Soal kedelapan

Natural gas transportation over long distances could be done efficiently if gas is shipped either as
liquefied natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas (CNG).

- If the ship cargo capacity is 2500 m3, determine which mode of transportation could
accommodate more natural gas each trip? Assume the following storage conditions: 1 bar
and -162oC for LNG and 125 bar and room temperature for CNG. To do the calculations,
use the compressibility factor that could be downloaded from the internet (Savidge:
compressibility of natural gas).

Jawaban:

CNG
P125 123,365 atm1812,5 psia

T25 o C298 K77o F

LNG
P1 0,9869 atm14,5 psia
o o
T162 C111 K259,6 F

Methanes properties from Appendix Table B.1: Properties of Pure Species; Smith: Introduction
of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 6th Edition:

PC 45,99

T C 190,6 K

3
cm L
V C 98,6 98,6 x 103
mol mol

Z C 0,286

0,012
CNG

Using the graph above because the natural gas is assumed as pure methane and in the gas phase
for CNG.

Doing interpolation from the graph above for the condition 1813 psia, 77oF Z0,83

L . atm
0,83 0,082 298 K
ZRT mol . K L
V 0,1644
P 123,365 atm mol
3
2500 x 10 L
n 15206,81 x 103 mol
L
0,1644
mol

3 gr 3
m15206,81 x 10 mol 16 243302 x 10 gr243302 kg
mol
LNG

Using the graph above because the natural gas is in the liquid phase for LNG.
Finding the Tr and Pr for LNG in conditions 1 bar, 111K:
45,99 0,0217
1
P
Pr
Pc

T 111 K
Tr 0,5824
T c 190,6 K

r2,75
Doing interpolation from the graph above
 L
98,6 x 103
Vc mol L
V 0,0358
r 2,75 mol

2500 x 103 L
n 69726,2 x 103 mol
L
0,0358
mol

gr
m69726,2 x 103 mol 16 1115619 x 10 3 gr1115619 kg
mol

For the same volume, LNG could accommodate more natural gas than CNG.

- Compare your results with the values calculated using the generalized correlation for z
proposed by Pitzer, employing the acentric factor. Assume natural gas to be pure methane
and report the difference in percent values.

Jawaban:

CNG
45,99 2,7170
125
P
Pr
Pc

T 298 K
Tr 1,5635
T c 190,6 K

Finding the Z value from Appendix Table E.3: Values of Z 0 & E.4: Values of Z1; Smith:
Introduction of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 6th Edition by interpolation method:

Z 00,8304 1
and Z 0,2218

Z Z 0 Z 1

Z0,83040,012 0,2218

Z0,8331
 L . atm
0,83310,082 298 K
ZRT mol . K L
V 0,1650
P 123,365 atm mol

2500 x 103 L
n 15151,50 x 103 mol
L
0,1650
mol

gr
m15151,50 x 103 mol 16 242424 x 103 gr242424 kg
mol

LNG
45,99 0,0217
1
P
Pr
Pc

T 111 K
Tr 0,5824
T c 190,6 K

10,58240,2857

L L
V V c Z c 1T 0,2857 0,0986
r
0,286 0,037
mol mol
 2500 kL
n 67245,77 kmol
L
0,037
mol

gr
m67.245,77 kmol 16 1075932 kg
mol

Savidges Method:
CNG243.302 kg

LNG1.115 .619 kg

Pitzers Method:
CNG242.424 kg

LNG1.075 .932 kg

243.302242.424
difference CNG x 100 0,36
243.302

1.115 .6191.075 .932

difference LNG x 100 3,56
1.115 .619

- Explain the difference between two parameter and three parameter generalized
correlation.

Jawaban:

Although use of the two parameter theorem provides far better results in general, significant
deviations from experiment still exist for all but simple fluids argon, krypton, and xenon. So,
there is a third corresponding-states parameter, characteristic of molecular structure, the acentric
factor, introduced by K.S.Pitzer and coworkers.

- Define the acentric factor using your own words.

Jawaban:

A measure of the amount by which the thermodynamic properties of a particular substance differ
from those predicted by the Principle of Corresponding State. This principle strictly applies only
to a fluid (liquid or gas) comprised of spherical molecules. Fluids containing nonspherical
molecules, or those with polar groups, show systematic deviations in their thermodynamic
properties from their spherical counterparts. It is these deviations which are correlated with the
acentric factor.

The acentric factor is defined as:

sat
Pr T r 0.7

1.0log

where Pc is the critical pressure and P is the vapor pressure at temperature T where T/T c = 0.7
and Tc is the critical temperature.

For spherical molecules, is almost exactly zero. Nonspherical molecules have values above
zero, but only the most severely nonspherical have values which approach unity.