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Experimental study of Effect of Phase Change Material on ON-OFF Cycle of Compressor of Domestic
Refrigerator
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem statement :
Domestic Refrigerator utilized in India has working on VCC cycle and compressor is the
main component which affects performance of refrigerator how to improve performance
of compressor.
1.2 Objectives:
1 To study ON-OFF cycle of Compressor
2 To Evaluation of Energy Saving
3 To study effect of PCM
1.3Methodology
1 Experimentation by test set up
2 Simulation by using Software Coolpak
1.4 Thesis organization

1 Literature Review
2 Theory of PCM
3 Experimentation
4 Simulations
4 Results and discussion
5 Conclusion
6 References
Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

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2LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1Literature Review
Nowadays, almost every household uses at least one refrigeration system for domestics
food preservation or in the buildings mechanical ventilation system to provide the
required indoor thermal environment. In India for 165 liter, the specific energy
consumption varies between 3.23 and 4.19 kwh/y/l for single door manual defrost unit
(M. Sidhharth Bhatt (2001)). As per population of India for household applications a huge
amount of energy consumption is required. Thus, even small performance enhancement of
these appliances brings huge amount of energy saving. Generally, energy consumption of
refrigerator depends upon its components efficiency, ambient temperature, thermal load,
door openings, set-point temperature in its component(s), and refrigerant type
(A.Marques,G.Davies,G.Maidment,J.Evans I (2014). Hence, performance enhancement of
refrigeration systems covers a vast research area. Since each part of the system has its
own technical complexity. Therefore, it is not easy to classify all those efforts in few
categories. Nevertheless, most of the ideas applied to refrigeration systems lie in three
major categories.
Development of energy-efficient compressors, enhancement of thermal insulation, and
enhancement of heat transfer from heat exchangers, i.e. condenser and evaporator.
The first category includes all the studies focused on compressor energy consumption and
efficiency.
The second category is about enhancing thermal insulation of system walls. Polyurethane
boards are conventionally used to insulate refrigerated compartments.
The last category includes the efforts for heat transfer enhancement of heat exchangers
(condensers and evaporators) in refrigeration systems which can be further divided in four
major groups (M.H.Khan,H.M. Afroz ,(2013)):
Addition of a liquid-to-suction line heat exchanger (also known as superheating coil),

Application of loop pipe heat pipe evaporator,
Application of micro-fins in condenser and evaporator , and
Application of phase change materials.

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It has been reported that the first two categories (compressor and insulation modification)
are either costly or difficult to be applied. PCMs, on the other hand, have received
considerable attention for heat transfer enhancement due to their inherent advantages.
PCMs can be used in refrigerators for either heat or cold storage. The former requires
integration of PCM to condenser side, while the latter is done by integration to evaporator.
Since evaporator is the main source of cold in refrigerators, throughout this project
application of PCM at evaporator reflects all possible configurations as cold storage.
Due to the high latent heat, integration of PCM at evaporator side of a refrigerator could
prolong the compressor OFF time. This enables two new important options for
refrigerators; to work off-peak and to maintain the compartment cold for longer periods of
time even during power outages or blackouts.
Over the past two decades, significant efforts have been devoted to improving the
installed energy efficiency of the home appliances around the world. Some of the methods
that have led to this improvement include energy labeling, energy efficient appliance
procurement [e.g. the work of Nutek in Sweden] and the Golden Carrot Program in the
United States], voluntary agreements, demand side management (DSM), and the
enforcement of minimum energy efficiency standards. The last two methods contributed
to significant reductions in residential and commercial sector electricity demand,
highlighting the potential for reducing the number of new power plants through programs
such as these.
The demand for major appliances is growing worldwide, especially in developing
countries; hence, the improved energy efficiency in appliances is one of the priority goals
for most governments. This sentiment has now been embraced globally where some
noteworthy energy efficiency policies that are being adopted worldwide
Include- energy intensity reduction of 4%, 1.8% and 2.9% per annum respectively by
China, European Union and Japan, and a green stimulus package worth over US$50bn in
the U.S. and over V73bn in Europe Consumers are increasingly interested in the savings
potential from energy efficient appliances. This is viewed as an opportunity by
manufacturers seeking to recover energy efficiency mandated investments. Interest in

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more efficient appliances has led to the widespread proliferation of intelligent control of
domestic appliances. Most modern appliances now have a variety of amenities made
possible by expanding the use of micro processor based sensors. Some of these features
include:
1) refrigerator-freezers:
a. adaptive defrost sensor
b. automatic control of anti-condensation heaters
c. door open alarm sensor
d. sensor to control temperatures under different operating
regimes for energy savings, and
e. smart grid interoperability
2) clothes washers:
a. turbidity sensor and
b. clothes load sensor
3) clothes dryers:
a. clothes dryness sensor, and
b. accurate clothes drying.
This is an overview and assessment of potential energy savings that could result from the
adoption of advanced technologies in major residential appliances such as refrigerator
freezers, dishwashers, clothes washers, clothes dryers.
Phase change temperature
Proper phase change temperature selection is of great importance in refrigeration systems

since it directly affects not only the performance of the system but also the quality of the
stored food. The main objective of domestic refrigeration systems is to preserve food; thus
phase change temperature should be compatible with this main objective. The selection of
the phase change temperature is an important design parameter for proper functioning of
PCM and the melting point must fall within the thermostat temperature range of
operation. In order to select the most beneficial melting/freezing point, it is worth nothing

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the effect of unsuitably selected high or low phase change temperature. Obviously, high
phase change temperature increases temperature in the compartment, decreasing stored
food quality, while it increases COP of the system due to the lower power consumption
(K.Azzouz 2008/892-901).conversely, and too low phase change temperature decreases
the corresponding compartment temperature. This is more important for fresh food
compartment since its temperature should never fall below zero (to prevent freezing and
food quality loss). Therefore an admissible phase change temperature range exists
between these two high and low extremes. Proper phase change temperature should be
selected by means of a material with suitable thermo physical properties. Water has
received considerable attention due to its unique characteristics. This is mainly due to its
availability, large latent heat value and Sharpe phase change point (A.Marques 2014 /511-
519). Nevertheless, a eutectic PCM with phase change temperature higher than water
enhanced COP more than water due to the resulting higher evaporation temperature
during phase change (M.I.H. Khan 2013/56-67)
PCM thickness
After selection of a proper PCM with suitable thermo physical properties, the question is
the amount of PCM to be used. Based on a very simple calculation, the minimum volume
of PCM in order to meet required energy can be calculated (D.C.Onyejekwe 1989/11-18).
If a compartment only contains PCM, the amount of energy (E) stored in PCM neglecting
its sensible heat variation is: to measure evaporator pressure
E=v-------------------------------------------------(1)
Where and are the density and the latent heat of fusion of PCM, respectively. The
compartment inevitably has heat gain from the ambient as:
Q=(UA)cold(Tamb -Tcold)-----------------------------(2)
Where the indices amb and cold represent the ambient and cold compartment, respectively
and UA is the overall thermal conductance. In order to marginally meet the required load,
the amount of energy stored in the PCM should meet the amount of energy passing
through compartment walls during compressor OFF time(t OFF); thus, minimum volume for
PCM is (D.C.Onyejekwe 1989/11-18)
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t OFF [ ( UA ) cold ( T ambT cold ) ]

Vmin= ----------------------------(3)
Therefore amount of PCM should be more than what was calculated from Eq.(3) PCM
should not be thicker than a certain amount since otherwise not all the thickness has the
chance to undergo phase change(K.Azzouz.2009/1634-1644). In such a case, PCM is
partially melted/frozen which reduces its effectiveness. Besides thicker PCM is more
expensive and also requires longer compressor work for cold storage; thus PCM thickness
should be selected based on the load. However, whenever increasing the PCM thickness
still kept all the PCM participating in phase change process, its effect was greatest on
reducing the ON time ratio as a consequence of longer compressor OFF-time (K.Azzouz
2008/892-201). In other words, when the amount of PCM was increased, the system had
to work longer in order to charge higher amounts of PCM; however the ON-time ratio was
reduced since the duration of compressor OFF period was much longer. Based on
numerical modeling, it was reported that increasing PCM thickness from 2 to 5mm (2.5
times higher) prolonged both compressor ON and OFF periods for about 2.5 times longer
(A.Marques 2014/511-519). Therefore the compressor needs to work longer continuously
to charge higher amounts of PCM. Since too long compressor ON time is not desirable,
there is a limit to increase the amount of PCM. Thus, the total amount of PCM has an
admissible range. It is important to point out that ON-time ratio of a refrigerator with
PCM is predominantly determined by thermal load (K.Azzouz 2009/1634-1644). A
framework for designing the optimum thickness of PCM has been developed.
Ambient temperature
Ambient temperature affects both the performance of refrigeration system and the
usefulness of PCM. Generally, higher ambient temperature results in lower system COP
due to the higher compartment air temperature (K.Azzouz 2005/15-17) and higher
condensation temperature and pressure (M.I.H. Khan 2013/56-67). Earlier studies
reported that by increasing the thermal load, system COP decreased even in presence of a
PCM. The reason is that the increase in thermal load results in more partially melted PCM
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which in turn decreases the system COP (K.Azzouz 2009/1634-1644). High thermal load
directly affects both charging and discharging duration of the PCM as it shortens melting
time while it prolongs freezing time since the compressor has to both overcome the
thermal load and charge the PCM (A.Marques 2014 /511-519). In addition. Very low
ambient temperature also has a negative effect on the PCM performance. The reason is
that when the refrigerator is working in low thermal load, compartment temperature drops
faster (due to the low heat gain through the walls) and reaches sooner to the set-point
temperature; hence, the PCM does not have enough time to be fully solidified before
compressor stops. Moreover, the temperature in fresh food compartment might drop
below zero. It was found that a melting temperature even for a low ambient temperature
of 150C (K.Azzouz 2008/892-201). In addition to purely considering the effect of ambient
temperature, some studies investigated the effect of continuous thermal load by placing a
heater inside the compartment. It was found that higher heat generation in a compartment
shortens compressor OFF period and the system has to work longer in order to keep the
refrigerated compartment cold; thus, COP decreases (K.Azzouz 2009/1634-1644).
Evaporation temperature
PCM integration and evaporation temperature have mutual effects. Due to the high latent
heat of a PCM giving it a high thermal capacity, it keeps evaporation temperature higher
during phase change which is essentially controlled by its phase change temperature
(K.Azzouz 2008/892-201). Besides, higher evaporation temperature means higher
evaporation pressure as compared to a refrigerator without PCM (M.H. Khan 2013/56-67)
which results in higher COP. Lower evaporating temperature on the other hand, requires
longer PCM freezing time which is not only due to the heat transfer from PCM but also
because of lower COP (A.Marques 2014 /511-519). It is worth nothing that compartment
set-point temperature affects PCM performance.
Door opening
When the door of a refrigeration system is opened a sudden thermal load is introduced due
to air exchange to compartment. Thus the system has to for work longer time to remove

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the excessive heat and, as a result, its energy consumption increases. PCM can damp such
a thermal load by adding to the thermal inertia of the compartment (K.Azzouz 2008/892-
201).
Defrost
The heat generated during defrost is another source of thermal load to the compartment.
The effect of PCM on defrost of a freezer was investigated (B.gin 2010/2698-2706). First,
energy consumption of the base case system without PCM was compared to the one with
PCM-equipped system (both without defrost) which showed a slight energy consumption
difference. Comparing the same cases including a 30 min defrost showed that PCM could
save 7% of energy consumption. Even with a high latent heat capacity, PCM was fully
melted after defrost due to the high power consumption of the heater. The effect of
combined door opening and defrost for an unloaded compartment was also investigated.
The results showed that PCM is more beneficial during defrost since it is the sole source
of cold, while during door opening the compressor might be ON and its cooling power is
much more than PCM.
Power outage
In order to quantify the usefulness of PCM during power outage, a factor called period
factor was introduced (E.oro 2013/102-109).
( refri period with pcm)

Period factor= (refri period without pcm)
The period factor greater than one means that PCM can help the system to remain cold
longer.
Reduction of peak hour consumption
PCM can store cold during off-peak hours and release it to the compartment during peak
hours; hence, eliminating the compressor work. Potential cost saving s of 30-54% was
reported by applying PCM solely at evaporator (B.Gin 2010/2698-2706). Thus PCM

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equipped refrigerator not only helps the grid and prevents environmental impacts of
higher greenhouse gas emission, but also gives economic advantages for customer as well.
Thermal storage in refrigeration systems can also help the penetration of renewable
energy resources such as solar energy. Plenty of renewable energy is available during day
time and thermal storage can be useful for this case based on proper use of control
strategy. In an attempt to implement this idea, PCM was used in a domestic freezer whose
control strategy was changed to adapt to grid supply availability. It was found that
refrigeration systems could change their energy consumption pattern to have higher
consistency with renewable source availability.
It is worth mentioning that due to the longer OFF period of refrigeration systems with
PCM and lower energy consumption, PCM-equipped refrigerators can be a promising
option to be used in net zero energy building. Their long OFF time can compensate for
intermittency of renewable energy sources.
Ovens with primary focus on the U.S. residential market. The paper also includes a
discussion of the potential barriers to implementation of these technologies in the market
place. Technologies and options are discussed for each of the five appliances that should
be considered to achieve significant improvements in energy efficiency. These include
both traditional and not-in-kind (NIK) technologies. The paper concludes with discussions
on legislative issues highlighting the need for more stringent energy efficiency
performance standards, remote controllability of appliances with microprocessors for load
shifting, and the concept of waste heat recovery as promising options for the future.
2. Refrigerator-freezers
Refrigerator-freezers are among the most common household appliances in the world.
They contribute approximately 7.2% of the average U.S. household energy consumption.
Therefore, improving their energy efficiency is of paramount importance. A number of
countries have initiated energy labeling programs and MEPS (Minimum Energy
Performance Standards).There are a variety of options that can increase the energy
efficiency of conventional refrigerators and freezers. These include improvements in
cabinets (e.g. advanced insulation, improved gaskets), improvements in refrigeration
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systems (i.e. use of efficient low GWP refrigerants, improved fan motors, high efficiency
compressors), and other hardware (such as improved heat exchangers, advanced defrost
mechanisms). Traditionally, refrigerator-freezers use a vapor compression refrigeration
system that includes a compressor, a condenser, a capillary tube for expansion, and an
evaporator. On the other hand, NIK technologies provide alternative heat pumping
technologies to the conventional vapor compression refrigeration systems. Some recent
developments in NIK that show energy savings potential include magneto caloric and
thermoelectric refrigeration systems. Other relevant NIK technologies that might provide
acceptable energy performance with potential energy benefits in the distant future include
Stirling/pulse tube, thermos acoustic, and absorption and adsorption refrigeration systems.
Cabinet improvements
The energy consumption of a refrigerator-freezer is directly related to the cabinet internal
load and cabinet thermal performance, where cabinet thermal resistance (insulation) and
air leakage are the major factors affecting the thermal performance. The energy
measurement standards have traditionally ignored the cabinet heat load, where a well-
insulated cabinet with a less-efficient refrigeration system might rank the same in an
energy test as the one with less insulation but a more efficient refrigeration system. In
actual use, the latter will prove rather more efficient. The new draft IEC standard follows
a LEGO_ block pattern. It has an energy test at 32 _Cabinet, one at 16 _C ambient, a
processing load test and is also likely to have an automatic ice-maker energy to make
ice module at some stage. Different countries will assemble the results from these
LEGO block tests in different ways. It is a known fact that appliances are optimized to
meet standards and not actual use, especially when it comes to energy. The testing
analyses by demonstrated that refrigerators perform best when measured to the standard
of their origin. Thus, this shift in the way of measuring refrigerator efficiency may well
have a profound effect on refrigerator design as it wills affect where manufacturers put
their optimization efforts.
Advanced insulation
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Reducing cabinet heat gain would lower the electrical power input to the compressor of
the vapor compression system by an amount proportional to the reduction. Increasing the
insulation thickness to reduce cabinet heat gain is limited by current appliance footprints
and the manufacturers desire to provide maximum internal volume within that footprint.
Therefore, future reductions in cabinet heat gain must come from advanced insulations or
door gasket improvements. An experimental study by demonstrated that energy savings of
up to 20.4% were achievable in mid-1990svintage cabinets by using vacuum insulation
panels (VIPs), depending upon the area covered, the resistivity of the panels, edge losses,
etc. More recent studies, such as, have demonstrated up to25% performance
improvements. VIPs can consist of powder- and fiber-filled panels, compact vacuum
insulation (with stainless steel walls), or aero gels. Other advanced insulation options
include baffle type panels filled with argon or krypton gas. These panels can be designed
with an overall thermal conductivity of as little as9.6 _ 10_3 W/m K. Further thermal
performance improvement can be achieved by replacing the steel shell of the cabinet with
low conductivity polymer and composites. The U.S. still uses high GWP blowing foaming
agents, while the most of the rest of the world uses pentane isomers as foam blowing
agents. While HC foams have generally slightly poorer insulation values than those using
synthetic blowing agents, the use of emulsifiers in these foams would improve them by
about 5% making them equivalent to HFC foams. Therefore, the use of HFC blowing
agents for rigid polyurethane in the U.S. should be replaced with lower GWP alternatives,
although GE has recently started using cyclopentane for production of its top refrigerator-
freezers. Suggestions include R744 and HFO-1234ze, HBA-2 and a liquid blowing agent
AFA-L1. Recently, another non-flammable expansion agent FEA-1100 has been
proposed that has the added advantages of having low vapors thermal conductivity and
low global warming potential of 9.4.Although VIPs have been used intermittently in the
refrigeration industry for several decades, there is a view in the industry that they
sometimes fail to achieve expected improvements. The challenge facing VIPs or similar
advanced insulation panels is that they cant be used in corners or edges and have to be
integrated with the blown foam to maintain structural integrity. This would require a novel
manufacturing process with retooling and additional labor costs. Cost typically limits their
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use to high- end products. Thus, there is a need for breakthrough cost reduction
technology to enable wide scale use in domestic refrigerators. Finally, reliability is a
concern due to performance deterioration over time. Alternative blowing agents also
present unique challenges. R744 blown foam is shown to have a poor performance, which
limits its use. Other environmentally safe blowing agents are expensive and result
insignificant price premiums which limit their use.
Improved gaskets
Current refrigerator door seals utilize magnetic strips that are encased in flexible
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gaskets. The magnetic material attaches to the steel outer
wrapper of cabinet to form a seal. The metal in contact with the gaskets provides a heat
transfer path resulting in heat leakage to the refrigerator. Moreover, the surface conditions
of the metal and the gasket may result in air leakage that renders the refrigerator-freezer
less efficient. For a good seal to take place, a soft material that conforms to the contour of
the surface is required. The material must also be compressible and flexible enough to
overcome geometric tolerances. In addition, improved throat area design would also be
helpful. Research efforts applied to gasket improvements have been limited, possibly due
to the variations in cabinet and door designs. As other improvements are made in the
cabinet and vapor compression system, heat losses around the gasket will become more
significant. This will render gasket and flange design improvements to be more significant
contributors to improving refrigerator energy efficiency. Further efforts on research,
modeling, and standardized testing procedures for gasket technologies are needed to
realize the suggested improvements. In addition, advancements are difficult to assess
because information regarding potential energy savings associated with advanced gasket
technologies is not publically available. Consumer safety laws that prohibit the use of
excessive door sealing forces, contribute to the inherent problem of reducing energy loss
in the gasket area.
Refrigeration system improvements

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Another way to improve the refrigerator-freezer energy performance is to improve the

coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system. Current mainstream products
employ a vapor compression cycle with an optional suction line heat exchanger. This
section provides a description and potential energy savings associated with refrigeration
system improvements.
Low GWP refrigerants

Following the phase out of CFCs as a result of the Montreal Protocol in the 1990s,
residential refrigerators and freezers sold in the U.S. currently use the hydro-fluoro-carbon
(HFC) refrigerantHFC-134a. HFC-134a has a global warming potential (GWP) of
1430times that of carbon dioxide, based on an impact over 100 years. At present,
legislation is being considered and enacted to limit the use of HFCs. As such, HFCs are
scheduled for phase out in Europe and Japan. Hence there is an urgency to replace this
refrigerant with low GWP alternatives. Iso-butane has been used extensively in residential
refrigerators outside the U.S., especially in Europe; however, it is highly flammable. The
UL Standard 250requires that the maximum allowable charge of a refrigerant in a
refrigerator should be no more than 60 g, while at the same time, no more than 50 g of the
refrigerant should leak during a catastrophic leak event; presuming the remaining 10 g
stays in the coil. This limits the allowable charge amount such that it is insufficient to
achieve optimal performance for the larger products that are common in the U.S. market.
As a consequence, significant changes will have to be made in present designs to allow
iso-butane to penetrate a large market segment in the U.S. due to fire hazard regulations,
and product liability issues that are more pronounced in the U.S. than in Europe. Recently,
DuPont and Honeywell have identified HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze as new single
component, sustainable alternative refrigerants with low GWPs (4e6) and low toxicity
levels. These refrigerants are referred to as hydro-fluoro-olefins (HFOs). They have short
atmospheric lifetimes of 11 and 18 days, respectively (as opposed to 12 years for HFC-
134a). These refrigerants are compatible with traditional lubricants but require a larger
suction line to compensate for slightly higher velocities compared to HFC-134a systems.
Testing with HFO refrigerants for refrigerator-freezer applications is recommended to
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determine the energy efficiency implications. Energy savings potential: HFO-1234yf can
offer of up to 5%efficiency improvement with simple cycle modifications, HFO-1234ze
requires re-engineering of the heat exchangers and compressor to reach optimal
performance. Further research is needed to realize the potential of suggested
improvements.
Barriers:
More complex manufacturing processes for the new refrigerants; initial estimates suggest
refrigerant prices to be considerably more expensive than HFC-134a_ HFOs are slightly
flammable (ASHRAE class 2L)_ Need for product redesign to achieve optimal
performance.
Development of high efficiency compressors
Most refrigerator-freezers employ constant speed, hermetic, reciprocating compressors to
meet the maximum load requirements. These compressors usually operate at
approximately 50% of their maximum design loads which result in reduced performance
due to cycling losses. The maximum design load corresponds to high cabinet temperatures
which occur during food loadings and following defrost cycles. Variable-speed linear
compressors (VSLC) and variable capacity compressors (VCC) offer an efficient and
more promising alternative to control the refrigeration capacity by continuously matching
compressor pumping rate to the thermal load. These strategies result in the compressor
running continuously, thereby, reducing cycling losses. In addition, evaporator loading is
reduced which contributes to energy reduction by raising the evaporator temperature.
However, fan energy consumption would increase with this strategy, offsetting some of
the gains. ECMs for the evaporator and condenser fans would be necessary to reduce fan
energy use. Both high efficiency variable capacity and linear compressors are already
penetrating the market and can readily be used by the manufacturers to significantly
improve the energy efficiency of refrigerator freezers. One company claims to have
developed a VCC that can save up to 45% energy at a specific condition by replacing a
conventional on/off compressor in household refrigerator freezers.
A linear compressor uses a resonant free piston instead of the crank mechanism for the
reciprocating compressor. The piston is electronically driven by a linear permanent
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magnet that has higher efficiency than other types of motors. Since friction losses are
lower than those of standard compressors, the efficiency of a linear compressor should not
change significantly as compressor size decreases.Developed a linear compressor with a
capacity modulation between 1000 and 6000 W, resulting in a 25% efficiency
improvement over conventional reciprocating compressors. Recent advances in oil-free
linear compressor technology have revolutionized the refrigerator technology by
improving the overall energy efficiency of refrigerator-freezers by 30%. The stroke of
such a linear motor driven compressor is easily modulated by means of a variable voltage
power device, which is considerably cheaper than variable frequency devices. These
compressors are now on the horizon and may be commercially available in the near
future.
Energy savings potential: A minimum of 25% due to the availability of revolutionary oil-
less technology in the near future in the market place. This is a proven technology that is
now being field tested in several units, and should be widely implemented into real
world systems in the near future.
Barriers:
Higher first cost, resulting in longer payback periods.
Uncertainties about sustained performance and reliability over a typical life expectancy
of approximately 20 years.
2.2 Concluding Remark
The use of Phase Change Material incorporation method to improve overall performance
of refrigeration system has worth potential todays.
3. THEORY OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL

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A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which,

melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large
amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to
liquid and vice versa thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
Fig. 3.1 Principle of working
Every material is actually a Phase Change Material (PCM) because at certain

combinations of pressure and temperature every material can change its aggregate state
(solid, liquid, gaseous). In a change of aggregate state, a large amount of energy, the so-
called latent heat, can be stored or released at an almost constant temperature. Compared
to the storage of sensible heat, there is no temperature change in the storage. Thus a small
difference in temperature can be used for storing energy and releasing the stored energy.
Let's suppose that a storage medium at room temperature is cooled by 10 K at night then
the thermal mass of a kilo of concrete has the cooling potential to absorb 10 kJ heat from
the room over the day. As during night time cooling, the PCM changes its aggregate state
from liquid to solid under the same conditions, this gives rise to a cooling potential of
approx. 190 kJ (approx. 0.05 kWh) per kilogram, which is 19 times greater than concrete.
A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting
and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts
of energy. Even though the thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCM) is
usually not high, it is sufficient to enhance the global heat transfer conditions of an
evaporator with air as external fluid and natural convection as heat transfer mechanism

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PCMs latent heat storage can be achieved through liquidsolid, solidliquid, solidgas
and liquidgas phase change. However, the only phase change used for PCMs is the
solidliquid change. Liquid-gas phase changes are not practical for use as thermal storage
due to the large volumes or high pressures required to store the materials when in their gas
phase. Liquidgas transitions do have a higher heat of transformation than solidliquid
transitions. Solidsolid phase changes are typically very slow and have a rather low heat
of transformation. Initially, the solidliquid PCMs behave like sensible heat storage
(SHS) materials; their temperature rises as they absorb heat. Unlike conventional SHS,
however, when PCMs reach the temperature at which they change phase (their melting
temperature) they absorb large amounts of heat at an almost constant temperature. The
PCM continues to absorb heat without a significant rise in temperature until all the
material is transformed to the liquid phase. When the ambient temperature around a liquid
material falls, the PCM solidifies, releasing its stored latent heat. A large number of PCMs
are available in any required temperature range from 5 up to 190 C. Within the human
comfort range between 2030 C, some PCMs are very effective. They store 5 to 14 times
more heat per unit volume than conventional storage materials such as water, masonry or
rock.
3.1 Classification of Phase Change Materials

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PCMs latent heat storage can be achieved through liquidsolid, solidliquid, solidgas
and liquidgas phase change. However, the only phase change used for PCMs is the
solidliquid change. Liquid-gas phase changes are not practical for use as thermal storage
due to the large volumes or high pressures required to store the materials when in their gas
phase. Liquidgas transitions do have a higher heat of transformation than solidliquid
transitions. Solidsolid phase changes are typically very slow and have a rather low heat
of transformation.
Fig. 3.2 Classification of energy storage materials
3.1.1 Organic PCMs

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Paraffin (CnH2n+2) and fatty acids (CH3 (CH2)2nCOOH)

Organic phase change materials are divided into paraffins and non-paraffin. In general,
organic PCMs do not suffer from phase segregation and crystallize with little or no super
cooling. Paraffins are available in a large temperature range opening up for use in various
other areas besides building related applications. The latent heat is mass based, they show
no signs of phase separation after repeated cycling through solid-liquid transitions, and
have a low vapor pressure. However, paraffin used as PCMs have some drawbacks. They
have low thermal conductivity they are not compatible with plastic containers and they are
moderately flammable. Non-paraffin used as PCMs include fatty acids and their fatty acid
esters and alcohols, glycols, etc. Fatty acids have received the most attention for use as
PCMs in buildings. An extensive review on fatty acids used for PCM purposes has been
written by Yuan et al. In this review fatty acids and their esters and alcohols were
reviewed for their potential as PCMs. The most interesting fatty acids for PCM purposes
include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. As with paraffins, these
also suffer from low thermal conductivity, ranging from 0.15 to 0.17 W/(m K).
Advantages
Freeze without much under cooling
Ability to melt congruently
Self nucleating properties
Compatibility with conventional material of construction
No segregation
Chemically stable
High heat of fusion
Safe and non-reactive
Recyclable

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Disadvantages
Low thermal conductivity in their solid state. High heat transfer rates are
required during the freezing cycle
Volumetric latent heat storage capacity is low
Flammable. This can be partially alleviated by specialist containment

3.1.2 Inorganic
Salt hydrates (MnH2O)
Inorganic phase change materials of interest consist of hydrated salts and metallic. For
building applications however, metallic are not within the desired temperature range and
in addition they have severe weight penalties making them unsuited. Hence, they will not
be further addressed in this review. Hydrated salts consist of an alloy of inorganic salts
and water and enable a cost-effective PCM due to easy availability and low cost. The
phase change transformation involves hydration or dehydration of the salts in a process
that resembles typical melting and freezing. The salt hydrate may either melt to a salt
hydrate containing less water or to an anhydrous form where salt and water is completely
separated .Desirable properties of salt hydrates used as PCMs include high latent heat of
fusion per unit volume, higher thermal conductivity than organic PCMs and small volume
change and easy availability at a lower cost.
Advantages
High volumetric latent heat storage capacity
Availability and low cost
Sharp melting point
High thermal conductivity
High heat of fusion

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Non-flammable
Disadvantages
Change of volume is very high
Super cooling is major problem in solidliquid transition
Nucleating agents are needed and they often become inoperative after
repeated cycling
3.2Characteristics of PCM
In our work different kinds of materials were used as PCM. In principal materials should
fulfill different criteria in order to be suitable to serve as a PCM.
Suitable melting temperature
High melting enthalpy per volume unit [kJ/m]
High specific heat [kJ/ (kg K)]
Low volume change due to the phase change
High thermal conductivity
Cycling stability
Not flammable, not poisonous
Not corrosive

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Refrigerator
3.3 Thermo physical properties of PCM (ENB-5921)
Thermo physical properties of materials for cold storage
Sr. Composition Type Melting Heat of Fusion Thermal Densit

no. Temp(c) (KJ/kg) conductivity y (kg/
(w/mk)
m3 )
1 Nacl(22.4) Eutectic -21.2 222 _ 11

wt. % + water-salt 65(1)
H2 O solution 1108(s)
2 23.3 wt.% of Eutectic -21.2 233(kJ/mol) _ _

Nacl water-salt
solution
3 0.8 wt.% of Eutectic 235 _ _
Nacl water-salt _
solution

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Nacl water-salt _
solution
Nacl water-salt _
solution
6 26.3 wt.% of Eutectic 234 _ _
Nacl water-salt _
solution
7 19.7 wt.% of Eutectic 18.43(kJ/mol) _ _
Nacl water-salt -10.6
solution
8 H2 O Eutectic 333 _ 998
water-salt _
solution
Table 3.1
3.4 Chemical Properties of PCM.
Complete reversible freeze/melt cycle.

No degradation after a large number of freeze/melt cycles.
No corrosiveness to the construction/encapsulation
Materials.
Non-toxic, non-flammable and non-explosive.
Economics.
Abundant.
Available.
Cost effective.
Easy recycling and treatment.
3.5 Applications of PCM
Thermal energy storage
Conditioning of buildings, such as 'ice-storage'
Cooling of heat and electrical engines

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Cooling: food, beverages, coffee, wine, milk products, green houses
Medical applications: transportation of blood, operating tables, hot-cold

therapies, treatment of birth asphyxia
Human body cooling under bulky clothing or costumes.
Waste heat recovery
Off-peak power utilization: Heating hot water and Cooling
Heat pump systems
Passive storage in bioclimatic building/architecture (HDPE, paraffin)
Smoothing exothermic temperature peaks in chemical reactions
Solar power plants
Spacecraft thermal systems
Thermal comfort in vehicles
Thermal protection of electronic devices
Thermal protection of food: transport, hotel trade, ice-cream, etc.
Textiles used in clothing
Computer cooling
Turbine Inlet Chilling with thermal energy storage

Telecom shelters in tropical regions. They protect the high-value equipment in the shelter
by keeping the indoor air temperature below the maximum permissible by absorbing heat
generated by power-hungry equipment such as a Base Station Subsystem. In case of a
power failure to conventional cooling systems, PCMs minimize use of diesel generators,
and this can translate into enormous savings across thousands of telecom sites in tropics.
3.6 Fire and safety issues

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Some phase change materials are suspended in water, and are relatively nontoxic. Others
are hydrocarbons or other flammable materials, or are toxic. As such, PCMs must be
selected and applied very carefully, in accordance with fire and building codes and sound
engineering practices. Because of the increased fire risk, flame spread, smoke, potential
for explosion when held in containers, and liability, it may be wise not to use flammable
PCMs within residential or other regularly occupied buildings. Phase change materials are
also being used in thermal regulation of electronics.
4. DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
4.1Components

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4.1.11Thermocouples:
The thermocouples used is digital type and having range max 100 OC to min -50 OC
4.1.2 Pressure gauges:
For R-134a refrigerant case
The pressure gauge is 76 cm hg to 0 to 17.5 kg/cm2 on the suction side of compressor
And the pressure gauge 0 to 35 kg/cm2 on the discharge side of compressor.
4.1.3 PCM Holder
The PCM holder is of plastic container having dimensions
300mm length*200mm width *5*mm height.
4.1.4 PCMs
There are two phase change materials selected as per the latent heat capacity and
availability considerations one is WATER and other is Nacl eutectic mixture with water
(37% by wt).

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Refrigerator
4.1.5 Refrigerator
The original experimental device is a single door refrigerator with the following
characteristics:
Storage capacity 165 liters
Evaporator: free convection roll bond
Condenser: free convection, steel and wire tube
Hermetic reciprocating compressor: (THK1340YCF)
Refrigerant: R-134a
Fig Bottom portion of evaporator

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Refrigerator
4.1.6 Thermocall
4.1.7 Digital Timer
4.2 Experimental set-up
The PCM slab is located on the bottom portion of the evaporator as shown in fig.1.It must
be noted that it is easily accessible. The thermocouple used to measure ambient, freezer,
PCM temperatures. Pressure gauges are mounted at inlet and outlet of compressor to
measure evaporator pressure. A timer is used to measure time of on and off time of
compressor
5. TESTING REFRIGERATOR SET-UP

5.1 Experimental and calculation procedure

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Basically ON-time of compressor by digital Timer, evaporating, Freezer ,ambient

temperature is measured with digital thermometer condensing temperature is measured
with laser thermometer without PCM , with water as PCM and with Nacl eutectic solution
as PCM for at constant thermal load conditions that is for 15 second duration refrigerator
door opening for six cases
Case 1: 15 second door opening for after every 5 minutes for two hours
Case 6: 15 second door opening for after every 00 minutes for two hours i.e. no door
opening case
Total ON Periodseconds during 2hr .
% ON Period = 7200
Total OFF Period secondsduring 2 hr .

% OFF Period = 7200
COP can be calculated as,
r
COP= CW
Where r is heat extracted, CW is compressor work.
5.2 Precaution
Loading of PCM should be done carefully.

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Observation Table 1.1 , Case 1: 5 min Without PCM for 2hrs

Freezer
Ambient
Sr. Time Power Evaporatin Condensing Avg.
Avg.
No. am/pm W g Temp OC Temp OC Temp
O Temp. OC
C
1 10.00.00 189.7 -21 37.5 -3 31.8 5.3
2 10.30.00 189.7 -21 37.5 -3 31.8
3 11.00.00 189.7 -21 37.5 -3 31.8
4 11.30.00 189.7 -21 37.5 -3 31.8
5 12.00.00 189.7 -21 37.5 -3 31.8
Observations:
5.3.1Observation for case 1 without PCM

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Refrigerator
Observation Table 1.2 , Case 2:10min Without PCM for 2hrs

Ambient
Freezer
Sr. Time Power Evaporating Condensing Avg.
Avg.
No. am/pm W Temp OC Temp OC Temp.
Temp. OC O
C
1 01.30.00 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
2 01.35.18 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
3 01.40.16 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
4 01.47.14 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
5 01.52.09 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
6 01.59.11 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
7 02.02.51 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
8 02.10.53 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
9 02.14.00 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
10 02.20.48 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
11 02.24.12 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
12 02.31.00 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
13 02.34.25 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
14 02.41.33 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
15 02.44.42 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
16 02.51.45 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
17 02.54.54 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
18 03.01.49 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
19 03.05.05 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
20 03.11.45 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
21 03.14.57 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
22 03.21.48 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
23 03.24.58 189.7 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
24 03.30.00 0 -21 37.3 -3.2 32.5
5.3.2 Observation for case 2 without PCM

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Observation Table 1.3 , Case3: 15min Without PCM for 2hrs

Freezer Ambient
Sr. Time Power Evaporating Condensing Avg. Avg.
No. am/pm W Temp OC Temp OC Temp. Temp.
O O
C C
1 10.00.00 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
2 10.16.20 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
3 10.19.40 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
4 10.23.47 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
5 10.26.11 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
6 10.31.37 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
7 10.35.58 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
8 10.41.43 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
9 10.45.21 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
10 10.48.49 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
11 10.51.31 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
12 10.56.15 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
13 10.59.53 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
14 11.03.08 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
15 11.06.08 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
16 11.10.59 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
17 11.14.43 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
18 11.17.57 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
19 11.21.05 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
20 11.25.53 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
21 11.29.38 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
22 11.32.47 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
23 11.35.35 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
24 11.40.11 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
25 11.44.00 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
26 11.47.08 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
27 11.50.24 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
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Refrigerator
28 11.55.20 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5

29 11.59.01 189.7 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
30 12.00.00 0 -21 37.1 -3.3 29.5
5.3.3Observation for case 3 without PCM

Freezer Ambient
Sr. Power Evaporating Condensing Avg. Avg.
Time am/pm O O
No. W Temp C Temp C Temp. Temp.
O O
C C
1 01.30.00 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
2 01.34.46 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
3 01.37.50 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
4 01.40.58 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
5 01.45.21 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
6 01.48.15 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
7 01.51.12 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
8 01.55.15 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
9 01.59.07 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
10 02.02.08 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
11 02.06.34 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
12 02.09.28 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
13 02.12.00 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
14 02.16.35 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
15 02.20.23 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
16 02.23.24 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
17 02.27.41 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
18 02.32.50 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
19 02.36.33 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
20 02.39.51 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
21 02.44.16 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
22 02.47.10 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
23 02.50.24 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
24 02.54.39 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
25 02.58.20 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
26 03.01.12 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
27 03.05.52 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
28 03.08.40 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
29 03.11.21 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
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Refrigerator
30 03.15.41 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4

31 03.23.44 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
32 03.27.40 0 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
33 03.30.00 189.7 -21 36.9 -3.5 31.4
Observation Table 1.5 , Case 30min Without PCM for 2hrs

Freezer Ambient
O O
C C
1 10.00.00 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
2 10.04.08 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
3 10.07.57 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
4 10.11.11 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
5 10.15.31 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
6 10.18.30 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
7 10.23.21 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
8 10.26.14 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
9 10.30.36 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
10 10.35.20 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
11 10.39.07 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
12 10.42.15 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
13 10.46.49 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
14 10.49.38 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
15 10.54.08 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
16 10.57.00 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
17 11.00.54 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
18 11.05.04 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
19 11.08.55 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
20 11.11.58 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
21 11.16.27 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
22 11.19.21 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
23 11.24.15 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
24 11.27.10 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
25 11.31.42 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
26 11.36.05 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
27 11.40.02 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
28 11.43.07 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
29 11.47.33 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
30 11.50.29 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
31 11.55.19 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5
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Refrigerator
32 11.58.03 0 -21 36.7 -3 31.5

33 12.00.00 189.7 -21 36.7 -3 31.5

Freezer Ambient
Sr. Time Power Evaporatin Condensing Avg. Avg.
No. am/pm W g Temp OC Temp OC Temp. Temp.
O O
C C
1 02.00.00 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
2 02.04.22 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
3 02.07.57 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
4 02.13.02 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
5 02.16.37 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
6 02.21.58 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
7 02.25.35 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
8 02.31.04 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
9 02.34.35 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
10 02.40.09 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
11 02.43.42 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
12 02.49.05 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
13 02.52.38 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
14 02.58.06 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
15 03.01.35 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
16 03.07.14 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
17 03.10.37 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
18 03.14.22 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
19 03.17.58 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
20 03.21.10 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
21 03.24.50 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
22 03.29.22 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
23 03.32.02 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
24 03.37.09 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
25 03.40.32 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
26 03.45.07 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
27 03.48.32 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30

Engineering)
35
Refrigerator
28 03.53.58 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30

29 03.56.29 189.7 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
30 04.00.00 0 -21 36.5 -3.1 30
Observation Table 2.1 , Case1: 5min With PCM Water for 2hrs
Freezer Ambient
O O
C C
1 10.00.00 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
2 10.04.28 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
3 10.11.29 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
4 10.17.47 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
5 10.24.59 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
6 10.31.51 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
7 10.38.37 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
8 10.45.36 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
9 10.51.08 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
10 10.57.41 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
11 11.04.13 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
12 11.09.35 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
13 11.16.48 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
14 11.23.27 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
15 11.30.12 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
16 11.37.24 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
17 11.44.02 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
18 11.51.27 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
19 11.56.52 189.7 -19 34.5 -2 32
20 12.00.00 0 -19 34.5 -2 32
5.3.7 Observation for case 1 with PCM water

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Refrigerator
Freezer Ambient
Sr. Time Power Evaporatin Condensing Avg. Avg.
O O
No. am/pm W g Temp C Temp C Temp. Temp.
O O
C C
1 01.00.00 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
2 01.34.47 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
3 01.43.13 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
4 01.47.43 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
5 01.55.09 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
6 01.59.29 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
7 02.06.35 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
8 02.11.14 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
9 02.19.12 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
10 02.24.28 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
11 02.32.30 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
12 02.37.26 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
13 02.44.50 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
14 02.49.27 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
15 02.56.31 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
16 03.01.42 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
17 03.10.03 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
18 03.15.36 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
19 03.23.36 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
20 03.28.41 0 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6
21 03.30.00 189.7 -19 34.3 -2.5 31.6

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
Freeze Ambient
Sr. Time Power Evaporating Condensing r Avg. Avg.
No. am/pm W Temp OC Temp OC Temp Temp
O O
C C
1 10.00.00 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
2 10.03.12 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
3 10.10.26 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
4 10.14.12 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
5 10.21.44 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
6 10.25.28 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
7 10.33.53 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
8 10.37.54 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
9 10.46.14 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
10 10.50.50 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
11 10.59.16 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
12 11.03.38 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
13 11.11.27 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
14 11.15.27 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
15 11.22.43 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
16 11.26.44 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
17 11.34.22 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
18 11.38.50 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
19 11.48.20 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
20 11.53.14 0 -19 34.1 -1 30.5
21 12.00.00 189.7 -19 34.1 -1 30.5

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
Observation Table 2.4, Case4: 20min With PCM Water for 2hrs
Freezer Ambient
O O
C C
1 01.30.00 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
2 01.34.04 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
3 01.43.55 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
4 01.47.30 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
5 01.57.16 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
6 02.01.24 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
7 02.10.36 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
8 02.14.48 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
9 02.23.23 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
10 02.27.11 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
11 02.34.44 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
12 02.38.49 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
13 02.48.15 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
14 02.52.27 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
15 03.00.15 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
16 03.04.02 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
17 03.14.17 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
18 03.18.42 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
19 03.27.48 189.7 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5
20 03.30.00 0 -19 33.9 -0.25 29.5

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
Freezer Ambient
O O
C C
1 10.00.00 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
2 10.05.29 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
3 10.10.24 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
4 10.14.30 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
5 10.19.43 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
6 10.23.46 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
7 10.30.08 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
8 10.34.54 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
9 10.41.00 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
10 10.44.59 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
11 10.51.42 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
12 10.55.23 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
13 11.01.53 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
14 11.06.20 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
15 11.13.05 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
16 11.16.48 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
17 11.24.01 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
18 11.27.32 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
19 11.33.30 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
20 11.37.25 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
21 11.44.23 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
22 11.48.02 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
23 11.55.24 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
24 11.58.56 0 -19 33.7 -6 31.5
25 12.00.00 189.7 -19 33.7 -6 31.5

Engineering)
40
Refrigerator
Freezer
Ambient
Avg.
No. am/pm W g Temp OC Temp OC Temp O
O Temp C
C
1 02.00.00 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
2 02.03.22 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
3 02.11.36 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
4 02.15.04 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
5 02.23.18 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
6 02.26.40 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
7 02.34.54 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
8 02.38.00 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
9 02.46.18 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
10 02.49.19 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
11 02.57.35 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
12 03.05.15 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
13 03.13.10 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
14 03.17.15 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
15 03.25.18 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
16 03.29.01 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
17 03.34.03 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
18 03.38.08 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
19 03.46.18 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
20 03.49.19 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
21 03.57.35 189.7 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6
22 04.00.00 0 -19 33.5 4.3 31.6

Engineering)
41
Refrigerator
Observation Table 3.1 , Case1: 5min With PCM Nacl for 2hrs
Ambient
Freezer
Avg.
No. am/pm W Temp OC Temp OC Temp
Temp OC O
C
1 10.20.11 189.7 -18 33 -2.4 31
2 10.37.03 0 -18 33 -2.4 31
3 10.50.22 189.7 -18 33 -2.4 31
4 11.06.19 0 -18 33 -2.4 31
5 11.19.26 189.7 -18 33 -2.4 31
6 11.35.57 0 -18 33 -2.4 31
7 11.49.19 189.7 -18 33 -2.4 31
8 12.00.00 0 -18 33 -2.4 31
5.3.13Observation for case 1 with PCM Nacl

Engineering)
42
Refrigerator
Observation Table 3.2, Case2: 10min With PCM Nacl for 2hrs
Ambient
Freezer
Avg.
No. am/pm W g Temp OC Temp OC Temp
Temp. OC O
C
1 01.30.00 189.7 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
2 01.56.54 0 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
3 02.15.19 189.7 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
4 02.24.12 0 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
5 02.43.35 189.7 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
6 02.53.18 0 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
7 03.12.18 189.7 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
8 03.21.19 0 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
9 03.30.00 189.7 -18 32.8 -2.6 30
5.3.14 Observation for case 2 with PCM Nacl

Engineering)
43
Refrigerator
Freezer Ambient
Avg. Avg.
Sr. Time Power Evaporating Condensing Temp Temp
No. am/pm W Temp OC Temp OC O
C O
C
1 10.00.00 189.7 -18 32.6 0.9 32
2 10.06.26 0 -18 32.6 0.9 32
3 10.10.28 189.7 -18 32.6 0.9 32
4 10.14.16 0 -18 32.6 0.9 32
5 10.30.28 189.7 -18 32.6 0.9 32
6 10.38.58 0 -18 32.6 0.9 32
7 10.55.19 189.7 -18 32.6 0.9 32
8 11.04.12 0 -18 32.6 0.9 32
9 11.21.30 189.7 -18 32.6 0.9 32
10 11.29.32 0 -18 32.6 0.9 32
11 11.42.32 189.7 -18 32.6 0.9 32
12 11.50.47 0 -18 32.6 0.9 32
13 12.00.00 189.7 -18 32.6 0.9 32

Engineering)
44
Refrigerator
Freezer Ambient
O O
C C
1 01.30.00 189.7 -18 32.4 1 31
2 01.37.07 0 -18 32.4 1 31
3 01.55.20 189.7 -18 32.4 1 31
4 02.03.26 0 -18 32.4 1 31
5 02.20.28 189.7 -18 32.4 1 31
6 02.30.05 0 -18 32.4 1 31
7 02.46.14 189.7 -18 32.4 1 31
8 02.54.24 0 -18 32.4 1 31
9 03.11.43 189.7 -18 32.4 1 31
10 03.19.32 0 -18 32.4 1 31
11 03.30.30 189.7 -18 32.4 1 31

Engineering)
45
Refrigerator
Observation Table 3.5, Case5: 30min With PCM Nacl for 2hrs
Freezer
Ambient
Avg.
No. am/pm W Temp OC Temp OC Temp
O temp OC
C
1 10.00.00 189.7 -18 32.2 4.6 30
2 10.05.14 0 -18 32.2 4.6 30
3 10.32.42 189.7 -18 32.2 4.6 30
4 10.40.58 0 -18 32.2 4.6 30
5 11.01.59 189.7 -18 32.2 4.6 30
6 11.09.50 0 -18 32.2 4.6 30
7 11.30.14 189.7 -18 32.2 4.6 30
8 11.37.34 0 -18 32.2 4.6 30
9 11.59.27 189.7 -18 32.2 4.6 30
10 12.00.00 0 -18 32.2 4.6 30

Engineering)
46
Refrigerator
Freezer
Ambient
Avg.
No. am/pm W Temp OC Temp OC Temp O
O Temp C
C
1 02.00.00 189.7 -18 32 11 32
2 02.16.35 0 -18 32 11 32
3 02.42.38 189.7 -18 32 11 32
4 02.52.00 0 -18 32 11 32
5 03.18.10 189.7 -18 32 11 32
6 03.28.12 0 -18 32 11 32
7 03.54.30 189.7 -18 32 11 32
8 04.00.00 0 -18 32 11 32

Engineering)
47
Refrigerator
6. SIMULATION
6.1.1Simulation for case 1 without PCM

Engineering)
48
Refrigerator
Fig 1.1 Cycle input
Fig 1.2 P-h Chart for case 1

Engineering)
49
Refrigerator
Fig 1.2 cycle information for case 1

Engineering)
50
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -21.00
Tc [C] = 37.50
Isentropic efficiency = 1.00
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 132.229
Qc [kJ/kg] = 173.855
W [kJ/kg] = 41.626
COP [-] = 3.18
Pressure ratio [-] = 7.459
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************

Engineering)
51
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Values at points 1-6,15 for the selected one stage cycle
Point T P v h s
[C] [ bar] [m^3/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/(kg K)]
1 -21.000 1.274 0.152531 384.667 1.7371

2 45.570 9.500 0.022521 426.293 1.7371
3 45.570 9.500 0.022521 426.293 1.7371
4 37.500 9.500 N/A 252. 438 N/A
5 N/A 1.274 N/A 252. 438 N/A
6 -21.000 1.274 0.152528 384.667 1.7371
15 N/A 9.500 N/A 252.438 N/A
****************************************************
Copyright 1999 Dep. of Energy Engineering, DTU
M.J. Skovrup & H.J.H Knudsen 16-07-16

Engineering)
52
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -21.00
Tc [C] = 37.30
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 132.526
Qc [kJ/kg] = 174.035
W [kJ/kg] = 41.509
COP [-] = 3.19
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
53
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
[C] [bar] [m^3/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/(kg K)]
1 -21.000 1.274 0.152531 384.667 1.7371

2 45.360 9.448 0.022645 426.176 1.7371
3 45.360 9.448 0.022645 426.176 1.7371
4 37.300 9.448 N/A 252.141 N/A
5 N/A 1.274 N/A 252.141 N/A
6 -21.000 1.274 0.152528 384.667 1.7371
15 N/A 9.448 N/A 252.141 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
54
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -21.00
Tc [C] = 37.10
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 132.822
Qc [kJ/kg] = 174.214
W [kJ/kg] = 41.392
COP [-] = 3.21
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
55
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -21.000 1.274 0.152531 384.667 1.7371

2 45.150 9.396 0.022771 426.059 1.7371
3 45.150 9.396 0.022771 426.059 1.7371
4 37.100 9.396 N/A 251.845 N/A
5 N/A 1.274 N/A 251.845 N/A
6 -21.000 1.274 0.152528 384.667 1.7371
15 N/A 9.396 N/A 251.845 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
56
Refrigerator
6.1.4 Simulation for case 4 without PCM
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -21.00
Tc [C] = 36.90
Dp discharge line [Bar] = 0.00
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 133.118
Qc [kJ/kg] = 174.393
W [kJ/kg] = 41.275
COP [-] = 3.23
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
57
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -21.000 1.274 0.152531 384.667 1.7371

2 44.940 9.345 0.022897 425.942 1.7371
3 44.940 9.345 0.022897 425.942 1.7371
4 36.900 9.345 N/A 251.549 N/A
5 N/A 1.274 N/A 251.549 N/A
6 -21.000 1.274 0.152528 384.667 1.7371
15 N/A 9.345 N/A 251.549 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
58
Refrigerator
6.1.5 Simulation for case 5 without PCM
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -21.00
Tc [C] = 36.70
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 133.413
Qc [kJ/kg] = 174.571
W [kJ/kg] = 41.158
COP [-] = 3.24
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************

Engineering)
59
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Point T P v h s
1 -21.000 1.274 0.152531 384.667 1.7371

2 44.729 9.294 0.023024 425.825 1.7371
3 44.729 9.294 0.023024 425.825 1.7371
4 36.700 9.294 N/A 251.253 N/A
5 N/A 1.274 N/A 251.253 N/A
6 -21.000 1.274 0.152528 384.667 1.7371
15 N/A 9.294 N/A 251.253 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
60
Refrigerator

Engineering)
61
Refrigerator
6.1.6.Simulation for case 6 without PCM
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -21.00
Tc [C] = 36.50
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 133.709
Qc [kJ/kg] = 174.749
W [kJ/kg] = 41.040
COP [-] = 3.26
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
62
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -21.000 1.274 0.152531 384.667 1.7371

2 44.519 9.243 0.023152 425.707 1.7371
3 44.519 9.243 0.023152 425.707 1.7371
4 36.500 9.243 N/A 250.958 N/A
5 N/A 1.274 N/A 250.958 N/A
6 -21.000 1.274 0.152528 384.667 1.7371
15 N/A 9.243 N/A 250.958 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
63
Refrigerator
6.2.1. Simulation for case 1 with PCM water
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -19.00
Tc [C] = 34.50
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 137.875
Qc [kJ/kg] = 175.944
W [kJ/kg] = 38.069
COP [-] = 3.62
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
64
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -19.000 1.388 0.140589 385.889 1.7353

2 41.903 8.746 0.024400 423.958 1.7353
3 41.903 8.746 0.024400 423.958 1.7353
4 34.500 8.746 N/A 248.014 N/A
5 N/A 1.388 N/A 248.014 N/A
6 -19.000 1.388 0.140586 385.889 1.7353
15 N/A 8.746 N/A 248.014 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
65
Refrigerator
6.2.2.Simulation for case 2 with PCM water
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -19.00
Tc [C] = 34.30
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 138.168
Qc [kJ/kg] = 176.119
W [kJ/kg] = 37.950
COP [-] = 3.64
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
66
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -19.000 1.388 0.140589 385.889 1.7353

2 41.692 8.697 0.024537 423.840 1.7353
3 41.692 8.697 0.024537 423.840 1.7353
4 34.300 8.697 N/A 247.721 N/A
5 N/A 1.388 N/A 247.721 N/A
6 -19.000 1.388 0.140586 385.889 1.7353
15 N/A 8.697 N/A 247.721 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
67
Refrigerator
6.2.3. Simulation for case 3 with PCM water
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -19.00
Tc [C] = 34.10
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 138.461
Qc [kJ/kg] = 176.293
W [kJ/kg] = 37.831
COP [-] = 3.66
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
68
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -19.000 1.388 0.140589 385.889 1.7353

2 41.481 8.649 0.024675 423.720 1.7353
3 41.481 8.649 0.024675 423.720 1.7353
4 34.100 8.649 N/A 247.428 N/A
5 N/A 1.388 N/A 247.428 N/A
6 -19.000 1.388 0.140586 385.889 1.7353
15 N/A 8.649 N/A 247.428 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
69
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -19.00
Tc [C] = 33.90
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 138.754
Qc [kJ/kg] = 176.466
W [kJ/kg] = 37.712
COP [-] = 3.68
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
70
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
[C] [ bar] [m^3/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/(kg K)]
1 -19.000 1.388 0.140589 385.889 1.7353

2 41.270 8.601 0.024814 423.601 1.7353
3 41.270 8.601 0.024814 423.601 1.7353
4 33.900 8.601 N/A 247.135 N/A
5 N/A 1.388 N/A 247.135 N/A
6 -19.000 1.388 0.140586 385.889 1.7353
15 N/A 8.601 N/A 247.135 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
71
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -19.00
Tc [C] = 33.70
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 139.047
Qc [kJ/kg] = 176.640
W [kJ/kg] = 37.593
COP [-] = 3.70
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
72
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -19.000 1.388 0.140589 385.889 1.7353

2 41.058 8.553 0.024954 423.482 1.7353
3 41.058 8.553 0.024954 423.482 1.7353
4 33.700 8.553 N/A 246.842 N/A
5 N/A 1.388 N/A 246.842 N/A
6 -19.000 1.388 0.140586 385.889 1.7353
15 N/A 8.553 N/A 246.842 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
73
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -19.00
Tc [C] = 33.50
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 139.339
Qc [kJ/kg] = 176.812
W [kJ/kg] = 37.473
COP [-] = 3.72
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
74
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -19.000 1.388 0.140589 385.889 1.7353

2 40.847 8.505 0.025094 423.362 1.7353
3 40.847 8.505 0.025094 423.362 1.7353
4 33.500 8.505 N/A 246.550 N/A
5 N/A 1.388 N/A 246.550 N/A
6 -19.000 1.388 0.140586 385.889 1.7353
15 N/A 8.505 N/A 246.550 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
75
Refrigerator
6.3.1.Simulation for case 1 with PCM Nacl
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -18.00
Tc [C] = 33.00
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 140.679
Qc [kJ/kg] = 176.972
W [kJ/kg] = 36.293
COP [-] = 3.88
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
76
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -18.000 1.448 0.135042 386.498 1.7345

2 40.072 8.386 0.025411 422.791 1.7345
3 40.072 8.386 0.025411 422.791 1.7345
4 33.000 8.386 N/A 245.819 N/A
5 N/A 1.448 N/A 245.819 N/A
6 -18.000 1.448 0.135039 386.498 1.7345
15 N/A 8.386 N/A 245.819 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
77
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -18.00
Tc [C] = 32.80
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 140.971
Qc [kJ/kg] = 177.144
W [kJ/kg] = 36.173
COP [-] = 3.90
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
78
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
[C] [bar] [m^3/kg] [kJ/kg] [ kJ/(kg K)]
1 -18.000 1.448 0.135042 386.498 1.7345

2 39.860 8.339 0.025555 422.671 1.7345
3 39.860 8.339 0.025555 422.671 1.7345
4 32.800 8.339 N/A 245.528 N/A
5 N/A 1.448 N/A 245.528 N/A
6 -18.000 1.448 0.135039 386.498 1.7345
15 N/A 8.339 N/A 245.528 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
79
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -18.00
Tc [C] = 32.60
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 141.262
Qc [kJ/kg] = 177.315
W [kJ/kg] = 36.053
COP [-] = 3.92
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************

Engineering)
80
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Point T P v h s
1 -18.000 1.448 0.135042 386.498 1.7345

2 39.648 8.292 0.025699 422.551 1.7345
3 39.648 8.292 0.025699 422.551 1.7345
4 32.600 8.292 N/A 245.236 N/A
5 N/A 1.448 N/A 245.236 N/A
6 -18.000 1.448 0.135039 386.498 1.7345
15 N/A 8.292 N/A 245.236 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
81
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -18.00
Tc [C] = 32.40
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 141.554
Qc [kJ/kg] = 177.486
W [kJ/kg] = 35.933
COP [-] = 3.94
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************

Engineering)
82
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Point T P v h s
1 -18.000 1.448 0.135042 386.498 1.7345

2 39.437 8.246 0.025845 422.431 1.7345
3 39.437 8.246 0.025845 422.431 1.7345
4 32.400 8.246 N/A 244.945 N/A
5 N/A 1.448 N/A 244.945 N/A
6 -18.000 1.448 0.135039 386.498 1.7345
15 N/A 8.246 N/A 244.945 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
83
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -18.00
Tc [C] = 32.20
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 141.845
Qc [kJ/kg] = 177.657
W [kJ/kg] = 35.812
COP [-] = 3.96
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************
Refrigerant: R134a

Engineering)
84
Refrigerator
Point T P v h s
1 -18.000 1.448 0.135042 386.498 1.7345

2 39.225 8.199 0.025992 422.310 1.7345
3 39.225 8.199 0.025992 422.310 1.7345
4 32.200 8.199 N/A 244.653 N/A
5 N/A 1.448 N/A 244.653 N/A
6 -18.000 1.448 0.135039 386.498 1.7345
15 N/A 8.199 N/A 244.653 N/A
****************************************************

Engineering)
85
Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Data:
Te [C] = -18.00
Tc [C] = 32.00
-------------------------------------------------
Calculated:
Qe [kJ/kg] = 142.136
Qc [kJ/kg] = 177.827
W [kJ/kg] = 35.692
COP [-] = 3.98
-------------------------------------------------
****************************************************
******************* Coordinates ********************
****************************************************

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
Refrigerant: R134a
Point T P v h s
1 -18.000 1.448 0.135042 386.498 1.7345

2 39.013 8.153 0.026139 422.190 1.7345
3 39.013 8.153 0.026139 422.190 1.7345
4 32.000 8.153 N/A 244.362 N/A
5 N/A 1.448 N/A 244.362 N/A
6 -18.000 1.448 0.135039 386.498 1.7345
15 N/A 8.153 N/A 244.362 N/A
****************************************************

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7. CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

1. Calculation of % ON Period, % OFF Period,
For Case 1 without PCM
7200
% ON Period = 7200 *100
% ON Period = 100
0
% OFF Period = 0 *100
% OFF Period = 00
For Case 1 Water PCM
3672
% ON Period = 7200 *100
% ON Period = 51
3528
% OFF Period = 7200 *100
% OFF Period = 49
For Case 1 Nacl PCM
3600
% ON Period = 7200 *100
% ON Period = 50
3600
% OFF Period = 7200 *100
% OFF Period = 50

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Refrigerator
2. Calculation of Mass flow rate of air in Refrigerator during 15 seconds door opening
Q
mfa=
t
Where,
m fa is in kg/s
= 1.29 kg/m3.
Q =163 liter =163*10-3 m3 for without PCM Case.
Q =143 liter =143*10-3 m3 for with PCM Case.
t = time in seconds =15 seconds for all cases.
For without PCM Case
1.29163103
mfa=
15
m fa = 0.014 kg/m3
For With PCM Case
1.29143103
mfa=
15
m fa = 0.0123 kg/m3
3. Calculation of refrigerating effect (r)
r=m faCp T
Where,
m fa = mass flow rate of air

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Refrigerator
Cp = Specific heat of air =1005 J/kgk
T = Change in Temperature in K
T = (Tf - Ta)
Tf = Freeze average temperature in k
Ta = Ambient Temperature in k
For Case 1 without PCM
Tf = -3
Ta= 31.8
T = (-) 34.8
r =0.014*1005*34.8
r =489.636 w-hr.
4. Calculation of Power consumption of compressor
P = V*I cos
V=237 V
I =1 Amp
Cos =0.8
P = 237*1*0.8
P =189.6 w
5. Calculation of Compressor Work for case 1 without PCM
CW = t * P
Where,
CW = Compressor work in w-hr.
t = ON time of compressor in hr.
P = Power in w
For case 1 without PCM
CW = 2*189.6
CW = 379.2 w-hr.
6. Calculation of COP for Case 1 without PCM

Engineering)
90
Refrigerator
r
COP = cw
489.636
COP = 379.2
COP = 1.29

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91
Refrigerator
Fig 7.1 : Actual Test Set up
Fig 7.2 : Refrigerator with Pressure gauges.

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Refrigerator
Fig 7.3 : PCM Container at base of evaporator

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Refrigerator
7.2.1 Charts for ON-OFF conditions

In the first step, refrigeration system is tested without and With PCM at constant thermal
load and fixed set-point (Thermostat) and the result is plotted as below
DY OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 5MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURA
200
180
160
140
120
100
POWER W 80
60 ON PERIOD
40
20
0
00
00
00
00
00
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
.0
.3
.0
.3
.0
10
11
10
11
12 TIME am
Chart 1.1 case 1 without PCM
DY OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 10MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DUR
200
180
160
140
120
100
Power w 80 ON TIME
60
40
20
0
01 0
02 4
02 1
02 8
02 5
03 5
03 5
48
0
0
7.
2.
0.
0.
4.
1.
5.
1.
.3
.4
.0
.2
.3
.5
.0
.2
01
Time pm
Chart 1.2 Case 2 Without PCM

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Refrigerator
Y OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 15MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURA
200
180
160
140
120
100
Power w 80 ON Period
60
40
20
10 1 0
11 3
11 8
11 0
01
10 0
10 1
11 3
5
0
0
3
9.
4.
0.
6.
5.
4.
9.
9.
.0
.2
.4
.5
.1
.2
.4
.5
10
Time am
Chart 1.3 Case 3 without PCM
Y OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 20MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURA
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
01 .00
01 .21
02 .07
02 .00
02 .41
02 .16
03 .20
03 .21
00
0.
0
5
9
2
7
4
8
1
.3
.4
.5
.1
.2
.4
.5
.1
.3
01
Time pm

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Refrigerator
Y OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 30MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURAT
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
10 31
11 49
11 54
11 27
12 33
10 00
10 36
11 42
00
0.
5.
0.
6.
0.
6.
1.
7.
0.
.0
.1
.3
.4
.0
.1
.4
.3
.0
10
Time am
2HRS STUDY OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT PCM IN CASE OF NO DOOR OPENING

200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
03 38
03 37
03 50
03 32
29
02 00
02 37
02 35
6.
0.
6.
4.
2.
0.
4.
0.
.1
.3
.5
.1
.2
.4
.5
.0
02
Time pm

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Refrigerator
ON-OFF PERIOD WITH WATER AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 5 MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURA
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
10 0
10 7
11 1
11 8
52
10 7
11 4
0
4
4
2
0.
7.
7.
8.
6.
7.
6.
.0
.1
.3
.5
.1
.3
.5
10
Time am
Chart 2.1 Case 1 PCM Water

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Refrigerator
F ON-OFF PERIOD WITH WATER AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 10 MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DU
200
180
160
140
120
100
Power w 80 ON PERIOD
60
40
20
0
01 .00
02 .43
02 .35
02 .28
03 .50
03 .42
36
3.
0
1
.0
.4
.0
.2
.4
.0
.2
01
Time pm
F ON-OFF PERIOD WITH WATER AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 15 MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DUR
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
10 0
10 2
20
10 3
11 0
11 7
11 4
1
0
4
4.
0.
3.
0.
1.
6.
8.
.0
.1
.3
.5
.1
.2
.4
10
Time am

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
F ON-OFF PERIOD WITH WATER AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 20 MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DU
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
11
15
02
48
00
30
36
0.
7.
0.
7.
8.
4.
7.
.3
.4
.1
.2
.4
.0
.2
01
01
02
02
02
03
03
Time pm
ON-OFF PERIOD WITH WATER AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 30 MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DUR
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
10 .30
10 .08
11 .53
11 .48
12 .02
00
10 .00
11 .59
11 .30
0.
0
8
.0
.1
.3
.4
.0
.1
.4
.0
.3
10
Time am

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
2HRS STUDY OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITH Water AS PCM IN CASE OF NO DOOR OPENING
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
02 00
02 04
03 19
03 10
03 01
02 54
04 18
00
0.
5.
4.
9.
3.
9.
6.
0.
.0
.1
.4
.1
.2
.4
.0
.3
02
Time pm

Engineering)
100
Refrigerator
OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITH Nacl AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 5MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURAT
200
180
160
140
120
100
Power w 80
ON PERIOD
60
40
20
0
11 .22
11 .19
11 .26
11 .57
10 .11
10 .03
12 .19
00
0.
0
7
0
6
9
5
9
.2
.3
.5
.0
.1
.3
.4
.0
10
Time am
Chart 3.1 Case 1 PCM Nacl
OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITH Nacl AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 10 MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURA
200
180
160
140
120
100
Power w 80 ON PERIOD
60
40
20
0
00
19
18
35
00
0.
5.
3.
2.
0.
.3
.1
.4
.1
.3
01
03
02
02
03
Time pm

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Refrigerator
F ON-OFF PERIOD WITH Nacl AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 15MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURAT
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
10 0
10 8
11 9
11 0
00
10 8
12 2
0
3
0.
0.
0.
5.
1.
2.
0.
.0
.1
.3
.5
.2
.4
.0
10
Time am
OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITH Nacl AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 20MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURA
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
00
28
30
20
14
43
0.
5.
0.
6.
1.
0.
.3
.5
.2
.1
.3
.4
01
02
03
01
02
03
Time pm

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITH Nacl AS PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 30MIN FOR 15 SECONDS DURA
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
00
59
27
42
14
0.
2.
1.
0.
9.
.0
.3
.0
.3
.5
10
11
11
10
11
Time am
2HRS STUDY OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITH Nacl AS PCM IN CASE OF NO DOOR OPENING
200
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
02 0
02 5
02 8
03 0
03 0
03 2
04 0
00
0
1
0
3
0.
6.
2.
2.
8.
8.
4.
0.
.0
.1
.4
.5
.1
.2
.0
.5
02
Time pm

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
7.2.2 Comparison Results Charts
ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT AND WITH PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 5MIN FOR 15 SECONDS D
120%
100%
80%
51% 50%
TIME IN % 60%
100%
40%
49% 50%
20%
0% 0%
Without PCM Water PCM Nacl PCM
Graph:7.1 Compressor ON-OFF cycle with and without PCM (5 min case)
OFF PERIOD WITHOUT AND WITH PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 10 MIN FOR 15 SECON
120%
100%
80% 41% 39%
67%
TIME % 60%
40%
59% 61%
20%
33%
0%
Graph:7.2 Compressor ON-OFF cycles with and Without PCM (10 min case)

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT AND WITH PCM IN CASE OF DOOR OPENING AFTER EVERY 15 MIN FOR 15 SECONDS
120%
100%
80% 34% 34%

58%
TIME % 60%
40%
66% 66%
20% 42%
0%
120%
100%
32% 32%
80%
50%
TIME % 60%
40%
68% 68%
50%
20%
0%

Engineering)
105
Refrigerator
120%
100%
30% 30%
80% 43%
TIME % 60%
40%
70% 70%
57%
20%
0%
UDY OF ON-OFF PERIOD WITHOUT AND WITH PCM IN CASE OF NO DOOR OPENING MEANS LEAKAGE CONDITION
120%
100%
29% 27%
80% 39%
TIME % 60%
40%
71% 73%
61%
20%
0%

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
7.2.3 Result Table
Without PCM
Freez
R.E. AMB
case COP CW m fa.Cp T e Avg.
(r) (Ta)
(Tf)
(w-hr.) (OC) (w-hr.) (OC) (OC)
5 1.29 379.2. 14.07 -34.8 489.636 31.8 -3
10 1.98 253.2 14.07 -35.7 502.299 32.5 -3.2
15 2.10 219.2 14.07 -32.8 461.496 29.5 -3.3
20 2.59 189.6 14.07 -34.9 491.043 31.4 -3.5
30 2.98 162.6 14.07 -34.5 485.415 31.5 -3
0 3.17 146.6 14.07 -33.1 465.717 30 -3.1
PCM Water
Freez
R.E. AMB
(r) (Ta)
(Tf)
5 2.25 192.69 12.792 -34 434.928 32 -2
10 2.81 155 12.792 -34.1 436.2072 31.6 -2.5
15 3.13 128.54 12.792 -31.5 402.948 30.5 -1
20 3.14 121 12.792 -29.75 380.562 29.5 -0.25
30 3.17 151.14 12.792 -37.5 479.7 31.5 -6
0 3.18 109.59 12.792 -27.3 349.2216 31.6 4.3
PCM Nacl
Freez
R.E. AMB
(r) (Ta)
(Tf)
5 2.26 189 12.792 -33.4 427.2528 31 -2.4
10 2.82 147.49 12.792 -32.6 417.0192 30 -2.6
15 3.09 128.54 12.792 -31.1 397.8312 32 0.9
20 3.17 121 12.792 -30 383.76 31 1
30 3.18 102.1 12.792 -25.4 324.9168 30 4.6
0 3.94 68.1 12.792 -21 268.632 32 11
Table 7.1 Result Table

Engineering)
107
Refrigerator
Witho COP BY
COP BY
ut Experimentat
Simulation
PCM ion
5 min 3.18 1.29
10
3.19 1.98
min
15
3.21 2.10
min
20
3.23 2.59
min
30
3.24 2.98
min
00
3.26 3.17
min
COP BY
Water COP BY
Experimentat
PCM Simulation
ion
5 min 3.62 2.25
10
3.64 2.81
min
15
3.66 3.13
min
20
3.68 3.14
min
30
3.7 3.17
min
00
3.72 3.18
min
COP BY
Nacl COP BY
Experimentat
PCM Simulation
ion
5 min 3.88 2.26
10
3.9 2.82
min
15
3.92 3.09
min
20
3.94 3.17
min
30
3.96 3.18
min
00
3.98 3.94
min

Engineering)
108
Refrigerator
Table 7.2 COP comparison
Case Without PCM

No. of
Door Power Refrigeratio
Sr. CO Units/ye
Opening Consume n Effect %
No. P ar
during 1 d (kw) (kw) Power
hr. Saved
1 0 3.17 0.147 0.466 53.66
2 2 2.98 0.163 0.485 59.50
3 3 2.59 0.190 0.491 69.35
4 4 2.10 0.219 0.462 79.94
5 6 1.98 0.253 0.502 92.35
6 12 1.29 0.379 0.490 138.34
Case with PCM Water
1 0 3.18 0.110 0.349 40.15 25
2 2 3.17 0.116 0.480 42.34 29
3 3 3.14 0.121 0.381 44.17 36
4 4 3.13 0.129 0.403 47.09 41
5 6 2.81 0.155 0.436 56.58 39
6 12 2.25 0.193 0.435 70.45 49
Case with PCM Nacl
1 0 3.94 0.068 0.269 24.82 20
2 2 3.18 0.120 0.325 43.80 26
3 3 3.17 0.121 0.384 44.17 36
4 4 3.09 0.129 0.398 47.09 41
5 6 2.82 0.148 0.417 54.02 42
6 12 2.26 0.189 0.427 68.99 50
Table 7.3 power saving

Engineering)
109
Refrigerator
C.O.P vs Door opening

6
4 Without PCM
C.O.P. PCM Water
2
PCM Nacl
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
No. of time door opened in an hour
Graph 7.1
Units consumed per year

150.00
100.00
Without PCM
Units consumed/Year PCM Water
50.00 PCM Nacl
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Graph 7.2
% Power Saving
60
40
% Power Saved Water PCM Nacl PCM
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Graph 7.3
7.3 Results

Engineering)
110
Refrigerator
The experimental study of household refrigerator equipped with a latent heat storage unit
on bottom face of evaporator shows an enhancement of the system performance and
energy saving of refrigeration system.
In case of 5 min door opening frequency

1) Percentage increase in OFF Period of compressor due to water as PCM is 49%
2) Percentage increase in OFF period of compressor due to Nacl as PCM is 50%





Also NO. of ON-OFF cycles in All cases reduces and maintained Avg. to 10NOs.

Engineering)
111
Refrigerator
8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1Conclusion
The experimental study of household refrigerator equipped with a latent heat storage unit
on bottom face of evaporator shows an enhancement of the system performance and
energy saving of refrigeration system.
8.2 Future Scope

1. Study of PCM Charging And Discharging Cycle.
2. Study of Different PCM materials

Engineering)
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Refrigerator
References
K.Azzouz,D.Leducq,JGuilpart,D.Gobin (2005) Improving theenergy efficiency of a vapor
compression system using a phase change material, insecond conference on phase change
material and slurry:scientific conference and business forum pp15-17.
K.Azzouz,D.Leducq,D.Gobin,(2008),performance enhancement of a household

refrigerator by addition of latent heat storage,int.J.Refrig.31(5)892-902
K.Azzouz,D.Leducq,D.Gobin,Enhancing(2009)the performance of household

refrigerators with latent heat storage :an experimental investigation, Int.J.Refrig 32(7)
1634-1644
M. Sidhharth bhatt (2001) Domastic refrigerator field studied and energy efficiency
improvement JSIR vol60 591-600
A.Marques,G.Davies,G.Maidment,J.Evans I (2014) A Novel design and performance of

domestic refrigerator with thermal storage,App.Therm.eng63(2)511-519
M.I.H.Khan,H.M. Afroz ,(2013) Effect of phase change material on performance of

household refrigerator,asian.J.Appl.Sci.6(2)56-67
List Of Publications
1. PG Conference by S.P. Pune University 2016

Engineering)
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Experimental study of Effect of Phase Change Material on ON-OFF Cycle of Compressor of Domestic

1.4 Thesis organization

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

Addition of a liquid-to-suction line heat exchanger (also known as superheating coil),

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

Phase change temperature

Proper phase change temperature selection is of great importance in refrigeration systems

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

t OFF [ ( UA ) cold ( T ambT cold ) ]

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

( refri period with pcm)

Reduction of peak hour consumption

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

Refrigeration system improvements

Another way to improve the refrigerator-freezer energy performance is to improve the

Low GWP refrigerants

2.2 Concluding Remark

3. THEORY OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which,

Fig. 3.1 Principle of working

Every material is actually a Phase Change Material (PCM) because at certain

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

3.1 Classification of Phase Change Materials

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

Fig. 3.2 Classification of energy storage materials

3.1.1 Organic PCMs

Paraffin (CnH2n+2) and fatty acids (CH3 (CH2)2nCOOH)

Freeze without much under cooling

Ability to melt congruently

Self nucleating properties

Compatibility with conventional material of construction

High heat of fusion

Safe and non-reactive

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

Volumetric latent heat storage capacity is low

Flammable. This can be partially alleviated by specialist containment

High volumetric latent heat storage capacity

Availability and low cost

Sharp melting point

High thermal conductivity

High heat of fusion

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

Change of volume is very high

Super cooling is major problem in solidliquid transition

Suitable melting temperature

High melting enthalpy per volume unit [kJ/m]

High specific heat [kJ/ (kg K)]

Low volume change due to the phase change

High thermal conductivity

Not flammable, not poisonous

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

3.3 Thermo physical properties of PCM (ENB-5921)

Thermo physical properties of materials for cold storage

Sr. Composition Type Melting Heat of Fusion Thermal Densit

1 Nacl(22.4) Eutectic -21.2 222 _ 11

2 23.3 wt.% of Eutectic -21.2 233(kJ/mol) _ _

Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune, M.E Mechanical (Heat Power

4 4.3 wt.% of Eutectic 231 _ _

3.4 Chemical Properties of PCM.

Complete reversible freeze/melt cycle.

3.5 Applications of PCM

300mm length200mm width 5*mm height.