The 2012 International Conference on
Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC 2012) , pp. 241-246

[4] K. S. K. Weranga et al., Smart Metering for Next Generation Energy Efficiency &
Conservation, IEEE PES ISGT Asia 2012, pp. 1-8 [5] Sudhish N George et al., GSM Based
Automatic Energy Meter Reading System with Instant Billing, 978-1-4673-5090-7/13 IEEE
2013, pp. 61-72