English Grammar PDF

English grammar rules, verb tenses and forms, vocabulary usage,
with exercises and word games.

Present Simple Tense
(example : to play)
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Long Form Contracted Form
I play I do not play I don't play Do I play?

You play You do not play You don't play Do you play?
He/she/itplays He/she/it does not play He/she/it doesn't play Does he/she/it play?
We play We do not play We don't play Do we play?
You play You do not play You don't play Do you play?
They play They do not play They don't play Do they play?
The present simple tense is used :

To talk about regular activities :
John plays tennis once a week.
We start work at 9 a.m. every morning.
Mary goes to visit her parents on Sundays.
To talk about tastes :
Peter likes Chinese food.
Julie doesn't like classical music.
Most children love chocolate.
To talk about facts :
The sun rises in the east.
In Europe, the weather is cold in winter.
Authors write books.
Complete each of the sentences below with the correct form of the
adjective.
(The answers are at the bottom of the page.)
1. Jeremy is 10 years old. Jenny is 8 years old. Jeremy is (old) ____________ ______ Jenny.
2. The Alps are very high. They are (high) _____ _______________ mountains in Europe.
3. An ocean is (large) ____________ _______ a sea.
4. A Rolls Royce costs a lot of money. A Twingo costs less.
A Rolls Royce is (expensive) _______ ________________ _____ a Twingo.
5. John's results were bad. Fred's were very poor. Fred's results were (bad) __________ _____
John's.
6. This exercise is not very difficult. It's ____________ ______ I expected.
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7. The weather is not good today. It's raining. I hope the weather will be (good) _____________ next
week.
8. People are not very friendly in big cities. They are usually (friendly) ________________ in small
towns.
9. In the government of a country, the President is (important) _____ ______ _______________
person.
10. People say that Chinese is (difficult) ______ ____________ to learn than English
1. older than 2. the highest 3. larger than 4. more expensive than 5. worse than
6. easier than 7. better 8. friendlier 9. the most important 10. more difficul
Complete the sentences below with the correct word.

(The correction is at the end of the page.)
1. John moved to London 10 years ago and he __________ lives

there.
2. Julie ____________ walks to school.
3. "What time is the accountant coming?" "He's ____________

here.".
4. "I ordered a book last week. Has it arrived __________?".
5. Do you __________ take milk in your coffee?".
6. "I've been taking English lessons for 3 months but I __________

haven't made much progress".
7. Emma only moved house last week and she __________knows her
neighbours!".
8. I ____________ save my files and turn off the computer before

leaving the office.
9. Peter sent an application form two weeks ago but he __________

hasn't received a reply.
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10. The manager resigned yesterday, but his resignation hasn't been
officially announced __________.
1) still 2) always 3) already 4) yet 5) always 6) still 7)

already 8) always 9) still 10) yet
Past Simple Tense
(example : to play)
The past simple tense of regular verbs is formed by adding - ed to the infinitive
(for example: - Infinitive : to play Past Simple : I played)
The auxiliary did is used to form the negative and interrogative forms

I played I did not play I didn't play Did I play?

You played You did not play You didn't play Did you play?
He/she/itplayed He/she/it did not play He/she/it didn't play Did he/she/it play?
We played We did not play We didn't play Did we play?
They played They did not play They didn't play Did they play?
The past simple tense is used to talk about finished actions in a finished period of
time,
for example :
Yesterday evening I played tennis with a friend.
Last year I started taking tennis lessons.
When I was at school I hated history.
Five minutes ago I finished the report for my boss.
Last week I attended a meeting in Tokyo.
Present Perfect Tense

(example : to do)
Present Perfect Simple

I have done I have not done I haven't done Have I done?

You have done You have not done You haven't done Have you done?
He/she/it has done He/she/it has not done He/she/it hasn't done Has he/she/it done?
We have done We have not done We haven't done Have we done?
You have done You have not done You haven't done Have you done?
They have done They have not done They haven't done Have they done?
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Present Perfect Continuous
I have been doing I have not been doing I haven't been doing Have I been doing?
You have been doing You have not been doing You haven't been doing Have you been doing?
He/she/has been He/she/it has not been He/she/it hasn't been Has he/she/it been
doing doing doing. doing?
We have been doing We have not been doing We haven't been doing Have we been doing?
You have been doing You have not been doing You haven't been doing Have you been doing?
They have been doing They have not been doing They haven't been doing Have they been doing?
The present perfect is used to refer to actions which take place in an

unfinished time period up to the time of speaking.
The present perfect continuous tense is used to refer to an action

which started
in the past and continues today.
I have been learning English since September.
(I started in September and I continue to take lessons today.)
The present perfect simple is used to refer to the finished part of a

continuous
action.
So far in my English course :
I have learnt new vocabulary.

I have revised some grammar rules.
(My English course is not finished, but I have finished some of the
lessons.)
Example:
Today is your English Revision day. It is now 2 p.m.
At 9 o'clock this morning you started your revision work. At 2 pm the day is
not finished,
so you can say : "I have been revising my English since 9 o'clock this
morning."
(You are still revising your English, so the continuous form is used.)
However, you have completed part of the revision work, so you can say, for
example
"So far today I have revised tenses and irregular verbs."
N.B.
If you refer to a specific time earlier in the day, you must use the Past
Simple :
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"This morning I revised tenses and irregular verbs." or,
"I met Charlie for lunch at 12.30"
resent Perfect vs Past Simple
(I have finished vs I finished)
PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect tense is used :

To talk about an action which started in the past and continues
today :
For and since are used to express duration.
I have lived here for 10 years. I have lived here since 2002
(I arrived 10 years ago and I am still here.)
To refer to past events in an unfinished period of time.
I have written two letters today.
(Two letters are written but today is not finished.)
To refer to past events that have just happened or been announced :
There has been a plane crash near the coast.
(We know the event took place but we don't know when.)
To talk about a past action with a result in the present. :
I've broken my arm. I can't drive (= because my arm is broken now.)
To talk and ask about experiences or accomplishments up to the time of
speaking :
"I'm a writer. I've written 9 books."
"Have you ever written a biography?" "No, never."
PAST SIMPLE
The Past Simple is used:

When the period of time is finished.
I wrote two letters yesterday. (Yesterday is finished).
When the time is mentioned, either a precise time in the past, or a time
expression
which clearly situates the event in the past.
John lived in the country
..... until the age of 6.
..... when he was young.
..... from 1995 to 2002
..... before he moved to London.
..... a long time ago.
As a general rule, if you can answer the question "when?", use the Past Simple.
Past Simple Tense
(example : to play)
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time,
for example :
Past Perfect Tense

(example : to do)
Past Perfect Simple

I had done I had not done I hadn't done Had I done?

You had done You had not done You hadn't done Had you done?
He/she/it had done He/she/it had not done He/she/it hadn't done Had he/she/it done?
We had done We had not done We hadn't done Had we done?
They had done They had not done They hadn't done Had they done?
Past Perfect Continuous

I had been doing I had not been doing I hadn't been doing Had I been doing?
You had been doing You had not been doing You hadn't been doing Had you been doing?
He/she/it had been He/she/it had not been He/she/it hadn't been Had he/she/it been
doing doing doing. doing?
We had been doing We had not been doing We hadn't been doing Had we been doing?
They had been doing They had not been doing They hadn't been doing Had they been doing?
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The past perfect simple is used to refer to actions which took place
before a specific time in the past.
Yesterday, between 4pm and 6pm, Paul played a game of tennis
with Tom.
His mother arrived at 6 pm.
When his mother arrived, Paul had finished the game.
The past perfect continuous is used to refer to a past continuous

action.
Before his mother arrived, Paul had been playing tennis with
Tom.
Present and Past Tense Revision

Summary
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Routine, habits, repetitive actions :
I play tennis every Saturday.
Tastes :
Present Simple I like chocolate, I hate doing homework.
Facts :
The sun rises in the east.

Continuous actions :
- at the time of speaking
I am reading this explanation now.
Present - around now :
Continuous I am learning English this year.
Planned future arrangements :
I am visiting Rome next Monday.

Continuous form:
An action started in the past that continues
today :
I have been learning English since
September.
Present Perfect Simple form :
The completed or finished part of that action :
We have revised grammar rules and

verb tenses.
Finished actions at a specific finished time in the past.
Last year I bought a new car.
Past Simple
I saw your dog 5 minutes ago.
Continuous actions
at a specific time in the past :
I was having breakfast at 7 o'clock this
morning.
Past Continuous when a shorter brief event occurred :
I was watching television when the

phone rang.
Conditional Tense
(example : to call)

I would call I would not call I wouldn't call Would I call?

You would call You would not call You wouldn't call Would you call?
He/she/it would call He/she/it would not call He/she/it wouldn't call Would he/she/it call?
We would call We would not call We wouldn't call Would we call?
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You would call You would not call You wouldn't call Would you call?
They would call They would not call They wouldn't call Would they call?
The conditional (would + verb) is used to refer to an imaginary or

hypothetical
situation, with an 'if' clause in the past. :
If I saw an accident I would call an ambulance..
I would call an ambulance if I saw an accident.
It is possible that you will never see an accident, but here you are
describing your probable reaction in such circumstances.
If Tom had more money, he would buy a sports car.
Tom is not rich, but if he were, this is what he would do.
In English there are different conditional structures :
Present + Present
(what is recommended in this If you see an accident, call a doctor!
situation)
Present + Future
If I see an accident, I will call a doctor.
(possible future situation)
Past + Conditional
If I saw an accident, I would call a doctor.
(imaginary situation)
Past Perfect + Conditional Perfect
(the accident occurred but you didn't If I had seen the accident, I would have called a doctor.
see it)
Present + Present
(what is recommended in this If you see an accident, call a doctor!
situation)
Present + Future
If I see an accident, I will call a doctor.
(possible future situation)
Past + Conditional
If I saw an accident, I would call a doctor.
(imaginary situation)
Past Perfect + Conditional Perfect If I had seen the accident, I would have called a
(the accident occurred but you didn't
doctor
see it)
Used to + Infinitive
(example : I used to smoke)

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I used to smoke I did not use to smoke I didn't use to smoke Did you use to smoke?
The structure used to + infinitive is used to refer to

a discontinued past habit or situation
which contrasts with the present.
It refers to past habits and states that do not exist today, something that
you did
regularly in the past but no longer do today.
It exists only in the past.
Here are some examples :

Tom used to drink coffee. Now he prefers tea.
Julie used to fly from London to Paris. Now she takes the Eurostar.
I used to drive to work. Now I take the underground.
Bill used to live in Wales. Now he lives in Scotland
This structure cannot be used to say how often something happened,

or how long it took.
Julie used to visit Paris seven times. Julie visited Paris seven
times.
Bill used to live in Wales for three years. Bill lived in Wales for
three years.
Be/Get used to
(example : to drive)
- Be/get 'used to' + noun

- Be/get 'used to' + -ing

I am used to driving I am not used to driving I'm not used to driving Are you used to driving?
To be used to something means to be accustomed to it.
To get used to something means to become accustomed to it.

'Used to' is followed either by a noun or by a verb ending in -ing.
Noun
Tom is used to noise.
Julie is used to hard work.
Verb
Tom is used to living in a noisy street.
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Julie is used to working hard.
'Used to' refers to something that was strange before and has become
familiar,
something that you have learned to accept.
It is used with be and get in all tenses : past, present, future and
conditional.
Now that I live in France, I am used to driving on the right.
Since I moved to the city, I have got used to noise.
Before I lived in Italy, I wasn't used to eating pasta.
I wasn't used to the weather. It took me some time to get used
to it.
Present Continuous Tense

(example : to play)

I am playing I am not playing I'm not playing Am I playing?

You are playing You are not playing You're not playing Are you playing?
He/she/it is playing He/she/it is not playing He/she/it's not playing Is he/she/it playing?
We are playing We are not playing We're not playing Are we playiing?
You are playing You are not playing You're not playing Are you playing?
They are playing They are not playing They're not playing Are they playing?
The present continuous tense is used :

To talk about continuous activities :
At the time of speaking :
I am reading this page now.
Around now, in a more general sense :
I am learning English this year.
To talk about planned future activities :

Tom and Mary are coming to dinner tomorrow. They called to confirm.
I am spending my holidays in Australia. I have already booked my flight.
Past Continuous Tense

(example : to play)
Present Perfect vs Past Simple

(I have finished vs I finished)
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PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect tense is used :

To talk about an action which started in the past and continues
today :
For and since are used to express duration.
I have lived here for 10 years. I have lived here since 2002
(I arrived 10 years ago and I am still here.)
To refer to past events in an unfinished period of time.
I have written two letters today.
(Two letters are written but today is not finished.)
To refer to past events that have just happened or been announced :
There has been a plane crash near the coast.
(We know the event took place but we don't know when.)
To talk about a past action with a result in the present. :
I've broken my arm. I can't drive (= because my arm is broken now.)
To talk and ask about experiences or accomplishments up to the time of
speaking :
"I'm a writer. I've written 9 books."
"Have you ever written a biography?" "No, never."
PAST SIMPLE
The Past Simple is used:

When the period of time is finished.
I wrote two letters yesterday. (Yesterday is finished).
When the time is mentioned, either a precise time in the past, or a time
expression
which clearly situates the event in the past.
John lived in the country
..... until the age of 6.
..... when he was young.
..... from 1995 to 2002
..... before he moved to London.
..... a long time ago.
As a general rule, if you can answer the question "when?", use the Past Simple.
Past Simple Tense
(example : to play)
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time,
for example :
Present Perfect vs Past Perfect

Summary
PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect is used to refer to actions which take place in an unfinished time period up to the time
of speaking, and allows the speaker to link past actions or situations to the present time.
Continuous form :
Actions started in the past which continue until now.
I have been reading this book since last Monday.
Simple form :
The completed or finished part of a continuous action.
I have read the first three chapters of the book.
Events that have just occurred, with no specific time mentioned.
A plane has just crashed near the coast.
A past action with a result in the present.
I've broken my arm. I can't drive.
Experiences and accomplishments up to now.
I'm a writer. I've written 5 novels and several short stories.
PAST PERFECT
If we are already talking about the past, the past perfect is used to to go back to an earlier past time,
to refer to something that had already happened or had heen happening.
Continuous form :
Continuous actions entirely situated in the past.
Paul had been revising his English when the postman rang the doorbell.
Simple form :
.Actions which took place before a specific time in the past.
When Tom called at 8 am, Paul had already left for school.
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Past Perfect Tense
(example : to do)
Past Perfect Simple

I had done I had not done I hadn't done Had I done?

He/she/it had done He/she/it had not done He/she/it hadn't done Had he/she/it done?
We had done We had not done We hadn't done Had we done?
They had done They had not done They hadn't done Had they done?
Past Perfect Continuous

I had been doing I had not been doing I hadn't been doing Had I been doing?
He/she/it had been doing He/she/it had not been doing He/she/it hadn't been doing. Had he/she/it been doing?
We had been doing We had not been doing We hadn't been doing Had we been doing?
They had been doing They had not been doing They hadn't been doing Had they been doing?
The past perfect simple is used to refer to actions which took place
before a specific time in the past.
Yesterday, between 4pm and 6pm, Paul played a game of tennis
with Tom.
His mother arrived at 6 pm.
When his mother arrived, Paul had finished the game.
The past perfect continuous is used to refer to a past continuous

action.
Before his mother arrived, Paul had been playing tennis with
Tom.
Future Tense
(example : to go)
Future Simple
I will go I will not go I won't go Will I go?
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You will go You will not go You won't go Will you go?
He/she/it will go He/she/it will not go He/she/it won't go Will he/she/it go?
We will go We will not go We won't go Will we go?
You will go You will not go You won't go Will you go?
They will go They will not go They won't go Will they go?
Future Continuous
I will be going I will not be going I won't be going Will I be going?

You will be going You will not be going You won't be going Will you be going?
He/she/it will be going He/she/it will not be going He/she/it won't be going Will he/she/it be going?
We will be going We will not be going We won't be going Will we be going?
You will be going You will not be going You won't be going Will you be going?
They will be going They will not be going They won't be going Will they be going?
The future simple is used :
for predictions : what you think will happen or what is certain to happen.
You are going on a long flight. You can say :
"I will be tired after my long journey."
for spontaneous decisions or offers (a decision made at the time of speaking).
With a group of friends, the phone rings : You can say :

"I'll answer it!"
The future continuous is used to refer to a future continuous action.
You are going on a long flight. You can say :

"In two hours' time I will be having lunch on the plane."
"I will be flying over London."
"I will be watching a film."
Verb Tense Revision Chart

Verb Tense Use Example
Amy and Sue play tennis on
I play Present Simple -Regular activites / routine
Saturdays.
Amy and Sue are playing at the
I am playing Present Continuous Continuous present action
moment.
I have played Present Perf.Simple -Finished part of continous action. -Amy and Sue have played two
-Completed actions in unfinished sets.
time period. -They have played several other
-Recent events (unspecified time) matches
-Past action with a result in the this year.
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-Their parents have just arrived.
-Sue has broken her racket so she
present. can't
-Experiences up to now. continue.
-They have played in many
tournaments.
They have been playing tennis
I have been Actions begun in the past which
Present Perf. Cont. since
playing continue today.
2 o'clock this afternoon.
Finished actions at a specific time in Last Saturday Sue played in
I played Past Simple
the past. another tournament.
At 2.45 pm they were playing the
I was playing Past Continuous Past continuous actions.
second set.
Completed actions before a specific Two other people had played a
I had played Past Perfect Simple
time or event in the past. match before Amy and Sue arrived.
Continuous actions before a specific At 4 pm they had been playing for
I had been playing Past Perfect Cont.
time or event in the past. 2 hours.
-Predictions Amy will win the match today.
I will play Future Simple
-Spontaneous decisions/offers I'll lend you my racket!
Tomorrow they will be playing in
I will be playing Future Continuous Continuous future action
another club.
By September they will have
I will have played Future Perfect Completed future action
played ten matches.
I will have been Continuous future action estimatede A 5 pm Amy and Sue will have
Future Perfect Cont.
playing at a time in the future. been playing for 3 hours.
Probable action in an imaginary
I would play Conditional Simple I would play tennis if I had a racket.
situation
Continuous action in an imaginary Amy would be playing tennis if you
I would be playing Conditional Cont.
situation came by on Saturday afternoon.
I would have Speculation about imaginary I would have played tennis
Conditional Perfect
played situations in the past. yesterday if you had asked me.
I would have been Conditional I would have been playing with Sue
Continuous hypothetical situations.
playing Perf.Cont. if I had won my last match.
Other Verb Forms

Gerund - Infinitive
One of the difficulties of the English language is that

some verbs are followed by the gerund (ex : doing)
and others are followed by the infinitive (ex : to do)
Below you will find some guidelines and examples to help you.
(example verb : doing / to do)
When do we use the GERUND? (ex: doing)
After verbs that express likes/dislikes :
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like, love, enjoy, dislike, hate, don't mind, can't stand ...
After certain other verbs such as :
admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, finish,
imagine, involve, keep (on), mention, miss, postpone, suggest ...
After prepositions :
interested in ...
instead of ...
good at ...
before...
after ...
After certain expressions :
it's no use ...
it's no good ...
there's no point in ...
When do we use the
After verbs that re

want, hope, intend, would like, promise ...
After certa
afford, agree, arrange, choose, fail, happen,
help, learn, manage, offer, refuse, seem ...
Af
glad : (glad to know that ...)
(pleased to meet you...)
(disappointed to hear...)
it's too difficult...

it's easy enough...
Inversion
Inversion means putting the verb before the subject.
It is sometimes difficult to remember when inversion is used.
Below you will find some guidelines and examples to help you.
In normal everyday English, inversion is used :
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To make questions : Does he? Can you?
After 'so' 'neither', 'nor' : So do I, neither do I, nor do I.
In written English, as well as in a very formal style, inversion is used in the following cases :
After negative adverbial expressions :
Under no circumstances can we accept cheques.
In no way can he be held responsible.
At no time did she say she would come.
After adverbial expressions of place :

Round the corner came the postman.
On the doorstep was a bunch of flowers.
After 'seldom', 'rarely', 'never', in comparisons :

Seldom have I seen such a beautiful view.
Rarely did he pay anyone a compliment.
Never had I felt so happy.
After 'hardly', 'scarcely', 'no sooner', when one thing happens after another.
Hardly had I begun to speak when I was interrupted.
Scarcely had we started our meal when the phone rang.
No sooner had I arrived than they all started to argue.
After adverbial expressions beginning with 'only' :

Only after the meeting did I realize the importance of the subject.
After exclamations with 'here' and 'there' :

Here comes the winner!
There goes all our money!
Irregular Verbs
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Verb Past Simple Past Participle
arise arose arisen
be was/were been
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cling clung clung
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight faught faught
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lay laid lain
lead led led
learn learnt learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let 19 let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
Irregular Verbs
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Verb Past Simple Past Participle
English
make made made
mean meant meant
Modal
meet met met Verbs
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
speak spoke spoken
spell spelt spelt
spend spent spent
spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
spit spat spat
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
stink stank stunk
swear swore sworn
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote 21 written
Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb which express the mood of another verb. They are
used
to express ideas such as possibility, prediction, speculation, deduction and necessity.
Modal Concept Example

Julie can swim.
Ability:
Can I come with you? ('May' is also
Permission:
Can used.)
Offers :
Can I help you?
That story could be true - who knows!
Possibility:
Charlie could swim when he was four
Past ability : years old.
Could Permission : Could I use your phone please?
Requests : Could you tell me the way to the

station please?
The President may come to our offices
Possibility :
if the meeting finishes before 5 pm.
May Permission :
May I borrow your dictionary?
Slight possibility :
We might win a prize but I doubt it.
Might
Past form of 'may'
The President said he might come.
in reported speech.
You should take an umbrella in case it
Advice : rains.
Should
Logical deduction : I've revised so I should be ready for the
test.
You ought to write to your
Advice :
grandmother.
Ought to
Logical deduction :
30 ought to be enough for the taxi.
Offer/suggestions with Shall I order a taxi?
Shall
''I' and 'we' Shall we begin the meeting now?
Tomorrow I will be in New York.
Future tense auxiliary:
Will
Will you join us for coffee? Won't you
Invitations/offers :
come in?
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Passive Form of Verbs
The passive form of verbs is made with the different tenses of BE + the past
participle :
(for example : English is spoken here.)
We use the active form of a verb to say what a subject does:
The chef cooks food every day.
We use the passive form to say what happens to the subject:
Food is cooked every day.
To subject of a passive verb corresponds to the object of an active
verb :
Food is cooked every day. (Passive).
The chef cooks food every day. (Active)
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We use the passive form of a verb when it is not important who does
the action,
or when we don't know who does it.
The letter was delivered at 9 a.m.
The identity of the person who delivered the letter is unknown or
unimportant.
If we want to say who delivered the letter, we use 'by':
The letter was delivered by the postman.
VERB ACTIVE PASSIVE

Infinitive : To cook To be cooked
Present Simple : I cook food in the kitchen. Food is cooked in the kitchen.
Present Continuous I am cooking food in the kitchen. Food is being cooked in the kitchen.
Present Perfect I have cooked food in the kitchen. Food has been cooked in the kitchen.
Past Simple I cooked food in the kitchen. Food was cooked in the kitchen.
Past Contiuous I was cooking food in the kitchen. Food was being cooked in the kitchen.
Past Perfect I had cooked food in the kitchen. Food had been cooked in the kitchen.
Future I will cook food in the kitchen. Food wil be cooked in the kitchen.
Future Perfect I will have cooked food in the kitchen. Food will have been cooked in the kitchen.
Conditional I would cook food in the kitchen Food would be cooked in the kitchen.
Cond. Perfect I would have cooked food in the kitchen. Food would have been cooked int he kitchen.
Reported (Indirect) Speech

In reported (indirect) speech, we report an idea expressed by someone,
without quoting the exact words used.
Tom : "I like football."
Direct speech
Mary: "What did Tom say?"
Indirect (reported) speech Bill : "Tom said (that) he liked football."
We use verbs such as : say, tell, announce, promise, explain.
The verb tenses become more past
We can omit 'that' : Tom said (that) he liked football
Direct Speech Indirect (Reported) Speech

You talk to your neighbour, Mr.
Smith, You report your conversation with Mr. Smith to your
and he tells you the following husband/wife/friend :
things :
I clean my car every
Mr. Smith said (that) he cleaned his car every Friday.
Friday.
I'm doing a computer He said (that) he was doing a computer course this
course this year. year.
I visited a museum
He said (that) he had visited a museum yesterday.
yesterday.
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I will be 30 tomorrow. He said (that) he would be 30 tomorrow.
Questions
In indirect or reported questions, the subject changes place.
When is your
He asked me when my husband was starting his new
husband startinghis new
job.
job?
Orders, requests, advice and suggestions
Orders, requests, advice and suggestions are often reported by using the infinitive.
Be careful! I told him to be careful.
Don't drive too fast. I told him not to drive too fast.
Meaning and Use of Certain Verbs
Make - Do
Unfortunately, there is no hard and fast rule in English concerning the use of make and do.
The following table gives a list of words and expressions
that are most frequently used with 'make' and 'do'.
MAKE DO
an appointment the accounts

arrangements/plans an assignment
an attempt business
a bed one's best
a change/changes the crosswords
a comment damage
a complaint a degree / a course
a declaration drugs (consume/use)
a discovery your duty
a difference / an exception exercises
an effort a favour
an enquiry the gardening
an excuse a good turn
fun of something/somebody good / harm
an impression a good job
a mistake your homework
money a lesson
an offer a job
a point justice
a presentation military service
a profit your nails / hair / make-up
progress a project
a reservation research
room for something (find place for) (something) right/wrong
a speech the shopping
a statement a test
a suggestion a translation
sure / certain well / badly
a telephone call work
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a threat without something
Must - Have to
Must and have to both express obligation.
However, they are used differently depending on who imposes the obligation.
MUST HAVE TO
The speaker thinks it is necessary. Someone else thinks it is necessary.
I have to buy flowers for my mother-in-

I must buy flowers for my mother. law.
(It's her birthday and I decide to do that.) (It is not my decision - my husband asked me
to do it.)
"You must take more exercise" says the
I have to take more exercise.
doctor.
(The doctor says it is necessary.)
(The doctor thinks it is necessary.)
I must ask my secretary to book a flight

I have to call the travel agency.
for me.
(My boss asked me to book a flight.)
(It is important for me not to forget.)
"Dogs must be kept on a lead."

I have to keep my dog on a lead.
(Written on a sign in the park = a rule which
(That's what the sign tells me to do.)
must be obeyed.)
N.B. In the negative form, the meaning changes.
You don't have to tell George =
You mustn't tell George =
you can tell George if you like,
it is important not to tell George =
but it isn't necessary. It's your
don't tell George.
decision.
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Play - Go - Do
SPORTS and LEISURE ACTIVITIES

When speaking about sports and leisure activities,
the verbs play, go and do are used as shown in the table below.
Verb Explanation Sport/Activity

Sports with teams, rules and Badminton
competitions or tournaments. Basketball
Two people can play a game of Football
PLAY tennis. Golf
Rugby
You need a team to play Tennis ,
football. etc
The name of the activity is the gerund

form of the verb (-ing) Campng
To camp go camping Dancing
We often go camping in the Hiking
GO summer. Horse-riding
Sailing
To swim go swimming Swimming
Many children like to go etc.
swimming.
All other recreational activities. Aerobics

All classes do gymnastics at
Athletics
Gymnastics
school.
DO Judo
Karate
Sophie does yoga with a group Yoga
of friends. etc.
Remember - Remind
Verb Meaning Example
- To have/to keep in one's

- Do you remember the name of the book?
memory.
REMEMBER - I don't remember the author's name.
- Remember to lock the door when you
- Don't forget.
leave.
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- Apple tart reminds me of my grandmother.
- Cause someone to think of - This town reminds me of the place where I
something. grew up.
REMIND
- Remind me to call my sister. It's her
- Make someone remember
birthday.
something they may have
- I reminded him that we had signed an
forgotten.
agreement.
Summary :
Anne to her son Steve : "Remember to turn off the the lights before you leave."
Anne to her friend Sue : "I reminded Steve to turn off the lights before he left."
Sue to Anne : "You remind me of my grandmother - always giving instructions!"
Rob - Burgle - Steal
(to take something illegally)
Rob - Steal
You rob a person or place.
You steal something that does not belong to you.
A robber or thief :
robs a place (for example, a bank), or a person, of something.
steals something from a place or person.
Examples :
A bank robbery took place this morning.
A gang of armed robbers forced their way into the bank.
The thieves robbed the bank.
The bank was robbed of a large amount of money.
The gang stole a large amont of money from the bank.
The thieves also robbed the customers of their wallets..
The robbers stole their wallets from the customers.
The customers' wallets were stolen by the robbers/thieves.
Burgle
A burglar is a person who burgles a house by forcing a way into it and
stealing from it.
Example :
During a recent concert, a number of houses in the area were
burgled.
The burglar stole essentially jewellery, cash, credit cards and
mobile phones.
He was caught by the police while trying to steal a car.
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N.B. 'Thief' is a noun describing someone who steals, but the verb 'to thieve'is
rarely used.
It is more usual to say 'to steal' something, or 'to rob' someone.
Say - Tell
SAY
Say is used to report someone's words.
She said "I'm thirsty. I'd like a glass of water."
She said (that) she was thirsty and would like a glass of water..
Say is followed by 'to' before the object :
Did she actually say that to you?
Say is used to ask about languages :
Do you know how to say 'water' in Spanish?
We say :
'hello', goodbye', 'please', 'thank you', 'congratulations',
'Merry Christmas', 'Happy New Year', 'Happy Birthday'.
TELL
Tell is used to inform or instruct :
Could you tell me the way to the station please?
Tell the children to go to bed!
Tell is followed directly by the object :
Did she tell you her name?
Tell is used for narration :
Tom has always been very good at telling stories.
We tell :
the time, our name, how to do something, the truth, a lie, a secret, a story,
the difference between two things.
Say - Tell
SAY
Say is used to report someone's words.
She said "I'm thirsty. I'd like a glass of water."
She said (that) she was thirsty and would like a glass of water..
Say is followed by 'to' before the object :
Did she actually say that to you?
Say is used to ask about languages :
Do you know how to say 'water' in Spanish?
We say :
'hello', goodbye', 'please', 'thank you', 'congratulations',
'Merry Christmas', 'Happy New Year', 'Happy Birthday'.
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TELL
Tell is used to inform or instruct :
Could you tell me the way to the station please?
Tell the children to go to bed!
Tell is followed directly by the object :
Did she tell you her name?
Tell is used for narration :
Tom has always been very good at telling stories.
We tell :
the time, our name, how to do something, the truth, a lie, a secret, a story,
the difference between two things.
SHALL-WILL SHOULD-WOULD
SHALL - WILL
Shall and will are both modal verbs primarily used to express the future tense.
In informal English, the Simple Future is frequently conjugated entirely with the auxiliary 'will',
particularly in American English.
In more formal English, there is a rule which states that:
the auxiliary shall should be used in the first person, singular and plural (I/we)
the auxiliary will should be used in the second and third person, singular and plural,
(you, he/she/it, they)
Singular Plural
First I shall we shall
Second you will you will
Third he/she/it will they will

However, shall currently tends to be falling out of use, but it continues to be used
with I and we for offers and suggestions.
Shall I open the window?
Shall we dance?
SHOULD - WOULD
Should is the conditional form of shall.
Should is used :
- to give advice : You should take regular exercise.
- in hypothetical situations : Should you need any help, just call me.
- to give tentative opinions : I should think the cost will be about 100.
Would is the conditional form of will.

In informal English today, the conditional tense is usually conjugated entirely with would :
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- If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.
SHOULD - OUGHT-TO - NEED
SHOULD_OUGHT-TO
Should and ought to are interchangeable for advice and conclusions :
You should / you ought to write to your grandmother.

He has revised all day; he should / he ought to be ready for his exam.
Should is also used :
In hypothetical situations :
Should anyone call, please take a message.
Should you need any help, just call me.
If I were you, I should leave.
(In this last example, 'would' is often used today.)
With 'imagine', 'say' and 'think' to give tentative opinions :
I should think the journey will take about two hours.
NEED
Need expresses necessity.
In summer we need to drink more often (= it is necessary for us to drink often.)

You needn't / you don't need to take notes. You'll get a summary.
(=it is not necessary to take notes.)
Need I / Do I need to do this? (=Is it necessary for me to do this?).
NEEDN'T HAVE / DIDN'T NEED TO

Needn't have is used to refer to an action which was performed but later
turned out to be unnecessary.
We needn't have rushed to the airport; the flight was delayed.
He needn't have taken a sweater; the weather was warm.
Didn't need to is used to refer to an action in the past which was not
performed
because there was no need for it.
We didn't need to show our passports - ID cards were accepted.
HOULD - OUGHT-TO - NEED

SHOULD_OUGHT-TO
Should and ought to are interchangeable for advice and conclusions :
You should / you ought to write to your grandmother.

He has revised all day; he should / he ought to be ready for his exam.
Should is also used :
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In hypothetical situations :
Should anyone call, please take a message.
Should you need any help, just call me.
If I were you, I should leave.
(In this last example, 'would' is often used today.)
With 'imagine', 'say' and 'think' to give tentative opinions :
I should think the journey will take about two hours.
NEED
Need expresses necessity.
In summer we need to drink more often (= it is necessary for us to drink often.)

You needn't / you don't need to take notes. You'll get a summary.
(=it is not necessary to take notes.)
Need I / Do I need to do this? (=Is it necessary for me to do this?).
NEEDN'T HAVE / DIDN'T NEED TO

Needn't have is used to refer to an action which was performed but later
turned out to be unnecessary.
We needn't have rushed to the airport; the flight was delayed.
He needn't have taken a sweater; the weather was warm.
Didn't need to is used to refer to an action in the past which was not
performed
because there was no need for it.
We didn't need to show our passports - ID cards were accepted.
Grammar & Vocabulary

A - AN - THE
A - AN :
A and an are indefinite articles used to refer to a singular countable noun.

An indefinite article means that we do not know which one, or it is not important
to know it.
A is used before a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, etc.) for example : a car

An is used before a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) : for example : an animal
Tom lives in a town.
Julie is reading an English book.
We eat meat with a knife and a fork.
THE :
The is a definite article used to talk about something specific.

The town where Julie lives is very big.
What book is Julie reading? She's reading the book Tom gave her.
The is also used to refer to:

Rivers, seas, oceans :
the Mississippi river, the Mediterranean sea, the Atlantic ocean
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Nationalities :
the British, the Americans, the Japanese, the Chinese, etc.
NO ARTICLE :
No article is used in generalisations:

I like music
Caviar is expensive.
Exceptions :
I watch television but I listen to the radio and I go to the cinema.
I don't play tennis but I play the piano, the guitar, etc.
No article is used for place names (towns, countries, mountains) :
London, Spain, Mount Everest
Except if plural :
The Greek islands, The United States, The Alps
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
FORMATION
Form Adjective Comparative Superlative

One syllable : long longer than the longest
nice nicer than the nicest
(add : -er / -est)
hot hotter than the hottest
Two or more syllables : famous more famous than the most famous
(add: more-less/most-least interesting less interesting than the least interesting
before the adjective) practical more practical than the most practical
Two syllables ending in -y : funny funnier than the funniest

(the 'y' becomes 'i' easy easier than the easiest
before -er/-est) happy happier than the happiest
Irregular Adjectives : good better than the best

bad worse than the worst
much/many more than the most
little less than the least
far farther/further than the farthest/furthest
N.B. : Adjectives ending with a vowel and a consonant double the consonant
big - bigger - biggest
except when the consonant is 'w' or 'y' :
33
new - newer - newest.
Use :
Comparative adjectives are used to compare two things or people to each other.
Superlative adjectives are used to compare one member of a group to the whole group.
Adverbs of Frequency
Frequency Adverbs
Adverbs such as always, already, ever, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes,
still, usually, are placed as follows in sentences :
after the verb BE :

Charlie is always late.
before other verbs :
Tom sometimes takes the bus.
between two verbs :
or after the first verb if there are more than two :
Julie has never travelled on the Eurostar.
I would never have thought that.
Except if the second verb is an infinitive :
Charlie often needs to ask for directions.
Frequency Phrases
Frequency phrases such as every day, once in a while, etc. go at the beginning
or at the end of sentences.
I wash my hair every day.

Once a month I go to the hairdresser's to have it cut.
A LOT OF - MUCH - MANY
A lot of - much - many :
A lot of :
A lot of can be used in all sentences: affirmative, negative and

interrogative.
Much - many :
Much and many are used
in negative and interrogative sentences.
They are rarely used in affirmative sentences, except if they begin
the sentence . (see below)
Much is used with uncountable nouns (for
example: 'much English')
Many is used with countable nouns (for example : 'many words').
34
I don't know a lot
We learn a lot of English. Do you learn a lot of English?
ofEnglish.
I make a lot of mistakes. I don't know much English. De you know much English?
BUT :
Much of our food is Do you make a lot
I don't know a lot of words.
exported. ofmistakes?
Many people drive too fast. I don't know many words. Do you make many mistakes?
Compare a lot of and a lot :

Tom knows a lot of vocabulary.
Charlie is talkative. He talks a lot.
Already - still - always - yet
ALREADY
Already is used to say that something has happened earlier than expected or
earlier than it might have happened. :
Hurry up Susan. Breakfast is ready!

I've already had breakfast thanks. I woke up early.
STILL
Still is used to refer to continuing situations.
They've been married for 40 years and they still love each other.
I moved to this town five years ago and I'm still living here.
ALWAYS
Always is used to refer to something that happens regularly.
I always send cards at Christmas.
Sue always takes the 8 o'clock train to work.
YET
Yet is used to ask if something expected has happened
Has the postman arrived yet?
To say that something expected hasn't happened.
The book I ordered hasn't arrived yet.
Although - despite
(Although - even though / Despite - in spite of)
Although/even though and despite/in spite of are used

to combine or link two contrasting statements.
Although/even though are followed by a subject and a verb :
35
Although/even though it was raining, he walked to the station.
Although/even though he had enough money, he refused to buy a new
car.
Despite/in spite of are followed by a noun, a pronoun or a verb ending in
-ing.
Despite/in spite of the rain he walked to the station.
He noticed the rain but he walked to the station in spite of it.
Despite being wet and tired, he walked to the station.
Despite/in spite of have the same meaning, but despite is used without 'of'.
Example : He had enough money. He refused to buy a new car.
The above two statements can be combined as follows :

Although/even though he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.
Despite/in spite of having enough money he refused to buy a new car.
He had enough money, but despite/in spite of that he refused to buy a new car.
AT - ON - IN
When to use the prepositions at, on and in can sometimes be confusing.

Below are some examples to help you.
AT- ON - IN
Examples of use :
Space/Location Time Other
David is waiting at the bank. At 9 o'clock Anne is good at English.

AT I saw Mary at work, at home,
At the age of 80. Look at that car!
at the party, etc.
We met at the station. At night. The golfer aimed at the flag.
The bank is on the main street. On December 25th. On television.

ON The book is on the desk. On Sunday. On the radio.
Don't walk on the grass. On my birthday. On holiday(s)
The money is in the bank. In 2012. She writes in English.

In a minute, a month, a
The desk is in the room. year, He is in good humour.
the future.the past.
IN In the morning, the
The children are in the garden. afternoon, They are in danger.
the evening.
In winter, spring,
He works in the city. We are in good health.
summer, autumn.
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Harry and Sally met each other at a barbecue while they
were on holidays. They live in the same town so they arranged to meet
again at the cinema at 7 o'clockon the following Saturday. The cinema
is on main street in the town centre. Later in the evening they had
dinner in an Italian restaurant on the square.
NOUNS
(countable, uncountable and plural nouns)
Countable nouns
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places and things that can be counted.
For example, books, houses, Americans, cats, dogs, cars, etc.
A countable noun can be singular (a book) or plural (two books)
The singular form of a verb is used with a singular countable noun : the apple is red
The plural form of a verb is used with a plural countable noun : the apples are red.
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable or mass nouns are concepts, information, materials, substances etc.

which are not individual objects and cannot be counted. They have no plural form.
For example : water, knowledge, information, literature, milk, cream, air.
Uncountable or mass nouns are :
used with no indefinite article (a/an)
take a singular verb.
To talk about a certain quantity,
some/a piece of/a glass of/ a slice of, etc. are used.
some milk
a piece of cheese/cake/pizza
a slice of bread
a glass of lemonade
a piece of advice/information/news/luggage
Common uncountable nouns :
advice, accommodation, baggage, bread, cheese, equipment, furniture,
information, knowledge, money, pasta, work, progress, research, travel...
Examples :
Water is a necessity.
Could I have a slice of bread please?
Have some cream with your strawberries.
That's an interesting piece of information.
Plural nouns with no singular form
Some plural nouns have no singular form.

Examples are : earnings, glasses, trousers, shorts, scissors, binoculars.
These nouns take a plural verb :

The company's earnings are increasing every year.
These scissors are rusty.
37
To refer to one item of clothing, tools or instruments which consist of two parts,
a pair of is used :
A pair of trousers
A pair of scissors.
Some nouns appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb.

For example : news, gymnastics, athletics, economics, physics, politics
The news is not very good I'm afraid.
They say politics is a complicated business.
Gymnastics is fun to watch.
Physics is a difficult subject for many students.
(collective and compound nouns)

Collective nouns
Collective nouns are nouns which refer to a group of individuals :

For example : army, audience, committee, crew, crowd, flock, herd, public, staff, team.
These nouns take a singular verb when we think of the group as an entity :
The audience was enthusiastic.
Our team is definitely the best.
The jury is deliberating.
We can use a plural verb if we think of them as members of a group acting

individually :
The crew are all wearing their new uniform.
Compound nouns
Compound nouns consist of two, three or more parts. Such parts can be two nouns
(notebook),
a noun and a verb (shoemaker, sunshine), an adjective and a noun (greenhouse,
blackboard)
or a gerund form (-ing) with a noun (washing machine, frying pan).
Compound nouns are either written as separate words (ex: orange juice, real estate),
words linked by a hyphen (mother-in-law, check-in), or one word (notebook, bedroom,
toothpaste).
EVEN THOUGH / EVEN IF
Even though
Even though is used to express a fact, something that is real or true,
Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house.

(John is rich, but in spite of that, he lives in a small house.)
Even though she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog.

(In spite of the fact that she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog.)
38
Even if
Even if is used in a supposition or hypothesis.
Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car.
(Caroline doesn't like fast cars. It is not because of the price that she won't buy
one.)
Even if I had time and money, I wouldn't go on a cruise.

(It's not because I have no time or no money that I won't go on a cruise.
I have other reasons for not going.)
EVEN THOUGH / EVEN IF
Even though
Even though is used to express a fact, something that is real or true,
Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house.

(John is rich, but in spite of that, he lives in a small house.)
Even though she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog.

(In spite of the fact that she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog.)
Even if
Even if is used in a supposition or hypothesis.
Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car.
(Caroline doesn't like fast cars. It is not because of the price that she won't buy
one.)
Even if I had time and money, I wouldn't go on a cruise.

(It's not because I have no time or no money that I won't go on a cruise.
I have other reasons for not going.)
FAUX AMIS - FALSE FRIENDS

(French-English)
Faux amis or 'false friends' are words that appear to be the same in French and in English,
but have a different meaning.
(Les faux amis sont des mots qui se ressemblent en francais et en anglais mais n'ont pas le meme
sens.)
39
FRENCH ENGLISH Example
Incorrect Correct
The renovation was finished at the end of 2010.
Achever Achieve Complete / finish
We have completed the programme.
At the moment,
Actuellement Actually At the moment I am revising my English.
currently.
Affluence Affluence Crowds There were crowds of people in the streets.
Agenda Agenda Diary I note all my appoinrments in my diary.
Ancien Ancient Former Our former chairman was more dynamic.
Assister a Assist Attend All the personnel must attend the meeting.
Avertissement Advertisement Warning The message was sent as a warning.
Bail Bail Lease We can move in as soon as we sign the lease.
Blesser Bless Hurt / injure He was injured in a road accident.
Chance Chance Luck Good luck! I hope you'll be as lucky as Tom.
Coin Coin Corner The cinema is at the corner of the street.
Commander Command Order He ordered food for everybody.
Conducteur Conductor Driver She told the driver to be careful on the roads.
Confection Confection Clothing industry He works in the clothing industry.
Controle Control Check Tickets are checked before boarding.
Deception Deception Disappointment His failure was a big disappointment.
Decevoir Deceive Disappoint The players were disappointed not to win.
Delai Delay Time limit/deadline We were given a time limit. Friday is the deadline.
Envie Envy Want / feel like I don't want / I don't feel like going.
Possible/perhaps/if
Eventuellement Eventually Perhaps/If need be I could send a fax.
need be
Formidable Formidable Great/terrific You did a terrific job!
Fortun Fortunate Wealthy, well-off The money was donated by a wealthy man.
Fournitures Furniture Supplies Julie is responsible for office supplies.
Gentil Gentle Nice / kind She's a nice person. Her remarks are always kind
Habitat Habit Clothes/ dress The old man was wearing his Sunday clothes.
Not pay attention It's best not to pay attention to his behaviour.
Ignorer Ignore take no notice Take no notice of him!
know nothing I know nothing about the incident.
Important Important Big / large There was a big crowd waiting to see the Queen.
Faux amis or 'false friends' are words that appear to be the same in French and in English,
but have a different meaning.
(Les faux amis sont des mots qui se ressemblent en francais et en anglais mais n'ont pas le
meme sens.)
FRENCH ENGLISH Example

Incorrect Correct
40
Inconvenant Inconvenient Improper Improper behaviour will not be tolerated.
Injure Injure Insult Please don't take that as an insult.
Large Large Wide The Champs Elyses is a very wide avenue.
Lecture Lecture Reading Anne likes reading.
Librairie Library Bookshop A bookshop is where you buy books.
Rental / lease They signed a 2-year rental/lease.
Location Location
to rent / to let The house was let for two years.
I need change for the parking meter.
Monnaie Money Currency / change
What currency is used in Norway?
Nolse is a form of pollution that can
Nuisance Nuisance Harm/damage/pollution
be harmful.
Organisme Organism Organization/agency A relief agency is providing food and shelter.
How many rooms are there in the house?
Pice Piece Room / a play (theatre)
I saw a good play at the theatre yesterday.
Prvenir Prevent Warn He shouted to warn people of the danger.
Professor My father is a teacher at the high school.
Professeur (tit. d'une Teacher
My mother is a professor at the university.
chaire)
Clean The kitchen is clean.
Propre Proper
Own Emily has her own car.
Proprit Propriety Property The property belongs to the rich family.
Accomplish/carry out He accompished the task without difficulty.
Realize Realize
Come true (a dream) I hope all your dreams will come true.
Regarder Regard Look at Let's look at the pictures.
Runion Reunion Meeting A meeting was held to discuss the problem.
Sensible Sensible Summarize / sum up The report summarizes the main points.
The offices are in a good location/well
Situation (geo.) Situation Location / situation
situated.
Store Store Blind We have blinds on our windows.
Supporter Support Put up with Teachers have to put up with noisy children.
Our new neighbours are very nice
Sympathique Sympathetic Nice/friendly/likeable
Jackis a very likeable guy..
Tentative Tentative Attempt He made an attempt/he attempted to escape.
FEW - L ITTLE
(few - fewer - fewest / little - less - least)
Few and little are both quantifiers which mean : 'not a lot' or 'not much/many'.
To make comparisons :
Few-fewer-fewest are used with countable nouns (a melon, two melons).
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Little-less-least are used with uncountable nouns (milk, cheese, water...).
Meaning Example
Few Not many/not a lot There are few melons in the shop today.
Fewer Not as many. The supermarket has fewer melons.
Fewest The smallest number The shop has the fewest melons.
Little Not much/not a lot There is little milk left in the jug.
Less Not as much We bought less milk yesterday.
Least The smallest quantity. The eldest child drinks the least milk.
N.B. A few and a little have a positive meaning = a small quantity.

There are a few melons = There is a small number.
There is a little milk = There is a small quantity.
FOR - DURING - WHILE
For, during and while are used in time expressions.
For is followed by a length of time : for one hour.

It answers the question : How long?
I have been standing here for 10 minutes.
FOR
Tony is going to San Francisco for a week.
My parents lived in London for 2 years.
During is followed by a noun.

It means 'throughout the period' or 'in the course of' an action or event.
During the summer I go to the beach as often as possible.
DURING
Exercises were given to us during the lesson.
The bank was robbed during the night.
WHILE While is followed by a subect and a verb.

It means 'during the time that an action was taking place'.
They held hands while they were watching the film..
The students took notes while the teacher was speaking.
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We'll collect some seashells while we're walking on the beach.
FOR - SINCE - AGO
For, since and ago are used to talk about time.
For is used to indicate a period of time.

For is used with the Present Perfect.
I have been waiting at the bus stop for 10 minutes.
I have lived in this country for 5 years.
I went to Venice for a week-end.
FOR
For can be used with other verb tenses :
Present : I go on holidays for two weeks every summer.
Past : When I was sixteen, I stayed in London for two months.
Future :While I am in the USA , I will be in New York for two days.
Since is used to refer to the starting point of actions or situations.

It is generally used with the Present Perfect.
I have been waiting for the bus since 8 o'clock.
SINCE
I live in Tokyo. I have lived in Tokyo since January 2010.
I have been learning English since the beginning of the year.
Ago is used to say when past events happened, going back from today
towards the past. The verb is in the Past Tense.
I came to Tokyo two years ago.
AGO
I arrived at the bus stop 10 minutes ago.
The company was founded 30 years ago.

FOR - TO
(purpose)
It is sometimes not clear what structure to use to talk about the use of an object
(for cleaning)
as opposed to the reason for which the object is used (to clean).
Use or purpose of things/objects
To explain the use of an object, what it is used for, we use for following by -ing
What is this sponge for? = For what purpose is it used?

It is for cleaning the sink.
Reason or purpose of actions
To explain why we do something, the reason for which it is done,

we use the infinitive (ex: to do)
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What do you use this sponge for? = Why do you use it?
I use it to clean the sink.
Why did you turn on the radio?
I turned on the radio to listen to the news.
IN CASE - UNLESS
In case
In case expresses the possibility of something happening.

It is used to express the idea of doing something to avoid a possible problem
later on.
It gives the reason for an action.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.

= There is a possibility that it will rain, so it's a good idea to take an
umbrella.
In case + 'of'
In case of means 'if there is'.

In case of emergency, call this number.
= If there is an emergency, call this number.
Unless
Unless means 'except if' or 'only if'.

Unless replaces 'if' + a negative verb.
Sally won't come unless you invite Harry.
Sally won't come except if you invite Harry.
Sally will only come if you invite Harry.
If you don't invite Harry, Sally won't come.
We will have a picnic unless it rains.
We will have a picnic except if it rains.
If it doesn't rain we will have a picnic.
If it rains, we won't have a picnic.
LIKE - AS
Like
Like is a preposition, used before a noun or pronoun, to say that two things are
similar.
They behave or operate in the same way.
He works like a slave.

The children swim like fish.
The boy runs like a hare.
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As
As, as a preposition, before a noun or pronoun, is used to refer to jobs and

functions.
He works as an accountant.
She was employed as a teacher.
He is respected as a writer.
Compare
I am your friend, and as your friend I advise you to be careful.

= It is my role as a friend to warn you.
I don't know you, but like your friend, I advise you to be careful.
= I think the same way as your friend. I am like your friend in that respect.
LIKE - LOOK LIKE - BE LIKE
Like can be used

as verb, to talk about tastes
as a preposition, with look and be to talk about appearance and ask for
descriptions.
Verb : to like
The verb to like is used to talk about tastes, what we enjoy or prefer.
What sport does Peter like? He likes football.

What's your favourite food? I like Italian food.
Preposition (like) + look
Look like is used to ask for and give an opinion about appearance.
What does Peter look like?

He is tall, dark and handsome. He looks like George Clooney.
Preposition (like) + be
Be like is used to ask for and give a general description.
What is Julie like?

She is reliable, pleasant and helpful. She is like a friend.
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LINKING WORDS
Linking words in English are words that are used to combine or link in one
sentence
two statements presenting contrast, comparison, condition, supposition, purpose,
etc.
Linking Words Example of use
As long as You can take my car as long as/provided (that)/providing

provided (that) you don't damage it.
providing (I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.)
Although/even though hs is rich, he lives in a small house.

Although/even though (In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.)
He is poor and has no house, but even if he had money, he

wouldn't buy a house.
Even if
(Supposing he had the money, he still wouldn't buy a house.)
Take an umbrella in case it rains.

In case It might raiin, so it's a good idea to take an umbrella.)
In spite of/despite the rain, she walked to the station.

in spite of/despite being blind, he walked to the station.
In spite of / despite
(without being affected by the rain or by being blind.)
She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues.

So that (She arrrived early for the purpose of helping her colleagues.)
You can count on me whatever you decide to do.

Whatever (No matter what your decision is, you can count on me.)
Tom is rich, whereas Jack is poor.

Whereas (Tom is rich; in contrast Jack is poor.)
I will lend you my car whenever you need it.

Whenever (No matter when you need my car, I will lend it to you.)
Wherever My thoughts will be with you wherever you go.
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(No matter where you go, my thoughts will be with you.)
OTHER - ANOTHER
Other (adjective)
Other is an adjective meaning 'different' which can be used with singular or plural
nouns.
Here are some examples :
There's some water left in this bottle. The other bottle is empty.
Some children learn quickly but other children need more time.
I'm not happy with this product. Next time I'll buy an other brand.
I can't find my other shoe.
Have you got any other questions?
Other (pronoun)
Other can also be a pronoun to refer to things or people.
80% of the students arrive on time.

The others (the other students) are always late.
There are two cookies left. You have one and I'll have the other.
Only half of the guests have arrived. Where are the others?
Another (adjective)
Another is an adjective which expresses quantity. It means 'additional' or 'one

more'.
There are six people for dinner but there are only 5 plates.
We need another plate.
This cake is delicious. Could I have another slice please?.
Please give me another chance. I promise to try harder..
POSSESSIVES
Rule Examples
Singular Nouns : - Tom's car

(even if the meaning is plural Add 's after the possessor. - The children's toys
or if there are several words.) - The Queen of England's jewels
- My parents' car.
Plural Nouns Add 's after the plural 's'. - The neighbours' dog
- My grandparents' house
Names ending in 's' Add 's after the last 's'. - Denis's wife
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- Gladys's job
- A friend of my father's
(one of my father's friends,
Add 's after the possessor's
not the only one.)
Double Possessive name,
- A friend of mine/
or use a possessive pronoun.
his/hers/ours/yours/theirs.
- A friend of Julie's
- At the hairdresser's
Shops and people's homes Often take the possessive. - At the dentist's
- At the Brown's
N.B.
The apostrophe followed by s ('s) (ex:Tom's), to denote possession, is used for living things.
living things (humans and animals) :
John's car, the cat's milk, the dog's tail
groups and institutions :

The government's proposal, the company's policy.
BUT :
the door of the car
the leg of the table.
the roof of the house.
POSSESSIVES
Rule Examples
Singular Nouns : - Tom's car

(even if the meaning is plural Add 's after the possessor. - The children's toys
or if there are several words.) - The Queen of England's jewels
- My parents' car.
Plural Nouns Add 's after the plural 's'. - The neighbours' dog
- My grandparents' house
- Denis's wife
Names ending in 's' Add 's after the last 's'.
- Gladys's job
Double Possessive Add 's after the possessor's - A friend of my father's

name, (one of my father's friends,
or use a possessive pronoun. not the only one.)
- A friend of mine/
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his/hers/ours/yours/theirs.
- A friend of Julie's
- At the hairdresser's
Shops and people's homes Often take the possessive. - At the dentist's
- At the Brown's
N.B.
The apostrophe followed by s ('s) (ex:Tom's), to denote possession, is used for living things.
living things (humans and animals) :
John's car, the cat's milk, the dog's tail
groups and institutions :

The government's proposal, the company's policy.
BUT :
the door of the car
the leg of the table.
the roof of the house.
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PREPOSITIONS
Preposition Meaning Examples

above higher than or over The sun is above the clouds.
across friom one side to the other It's dangerous to run across the road.
- following something - The boy ran after the ball.
after
- later than - I'll phone you after lunch.
- in opposition to - Stealing is against the law.
against
- in contact with - The sofa is against the wall.
along from one end to the other They are walking along the street.
among surrounded by Peter was among the spectators.
- in a circle - He walked around the table.
around
- near, appproximately - It costs around 50 euros.
- earlier than - The day before yesterday.
before
- in front of - He bowed before the king.
behind at the back of Passengers sit behind the driver.
below lower than Hir shorts are below his knees.
beneath under The pen was beneath the books.
beside next to The bank is beside the cinema.
between in the space separating two things Mary sat between Tom and Jane.
by near, at the side of The restaurant is by the river.
close to near The school is near the church.
down from higher to lower She pulled down the blind.
from where something starts or originates The wind is blowing from the north.
in at a point within an area The pen is in the drawer.
in front of directly before The child ran out in front of the bus.
inside on the inner part of The bird is inside the cage.
into enter a closed space He went into the shop.
near close to The school is near the church.
next to beside The bank is next to the cinema.
off down or away from He fell off the horse.
on in a position touching a surface The plate is on the table.
onto move to a position on a surface The cat jumped onto the roof of the car.
opposite facing, on the other side Eva sat opposite Tom at the table.
- move from a closed space - He got out of the taxi.
out of
- without - She's out of work.
outside opposite of inside The garden is outside the house.
- above/across - The plane flew over the Atlantic.
over
- on the surface of - She put a sheet over the furniture.
past beyond She drove past the supermarket.
round in a circular movement The earth moves round the sun.
through from one side to the other The Seine flows through Paris.
The virus spread throughout the
throughout in every part of
country.
to in the direct of / towards On the way to the station.
towards in the direction of The child ran towards her father.
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Exercise
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
Complete each of the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective.
1. Jeremy is 10 years old. Jenny is 8 years old. Jeremy is (old) ____________ ______ Jenny.
2. The Alps are very high. They are (high) _____ _______________ mountains in Europe.
3. An ocean is (large) ____________ _______ a sea.
4. A Rolls Royce costs a lot of money. A Twingo costs less.
A Rolls Royce is (expensive) _______ ________________ _____ a Twingo.
5. John's results were bad. Fred's were very poor. Fred's results were (bad) __________ _____
John's.
6. This exercise is not very difficult. It's ____________ ______ I expected.
7. The weather is not good today. It's raining. I hope the weather will be (good) _____________ next
week.
8. People are not very friendly in big cities. They are usually (friendly) ________________ in small
towns.
9. In the government of a country, the President is (important) _____ ______ _______________
person.
10. People say that Chinese is (difficult) ______ ____________ to learn than English.
Answers :
1. older than 2. the highest 3. larger than 4. more expensive than 5. worse than
6. easier than 7. better 8. friendlier 9. the most important 10. more difficult
Already - still - always - yet
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Complete the sentences below with the correct word.
1. John moved to London 10 years ago and he __________ lives

there.
2. Julie ____________ walks to school.
3. "What time is the accountant coming?" "He's ____________

here.".
4. "I ordered a book last week. Has it arrived __________?".
5. Do you __________ take milk in your coffee?".
6. "I've been taking English lessons for 3 months but I __________

haven't made much progress".
7. Emma only moved house last week and she __________knows her
neighbours!".
8. I ____________ save my files and turn off the computer before

leaving the office.
9. Peter sent an application form two weeks ago but he __________

hasn't received a reply.
10. The manager resigned yesterday, but his resignation hasn't been
officially announced __________.
Correction
1) still 2) always 3) already 4) yet 5) always 6) still 7) already 8) always 9) still 10) yet
although - even though / despite - in spite of
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Complete the sentences below with although - despite - in spite of.
(The answers are at the end of the page.)
1. ___________ the weather was bad, we enjoyed our trip.
2. The children slept well ____________ the noise.
3. ________________ earning a low salary, Linda gave money to

her parents.
4. John rarely sees Paul ___________ they live in the same town.
5. Julie failed the exam ____________ of working very hard.
6. ____________ it was cold, she didn't put on her coat.
7. Tom went to work ___________ not feeling very well.
8. Anna never learned the language ___________ she lived there

for two years.
9. ____________ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top

of the mountain.
10. I couldn't eat _____________ I was very hungry.
Correction :
1) although 2) despite/in spite of 3) in spite of 4)although 5) in spite

6) although 7) despite/in spite of 8) although 9) in spite 10) although
Conditional Tense
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
53
1) If Peter _____________ (have) more money, he _______________
(buy) a new car.
2) What _____________ (you do) if you ______________ (see) an

accident?
3) Where ______________ (you live) if you _____________ (have) a

choice?
4) If Caroline _______________ (arrive) late for a meeting, her boss

______________ (be) angry.
5) If his parents _____________ (come) to visit him, John

______________(bring) them to the theatre.
6) Where _____________ (you go) if you ________________ (can

take) a week's holiday?
7) If Julie _____________ (speak) better English, she

________________ (find) a better job.
8) If Paul's boss ______________ (invite) him to lunch, he

________________ (accept).
9) If I _____________ (lose) my wallet, I ______________ (report) it to

the police.
10) What ________________ (happen) if you ________________ (miss)

your flight?
Answers :
1) had - would buy 2) would you do - saw 3) would you live - had 4) arrived - would be 5) came -
would bring
6) would you go- could take 7) spoke- would find 8) invited- would accept 9) lost- would report 10) would
happen- missed
even though - even if
Complete the sentences below with 'even though' or 'even if'.

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1) Peter refused the offer _______________ he needed the
money.
2) ________________ Mary has a car, she walks to work.
3) James won't sell his car __________________ you offer him

a good price.
4) ____________________ the man was blind, he walked to

the station.
5) We go running every day, _______________ the weather is

bad.
6) I love my job. I wouldn't change jobs _______________

the salary was higher.
7) She gives money to charity __________________ she is not

rich.
8) I wouldn't buy you a scooter __________ I had the money.
Answers :
1) even though 2) even though 3) even if 4) even though

5) even if 6) even if 7) even though 8) even if
for - during - while
Complete the following sentences with 'for', during' or 'while'.
1. I have been waiting for the bus _______________ 20 minutes.
2. Tom played golf ______________ Julie went shopping with her

friends.
3. The family lived in Japan _______________ three years.
4. Larry called his mother _______________ Caroline was

watching television.
55
5. My mother came to stay with us ______________ the summer
___________ 10 days.
6. Yesterday we played tennis _______________ 2 hours.
7. _______________ the holidays we relax, go sightseeing and

visit friends.
8. In Europe, meals are different. People stay at the table

______________ a long time.
Answers :
1) for 2) while 3) for 4) while 5) during/for 6) for 7) during 8) for
Future tense
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets :
- the future simple (ex : I will watch)
- the future continuous (ex : I will be watching
1. I promise I ______________ (call) you as soon as I have any news.
2. This time tomorrow Tom ________________(fly) over the Atlantic on his way to
Boston.
3. Those bags look heavy. I _________________________ (carry) one of them for you.
4. They are getting married on Saturday. All the guests _________________ (wear)
white.
5. The following week they ______________________ (enjoy) the sun in the West
Indies.
6. The sky is a bit cloudy. __________________ (rain) do you think?
7. If you look at this map you ____________ (see) where the islands are.
56
8. You should have no problem finding him. He ___________________ (carry) a guitar.
1) will call 2) will be flying 3) will carry 4) will be wearing 5) will be

enjoying 6) will it 7) will see 8) will be carrying
Gerund - Infinitive
Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
(Correction at the end of the page.)
1. It's obvious he's only interested in (make) ______________

money.
2. Anne couldn't find a taxi so I offered (drive) ________________

her to the station.
3. I managed (book) ________________ two seats on the morning

flight
4. I promise (send) _______________ you our new brochure as soon

as it's available.
5. Peter was delighted (meet) _______________ a former colleague

at the conference.
6. I avoid (take) _______________ the car whenever possible,

especially in big cities.
7. We finished the job by (work) _______________ 12 hours a day.
8. Bob sent a report to the Chairman instead of (attend)

_______________ the meeting.
9. A lot of people dislike (drive) _______________ at night.
10. I intend (speak) _______________ to my boss about your
57
complaint
Correction
1) making 2) to drive 3) to book 4) to send 5) to meet 6) taking 7) working 8) attending 9) driving 10) to
speak
in case - unless
Complete the following sentences with 'in case' or 'unless'.

1. Emma won't call you ___________ you give her your phone
number.
2. Take a map with you ____________ you can't find the hotel.
3. Ask for a receipt __________ you need it later.
4. ______________ fire, press the red button.
5. I won't lend you my car ____________ you promise to drive

carefully.
6. The alarm won't work ____________ you turn it on.
7. We got a second key ____________ we lost the first one.
8. Call this number ______________ emergency.
9. Take your vaccination certificate with you ___________ they

ask for it at the airport.
10. I'll see you at the meeting next week_____________ it's

cancelled before then.
Correction
1) unless 2) in case 3) in case 4) in case of 5) unless 6) unless 7) in case 8) in case of 9) in case

10) unless
Inversion
Print and reformulate the following sentences using inversion.
Example : She at no time said she was vegetarian.
58
> At no time did she say (that) she was vegetarian.
1. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed .
2. I have seldom heard such a talented singer.
3. If John had known that she liked curry, he would have brought her to an
Indian restaurant.
4. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice.
5. He had never felt so depressed.
6. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property.
7. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony.
8. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's
face.
9. She never at any time said that she was allergic to cats.
10. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances.
Correction
1. Hardly had I begun to apologize when the door closed.
2. Seldom have I heard such a talented singer.
3. Had John known that she liked curry, he would have brought her to an
Indian restaurant.
4. Rarely did the artist pay attention to his agent's advice.
5. Never had he felt so depressed.
6. In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers' lost property.
7. No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony.
8. Only when he saw his wife's face did Tom realize the meaning of the
comment.
9. Never at any time had she said (that) she was allergic to cats.
10. Under no circumstances can the restaurant accept animals.
59
ike / look like / be like
Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of like, look like or be like.
1. Are you feeling alright? You ____________________ a ghost!

2. What ________ your children _________________ to do after school?
3. It's incredible how much you ________________ your mother.
4. What________ the weather __________________ in New York at the moment?
5. Caroline works very well. She ___________________ her sister.
6. What ________ your new boss _______________________?
7. Who _________ the baby _________________________?
8. It's a well-known fact that teenagers tend to ________________ junk food.
9. What ______ your new job ____________?
10. Have you visited the new shopping centre? What ____________________?
Answers:
1) look like 2) do/like 3) look like 4) is/like 5) is like 6) is/like or does/look like 7) does/look like 8)
like 9) is/like 10) is it like
like / as
Complete the following sentences with the correct word : like or as.
1. My sister is not at all __________ me.
2. I've had my hair cut, _________ you can see.
3. Tom has joined a telephone company _________ product manager.
4. When James was a student, he worked every summer ________ a waiter.
5. My friend Mary looks __________ Madonna.
6. Tom qualified ________ an engineer before attending a business school.
60
7. Julie is completely overworked. She works _______ a slave!
8. Today is Friday, so today, _________ on every Friday, we wear casual

wear.
9. Strong leaders, _________Winston Churchill, are few and far between.
10. He's a very good swimmer. He can swim ________ a fish!
Answers :
1. like 2. as 3. as 4. as 5. like 6. as 7. like 8. as 9. like 10. like
linking words
Make one sentence from the two below, using the word(s) in brackets.
Example : It was raining. We played golf. (even though) => Even though it was raining, we
played golf.
1. She wasn't very rich. She gave money to the beggar. (although)
_________________________________________________________________________
2. He left early. He wanted to arrive on time. (so that)
___________________________________________________________________________
3. You can go out tonight. You must tell us where you are going. (provided)
__________________________________________________________________________
4. I don't earn a big salary. But if I did, I wouldn't buy a car. (even if)
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Take a sandwich. There might be no restaurant. (in case)
__________________________________________________________________________
6. There was a lot of noise. He managed to sleep. (despite)
__________________________________________________________________________
7. Sue likes Opera. Joe prefers jazz. (They have different tastes.) (whereas)
__________________________________________________________________________
61
8. The weather was bad. They enjoyed the trip. (even though)
__________________________________________________________________________
9. He had the 'flu. He went to work. (in spite of)
__________________________________________________________________________
10. You have to put the alarm on. If not, it won't work. (unless)
__________________________________________________________________________
linking words
(answers)
1. She wasn't very rich. She gave money to the beggar. (although)
=> Although she wasn't very rich, she gave money to the beggar .
2. He left early. He wanted to arrive on time. (so that)

=> He left early so that he would arrive on time .
3. You can go out tonight. You must tell us where you are going.
(provided)
=> You can go out tonight provided you tell us where you are
going.
4. I don't early a big salary. But if I did, I wouldn't buy a car. (even if)
=>Even if I earned a big salary I wouldn't buy a car .
5. Take a sandwich. There might be no restaurant. (in case)

=> Take a sandwich in case there's no restaurant .
6. There was a lot of noise. He managed to sleep. (despite)

=> Despite the noise, he managed to sleep.
7. Sue likes Opera. Joe prefers jazz. (whereas)

=> Sue likes Opera whereas Joe prefers Jazz .
8. The weather was bad. They enjoyed the trip. (even though)
=> Even though the weather was bad they enjoyed the trip.
9. He had the 'flu. He went to work. (in spite of)

=> In spite of having the 'flu he went to work.
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10. You have to put the alarm on. If not, it won't work. (unless)
=> Unless you put the alarm on it won't work.
make / do
Complete the sentences below with make or do (in the correct tense).
1. If you set up a business, it's generally to _______ money.
2. I can't give the answer right away. I'll have to ______ some research.
3. I'm very pleased with the result. You ______ a great job!
4. When I ________ a mistake, my teacher corrects me and explains

why.
5. What are you studying? I'm __________ a degree in history.
6. You'll have to work hard if you want to ________ progress.
7. Stop ________ fun of my accent - it's not my fault!
8. It doesn't have to be perfect - just ______ your best.
9. I've got a toothache. I'm going to ring the dentist to ___________ an

appointment.
10. It's not easy to _________ business with people of different

nationalities.
Correction:
1) make 2) do 3) did 4) make 5) doing 6) make 7) making 8) do 9) make 10) do
63
Must - Have to
Complete the sentences below with the correct word(s) : 'must' or 'have to'.
1. My boss needs this report urgently. I _____________ finish it

now.
2. "You _________ arrive on time every morning" said the

shopkeeper to the new trainee.
3. Julie __________ go to work on foot. The buses are on strike.

.
4. Secretaries ________ answer the phone. That's part of their

job.
5. "You ________ do your homework" said the teacher.
6. "We__________ invite our neighbours for dinner one day" said

my husband.
7. David ________ leave home at 7..30 a.m. in order to get to the

office at 9 a.m.
8. "I _______ hurry or I'll miss my flight!"
9. Employees ___________ attend all personnel meetings - it's

written in their contracts.
10. "I ________ call my mother - it's her birthday today."
Correction
1. have to 2. must 3. has to 4. have to 5. must 6. must 7. has to 8. must 9. have to 10. must
Passive form of verbs
Change the form of the following sentences from active to passive :
Example : People buy food at the market Food is bought at the market.
He has fed the animals. The animals have been fed.
1. Active : They take the child to school by car.

Passive : The child ...
64
2. Active : I saw two armed men in front of the jewellery shop.
Passive : Two armed men ...
3. Active : The reporter is announcing the results on the radio right now.
Passive : The results ...
4. Active : Emma had done the housework before the guests arrived.
Passive : The housework ...
5. Active : The doctor was treating the patient when the ambulance arrived.
Passive : The patient ...
6. Active : The ambulance will take the patient to the nearest hospital.
Passive : The patient ...
7. Active : The teacher had announced the results to the students.

Passive : The results...
8. Active : Tom will have calculated the cost before the end of the day.
Passive : The cost ...
1. Active : They take the child to school by car.

Passive : The child is taken to school by car.
2. Active : I saw two armed men in front of the jewellery shop.

Passive : Two armed men were seen in front of the jewellery shop.
3. Active : The reporter is announcing the results on the radio right now.
Passive : The results are being announced on the radio right now.
4. Active : Emma had done the housework before the guests arrived.
Passive : The housework had been done before the guests arrived.
5. Active : The doctor was treating the patient when the ambulance arrived.
Passive : The patient was being treated when the ambulance arrived.
6. Active : The ambulance will take the patient to the nearest hospital.
Passive : The patient will be taken (by ambulance) to the nearest hospital.
65
7. Active : The teacher had announced the results to the students.
Passive : The results had been announced to the students.
8. Active : Tom will have calculated the cost before the end of the day.
Passive : The cost will have been calculated before the end of the day.
Past Perfect
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the tense in brackets
(past perfect simple or continuous).
The correction is at the end of the page.
1. When their mother arrived home, the children __________________

(finish) their homework.
2. The meeting ____________ (start) when I arrived at the office.
3. Julie didn't watch the film because she _____________ (see) it

before.
4. The mechanic ______________(repair) her car when Mary arrived at

the garage.
5. Caroline was tired when she left the office because she
________________(work) all day.
6. David was playing tennis. When his father arrived, he

__________________(play) for 2 hours.
7. When the dessert arrived, Anne wasn't hungry; she

_______________(eat) too much.
8. It was my first flight. I ________________ (never fly) before.
9. The dentist was angry because John _______________ (forget) the

time of his appointment.
10. On the day of his exam, Joe was ready. He ________________

(revise) for weeks.
Correction
1) had finished 2) had started 3) had seen 4) had repaired 5) had been working
6) had been playing 7) had eaten 8) had never flown 9) had forgotten 10) had been revising
Past Simple Tense
66
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets:
1. Yesterday evening I__________ (go) to the cinema with a

friend.
2. From 1995 to 1998 I __________ (work) in Tokyo.
3. Last night the concert __________ (finish) at midnight.
4. I __________ (arrive) at the office this morning before my

colleagues.
5. When he was young, Tom ________ (ride) a bicycle to school.
6. The train was at 8 p.m. so I ___________ (leave) home at 7 p.m.
7. Last Sunday was my mother's birthday, so I __________ (make)

a cake.
8. I ___________ (start) to play golf five years ago.
9. The great composer Mozart _________ (die) at the age of 35.
10. Julie _________ (do) a lot of English exercises last week.
Correction
1) went 2) worked 3) finished 4) arrived 5) rode 6) left 7) made 8) started 9) died 10) did
Past Simple - Past Continuous

Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the tense in brackets
(ex : Past Simple : I played - Past Continuous : I was playing)
1) When her husband ____________ (arrive) home, Anne

__________________(watch) television.
2) I _________________ (prepare) dinner when the telephone

_________________ (ring).
3) What ________________________ (you do) when the postman

______________(arrive)?
4) Julie _______________ (learn) to drive when she

___________________ (work) in London.
67
5) Where ___________________ (you sit) when the show
(begin)?
6) I ________________ (visit) Athens while I

____________________ (tour) Greece.
7) It was when he ____________________ (cross) the street that

John______________ (fall).
8) What ________________(you see) while you

______________________ (wait) for the bus?
9) Where _______________________ (you go) when your car

________________(break) down?
10) Julie ________________ (meet) Peter when she

___________________ (walk) in the park.
Correction
1) arrived - was watching 2) was preparing - rang 3) were you doing - arrived 4)
learnt/learned - was working 5)were you sitting - began 6) visited - was touring
7) was crossing - fell 8) did you see - you were waiting 9) were you going -
broke down 10) met - was walking
Possessive exercise
Print and complete the sentences below.

The answers are at the end.
1. Peter has a friend called David. David is ___________________
2. Peter has a lot of friends, including David. David is _____________________
3. I know Peter very well. We have become friends. Peter is ________________________
4. The dog has a long tail so be careful not to walk on it. Don't walk on
_________________________
5. Emma has an appointment with the hairdresser at 10 a.m. At 10 a.m. Emma will be
___________________________
6. My neighbours have a red car. _______________________ is red.
7. My parents have painted their house blue. _______________________ is blue.
8. The government made a proposal which was rejected by the Trade Unions. The Trade
Unions rejected the _____________________
68
9. My grandfather has a dog. Its name is Roxy. _____________________________ is Roxy
10.The head office of the company is on Park Avenue. The ____________________________

is on Park Avenue.
1) Peter's friend 2) a friend of Peter's/one of Peter's friends 3) a friend of mine/one of my friends 4) the
dog's tail
5) at the hairdresser's 6) my neighbours' car 7) my parents' house 8) the government's proposal
9) my grandfather's dog's name 10) company's head office
Prepositions
Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition :
1. Mr. Martin is responsible ______ recruitment
2. I'm sorry but I don't understand the reason ________ the

increase ________ price.
3. In this company, salaries depend ________ the level of

responsibility.
4. You have to pay ________ the tickets the day you order them.
5. Our new Chairman reminds me ________ my old history

teacher.
6. Do you think the report could be translated ________ English for

the meeting tomorrow?
7. Thank you for offering to help. It's very kind ________ you.
8. Look ________ the woman ________ the picture. Who is she?
9. The manager didn't take part ________ the discussion. He

didn't want to intervene.
10. It's no use taking him to the Louvre. He isn't interested

_______ art.
11. The food in Japan is very different ________ European food.
12. I don't agree ________ you. ________ my opinion you're

wrong.
13. John was late for the meeting as usual. That's typical ________
69
him.
14. We should invite Pete to the party. He's very good ________
telling jokes.
15. The car crashed ________ a fence ________ the other side of
the road.
Correction
1) for 2)for/in 3) on 4) for 5) of 6) into 7) of 8) at/in
9) in 10) in 11) from 12) with/in 13) of 14) at 15) into/on
Prepositions 2
Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition :
1. I asked my neighbour to look _________ my cat when I went to

London.
2. All books are provided ______ the school. Pupils don't have to
pay _____ them.
3. The meeting is _____ September 15th _____ 9 a.m.
4. If you're interested ______ working overseas, you should apply

______ that job
5. London is a big city, but it's very different ________New York.
6. My boss got angry ______ me when I arrived late _____ the

second time.
7. I'm not familiar _______ this machine. Could you explain

______ me how it works?
8. She wrote the text ______ Japanese, then translated it ______

English.
9. He left the house, got ______ his car and drove ______.
10. Due to bad weather conditions, the plane couldn't take _______
______ time.
11. She was embarrassed ______ the way people were staring
_____ her.
70
12. They apologized ______ the host ______ arriving late
13. The authorities talked ______ the need ______ better education
in developing countries.
14. ______ my opinion, you should wait _____ confirmation before

making a decision.
15. Students often have a problem ______ English prepositions.

Correction
1) after 2) by/for 3) on/at 4) in/for 5) from 6) with/for 7) with/to 8) in/into
9) into/away (or 'off') 10) off/on 11) by/at 12) to/for 13) about/for 14) in/for 15) with
Present - Past Tense Revision
Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.

1) In 1998, John______________ (visit) Tahiti with a group of friends.
2) This month Tom _________________ (revise) for his exams.
3) Julie is at the cinema waiting for Tom. She _______________ (wait) for
10 minutes.
4) Marie only has half an hour for lunch so she usually ______________
(have) a sandwich.
5) David is a good friend of mine. I _______________ (know) him since I

was six years old.
6) At the moment I need to concentrate. I __________________ (do) a

grammar exercise.
7) Tom is writing an important report. He _______________(write) 4

pages already.
8) Once a month Caroline _______________ (go) to the hairdresser's to

have her hair cut.
71
9) Last year Peter ________________(travel) all over Australia.
10) Next Saturday, Peter ________________(take) Caroline to the theatre.

Correction :
1) visited 2) is revising 3) has been waiting 4) has 5) have known
6) am doing 7) has written 8) goes 9) travelled 10) is taking
Present - Past Tense Revision
Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.

1) In 1998, John______________ (visit) Tahiti with a group of friends.
2) This month Tom _________________ (revise) for his exams.
3) Julie is at the cinema waiting for Tom. She _______________ (wait) for
10 minutes.
4) Marie only has half an hour for lunch so she usually ______________
(have) a sandwich.
5) David is a good friend of mine. I _______________ (know) him since I

was six years old.
6) At the moment I need to concentrate. I __________________ (do) a

grammar exercise.
7) Tom is writing an important report. He _______________(write) 4

pages already.
8) Once a month Caroline _______________ (go) to the hairdresser's to

have her hair cut.
9) Last year Peter ________________(travel) all over Australia.
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10) Next Saturday, Peter ________________(take) Caroline to the theatre.
Correction :
1) visited 2) is revising 3) has been waiting 4) has 5) have known
6) am doing 7) has written 8) goes 9) travelled 10) is taking
Present Perfect - Past Simple
Put the verb in brackets into the correct form :

present perfect (simple or continuous form) or past simple.
Remember: the Present Perfect is used for unfinished time, the Past Simple for finished time.
PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?
1. Tom (go)__________ to the cinema yesterday.
2. John is playing a game of tennis. He (play)______________ for

2 hours.
3 I (book)__________ the tickets two weeks ago for the concert in

Vienna.
4. The teacher (speak)____________ English since the beginning of

this lesson.
5. In your life, how many countries (you-visit) _______________?
6. The Bank (open)__________ a branch in new shopping centre

last month.
7. The bus is late and Julie is cold. She (wait)__________ for 10

minutes.
8. Caroline (work)__________ here between 2003 and 2006.
9. Before boarding, John (buy)_______ a book to read during the

flight.
10. So far today, I (learn) ____________ several new words in

English.
Correction
1- went 2- has been playing 3- booked 4- has been speaking 5- have you visited
73
6- opened 7- has been waiting 8 - worked 9 - bought 10- have learnt
Present Simple Exercise
Complete each of the sentences below with a verb from the box.
start take eat think sleep go like drink write lives
1. The film ________________ every day at 8 p.m.
2. Many children _________________ milk with their meals.
3. Cats generally _______________ a lot.
4. Julie _______________ a letter to her mother once a week.
5. Tom and Julie _______________ in a big city in the centre of the country.
6. Tourists _______________ to Egypt to see the pyramids.
7. Jimmy always _______________ the bus to go to school.
8. We all know that children _______________ sweets.
9. Anne _______________ it's a good idea to do English exercises.
10. If you want to be healthy, you must _______________ good food.
Answers :
1 - starts 2- drink 3 - sleep 4 - writes 5 - live 6 - go 7 - takes 8 - like 9 - thinks 10 - ea
Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense

(example : I play or I am playing)
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets:
(Present Simple or Present Continuous) (Correction at the end of the page.)
1. Every day Julie _______________ (take) the bus to go to her office.
2. At the moment you _______________ (do) an English exercise.

3. Tom and Julie _______________ (learn) English this year.
4. The Bank __________________ (open) at 9.30 every morning from
Monday to Friday.
5. Our cousins ___________________ (come) to see us next Sunday.
74
6. Tom ______________ (read) the newspaper every morning on the
train.
7. Julie usually __________________ (clean) the house on Saturdays.
8. At the moment she _________________ (write) a letter to a client.
9. Julie _________________ (speak) three languages : English, French
and Spanish.
10. Today is Sunday. Tom and Julie _________________ (relax) in their

garden.
Correction :
1) takes 2) are doing 3) are learning 4) opens 5) are coming

6) reads 7) cleans 8) is writing 9) speaks 10) are relaxing
Present Perfect - Past Simple
Put the verb in brackets into the correct form :

present perfect (simple or continuous form) or past simple.
Remember: the Present Perfect is used for unfinished time, the Past Simple for finished time.
PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?
1. Tom (go)__________ to the cinema yesterday.
2. John is playing a game of tennis. He (play)______________ for

2 hours.
3 I (book)__________ the tickets two weeks ago for the concert in

Vienna.
4. The teacher (speak)____________ English since the beginning of

this lesson.
5. In your life, how many countries (you-visit) _______________?
6. The Bank (open)__________ a branch in new shopping centre

last month.
7. The bus is late and Julie is cold. She (wait)__________ for 10

minutes.
8. Caroline (work)__________ here between 2003 and 2006.
9. Before boarding, John (buy)_______ a book to read during the
75
flight.
10. So far today, I (learn) ____________ several new words in

English.
Correction
1- went 2- has been playing 3- booked 4- has been speaking 5- have you visited
6- opened 7- has been waiting 8 - worked 9 - bought 10- have learnt
Present Perfect - Past SImple
Find the mistake - n1
Each of the sentences below has a mistake. Find it and correct it.
(Example : I have written the article yesterday . I wrote the article yesterday.)
1. I have visited New York two months ago.
2. Anne isnt here at the moment. Shes been to London.
3. In your life, how many different countries did you visit?
4. Theyve opened the new shopping centre last week.
5. How many pages did you read so far this week ?
6. When have you bought your car?
7. Ive lived in London since 5 years.
8. Ive seen that film last Friday.
9. His English improved a lot this year.
10. In his last job, Peter has travelled to Germany every month.
11. Julie has worked here between 1997 and 1999.
12. How many films did you see this month ?
13. When has Mary arrived ?
14. Before leaving for Boston, I have bought a good dictionary.
15. So far I didnt receive a reply to my invitation.
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Correction
1. I visited New York two months ago.
2. Anne isnt here at the moment. Shes gone to London.
3. In your life, how many different

countries have you visited?
4. They opened the new shopping centre last week.
5. How many pages have you read so far this week ?
6. When did you buy your car?
7. Ive lived in London for 5 years.
8. I saw that film last Friday.
9. His English has improved a lot this year.
10. In his last job, Peter travelled to Germany every month.
11. Julie worked here between 1997 and 1999.
12. How many films have you seen this month ?
13. When did Mary arrive ?
14. Before leaving for Boston, I bought a good dictionary.
15. So far I haven't received a reply to my invitation.
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Each of the sentences below has a mistake. Find it and correct it.
(Example : Did you ever visit Canada? . Have you ever visited Canada?)
1. I live in a house I have bought 7 years ago.
2. The man who lives next door wrote four books about his
travels.
3. I have been listening to the recording several times today.
4. Did you ever taste a cereal called quinoa?
5. How many new words did you note down so far in this
lesson?
6. Caroline has been visiting Hong Kong five times already.
7. Ive seen that programme on television last night
8. How many times have you been asking for an explanation?
9. My English improved a lot this year.
10. In her previous job, Julie has spoken English a lot.
11. Jack has worked here between 1996 and 1999.
12. How many times did you go to the theatre this year?
13. How long ago has Emma taken up golf?
14. When I was 6 years old, I have got a bicycle for Christmas.
15. So far I didnt make too many mistakes.
16. Tony is still watching TV. He has watched it for 3 hours.
17. I hate red meat. Since I was a child I have been hating it.
18. How long have you attended these classes?
19. There is no lesson today. The teacher has been on holiday.
78
20. I can relax now. I finished this exercise!

correction
1. I live in a house I bought 7 years ago.
2. The man who lives next door has written four books about his
travels.
3. I have listened to the recording several times today.
4. Have you ever tasted a cereal called quinoa?
5. How many new words have you noted down so far in this
lesson?
6. Caroline has visited Hong Kong five times already.
7. I saw that programme on television last night
8. How many times have you asked for an explanation?
9. My English has improved a lot this year.
10. In her previous job, Julie spoke English a lot.
11. Jack worked here between 1996 and 1999.
12. How many times have you gone to the theatre this year?
13. How long ago did Emma take up golf?
14. When I was 6 years old, I got a bicycle for Christmas.
15. So far I haven't made too many mistakes.
16. Tony is still watching TV. He has been watching it for 3

hours.
79
17. I hate red meat. Since I was a child I have hated it.
18. How long have you been attending these classes?
19. There is no lesson today. The teacher has gone on holiday.
20. I can relax now. I have finished this exercise!
Present Perfect Simple or Continuous?
Each of the sentences below has one or two mistakes. Find them and correct them.
(Example : I am watching television since I came home from school. I have been watching television since I came
home.)
1. How long are you learning English ?
2. How many cigarettes have you been smoking this afternoon ?
3. I am working here since 1995.

4. Ive had my watch since a long time.
5. How many years are you living in London ?
6. Mark is exhausted. He is playing tennis since two hours..
7. Sophie is doing very well at school since the beginning of the year.
8. I have worn this sweater since 9 oclock this morning.
9. I know Laura for many years.
10. Peter is attending English classes since two years.
11. My best friend has always been hating fish.
12. How many chapters of the book did you read so far ?
13. I am waiting for the bus since a long time.
14. I have listened carefully to the teacher since the beginning of the
80
lesson.
15. How long are you a member of the tennis club ?
Find the mistake - 3

Correction
1. How long have you been learning English ?
2. How many cigarettes have you smoked this afternoon ?
3. I have been working here since 1995.
4. Ive had my watch for a long time.
5. How many years have you been living in London ?
6. Mark is exhausted. He has been playing tennis for two

hours.
7. Sophie has been doing very well at school since the beginning
of the year.
8. I have been wearing this sweater since 9 oclock this morning.
9. I have known Laura for many years.
10. Peter has been attending English classes for two years.
11. My best friend has always hated fish.
12. How many chapters of the book have you read so far ?
13. I have been waiting for the bus for a long time.
14. I have been listening carefully to the teacher since the

beginning of the lesson.
15. How long have you been a member of the tennis club ?
81
Reported (indirect) Speech
Change the following sentences from direct speech to reported speech :
Example :
Direct Speech: Jane : "I play tennis every Saturday."
Reported Speech : Jane said she played tennis every Saturday.
1. Direct speech : David : "There is an excellent band playing later on."

Reported Speech : David said ...
2. Direct speech : Christine : "I saw Amy at the bank on Monday."

Reported Speech : Christine said ...
3. Direct speech : The driver : "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights."
Reported Speech : The driver said ...
4. Direct speech : Jonathan: "I've returned the dictionary to the library".

Reported Speech : Jonathan said ..
5. Direct speech : The doctor : "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive."
Reported Speech : The doctor said ...
6. Direct speech : Caroline : "Will you come to my party on Saturday?"

Reported Speech : Caroline ...
7. Direct speech : Shop assistant: "Are you looking for something special?"
Reported Speech : The shop assistant ...
8. Direct speech : Jack : "I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help.
Reported Speech : Jack said ...
1. Direct speech : David : "There is an excellent band playing later on."

Reported Speech : David said there was an excellent bank playing later on.
2. Direct speech : Christine : "I saw Amy at the bank on Monday."

Reported Speech : Christine said she had seen Amy at the bank on Monday.
3. Direct speech : The driver : "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights."
Reported Speech : The driver said he was going to turn right at the traffic lights.
82
4. Direct speech : Jonathan: "I've returned the dictionary to the library".
Reported Speech : Jonathan said he had returned the dictionary to the library.
5. Direct speech : The doctor : "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive."
Reported Speech : The doctor said he would send me/us the results
as soon as they arrived.
6. Direct speech : Caroline : "Will you come to my party on Saturday?"

Reported Speech : Caroline asked (me) if I would come to her party on
Saturday.
7. Direct speech : Shop assistant: "Are you looking for something special?"
Reported Speech : The shop assistant asked if I was looking for something
special.
8. Direct speech : Jack : "I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help.
Reported Speech : Jack said he would lend me his grammar book
if I thought it would help.
so - neither
Complete column B using so or neither, as in the examples given.
A B
Example 1: Sean is Irish. Michael is Irish
Example 1: Sean is Irish. So is Michael.
too. >>>
Example 2 : Tom doesn't like sailing. I don't like Example 2 : Tom doesn't like sailing.
sailing either. >>> Neither do I
1) My sister loves chocolate. I love chocolate

1)
too.
2) Peter was late. Mary was late too. 2)
3) They can't speak Chinese. We can't speak

3)
Chinese either.
4) Coffee keeps you awake. Tea keeps you

4)
awake too.
5)
83
5) Sarah doesn't like coffee. Jane doesn't like
coffee either.
6) David's job isn't well paid. My job isn't well

6)
paid either.
7) My parents would love to live by the sea. I

7)
would love to live by the sea too.
8) Tom wouldn't like to lose his job. Peter

8)
wouldn't like to lose his job either.
9) Julie is interested in art. I'm interested in

9)
art too.
10) Bill didn't understand the joke. His wife

1
didn't understand the joke either.
so - neither
Correction
1) My sister loves chocolate. So do I.
2) Peter was late. So was Mary.
3) They can't speak Chinese. Neither can we.
4) Coffee keeps you awake. So does tea.
5) Sarah doesn't like coffee. Neither does Jane.
6) David's job isn't well paid. Neither is mine.
7) My parents would love to live by the sea. So would I.
8) Tom wouldn't like to lose his job. Neither would

Peter.
9) Julie is interested in art. So am I.
84
10) Bill didn't understand the joke. Neither did his wife.
Some - any - a little - a few - much many
Complete the sentences below with one of the following words :
some | any | a little | a few | much | many
1. Not all of the children went outside. ____________of them stayed in the classroom.
2. I have to go to the supermarket. There isn't _________ coffee left.
3. How ________ loaves of bread do we need?
4. Would you like _______ milk? Yes please. Just _________________.
5. The land is not suitable for agriculture so _________ of the food is imported.
6. There are only ______________ people interested in the subject..
7. How _________ of the students have a computer at home?
8. Can you tell me _____________ about your experience in London?
Answers :
1) some/a few 2) any/much 3) many 4) some/a little 5) much 6) a few 7) many 8) a

little
used to - to be / to get used to

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of used and the verb in brackets.
Example :
Tom______________ (take) the bus to go to work, now he

walks. => Tom used to take the bus to go to work...
Sending emails to my grandmother is difficult. She isn't ___________a

computer. => She isn't used to using a computer.
1. Caroline _______________ (have) a walkman, now she has an ipod.
85
2. We haven't seen Bob very often since he got a promotion. He's very
busy. He _____________________(not be) so busy.
3. I've just got my first job. It's exciting but I'll have
_______________________(work) regular hours.
4. It is difficult for Tom to drive in England. He ____________________

(drive) on the left-hand side of the road.
5. When Peter was young, he ________________ (ride) a bicycle to

school.
6. People from India usually find our food tasteless. They

________________________ (eat) spicy food.
7. Computers ________________ (be) very expensive. Now the prices

are more reasonable.
8. English has become international.

Businessmen ________________________ (speak) English at international
meetings.
9. During my childhood, I ________________ (spend) a lot of time with

my grandparents.
10. Maria _________________ (think) that she would

never ________________________ (live) in New York.
Correction
1. Caroline used to have a walkman, now she had an ipod.
2. We haven't seen Bob very often since he got a promotion. He's very
busy. He didn't use to be so busy.
3. I've just got my first job. It's exciting but I'll have to get used to
working regular hours.
4. It is difficult for Tom to drive in England. He isn't used to driving on
the left-hand side of the road.
5. When Peter was young, he used to ride a bicycle to school.
6. People from India usually find our food tasteless. They are used to
eating spicy food.
7. Computers used to be very expensive. Now the prices are more
reasonable.
8. English has become international.
Businessmen are used to speaking / have got used to
speaking English at international meetings.
9. During my childhood, I used to spend a lot of time with my
grandparents.
10. Maria used to think that she would never get used to living in New
York
86
whatever - whenever - wherever - whichever whoever
Complete the sentences below with an appropriate word.

1. You are welcome to come and stay with us __________ you like.
2. I'd like to speak to __________ is in charge of sales.
3. __________ you do, don't forget to call me as soon as you arrive.
4. It comes in three colours; choose __________ you prefer.
5. What do you want to do on Saturday? I don't mind - ___________ you like!
6. He always makes friends quickly, ________________ he goes.
7. _______________ borrowed the dictionary should return it as quickly as

possible.
8. The teacher says I don't participate enough, but ____________ I try to

speak, someone interrupts me!
9. There is no entrance fee; you give __________ you can afford.
10. He says he's from Brookstown, ____________ that is.
Answers:
1) whenever 2) whoever 3) whatever 4) whichever 5) whatever 6) wherever 7) whoever 8)

whenever 9) whatever 10) wherever
whether - if
87
Complete the following sentences using whether, whether or not or if.
(Choose 'if' when it is possible to use it.)
1. I can't decide ______________________ to buy a bicycle.
2. Tom asked Julie ___________________ she'd like to go to the

cinema.
3. You've got to go to school __________________ you like it or

not!
4. Caroline might come. It depends on _________________ she

has a car or not.
5. We're not sure ___________________ we're going to change

offices.
6. _________________ I buy the cake or make it myself won't

make it less fattening!
7. I wonder ____________________ I should mention it to my

boss.
8. He really doesn't care ____________________ it suits

everyone.
9. I'm not sure _________________ I'll have time to go to the

hairdressers.
10. The price doesn't change ______________ you travel by car or

by train. .
Answers:
1) whether or not 2) if 3) whether 4) whether 5) if

6) whether 7) if 8) whether or not 9) if 10) whether
wish - if
88
Rephrase the following sentences using wish or if.
ex : I don't have a dog and I regret that. I wish I had a dog.
1. I don't speak Chinese and I regret that.
_____________________________________________________________
2. Tom didn't work hard last year and now he's sorry.
_____________________________________________________________
3. The children are shouting and I'd like them to stop.
_____________________________________________________________
4. Caroline isn't rich enough to buy an apartment otherwise she

would do that.
_____________________________________________________________
5. My car broke down on Sunday and I regret that that happened.
_____________________________________________________________
6. In your position I think you should have a check-up once a year.
_____________________________________________________________
7. It would be better if the rain stopped.
_____________________________________________________________
8. I don't have any cake to offer you and I'm sorry about that .
_____________________________________________________________
wish - if
(answers)
answers
1. I don't speak Chinese and I regret that.

I wish I spoke Chinese
2. Tom didn't work hard last year and now he's sorry.
Tom wishes he had worked hard (or harder) last
year.
89
3. The children are shouting and I'd like them to stop.
I wish the children would stop shouting.
4. Caroline isn't rich enough to buy an apartment otherwise

she would do that.
If Caroline were rich enough she would buy an
apartment.
5. My car broke down on Sunday and I regret that that

happened.
I wish my car hadn't broken down on Sunday.
6. In your position I think I would have a check-up once a

year.
If I were you I'd have a check-up once a year.
7. It would be better if it stopped raining.

I wish it would stop raining.
8. I don't have any cake to offer you and I'm sorry about
that .
I wish I had some cake to offer you.
90

English Grammar PDF

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English grammar rules, verb tenses and forms, vocabulary usage,

with exercises and word games.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I play I do not play I don't play Do I play?

The present simple tense is used :

Complete the sentences below with the correct word.

1. John moved to London 10 years ago and he __________ lives

2. Julie ____________ walks to school.

3. "What time is the accountant coming?" "He's ____________

4. "I ordered a book last week. Has it arrived __________?".

5. Do you __________ take milk in your coffee?".

6. "I've been taking English lessons for 3 months but I __________

8. I ____________ save my files and turn off the computer before

9. Peter sent an application form two weeks ago but he __________

1) still 2) always 3) already 4) yet 5) always 6) still 7)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I played I did not play I didn't play Did I play?

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Simple

I have done I have not done I haven't done Have I done?

The present perfect is used to refer to actions which take place in an

The present perfect continuous tense is used to refer to an action

The present perfect simple is used to refer to the finished part of a

So far in my English course :

I have learnt new vocabulary.

The present perfect tense is used :

The Past Simple is used:

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I played I did not play I didn't play Did I play?

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Simple

I had done I had not done I hadn't done Had I done?

Past Perfect Continuous

The past perfect continuous is used to refer to a past continuous

Present and Past Tense Revision

The sun rises in the east.

I am visiting Rome next Monday.

We have revised grammar rules and

I was watching television when the

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I would call I would not call I wouldn't call Would I call?

The conditional (would + verb) is used to refer to an imaginary or

If Tom had more money, he would buy a sports car.

Tom is not rich, but if he were, this is what he would do.

In English there are different conditional structures :

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

The structure used to + infinitive is used to refer to

It exists only in the past.

Here are some examples :

This structure cannot be used to say how often something happened,

- Be/get 'used to' + noun

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

To be used to something means to be accustomed to it.

To get used to something means to become accustomed to it.

Present Continuous Tense

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am playing I am not playing I'm not playing Am I playing?

The present continuous tense is used :

To talk about planned future activities :

Past Continuous Tense

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

The present perfect tense is used :