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Erbium

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Erbium, 68Er
Erbium-crop.jpg
General properties
Name, symbol erbium, Er
Pronunciation /rbim/
ur-bee-m
Appearance silvery white
Erbium in the periodic table
Hydrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Helium (noble gas)
Lithium (alkali metal)
Beryllium (alkaline earth metal)
Boron (metalloid)
Carbon (polyatomic nonmetal)
Nitrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Oxygen (diatomic nonmetal)
Fluorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Neon (noble gas)
Sodium (alkali metal)
Magnesium (alkaline earth metal)
Aluminium (post-transition metal)
Silicon (metalloid)
Phosphorus (polyatomic nonmetal)
Sulfur (polyatomic nonmetal)
Chlorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Argon (noble gas)
Potassium (alkali metal)
Calcium (alkaline earth metal)
Scandium (transition metal)
Titanium (transition metal)
Vanadium (transition metal)
Chromium (transition metal)
Manganese (transition metal)
Iron (transition metal)
Cobalt (transition metal)
Nickel (transition metal)
Copper (transition metal)
Zinc (transition metal)
Gallium (post-transition metal)
Germanium (metalloid)
Arsenic (metalloid)
Selenium (polyatomic nonmetal)
Bromine (diatomic nonmetal)
Krypton (noble gas)
Rubidium (alkali metal)
Strontium (alkaline earth metal)
Yttrium (transition metal)
Zirconium (transition metal)
Niobium (transition metal)
Molybdenum (transition metal)
Technetium (transition metal)
Ruthenium (transition metal)
Rhodium (transition metal)
Palladium (transition metal)
Silver (transition metal)
Cadmium (transition metal)
Indium (post-transition metal)
Tin (post-transition metal)
Antimony (metalloid)
Tellurium (metalloid)
Iodine (diatomic nonmetal)
Xenon (noble gas)
Caesium (alkali metal)
Barium (alkaline earth metal)
Lanthanum (lanthanide)
Cerium (lanthanide)
Praseodymium (lanthanide)
Neodymium (lanthanide)
Promethium (lanthanide)
Samarium (lanthanide)
Europium (lanthanide)
Gadolinium (lanthanide)
Terbium (lanthanide)
Dysprosium (lanthanide)
Holmium (lanthanide)
Erbium (lanthanide)
Thulium (lanthanide)
Ytterbium (lanthanide)
Lutetium (lanthanide)
Hafnium (transition metal)
Tantalum (transition metal)
Tungsten (transition metal)
Rhenium (transition metal)
Osmium (transition metal)
Iridium (transition metal)
Platinum (transition metal)
Gold (transition metal)
Mercury (transition metal)
Thallium (post-transition metal)
Lead (post-transition metal)
Bismuth (post-transition metal)
Polonium (post-transition metal)
Astatine (metalloid)
Radon (noble gas)
Francium (alkali metal)
Radium (alkaline earth metal)
Actinium (actinide)
Thorium (actinide)
Protactinium (actinide)
Uranium (actinide)
Neptunium (actinide)
Plutonium (actinide)
Americium (actinide)
Curium (actinide)
Berkelium (actinide)
Californium (actinide)
Einsteinium (actinide)
Fermium (actinide)
Mendelevium (actinide)
Nobelium (actinide)
Lawrencium (actinide)
Rutherfordium (transition metal)
Dubnium (transition metal)
Seaborgium (transition metal)
Bohrium (transition metal)
Hassium (transition metal)
Meitnerium (unknown chemical properties)
Darmstadtium (unknown chemical properties)
Roentgenium (unknown chemical properties)
Copernicium (transition metal)
Nihonium (unknown chemical properties)
Flerovium (post-transition metal)
Moscovium (unknown chemical properties)
Livermorium (unknown chemical properties)
Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)
Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)

Er

Fm
holmium erbium thulium
Atomic number (Z) 68
Group, block group n/a, f-block
Period period 6
Element category lanthanide
Standard atomic weight ( ) (Ar) 167.259(3)[1]
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f12 6s2
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Melting point 1802 K (1529 C, 2784 F)
Boiling point 3141 K (2868 C, 5194 F)
Density near r.t. 9.066 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p. 8.86 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 19.90 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 280 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 28.12 J/(molK)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1504 1663 (1885) (2163) (2552) (3132)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 3, 2, 1 (a basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.24
Ionization energies 1st: 589.3 kJ/mol
2nd: 1150 kJ/mol
3rd: 2194 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius 189 6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Hexagonal close packed cryst
al structure for erbium
Speed of sound thin rod 2830 m/s (at 20 C)
Thermal expansion poly: 12.2 m/(mK) (r.t.)
Thermal conductivity 14.5 W/(mK)
Electrical resistivity poly: 0.860 m (r.t.)
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic at 300 K
Magnetic susceptibility (mol) +44,300.00106 m3/mol[2]
Young's modulus 69.9 GPa
Shear modulus 28.3 GPa
Bulk modulus 44.4 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.237
Vikers hardness 430700 MPa
Brinell hardness 6001070 MPa
CAS Number 7440520
History
Naming after Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined
Disovery Carl Gustaf Mosander (1842)
Most stable isotopes of erbium
iso NA halflife DM DE (MeV) DP
160Er syn 28.58 h 0.330 160Ho
162Er 0.139% is stabl with 94 nutrons
164Er 1.601% is stabl with 96 nutrons
165Er syn 10.36 h 0.376 165Ho
166Er 33.503% is stabl with 98 nutrons
167Er 22.869% is stabl with 99 nutrons
168Er 26.978% is stabl with 100 nutrons
169Er syn 9.4 d 0.351 169Tm
170Er 14.910% is stale with 102 neutrons
171Er syn 7.516 h 1.490 171Tm
172Er syn 49.3 h 0.891 172Tm
view talk edit | references | in Wikidata
Erium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symol Er and atomic
numer 68. A silverywhite solid metal when artificially isolated, natural eri
um is always found in chemical comination with other elements on Earth. As such
, it is a rare earth element which is associated with several other rare element
s in the mineral gadolinite from Yttery in Sweden, where yttrium, ytterium, an
d terium were discovered.
Erium's principal uses involve its pinkcolored Er3+ ions, which have optical f
luorescent properties particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erium
doped glasses or crystals can e used as optical amplification media, where Er3+
ions are optically pumped at around 980 or 1480 nm and then radiate light at 15
30 nm in stimulated emission. This process results in an unusually mechanically
simple laser optical amplifier for signals transmitted y fier optics. The 1550
nm wavelength is especially important for optical communications ecause standa
rd single mode optical fiers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength.
In addition to optical fier amplifierlasers, a large variety of medical applic
ations (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) rely on the erium ion's 2940 nm emission (
see Er:YAG laser), which is highly asored in water in tissues, making its effe
ct very superficial. Such shallow tissue deposition of laser energy is helpful i
n laser surgery, and for the efficient production of steam which produces enamel
alation y common types of dental laser.
Contents [hide]
1 Characteristics
1.1 Physical properties
1.2 Chemical properties
1.3 Isotopes
2 History
3 Occurrence
4 Production
5 Applications
6 Biological role
6.1 Toxicity
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Physical properties[edit]
Erium(III)chloride in sunlight, showing some pink fluorescence of Er+3 from nat
ural ultraviolet.
A trivalent element, pure erium metal is malleale (or easily shaped), soft yet
stale in air, and does not oxidize as quickly as some other rareearth metals.
Its salts are rosecolored, and the element has characteristic sharp asorption
spectra ands in visile light, ultraviolet, and near infrared. Otherwise it lo
oks much like the other rare earths. Its sesquioxide is called eria. Erium's p
roperties are to a degree dictated y the kind and amount of impurities present.
Erium does not play any known iological role, ut is thought to e ale to st
imulate metaolism.[3]
Erium is ferromagnetic elow 19 K, antiferromagnetic etween 19 and 80 K and pa
ramagnetic aove 80 K.[4]
Erium can form propellershaped atomic clusters Er3N, where the distance etwee
n the erium atoms is 0.35 nm. Those clusters can e isolated y encapsulating t
hem into fullerene molecules, as confirmed y transmission electron microscopy.[
5]
Chemical properties[edit]
Erium metal tarnishes slowly in air and urns readily to form erium(III) oxide
:
4 Er + 3 O2 2 Er2O3
Erium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quic
kly with hot water to form erium hydroxide:
2 Er (s) + 6 H2O (l) 2 Er(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)
Erium metal reacts with all the halogens:
2 Er (s) + 3 F2 (g) 2 ErF3 (s) [pink]
2 Er (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) 2 ErCl3 (s) [violet]
2 Er (s) + 3 Br2 (g) 2 ErBr3 (s) [violet]
2 Er (s) + 3 I2 (g) 2 ErI3 (s) [violet]
Erium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing hy
drated Er(III) ions, which exist as rose red [Er(OH2)9]3+ hydration complexes:[6
]
2 Er (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) 2 Er3+ (aq) + 3 SO2
4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)
Isotopes[edit]
Main article: Isotopes of erium
Naturally occurring erium is composed of 6 stale isotopes, 162
Er
, 164
Er
, 166
Er
, 167
Er
, 168
Er
, and 170
Er
with 166
Er
eing the most aundant (33.503% natural aundance). 29 radioisotopes have een
characterized, with the most stale eing 169
Er
with a halflife of 9.4 d, 172
Er
with a halflife of 49.3 h, 160
Er
with a halflife of 28.58 h, 165
Er
with a halflife of 10.36 h, and 171
Er
with a halflife of 7.516 h. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have hal
flives that are less than 3.5 h, and the majority of these have halflives that
are less than 4 minutes. This element also has 13 meta states, with the most st
ale eing 167m
Er
with a halflife of 2.269 s.[7]
The isotopes of erium range in atomic weight from 142.9663 u (143
Er
) to 176.9541 u (177
Er
). The primary decay mode efore the most aundant stale isotope, 166
Er
, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is eta decay. The primary dec
ay products efore 166
Er
are element 67 (holmium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 6
9 (thulium) isotopes.[7]
History[edit]
Erium (for Yttery, a village in Sweden) was discovered y Carl Gustaf Mosander
in 1843.[8] Mosander was working with a sample of what was thought to e the si
ngle metal oxide yttria, derived from the mineral gadolinite. He discovered that
the sample contained at least two metal oxides in addition to pure yttria, whic
h he named "eria" and "teria" after the village of Yttery where the gadolinit
e had een found. Mosander was not certain of the purity of the oxides and later
tests confirmed his uncertainty. Not only did the "yttria" contain yttrium, er
ium, and terium; in the ensuing years, chemists, geologists and spectroscopists
discovered five additional elements: ytterium, scandium, thulium, holmium, and
gadolinium. [9] Eria and teria, however, were confused at this time. A spectr
oscopist mistakenly switched the names of the two elements during spectroscopy.
After 1860, teria was renamed eria and after 1877 what had een known as eria
was renamed teria. Fairly pure Er2O3 was independently isolated in 1905 y Geo
rges Urain and Charles James. Reasonaly pure metal wasn't produced until 1934
when Klemm and Bommer reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. It wa
s only in the 1990s that the price for Chinesederived erium oxide ecame low e
nough for erium to e considered for use as a colorant in art glass.[10]
Occurrence[edit]
Monazite sand
The concentration of erium in the Earth crust is aout 2.8 mg/kg and in the sea
water 0.9 ng/L.[11] This concentration is enough to make erium aout 45th in e
lemental aundance in the Earth's crust.
Like other rare earths, this element is never found as a free element in nature
ut is found ound in monazite sand ores. It has historically een very difficul
t and expensive to separate rare earths from each other in their ores ut ionex
change chromatography methods[12] developed in the late 20th century have greatl
y rought down the cost of production of all rareearth metals and their chemica
l compounds.
The principal commercial sources of erium are from the minerals xenotime and eu
xenite, and most recently, the ion adsorption clays of southern China; in conseq
uence, China has now ecome the principal gloal supplier of this element. In th
e highyttrium versions of these ore concentrates, yttrium is aout twothirds o
f the total y weight, and eria is aout 45%. When the concentrate is dissolved
in acid, the eria lierates enough erium ion to impart a distinct and characte
ristic pink color to the solution. This color ehavior is similar to what Mosand
er and the other early workers in the lanthanides would have seen in their extra
cts from the gadolinite minerals of Yttery.
Production[edit]
Crushed minerals are attacked y hydrochloric or sulfuric acid that transforms i
nsolule rareearth oxides into solule chlorides or sulfates. The acidic filtra
tes are partially neutralized with caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) to pH 34. Thor
ium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that the sol
ution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths into their insolu
le oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides y annealing. The oxides are d
issolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose
oxide is insolule in HNO3. The solution is treated with magnesium nitrate to pr
oduce a crystallized mixture of doule salts of rareearth metals. The salts are
separated y ion exchange. In this process, rareearth ions are sored onto sui
tale ionexchange resin y exchange with hydrogen, ammonium or cupric ions pres
ent in the resin. The rare earth ions are then selectively washed out y suital
e complexing agent.[11] Erium metal is otained from its oxide or salts y heat
ing with calcium at 1450 C under argon atmosphere.[11]
Applications[edit]
Eriumcolored glass
Erium's everyday uses are varied. It is commonly used as a photographic filter,
and ecause of its resilience it is useful as a metallurgical additive. Other u
ses:
Used in nuclear technology in neutronasoring control rods.[3][13]
When added to vanadium as an alloy, erium lowers hardness and improves workail
ity.[14]
Erium oxide has a pink color, and is sometimes used as a colorant for glass, cu
ic zirconia and porcelain. The glass is then often used in sunglasses and cheap
jewelry.[14]
Eriumdoped optical silicaglass fiers are the active element in eriumdoped
fier amplifiers (EDFAs), which are widely used in optical communications.[15] T
he same fiers can e used to create fier lasers. In order to work efficiently,
eriumdoped fier is usually codoped with glass modifiers/homogenizers, often
aluminum or phosphorus. These dopants help prevent clustering or Erions and tr
ansfer the energy more efficiently etween the Er ions and the signal. Codoping
of optical fier with Er and Y is used in highpower Er/Y fier lasers. Eriu
m can also e used in eriumdoped waveguide amplifiers.[3]
An eriumnickel alloy Er3Ni has an unusually high specific heat capacity at liq
uidhelium temperatures and is used in cryocoolers; a mixture of 65% Er3Co and 3
5% Er0.9Y0.1Ni y volume improves the specific heat capacity even more.[16][17]
A large variety of medical applications (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize er
ium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser), which is highly asored in wate
r (asorption coefficient aout 12000/cm). Such shallow tissue deposition of las
er energy is necessary for laser surgery, and the efficient production of steam
for laser enamel alation in dentistry.
Biological role[edit]
Erium does not have a iological role, ut erium salts can stimulate metaolis
m. Humans consume 1 milligram of erium a year on average. The highest concentra
tion of erium in humans is in the ones, ut there is also erium in the human
kidneys and liver.[3]
Toxicity[edit]
Erium is slightly toxic if ingested, ut erium compounds are not toxic.[3] Met
allic erium in dust form presents a fire and explosion hazard.[18][19][20]

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