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CHAPTER I
PROBLEM and Its SETTING
Introduction
Nowadays, security and safety are among the most prominent
basic needs of men and women. People managed to place scientific,
technological advances and living conditions to healthier
standards after providing security and safety which are the basic
needs of people.
Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from,
harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a
person, dwelling, community, item, nation, or organization.
Security became necessary for human existence. This is due
partially to the relationship between population and resources.
As population increased in early societies, pressure for self-
sustenance often led to exploration, domination of vulnerable
populations, and exploitation.
Security theater is a critical term for deployment of
measures primarily aimed at raising subjective security without a
genuine or commensurate concern for the effects of that measure
on objective security. For example, some consider the screening
of airline passengers based on static databases to have been
DWCC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT DWCC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT DWCC CRIMINOLOGY

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Security Theater and Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening
System to have created a decrease in objective security.
Perception of security can increase objective security when
it affects or deters malicious behavior, as with visual signs of
security protections, such as video surveillance, alarm systems
in a home, or an anti-theft system in a car such as a vehicle
tracking system or warning sign. Since some intruders will decide
not to attempt to break into such areas or vehicles, there can
actually be less damage to windows in addition to protection of
valuable objects inside. Without such advertisement, an intruder
might, for example, approach a car, break the window, and then
flee in response to an alarm being triggered. Either way, perhaps
the car itself and the objects inside aren't stolen, but
with perceived security even the windows of the car have a lower
chance of being damaged.
Home security is something applicable to all of us and
involves the hardware in place on a property, and personal
security practices. The hardware would be the doors, locks, alarm
systems, lighting that is installed on your property. Personal
security practices would be ensuring doors are locked, alarms
activated, windows closed and many other routine tasks which act
to prevent a burglary.

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Certain concepts recur throughout different fields of
security: Assurance is assurance is the level of guarantee that a
security system will behave as expected. Countermeasure is a
countermeasure is a way to stop a threat from triggering a risk
event. Defense in depth is never rely on one single security
measure alone. Risk is a risk is a possible event which could
cause a loss. Threat is a threat is a method of triggering a risk
event that is dangerous. Vulnerability is a weakness in a target
that can potentially be exploited by a security threat. Exploit
is a vulnerability that has been triggered by a threat - a risk
of 1.0 (100%).
Physical security describes security measures that are
designed to deny unauthorized access to facilities, equipment and
resources, and to protect personnel and property from damage or
harm such espionage, theft, or terrorist attacks. Physical
security involves the use of multiple layers of interdependent
system which include CCTV surveillance, security guards,
protective barriers, locks, access control protocols, and many
other techniques. Physical security system for protected
facilities are generally intended to, deter potential intruders
(warning signs and perimeters warning), detect intrusions and
monitor/record intruder (intruder alarm CCTV systems); and

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trigger appropriate incident responses (security guards and
police).
Physical barriers such as fences, walls, and vehicle barriers
act as the outermost layer of security. They serve to prevent, or
at least delay attacks and also act as a psychological deterrent
by defining the perimeter of the facility and making intrusions
seem more difficult. Tall fencing, topped with barbed wire, razor
wire or metal spikes are often emplaced on the perimeter of a
property, generally with some type of signage that warns people
not to attempt to enter. However, in some facilities imposing
perimeter walls/fencing will not be possible (an urban office
building that is directly adjacent to public sidewalks) or it
may be aesthetically unacceptable (surrounding a shopping centre
with tall fences topped with razor wire) In this case, the outer
security perimeter will be defined as the walls/windows/doors of
structure itself.
According to David Baldwin, security has recently become
something of cottage industry. Most such efforts, however, are
more concerned with redefining the policy agendas of nation-
states than with the concept of security itself. Often, this
takes the form of proposals for giving high priority to such
issues as human rights, economics, the environment, drug traffic,
epidemics, crime, or social justice, in addition to the

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traditional concern with security from external military threats.
Such proposals are usually buttressed with a mixture of normative
arguments about which values of which people or groups of people
should be protected, and empirical arguments as to the nature and
magnitude of threats to those values. Relatively litte attention
is devoted to conceptual issues such.
The growth of societies, complexity of urban life, the
changes in the business areas, and rapid advancement of the
technology required the transfer of some services provided by the
security forces to private security and the provision of some
services by private contractors. In developed countries, the
security of private areas is provided by private security guards.
Private security services, which become an important sector in
developed coutries, have been set in our country in order to
reduce the burden of the police and to meet the demand for the
safety of life and property (Balkir and Colak, 2005).
Background of study

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Living in a homeowners association creates an opportunity for
its members to benefit in many different ways. By collecting
monthly dues, its members can afford many services that an
individual wouldnt otherwise enjoy. Homeowners association
security is one of those valuable services. This service best
serves as a deterrent for criminals, but it can also enforce your
associations rules and regulations including parking enforcement
and access control. There are many rights homeowners
associations have to protect home value and create a better
quality of living.
The security needs of a homeowners are very different from
that of any other type of residential communities, such as
apartments and mobile home parks. Everything from the physical
size of its geographical footprint to the structure of its
governing entity, you can hardly find two similar things. With
all these differences in aspects of each community, it comes at
no surprise that the difference in approach to the security
programs for each community will be night and day as well. (Bravo
Three San Diego Private Security).
The aim of the researcher is to study the level of
satisfaction of homeowners in the security of Xevera Neo Calapan
Subdivision. The respondents in this study are the homeowners of
Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision, which supported the researcher to
obtain the level of their satisfaction in terms of personnel and

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physical security. This study will help the Xevera Neo Calapan
Subdivision to know the perception of the homeowners regarding to
their security system and this study helps to know what kind of
action or scheme is to be employed to improve their security.
Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision have a security services like
cctv camera, barriers, security guard, fences, perimeter
security. Xevera Neo Calapan homeowners association officer are
Col.Romeo Salvadora, President, Ret.Col.Cesar Maravilla,Vice
Prisedent, Jennifer De Lara, Secretary, Reynaldo Acosta,
Treasurer, and Mabini Comia,Audithor.
Research locale

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The reseacher chose Xevera Neo Calapan in the study,
located at Sto.Nino, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines.
The subdivision is headed by Congressman Rodolfo G. Valencia.
Xevera Neo calapan is one of the biggest subdivision in Oriental
Mindoro with 60 hectare lot area. They have a three villages the
Narra village, Molave village, and Acacia village.
The Xevera Neo Calapan caters total population of 2,531.
Xevera Neo Calapan composed by fifteen guards five out of fifteen
guards duty on the main gate and the others security guards
posted on the perimeter area of the subdivision. Xevera Neo
Calapan subdivision installed a cctv camera in the main gate of
the subdivision. Security guards in the main gate collected an
identification card to all vehicles who entered in the
subdivision.
Conceptual framework

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IV DV
Security provided Level of

by Xevera Neo satisfaction of
Calapan in terms of homeowners
:
Personnel
Security
Physical
Security
Basis for proposed security program
This diagram shows the security provided by Xevera Neo
Calapan Subdivision in terms of personnel security and physical
security to the level of satisfaction of homeowners that will be
determine from the survey conducted. It will also assess the
level of satisfaction of homeowners in the security provided by
Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision and the answer in the statement of
the problem of this research.
Theoretical framework

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Maslows Heirarchy of Needs (Safety Needs). Once a person's
physical safety needs are relatively satisfied, their safety
needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of
physical safety due to war, natural disaster, family violence,
childhood abuse, etc. people may (re-)experience post-traumatic
stress disorder or transgenerational trauma. In the absence of
economic safety due to economic crisis and lack of work
opportunities these safety needs manifest themselves in ways
such as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for
protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings
accounts, insurance policies, disability accommodations, etc.
This level is more likely to be found in children as they
generally have a greater need to feel safe. Safety and Security
needs include: Personal security,Financial security, Health and
well-being.
Customer Satisfaction Theory: Satisfaction is an overall
psychological state that reflects the evaluation of a
relationship between the customer/consumer and a company-
environment-product-service. Satisfaction involves one of the
following three psychological elements: cognitive
(thinking/evaluation), affective (emotional/feeling), and
behavioral.
Expectations and Customer Satisfaction

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Expectations are beliefs (likelihood or probability) that a
product/service (containing certain attributes, features or
characteristics) will produce certain outcomes (benefits-values)
given certain anticipated levels of performance based on previous
affective, cognitive, and behavioral experiences. Expectations
are often seen as related to satisfaction and can be measured as
follows: importance: value of the product/service fulfilling the
expectation. Overall affect-satisfaction expectations like
dislike of the product/service. Fulfillment of Expectation. The
expected level of performance vs. the desired expectations. This
is Predictive Fulfillment and is a respondent-specific index of
the performance level necessary to satisfy. Expected value from
Use. Satisfaction is often determined by the frequency of use. If
a product/service is not used as often as expected, the result
may not be as satisfying as anticipated. For example a motorcycle
that sits in the garage, an unused year subscription to the local
fitness center/gym, or a little used season pass to a ski resort
would produce more dissatisfaction with the decision to purchase
than with the actual product/service. These theories can help in
the research study because it is concerned about security and
satisfaction, through these, the researcher can provide
strategies in improving the security of a particular institution.
Statement of the problem

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This study is focused on level of satisfaction of the
homeowners in the security provided by the Xevera Neo Calapan
Subdivision.
Specially, this study seeks to answer the following question:
1. What are the security provided by Xevera Neo Calapan
Subdivision in terms of:
a.Personnel security
b.Physical security
2. Is there a relationship between the security provided by
Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision and the level of satisfaction of
homeowners?
3. What is the level of satisfaction of homeowners?
4. What is the proposed security program?
Statement of hypothesis
1. There is a significant relationship between the personnel
security and the level of satisfaction of homeowners.
2. There is no significant relationship between the physical
security and the level of satisfaction of homeowners.
Significance of the study
This study will be beneficial to the following :

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Homeowners of Xevera. This proposed study will help homeowners to
assess the security provided by the management of Xevera and to
determine the worth of their stay therein.
Management of Xevera. The proposed program will help Management
of Xevera to improve their security services that will give
satisfaction among the homeowners.
Community. This proposed study will help community to understand
the importance of security and it will help to improve their
knowledge to security that they can use in their daily lives.
Future Researchers. This proposed study will help future
researchers as a guide and reference for their future research.
Scope and limitation
This research study was conducted to determine the level of
satisfaction of the homeowners who are currently living in Xevera
Neo Calapan. The aspects looked into was the security in terms of
their personnel and physical security provided by the management
of the Xevera Neo Calapan.
Definition of terms
Barriers. are integral parts of an automated electronic security
system, as they are protected by locks, intermittent guard

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patrols, fixed guard posts, road blockers, rising bollards,
contact alarms, CCTV or a combination of all these systems.
Personnel Security. Refer to private person who is paid to
protect an organization's assets (property, people, money, etc.)
from various hazards (such as waste, damaged property, unsafe
worker behaviour, criminal activity, etc.) by utilizing
preventative measures.
Physical security. Refers to security measures that are designed
to deny unauthorized access to facilities, equipment and
resources, and to protect personnel and property from damage or
harm (such as espionage, theft, or terrorist attacks). Physical
security involves the use of multiple layers of interdependent
systems which include CCTV surveillance, security guards,
protective barriers, locks, access control protocols, and many
other techniques.
Satisfaction. an act of satisfying; fulfillment; gratification.
Security. the state of being protected or safe from harm and
things done to make people or places safe.
CHAPTER II
RELATED LITERATURE
Local literature

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According to Prime Chrysler Reyes Velarde, a security guard
is an individual who works in establishment. In introduction to
Private Security, security guard defined those self-employed
individual and founded business entities and group of persons
providing security service to relating clients for fee, for
individual or entity that needs security or employs them, or for
themselves in order to protect their person private property or
interest from many types of hazards. Maintaining safety and
security of all valuable property is not an easy
task, more often the unskilled and less educated security guards
can easily get confused and cheated by the criminals and robbers
who perpetrated their planned activities and escaped freely after
all. This statement is related to the study because it gives
information about the life of security guard while he or she is
in service; that proper training is another important matter in
order to deliver efficient and responsible services to the
clients.
The concept of national security in the Philippines has
evolved over the decades. In the early years, it was almost
synonymous with national defense and basically referred to the
protection of people and national territory/ territories from
external physical assault or threats (Talisayon, 2000.)
Eventually, the concept of national security expanded from being

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just narrowly limited to national defense to include the
protection of vital economic and political interests. National
Security became the concern not only of the military but also of
other departments and agencies as well, considering that threats
to national security emanate from outside and inside (Ibid.).
When Secretary Jose Almonte served as the National Security
Adviser of President Fidel Ramos the National Council officially
defined national security as a state or condition wherein the
peoples way of life and Institutions, their territorial
integrity and sovereignty, and their welfare and wellbeing are
protected and enhanced (Almonte, 2001). This definition was
expanded in 2010, under the new Aquino Administration to become
a state or condition wherein the countrys interests, its
sovereignty, territorial integrity and democratic institutions,
and the peoples way of life, cherished values, welfare and well-
being are preserved. (NSC, 2010) A recurring basic framework
that was initiated for discussion by former Secrerary Almontes
close staff, notably former Deputy Director-General Serafin
Talisayon and Assistant Director-General Francisco Mier,
establishes that a Nation/State should be concerned with three
basic agenda: (1) development; (2) defense and security; and, (3)
governance.

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He defines national security as the creation of physical and
policy environment where the national vision of having a
Philippines where freedom, dignity and prosperity is attained
and the nations core values, way of life and institutions;
capacity to create and share wealth; living standards;
sovereignty/ territorial integrity; and strategic relationships
are protected and enhanced.(Private Interview with Sec. Almonte,
Nov. 2010)
In a presentation in November 2005 to the Strategic Studies
Group (SSG) of the National Defense College of the Philippine,
SSG Fellow, Dr. Aileen Baviera of the University of the
Philippines Asian Center, iterated that Philippine (national)
security must be conceptualized in accordance with the
fundamental character of the country as a developing economy
which is strategically located and has an archipelagic
configuration. Hence, expanding on some concepts from the
document Human Security Now (Commission on Human Security, 2003,
she asserts that Philippine archipelagic security consists both
of state security and human security interest. State security
cannot be advanced without giving due attention to human security
needs (Baviera, 2005).
Local studies

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According to David A. Baldwin. Security has recently become
something of a cottage industry. Most such efforts, however, are
more concerned with redefining the policy agendas of nation-
states than with the concept of security itself.
Often, this takes the form of proposals for giving high
priority to such issues as human rights, economics, the
environment, drug traffic, epidemics, crime, or social injustice,
in addition to the traditional concern with security from
external military threats. Such proposals are usually buttressed
with a mixture of normative arguments about which values of which
people or groups of people should be protected, and empirical
arguments as to the nature and magnitude of threats to those
values. Relatively little attention is devoted to conceptual
issues as such. This article seeks to disentangle the concept of
security from these normative and empirical concerns, however
legitimate they may be. Cloaking normative and empirical debate
in conceptual rhetoric exaggerates the conceptual differences
between proponents of various security policies and impedes
scholarly communication. Are proponents of economic or
environmental security using a concept of security that is
fundamentally different from that used by Realists? Or are they
simply emphasizing different aspects of a shared concept? Do
those who object to 'privileging' the nation-state rather than,

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say, the individual or humanity share any conceptual views with
students of 'national security'? This article attempts to
identify common conceptual distinctions underlying various
conceptions of security. Identifying the common elements in
various conceptions of security is useful in at least three way.
First, it facilitates asking the most basic question of
social science, 'Of what is this an instance?. Second, it
promotes rational policy analysis by facilitating comparison of
one type of security policy with another. And third, it
facilitates scholarly communication by establishing common ground
between those with disparate views. Perhaps person from different
home have more in common than is generally acknowledged. In many
ways the argument presented here was foreshadowed in the classic
essay by Arnold Wolfers entitled '"National Security" as an
Ambiguous Symbol', published more than forty years ago. Contrary
to popular belief, Wolfers did not dismiss the concept as
meaningless or hopelessly ambiguous. He was, however, concerned
about the ambiguity of 'national security', as the following
passage indicates: It would be an exaggeration to claim that the
symbol of national security is nothing but a stimulus to semantic
confusion, though closer analysis will show that if used without
specifications it leaves room for more confusion than sound
political counsel or scientific usage can afford.4 Wolfers'

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'specifications' refer not only to the concept of national
security as a policy objective but also to the means for its
pursuit, i.e., national security policy. In the discussion that
follows, Wolfers' specifications will be developed and set in the
context of more recent literature. The discussion consists of
seven parts. Sections l, 2 and 3 provide background with respect
to the approach to conceptual analysis to be used, the neglect of
conceptual analysis by the field of security studies, and the
possibility that conceptual analysis is futile with respect to
concepts like security that are alleged to be 'essentially
contested'. Section 4 develops a series of conceptual
specifications that facilitate analysis of security policy.
Sections 5, 6 and 7 discuss the implications of these
specifications for determining the value of security, for the
theory of neorealism, and for the 'new thinking' about security.
Although this discussion is especially concerned with the
security of nation-states, most of the analysis is applicable,
mutatis mutandis, to any level: individual, family, society,
state, international system, or humanity.
According to RKM Files (RKMF), a criminology web portal, the
National Bureau of Investigation, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
(Central Bank of the Philippines), United Nations Drugs and Crime
Office, Clark Development Corporation, Camp John Hay, media

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outfits, along with criminology schools, are in need of licensed
criminologists for different positions in their respective
organizations and offices.
The late congressman Teodulo Natividad of the second district
of Bulacan once said: Many of the personnel of security agencies
are being mustered as unemployed. Operators of these agencies
must be accredited for carrying the burden of training their
personnel to become productive and dependable citizens by
inculcating to them a sense of responsibility. Otherwise they
would be part of the unemployed, which are a breeding ground for
subversive ideologies. With ample encouragement and supervision,
private security agencies would curb lawlessness and help promote
an industrialized economy in the country. Like other careers,
security has an organized learning system that can adapt to new
trends in the field. Security management courses and its
variations provide a sense of direction for anyone who would like
to pursue a security profession.
This old published materials about local studies help me in my
research study by enhancing my knowledge about my topic.
Foreign literature
According to Robert Jervis (2009, 160) notes, in its most
basic form, security is simply the absence of physical harm or

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the threat of physical harm. Security is gradational rather than
dichotomous: you can have neither perfect security, nor perfect
insecurity, only security by varying degrees (Baldwin 2002, 15;
Caldwell and Williams, Jr. 2006, 2). Security and insecurity also
have objective subjective aspects: things can at times appear
more threatening to ones security than they are in reality, and
at times less, leading some to label them as socially
constructed concepts. Security also involves, and in fact
requires,a threat; and threats, in the traditional-security-
sense, are made up of a combination of the capability and intent
to do harm or enact violence. Tacking international onto the
front of the concept of security simply broadens the scope,
referring to threats that have inter-national, multi-national, or
trans-national implications. Finally, the concept of
international security requires what Barry Buzan (2004, 3-5)
refers to as a referent object, an agent that is being
threatened. This final requirement of a threatened agent brings
us to the familiar issue of levels of analysis in international
relations theory: the focus on individuals, families, minority or
majority groups, organizations, states, or the entire state
system (Waltz 2001). What the threats consist of and who is being
threatened have important implications for the definition of
international security.

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Traditionally, the concept of security has been most closely
associated with national security, namely, external military
threats to the nation state (Ayoob 2000 Over time, however, the
limitations of this definition grew glaringly apparent. By
defining threats solely in terms of foreign militaries, one
misses out on the vast number of nonmilitary threats of the
modern era, such as terrorist groups, transnational criminal
organizations, piracy networks, and the like. Further, if the
threatened agent is definedsimply in terms of the nation state,
one ignores the fact that threats and violence can be directed
exclusively at certain groups, classes, families, and even
individuals within states, and can, in many cases, emanate from
the state itself (Caldwell and Williams, Jr., 2006,8).
Considering these problems, security theorists have called for a
broadening of what constitutes a security threat, and an
extending or a deepening of who can be considered
threatened (Caldwell and Williams, Jr., 2006, 7; Paris 2001,
97). Withregards to who can justifiably be considered a
threatened agent, it seems only reasonable to allow extension
down to the individual. It is not lost on anyone, for instance,
that the North Korean and Syrian governments are far greater
threats to their own people than any foreign military. But the
issue of broadening the scope of security threats is a somewhat
more complicated task, largely because of the simple question of

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where it stops. As stated above, threats have traditionally been
thought to comprise some combination of the capability and intent
to do harm, both being required to constitute a threat. New
paradigms of security studies, however, have tended to eliminate
this important element of intent or agency, and have generated a
variety of threats that lack this crucial qualification. For
example, through a process Copenhagen School IR theorists refer
to as securitization (Wver 2001; Williams 2003), environmental
decline, natural disasters, poverty, deadly diseases, and
resource scarcity should all be considered grave threats to
international security (Kahl 2006; Mathews 2004; Podesta and
Ogden 2007- 2008; McInnes and Rushton 2010; Yergin 2006). Many of
these types of ideas fall under the broad umbrella of human
security studies, a term coined by the 1994 UN Human Development
Report. The report outlined what are now seen as the seven
fundamental elements of human security: economic security, health
security, food security, environmental security, personal
security, community security, and political security (UN 2000).
But as Roland Paris cleverly quips, if human security is all
these things, what is itnot? (Paris 2001, 92)
According to Security sector is an umbrella term including
the states armed forces (military, police, intelligence
services); justice and rule of law institutions; state oversight
and management bodies such as national security advisory bodies,

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parliament; as well as non-state armed groups who in some cases,
play certain roles in protecting some population groups. This
report also uses the term security actors to refer to the
security sector. Security forces include a limited number of
groups that hold the responsibility to protect public order and
security, and the power to arrest, detain, search, seize and use
force and firearms. Local ownership is not an end in itself. It
is a means of reaching a larger common goal. The programmes
described in this report all work towards the goal of improving
human security. They aim to democratize and legitimize state-
society relations, so that local people in every home and
community feel safe. Human security is a population-centric idea;
it is measured by the perceptions of whether local men and women,
boys and girls feel safe. This distinguishes it from other enemy-
centric concepts of security that focus on identifying and
deflecting threats from certain groups. Due to the emphasis on
popular perceptions of safety, local ownership is a key pre-
requisite and intrinsic aspect of human security. Local
ownership engages local communities in a set of processes. This
report documents the role of peacebuilding processes such as
dialogue, negotiation, mediation and joint problem solving in
enabling local ownership of security. These peacebuilding
processes enable local people to participate in identifying
security challenges, jointly developing and implementing security

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strategies, and monitoring and evaluating the security sector to
ensure it works to improve the safety of every man, woman, girl
and boy.
Foreign studies
According to Buzan (2000, 125) security refers to as an
essentially contested concept, meaning that it cant and
shouldnt be strictly defined, for to do so undermines its
durability and versatility as a term. But as noted above, rather
than undercutting its utility, a narrower definition of security
is necessary for sound theoretical and practical work in the
field of security studies. What the unwelcome consequences of an
expansive security concept might be, and how the concept can be
reasonably and usefully circumscribed, is what will guide the
remainder of this article.
On the academic side, there are four initial problems to
consider. First, too broad a definition for security in
security studies will erode the coherence of the discipline. If
international security is an umbrella term that captures too
many disparate elements, it will be rendered essentially
indistinguishable from international political economy,
international development, global health studies, or
international law and global governance (Caldwell and Williams,

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Jr., 2006, 15; Walt 2004, 213). Without clear demarcation lines,
it will be difficult for scholars to tell what, exactly, they
should be studying (Paris 2001, 93). Defining security studies in
such broad strokes would water down the expertise each field
requires, and would make training in the subfields largely
impracticable.
Second, this expansive definition will hinder scholarly
communication, leading academics to talk past each other, rather
than to each other (Baldwin 2002, 5). If security refers to
that of states, economies, communities, genders, individuals,
healthcare systems, food distribution networks, and political
groupings, scholarly discourse in the field will be reduced to a
perpetual dialogue of the deaf, or as Lake (2011, 472) puts it,
an intellectual Tower of Babel.6 While the boundaries are no
doubt fuzzy, somewhat clearly circumscribed concepts in social
science enable us to mostly speak the same language, most of the
time.
Thirdly, human security, nontraditional security, and other,
more expansive concepts, also contain many aspects that are
inherently difficult to operationalize. This doesnt completely
refute their importance as phenomena worthy of study in social
science, but it is undoubtedly a challenge for these emerging
fields. The concern is, given their relative abundance of social

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facts like threatened identity security or cultural
security, whether it would be possible for human security
theorists to effectively validate or invalidate hypotheses
(Baldwin 2002, 5; Paris 2001, 3). A more clearly defined field
will enable scholars to separate and test individual elements,
and avoid the problems of endogeneity that the grab-bag method
seems to invite. This, in turn, will allow academic debate and
discussion to take place on a more equitable and mutually
discernible level, sharpening all of our analyses and insights.
A fourth and final concern for academia is that security
studies will be fundamentally altered by this new wave of
theories and theorists, and will be left unrecognizable to its
core experts (Levy 2001, 40). If the field of security studies is
no longer centrally concerned with the causes of war, alliance
politics, deterrence, arms races and control, the use and control
of force, terrorism, and ethnic and nationalist conflict, and
instead becomes the study of poverty, of demographics, of
environmental change, and of global health, the voices that have
brought the subfield thus far will be entirely drowned out. Key
texts, such as The Peloponnesian War, Arms and Influence, Man,
the State, and War, and War and Change in World Politics will go
unread, and the foundation of the discipline will disappear.

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Thus, for problems of coherence, communication,
operationalization, and the protection of its core principles,
the concept of security and the field of security studies would
likely not be well served by excessive broadening. And while new,
expansive human security concepts pose the above-mentioned
problems for academia, they have even graver implications for the
security policy community. In addition to the practical problems
of communication outlined above, there are five additional
problems for the policy community.
First, too expansive a definition for security would make
comparing similar policies essentially impossible, and
distinguishing between different policy options inherently
difficult (Baldwin 2002, 6). Take, for instance, the types of
discussions surrounding counterinsurgency versus counterterrorism
policies for the war in Afghanistan, with counterinsurgency being
more people-centered and counterterrorism being more threat-
centered. It is important to note that both are centrally
concerned with security. But security for whom? And security from
what? This is where a catchall security concept becomes
problematic, for those advocating different positions will, in
effect, be arguing for the same thing. And those making these
ominous, life-and-death decisions will be left without the

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30
requisite clarity to make prudent, rational, and at times moral,
judgments.
Secondly, the human security concept has a bearing on
bureaucratic questions concerning areas and responsibilities.
Should we expect, for instance, the Department of Defense to be
putting together climate change legislation proposals or running
HIV/AIDS relief centers? Conversely, would it be wise to have the
State Department, USAID, or the U.S. Geological Survey conducting
operational planning? This isnt to say that there shouldnt be
cross-departmental collaboration and exchange, for todays most
complex security problems are often too much to handle for any
one department alone. But these different agencies are designed,
funded, and staffed according to different criteria and for
different purposes. While more holistic approaches are
undoubtedly necessary, a more clearly circumscribed security
concept will help ensure that agency overlap wont lead to
detrimental results.
Third, unlike academics, policymakers are tasked with the
difficult requirement of allocating resources. Considering these
requirements, if everything is a security threat, it is difficult
to set priorities or single out areas of particular concern
(Koblentz 2010, 108; Paris 2001, 92). If we conceive of such
disparate issues as deficit spending, illegal immigration, the

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31
H1N1 virus, and the receding Arctic ice cap as vital security
threats, right alongside the rise of China in Asia, Iranian
nuclear proliferation, and al Qaeda training camps, knowing what
matters when will be next-to-impossible.
Fourth, if what constitutes a security problem or security
threat is too broad, problems will be subject to incompatible
policy solutions that could undercut each other, or will be
paralyzed by competing demands, relegating them to lowest-common
denominator compromises (Koblentz 2010, 108). At the best of
times, as the bureaucratic politics literature points out, this
pulling and hauling in inter- and intra-agency battle leads to
less-than-optimal outcomes, generally far from what would be
decided upon according to more rational calculation (Allison
2000). If the meaning of what is beingbattled over lacks
consensus, and the means to solve such problems come from every
different direction, matters will be made far worse.
Finally and perhaps most importantly, it is worth pointing
out that security threats are used to justify the suspension of
civil liberties, waging war, and legitimizing the reallocation of
vast resources. In many cases, this is a necessary cost for
maintaining security and part of the burden we must bear as
citizens and members of democratic societies. And yet, even in
the healthiest of democracies, we would be ill advised to provide

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32
the government an exponentially expanding list of vital
security threats to protect against (Baldwin 2002, 8; Caldwell
and Williams, Jr., 2006, 12). One can easilysee how this is a
potential first step on the road toward an Orwellian world much
like that described in 1984: Oceania being at war with Eurasia,
and having always been at war with Eurasia (Orwell 2004).

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology, which the
researcher used in conducting the study. This include the
research design, respondent of the study, research instrument,
administration of questionnaire, data gathering tools and
statistical treatment of data.
Research design
The researcher used descriptive-correlational method for the
study to determine the level of satisfaction of the homeowners in
the security in Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision.
Descriptive correctional method is one that helps to
determine if two or more variable are associated with each other
by explaining their relationship between but necessarily implying
that relationship is also a cause. Almost similarly is a
descriptive correlational design, which use existing mutual
relationship between data to describe it but endeavor to
establish whether these are statistically significant or not.

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Research respondent
The respondents of this study were the homeowners in Xevera
Neo Calapan Subdivision who had been staying in almost one year
with total of (80) respondents.
Table 1
Respondent of the study
Categories Number of respondents

Homeowners 80
Total 80
Research instrument
The researcher distributed self-made questionnaires to the
respondents to find the answer stated in the research. The
questionnaire contained question about the level of satisfaction
of the homeowners in the security in Xevera Neo Calapan
Subdivision.
Scaling and Quantification
To quantify the data from the respondents response the
researcher used the scale below.
Table 2
Scaling and Quantification

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Verbal
Numerical Scale Confidence Description Verbal
Limit/Means Interpretatio
n
5 4.50-5.00 Always Very High
Extent
4 3.50-4.49 Often High
3 2.50-3.49 Sometimes Moderate
2 1.50-2.49 Seldom Low
1 .50-1.49 Never Very Low
Data gathering procedure
Interview and Survey was made by the researcher using the
guide question. The researcher explained each item on the
questionnaire.
The researcher personally administered the questionnaire to
the selected respondents. The purpose of the study was elaborated
together with the instruction on how the instrument was answered
correctly and accurately.
The questionnaire was collected for tabulation analysis and
interpretation to deduce the findings conclusion and
recommendation. Scoring and interpretation of data collected were
based on the 5 points numerical scale was used by the researcher
where each points gets the ff. corresponding verbal description.
Sampling techniques

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36
To determine the sample size of the population, the
researcher is going to use slovins formula.
[n= N/1 + Ne2]
n= sample size
N= total population
e= marginal error at 0.05
Data gathering procedures
The researcher came to the data gathering to the researcher
variables. The main tool for this study is a questionnaire that
we will be develop by the researcher. The questionnaire served as
the main source of data that can be useful to determine the level
of satisfaction of the homeowners in the security in Xevera Neo
Calapan Subdivision.
CHAPTER IV

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37
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
These chapters promote the analysis and interpretation of
data collected by the researcher in order to answer the question
of the study.
1. What is the security provided by Xevera Neo Calapan
Subdivision in terms of:
a. Personnel security
Table 3
Mean Perception Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Personal
Security
Items Mean Rank Description
1. Presence of security
personnel make me feel safe and 4.28 1 Often
secure.
2. Security personnel maintains 4.14 3 Often

peace and order.
3. The security personnel on duty 4.15 2 Often

is alert at all times.
4. Security personnel scrutinizes 3.90 4 Often

person vehicle who entered in the
subdivision.
5.Security personnel stay 24 hours 3.71 5 Often

in the subdivision.
6. Security personnel are 3.54 6 Often

approachable and helpful.
Overall Mean 3.95 Often

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Table above showed the respondents perception on personnel
security in their subdivision having an overall computed mean of
3.95 described as often. As to presence of security personnel in
their subdivision respondents responds with often having a
computed mean of 4.28 and as to whether security personnel being
approachable and helpful a computed mean of 3.54 described as
often.
This implies that personnel security is not consistent when
it comes to being approachable and helpful to the homeowners. The
Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision personnel security should be more
approachable and helpful to satisfy the needs of the homeowners.
b. Physical security

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Table 4
Mean Perception Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Physical
Security
Items Mean Rank Description
1. There are CCTV cameras 3.71 2 Often
installed w/in the subdivision.
2. CCTV Camera are open 24 hours. 3.76 1 Often
3. CCTV camera helps security 3.46 6 Sometimes

personnel to easily gather
information about the crimes
inside the subdivision.
3.60 3 Often
4. Security barriers are well
place along the Subdivision.
3.49 5 Sometimes
5. Subdivision is surrounded w/
fence.
3.51 4 Often
6. Perimeter barriers prevent
unlawful entry into the
subdivision.
Table above showed the respondents perception on physical
security having an overall computed mean of 3.59 described as
often. As to CCTV camera are open 24 hours in their subdivision
respondents responds with often having a computed mean of 3.76
and as to whether CCTV camera helps security personnel to easily
gather information it has a computed mean of 2.46 described as
sometimes.
This implies that CCTV does not help security personnel to
easily gather information inside the subdivision. The Xevera Neo

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Calapan Subdivision should think more ways or strategy to easily
gather information.
2. What is the level of satisfaction of homeowners?
Table 5
Mean Perception Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Level of
Satisfaction of Homeowners
Mean Perception Profile

of the Respondents in Verbal
Ran Descriptio
Terms of Level of Mean interpretatio
k n
Satisfaction of n
HomeownersItems
1. I feel secure inside 4.19 1 Often Very High
the subdivision. Extent
2. Security personnel 3.94 2 Often High

are enough to ensure
safety.
3.65 4 Often Low
3. Security Barriers are
enough to ensure safety.
3.69 3 Often Moderate
4. When Im inside the
subdivision I know that
no one would cause harm
to me. 3.56 5 Often Very Low
5. Security personnel
are doing well when it
comes to implementation
of security policies.
Table above showed the respondents in the perception on level
of securities inside the subdivision having an overall computed
mean of 3.81 described as often. As to security inside the

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subdivision respondents responds with often having a computed
mean of 4.19 and as to whether security personnel are doing well
when it comes to implementation of security policies that has a
computed mean of 3.56 described as often.
This implies that the homeowners of Xevera Neo Calapan
Subdivision are not satisfied to the implementation of security
policies to the fullest extent as to status of security of their
subdivision, which means they should improve the implementation
of security policies.
Table 6
Summary of Computed r value
Dependent Independent r value p value Description
Variable Variable
Level of Personnel 0.257065 0.021341 significant
satisfactio Security
n of Physical 0.203622 0.070045 Not
homeowners Security significant
Vs. Personnel security
Since the computed r value is 0.257065, considered that the
personnel security between the satisfaction has a critical p
value 0.021341 therefore there is significant relationship
between the said variable. The null hypothesis is not accepted.
Vs. Physical security
Since the computed r value is 0.203622, considered that the
physical security between the satisfaction has a critical p value

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0.070045 therefore there is no significant relationship between
the said variable. The null hypothesis is accepted.
According to John E. Eck, the main roots of crimes and
dangers are the minds of the people. People are being drive by
the societal forces that tends to be the trigger for them to
commit crimes of obtrusively and unobtrusively. Most places have
no crimes and most crime is highly concentrated in and around a
relatively small number of places. If we can prevent crime at
these high crime places, then we might be able to reduce total
crime.
Concentration of crime at places is predicted by routine
activity theory (Cohen and Felson 1979; Felson 1994) and offender
search theory (Brantingham and Brantingham 1981). Some of the
original evidence for clustering of crime at places was found in
Boston (Pierce, Spaar and Briggs 1986) and Minneapolis (Sherman,
Gartin and Buerger 1989). Additional evidence for crime
concentration at places has been found for specific types of
crime. Crow and Bull (1975) noted over 20 years ago that most
convenience stores have no or few robberies, but a few have many
robberies. In England and Canada a growing body of research has
revealed that in high burglary neighborhoods most residences have
no burglaries, but a few residences suffer repeated burglaries
(Forrester et. al. 1988; Forrester et. al. 1990; Polvi et. al.

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1990; Farrell 1995). Among drinking establishments, a few bars
have most tavern-related violence (Sherman, Schmidt, and Velke
1992). Ten percent of the fast food restaurants in San Antonio,
Texas account for one third of the property crimes at such
restaurants (Spelman 1995b). In Kansas City and Indianapolis, gun
crimes were found to be highly concentrated at a few places
(Sherman and Rogan 1995b). Drug dealing is highly concentrated in
a few locations, even in areas with a high volume of drug dealing
(Weisburd, Green and Ross 1994; Eck 1994; Sherman and Rogan
1995a). This clustering is most apparent when compared to repeat
offending and repeat victimizations. Combining the results from
several studies, Spelman estimated that 10 percent of the victims
in the United States are involved in about 40 percent of the
victimizations, that 10 percent of the offenders are involved in
over 50 percent of the crimes, and that 10 percent of the places
are sites for about 60 percent of the crimes (Spelman and Eck
1989). Further, the concentration of crimes at a few places is
relatively stable over time (Spelman 1995a, 1995b). These
findings suggest that something about a few places facilitates
crimes and something about most places prevents crimes.
Table 7
Summary of Table of Mean Perception
Variable Mean Description
Personnel Security 3.95 often
Physical Security 3.59 often

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Level of 3.81 often

satisfaction of
homeowners
CHAPTER V
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, and RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the findings
conclusions, and recommendations the researcher proposes after
having come up with his analysis.
Summary of findings:
This study determined the level of satisfaction of homeowners
in the security provided by Xevera Neo Calapan in terms of
Personnel security and Physical Security: Basis for proposed
security program.
The relevant findings of the study consist of the following:
1. The overall mean perception of respondents in the Level
of Satisfaction of homeowners in the security of Xevera Neo
Calapan Subdivision which falls under the description in terms
of Personnel security: that has an overall mean 3.95 describes as
often the result is good on the presence of personnel security;
in terms of physical security: that has an overall mean 3.59
described as often corresponds to gathering information through
CCTV camera.

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45
2. The perception of homeowners in the level of satisfaction
in Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision has an overall mean 3.81
describes as often resulting in the feeling of unsatisfied in
terms of implementation of security policies.
3. Personnel security is significant while Physical
security is not significant to the Level of satisfaction of
homeowners in the security of Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision.
Conclusions
Based on the following findings of the study, the researcher
concluded the findings:
1. The status of personnel security at Xevera Neo Calapan
Subdivision is often, it means that the presences of security
personnel are good but they did not properly maintain peace and
order inside the subdivision. The status of Physical Security
System is often, it means that the CCTV and barriers are good to
lessen the crimes inside the subdivision but the CCTV does not
determine some homeowners or outsiders who are violating rules
and regulation.
2. The researcher conclude that there is a significant
relationship between the security provided by Xevera Neo Calapan
and the level of satisfaction of homeowners in terms of

DEPARTMENT
46
personnel security while there is no significant relationship in
terms of physical security.
3. The level of their own security inside the subdivision is
often which means that the security inside the subdivision needs
to enhance more their strategies in security system.
Recommendations
Based on the finding and conclusions, the following
recommendation by the researcher:
1. The Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision should install
additional CCTV particularly on strategic place for improved
monitoring of the subdivision specifically on the crowded area.
Barriers like fence should be checked continuously.
2. The Xevera Neo Calapan Subdivision personnel should be
strict in implementing the rules and regulations of the
subdivision by following the rules and regulation provided by the
subdivision and also they should be patrolling everyday
specifically at night to assure the security of homeowners.
3. Personnel security and Physical Security should improve
to the fullest to satisfy the needs of the homeowners.
4. The proposed security program is highly recommended.

DEPARTMENT
47
PROPOSED SECURITY PROGRAM FOR THE HOMEOWNERS

IN XEVERA NEO CALAPAN SUBDIVISION
Program Strategies Persons Purpose

Involve
Security
Security management must be Homeowners For the
Education part of annual , homeowners to be
orientation of the Management informal on their
homeowners. , policies
Personnel regarding
Security security.
Security Security reminding Homeowners To serve as

Promotion must be display on , reminders to
various spots of Management homeowners and
the subdivision , other persons
Personnel entering or
Security within the
subdivision
premises.
Security -Organizing and Homeowners -To increase
Trainings forming a team , awareness and
/ that will execute Management alertness of the
Security the trainings , security guards
Seminars according to the Personnel inside the
needs of the Security subdivision.
Xevera Neo Calapan -To inspire the
Subdivision in attendees to
terms of security become better
awareness. people, or to
-A meeting in work towards
which attendees implementing the
can learn about a skills they might
topic according to have learned from
the safety and the seminar and
security of Xevera to improve the

DEPARTMENT
48
Neo Calapan security within

Subdivision. the subdivision.
Physical -Security Barriers - -to lesssen the

Security and fence Management crimes inside the
improveme improvement should subdivision and
nt be continous. to improve the
homeowners
satisfaction.
REFERENCES
DEPARTMENT
49
A.Electronics
References.
https://he.palgrave.com/resources/Product-Page-
Downloads/G/Gill-Handbook-of-Security-2e/0230006809_03_ch02.pdf
http://kosbed.kocaeli.edu.tr/sayi22/Karacan.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security
http://islandsentinel.com/2010/10/19/or-mindoro-solon-drops-
%E2%80%98xevera%E2%80%99-vows-to-continue-on-his-own-housing-
program/
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/indep/carainbow/t
heories.htm

DEPARTMENT
50
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/research/researchcent
res/
http://www.nahb.ca/blog/security-guards-guide-use-force-
theory
Local ownership in security:Case studies of peace building
approaches.pdf
Integrating National Security into Philippine Regional
Development Planning (Gabriel Ma. J. Lopez *).pdf
The evolution of national security.pdf
"Re-redefining" International Securing: Bringing Intent Back
In
(Nicholas D. Anderson Georgetown University).pdf
Human Security and the Interests of States.pdf

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51
APPENDICES
DEPARTMENT
52
APPENDIX A
LETTER OF REQUEST TO CONDUCT STUDY
Mr. Pedro Macario M. Untalan

Home Owners Association
Property Management Officer
Xevera Neo Calapan
Dear Sir,Maam
Good day!
I am currently enrolled in Research II in Divine Word College of

Calapan and I am presently completing my subject requirements.
In line with this, may I requestion that I be allowed to conduct

a survey quetionnaire among the homeowners of the Xevera Neo
Calapan to support my chosen study entitled LEVEL OF
SATISFACTION OF HOMEOWNERS IN THE SECURITY OF XEVERA NEO CALAPAN
SUBDIVISION.
Your Favorable consideration of this request will be very much
appreciated and will immensely contribute to the fulfillment of
my academic untertaking.
Thank you and God Bless!

DEPARTMENT
53
Sincerely yours,
Jordan Paglinawan
Researcher
Noted by:
Ms. Iamel Montoya

Instructor
APPENDIX B
QUESTIONNAIRE
LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF HOMEOWNERS IN THE SECURITY OF XEVERA
NEO CALAPAN SUBDIVISION:
A BASIS FOR PROPOSED SECURITY PROGRAM
Direction: Please answer the following question. Encircle a number from the scale that suits your
honest observation.
Description Interpretation
Scale: 5-always very high
4-often high
3-sometimes moderate
2-seldom low
1-never very low
a.Personnel Security

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54
1.Presence of security personnel make me 5 4 3 2 1
feel safe and secure.
2.Security personnel maintains peace and order. 5 4 3 2 1
3.The security personnel on duty is alert at all times . 5 4 3 2 1
4.Security personnel scrutinizes person vehicle who 5 4 3 2 1
entered in the subdivision.
5.Security personnel stays 24 hours in the subdivision. 5 4 3 2 1
6.Security personnel are approachable and helpful. 5 4 3 2 1
b.Physical Security
1.There are CCTV cameras installed w/in the 5 4 3 2 1

subdivision.
2.CCTV Camera are open 24 hours. 5 4 3 2 1
3.CCTV camera helps security personnel 5 4 3 2 1
to easily gather information.
4.Security barriers are well place along the Subdivision. 5 4 3 2 1
5. Subdivision is surrounded w/ fence. 5 4 3 2 1
6.Perimeter barriers prevent unlawful entry into the 5 4 3 2 1
subdivision.
c.Level of Satisfaction of Homeowners
1 I feel secure inside the subdivision. 5 4 3 2 1
2.Security personnel are enough to ensure safety. 5 4 3 2 1
3.Security Barriers are enough to ensure safety. 5 4 3 2 1
4.When Im inside the subdivision I know that no one 5 4 3 2 1

DEPARTMENT
55
would cause harm to me.
5.Security personnel are doing well when it 5 4 3 2 1
comes to implementation of security policies
APPENDIX C
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Jordan Aceveda Paglinawan
Age: 21
Gender: MALE
Birth date: November 04,1995
Place of Birth: Sta. Rosa 1, Baco Oriental Mindoro
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Name of Father: Olympio R. Paglinawan
Name of Mother: Eufemia A. Paglinawan

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56
Educational Background:
TERTIARY
Divine Word College of Calapan
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Gov. Infantado St., Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro
2013-present
SECONDARY
Baco Catholic School
Poblacion Baco Oriental Mindoro
2009-2013
PRIMARY
Calangatan Elementary School
Calangatan, San Teodoro Oriental Mindoro
2003-2009

DEPARTMENT
57
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I hereby declare that this submission is my work and
that to the best of my knowledge and brief, it contains no
material previously published or written by another person nor
materials to which to a substantial extent has been accepted for
award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other
institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is
made in the test.
I also declare that the intellectual content of this
thesis is the product of my work, even though I may have received
assistance from others on style, presentation and language
expression.
Jordan A. Paglinawan

DEPARTMENT
58
Researcher
Date:______________________
Ms.Jovie Rose Dacoycoy
Date:______________________

DEPARTMENT

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1

PROBLEM and Its SETTING

Nowadays, security and safety are among the most prominent

basic needs of men and women. People managed to place scientific,

technological advances and living conditions to healthier

Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from,

harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a

person, dwelling, community, item, nation, or organization.

Security became necessary for human existence. This is due

partially to the relationship between population and resources.

As population increased in early societies, pressure for self-

sustenance often led to exploration, domination of vulnerable

populations, and exploitation.

Security theater is a critical term for deployment of

measures primarily aimed at raising subjective security without a

genuine or commensurate concern for the effects of that measure

on objective security. For example, some consider the screening

of airline passengers based on static databases to have been

DWCC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT DWCC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT DWCC CRIMINOLOGY

Security Theater and Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening

System to have created a decrease in objective security.

Perception of security can increase objective security when

it affects or deters malicious behavior, as with visual signs of

security protections, such as video surveillance, alarm systems

in a home, or an anti-theft system in a car such as a vehicle

tracking system or warning sign. Since some intruders will decide

not to attempt to break into such areas or vehicles, there can

actually be less damage to windows in addition to protection of

valuable objects inside. Without such advertisement, an intruder

flee in response to an alarm being triggered. Either way, perhaps

chance of being damaged.

Home security is something applicable to all of us and

involves the hardware in place on a property, and personal

security practices. The hardware would be the doors, locks, alarm

systems, lighting that is installed on your property. Personal

security practices would be ensuring doors are locked, alarms

DWCC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT DWCC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT DWCC CRIMINOLOGY

Certain concepts recur throughout different fields of

security: Assurance is assurance is the level of guarantee that a

security system will behave as expected. Countermeasure is a

countermeasure is a way to stop a threat from triggering a risk

event. Defense in depth is never rely on one single security

measure alone. Risk is a risk is a possible event which could

cause a loss. Threat is a threat is a method of triggering a risk

event that is dangerous. Vulnerability is a weakness in a target

that can potentially be exploited by a security threat. Exploit

is a vulnerability that has been triggered by a threat - a risk

Physical security describes security measures that are

designed to deny unauthorized access to facilities, equipment and

resources, and to protect personnel and property from damage or

harm such espionage, theft, or terrorist attacks. Physical

security involves the use of multiple layers of interdependent

system which include CCTV surveillance, security guards,

protective barriers, locks, access control protocols, and many

other techniques. Physical security system for protected

facilities are generally intended to, deter potential intruders

(warning signs and perimeters warning), detect intrusions and

monitor/record intruder (intruder alarm CCTV systems); and

DWCC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT DWCC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT DWCC CRIMINOLOGY

trigger appropriate incident responses (security guards and

Physical barriers such as fences, walls, and vehicle barriers

act as the outermost layer of security. They serve to prevent, or

at least delay attacks and also act as a psychological deterrent