SQL Commands

(DDL & Constraints)

Prof.B.Saleena
SCSE/VITCC
 Components of SQL

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Transaction Control Language (TCL)

Data Control Language (DCL)

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Data Definition Language (DDL) - These SQL commands are used
for creating, modifying, and dropping the structure of database
objects. The commands are CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, and
TRUNCATE.

Data Manipulation Language (DML) - These SQL commands are

used for storing, retrieving, modifying, and deleting data. These
commands are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

Transaction Control Language (TCL) - These SQL commands are

used for managing changes affecting the data. These commands
are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.

Data Control Language (DCL) - These SQL commands are used for
providing security to database objects. These commands are
GRANT and REVOKE.

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Create table command
CREATE TABLE table_name
( column1 datatype ,Column2 datatype ,
...column n data type);

create table student(regno number , name

varchar2(15) , branch varchar2(5));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Alter keyword
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD (column_name
datatype[,...]);

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY (column_name

datatype[,...]);

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP (column_name

datatype[,...]);
18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC
 Examples
alter table student add ( course_code
varchar2(5));

alter table student modify ( branch varchar2(5)

not null);

alter table student drop ( course_code);

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 New version of Alter
ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN
old_name to new_name;

ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME to new_name;

Examples:
alter table student rename column branch to
course;
alter table student rename to students;

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Drop & Truncate
Drop table table_name;
Truncate table table_name;

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Constraints
Not null
Primary key
Foreign key
Check
Default
Unique

Constraints can be added using create or alter

command
18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC
 not null constraint
CREATE TABLE table_name
( column1 datatype [null/not null],Column2 datatype
[null/not null], ...column n data type);

create table student(regno number not null,

name varchar2(15) not null, branch varchar2(5));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Adding constraints with create
CREATE TABLE table_name
( column1 datatype null/not null,
column2 datatype null/not null, ...
CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY
(column1, column2, ... column_n) );

CREATE TABLE table_name

( column1 datatype primary key,
column2 datatype null/not null, ...);

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Primary key
create table student(regno number primary key,
name varchar2(15) not null, branch varchar2(5));

create table student(regno number not null,

name varchar2(15) not null, branch varchar2(5)
constraint reg_pk primary key(regno));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Adding constraints with Alter
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
constraint_name PRIMARY KEY (column1,
column2, ... column_n);

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT

constraint_name;

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Disable /Enable a Constraint
ALTER TABLE table_name DISABLE CONSTRAINT
constraint_name;

ALTER TABLE table_name ENABLE CONSTRAINT

constraint_name;

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Employee table
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),

CONSTRAINT emp_pk PRIMARY KEY

(employee_number));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Department table
CREATE TABLE department
( department_id number(10) not null,
department_name varchar2(50) not null,

CONSTRAINT dep_pk PRIMARY KEY

(department_id));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Foreign key
CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),

CONSTRAINT emp_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number),

CONSTRAINT dep_fk FOREIGN KEY (department_id)
REFERENCES departments(department_id) );

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Check Constraint
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),

CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number)

CONSTRAINT empno_ck CHECK(employee_number>100));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Default Constraint
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),
city varchar2(10) DEFAULT Chennai,

CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

 Unique Constraint
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),
car_no number,
city varchar2(10) DEFAULT Chennai,

CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number),

CONSTRAINT car_uk UNIQUE(car_no));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC