Cap.03 - Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Principles

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Sandra R. H. Feder Veronica Mariano Mayer

Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Principles
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Creativity and Entrepreneurial Attitude: Sandra RH Mariano / Feder Veronica Maye
r
Goals
Presents the various concepts of entrepreneurship and show the distribution of e
ntrepreneurship across countries, highlighting the position of Brazil in the ran
king of entrepreneurship in the world.
On completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Conceptualize the term entrepreneurship in economic contexts, psychological,
sociological and administration. 2. Knowing the entrepreneurial capacity of the
countries. 3. Situating Brazil in the global context of entrepreneurship.
Lecture Guide
1. Conceptualizing entrepreneurship 1.1. The view of economists 1.2. Overview of
Psychology and Sociology 1.3. Vision Board 2. Entrepreneurship in the world
2.1. Overview Research GEM 2.2. Ranking entrepreneurship 2.3. Entrepreneurship i
n Brazil 2.4. Motivations for undertaking
Lesson 3 - Entrepreneurship: concepts and principles
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63
Rwanda Flowers
Hutus
The most numerous of the three ethnic groups present in Rwanda and Burundi. From
the standpoint of language and culture, no different from the second most numer
ous ethnic group in those countries, the Tutsis.
B
eatrice GAKUB is a woman of 51 years, an ethnic Tutsi, born in a distant African
country called Rwanda. Maybe you do not
remember, but thousands of Roma were massacred in 1994 by Hutus in a bloody stru
ggle in which, "in just over three months, died about 800 000 people, including
a good part of the family of Beatrice" second Clovis Rossi, who believes this ev
ent one of the most horrific genocides of humanity. At the time of the massacre,
Beatrice worked as an employee of UNICEF (United Nations Fund for Children) in
humanitarian relief activities in poor countries. His academic training in the a
rea of
field of humanities and languages, including English, French and even Portuguese
, enabled them to work in countries like Angola, for example. Over time, she has
matured the decision to return to their homeland. And so, after 20 years workin
g for the United Nations (UN), Beatrice returned to Rwanda, confirming the popul
ar saying that "the good son returns home." Upon returning, she acquired Rwanda
Flowers, a small flower shop almost bankrupt, and turned it into an exporter of
roses to the Netherlands, which absorbs 90% of its production. Two hundred women
work in your company. Beatrice started a training program on plantations for ex
port to 40 young survivors of genocide and / or orphans with HIV / AIDS epidemic
in Africa.
Source: http://www.sxc.hu/photo/870989
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When asked if she had repented of having traded a career executive at the UN for
micro enterprises in Rwanda, she replied: "No, never. I know there (in Rwanda)
I can make a difference. "
Source: adaption by the authors of the article "From flowers to Rolex," Clovis R
ossi, published in the newspaper Folha de S. Paul, on October 10, 2007.
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1. Conceptualizing entrepreneurship
What's entrepreneurship in the history of Beatrice? This is a good question to s
tart our lesson. Would it not be more convenient for her to continue working at
the UN, to retire and enjoy a peaceful old age in a developed country? Or even,
given the inner call to return to their land, why is it that she decided to "tak
e the hole" a bankrupt company? Why struggle to recover a company rather than co
ntinue helping needy people in social and humanitarian? Well, this class will tr
y to answer these questions, and our response will be strongly related to entrep
reneurship. To be great, be full-exaggerates or delete your Nothing Be Put all i
n every thing as you are doing so at least that in every lake the moon shines th
roughout, because high living.
Fernando Pessoa, under the alias of Ricardo Reis
The dictionaries of the Portuguese Language defines the word "take" as the actio
n to practice, to implement. It originates from the Latin imprehendere. Already
the term "entrepreneurship" seems to have originated from the free translation o
f the English language entrepreneurship. Engage us to the phrase "make things ha
ppen." Who undertakes is using all its capabilities to accomplish something that
has value to society. A society that has many entrepreneurs who are doing thing
s, is a movement of wealth generation. Moreover,Âa nation with few entrepreneur
s have a very limited capacity to produce goods and services to meet your needs.
The act of taking and "be" entrepreneur has gained importance for the economy i
n the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Economists then, one of the reasons w
ere the impetus and strength of entrepreneurs who moved the business forward.
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Only in the twentieth century, entrepreneurship has become a topic of academic i
nterest and has to be studied systematically. Interest in the topic economists w
ho saw the spring in entrepreneurship that pushed the economy to promote innovat
ion. Psychologists and sociologists are often interested in studying entrepreneu
rship, trying to find the psychological reasons that lead certain people to beha
ve and entrepreneurs understand how the social environment could promote the pra
ctice and implementation of entrepreneurial actions. Finally, scholars Administr
ation became interested in the subject, as the ability to perform, in an innovat
ive, new projects became an essential element for the survival of businesses. Fo
r Brazilian Professor Fernando Dolabella, a precursor of the teaching of entrepr
eneurship in Brazil, there are many definitions of entrepreneur, mainly because
they are proposed by researchers from different fields, using the principles of
their own areas of interest to build the concept. (...) Economists associated wi
th the entrepreneurial innovation, and the behaviorists, who emphasize aspects o
f attitudes, with creativity and intuition. Thus, we present the following defin
itions that include these different views on entrepreneurship.
1.1. The economists' view
The economists were the pioneers in this field of knowledge, focusing on their s
tudies, the risks that entrepreneurs take to realize their ideas, its role as in
novator, an analysis of market and economic environment surrounding the entrepre
neur. The first students of economics, like Richard Cantillon in the eighteenth
century, and the Frenchman Jean Baptiste Say, in the nineteenth century, recogni
zed the importance of entrepreneurs for the production system. For them, entrepr
eneurs had the skills to spot opportunities with every change in market environm
ent, and to assume the risks of an enterprise. Therefore, they had an important
role in economic development.
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According to Say, the entrepreneur is the intermediary between all classes of pr
oducers and between them and consumers. Manages the task of production and forms
the core of many relationships. Takes advantage of what others know and what th
ey ignore, and all the benefits of incidental production. That is why is this ca
tegory of producers, when events favor their skills, we acquire almost all the g
reat fortunes. Richard Cantillon was the first to differentiate the entrepreneur
capitalist. More recently, Robert Young ruled in classification
the capitalist entrepreneur and venture capitalists. For Young, there's entrepre
neurship in the act of investing in a new venture, as there is no entrepreneuria
l investment in a portfolio of stocks in the stock market or a savings account.
Partners capitalists are investors who exchange risk by the expectation of highe
r return on invested capital. The Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter is, witho
ut doubt, the principal representative of the economic view of entrepreneurship
as it gives the entrepreneur the role of constructive creative or destructive, d
epending on your point of view. It is he, with his imagination and ability to pe
rform, which destroys processes, production patterns, sources of goods and even
old industries and replaces them with others of greater efficiency and productiv
ity. The action of entrepreneurs a great impact on the economy, while generating
progress and development. Schumpeter identified five basic types of innovation
that are proposed by enterprising minds: 1. Introduction of a new good - that is
, a good that consumers are not yet familiar - or a new quality of goods. For ex
ample, the Internet, cell phone, among others. 2. Introduction of a new producti
on method, ie a method that has not yet been tested by experience in the manufac
turing industry itself that way, must be based upon a discovery scientifically n
ew, and can also consist in a new way of managed commercially, a commodity. For
example: the production of automobiles,
Capitalists
Are the shareholders, who finance the venture.
Venture capitalists
They are capitalists who invest in startup companies or start-up, becoming busin
ess associates and running the business risk with the entrepreneurs.
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using a production line that moves, while workers remain stuck in their jobs. 3.
Exploring a new market, ie a market in which the particular branch of manufactu
ring industry in the country concerned has not yet entered, whether that market
has existed previously or not. For example: the deployment of the first car fact
ory in Brazil in 1950, explored the first time the Brazilian market. 4. Achievem
ent of a source of supply of raw materials or semi-manufactured goods, again reg
ardless of whether this source already exists or have to be created. For example
: Today, the pottery is a material used by the electricity industry after it was
discovered their high ability to conduct electrical impulses, known as supercon
ductivity. Rather, this material was only used in the production of objects of c
lay, bricks etc. 5. Establishing a new organization of any industry, such as cre
ating a monopoly or fragmentation of a monopoly position. Schumpeter separates a
lso the figure of the entrepreneur that the administrator, noting that an entrep
reneur, after presenting and developing an innovation fails to "be" waging when
it becomes the administrator of your company. It is true that this view in light
of recent studies - which suggest that there may be entrepreneurial within a co
mpany (Intrapreneurship) - must be considered carefully. Deal with this issue la
ter.
1.2. Overview of Psychology and Sociology
The chain consists of the behavioral psychology, in turn, turned his attention t
o the study of the individual entrepreneur, and attitudinal aspects of their act
ions, habits and activities that characterized. In the late '60s, David McClella
nd, a renowned psychologist at Harvard University, conducted research on entrepr
eneurship, identifying a strong psychological element that characterized the ent
repreneurs to successfully: the "achievement motivation" or a "push for improvem
ents." This resulted in an approach to entrepreneurship as a set
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behaviors and practices that can be seen and purchased. The behavioral approach
to entrepreneurship suggests that such behaviors and practices can be significan
tly strengthened in individuals through training. Research over five years by tw
o American firms Management Consulting - Management Systems International (MSI)
and McBer & Company - for the United States Agency for International Development
(USAID) stated that there are ten personal entrepreneurial skills (CPEs) often
demonstrated by entrepreneurs successful in several countries surveyed. The ten
personal entrepreneurial skills (CPEs) are identified by McClelland:
1. Seeking opportunities and initiative in February. Persistence 3. Accepting ri
sks 4. Requirement of efficiency and quality 5. Commitment to the job in June. S
etting goals 7. Search for information in August. Systematic planning and monito
ring 9. Persuasion and networking 10. Independence and self-confidence
In the next lessons we will explore each of these entrepreneurial attitudes.
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1.3. Vision Board
From the standpoint of management, entrepreneurship is seen as the ability to ma
ke changes and move toward the new. Professor Peter Drucker, a leading professor
and researcher in the field of Administration, defined the entrepreneur as a re
rum Novarum Cupid - looking forward to new things, which always is looking for c
hange, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity. Creates new and differe
nt values, and satisfactions new and different, converting a material into a fea
ture, or combining existing resources in new and more productive setting, even i
f this may have to resort to violation of basic and well known.
ACTIVITY 1. Did Marco Polo, the Genoese navigator who made contact with the West
ern China, was an entrepreneur? Or has the entrepreneurial atitute only did this
with the Industrial Revolution?
Annotated Response
I think you should have thought Marco Polo on his way to China in their craft th
at in no way resembles the modern boat Parati,Âthat fantastic piece of engineer
ing and naval navigation technology that uses browser Brazilian Amir Klink. Cons
idering the economic view, we could say that the great navigator Marco Polo took
the risk of sailing distant seas and unknown in search of news that would be tr
aded
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on his return, in a typically enterprising behavior. With this, we realize that
the entrepreneurial attitude is a human behavior present at all times. The diffe
rence is that in the Industrial Revolution, the entrepreneurial energy has focus
ed especially on the production of goods and services.
2. Entrepreneurship in the world
Whereas the entrepreneurial capacity of a country is crucial for their developme
nt, it is natural that scholars of entrepreneurship are entrepreneurs wanted to
measure how countries. In this sense, two important institutions studying this i
ssue - Babson College, located just outside of Boston, USA and London Business S
chool, located in London, England, decided to establish in 1999 a project called
GEM - Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - with the aim of exploring and understan
ding the phenomenon of entrepreneurship and its role in development and economic
growth of countries. For this, tools were developed to measure the entrepreneur
ial activity of the various countries surveyed. The GEM has two definitions for
entrepreneurship: â ¢ "Any attempt to create a new business or new venture as, for
example, an autonomous activity, a new business or expanding an existing enterp
rise, by an individual or groups of individuals incumbents. " â ¢ "Any individual
or groups of individuals attempting to create a new business or new venture as,
for example, an independent activity or a new company." It is observed therefore
that the concept of entrepreneurship to the GEM is quite broad. He does not bin
d the action to an entrepreneurial innovation. Simply creating a new development
is sufficient to explain entrepreneurship. Furthermore, by including as a resul
t of the expansion of entrepreneurship and existing business, to also include en
trepreneurship as an agent of the company has already established, the GEM inclu
des Intrapreneurship, ie entrepreneurship within companies, as part of the conce
ptualization entrepreneurship. The concept of Intrapreneurship will be detailed
in an upcoming class.
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2.1. Overview Research GEM
The Research GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) main objective is to estimate
the number of individuals involved in entrepreneurial activity at a given momen
t in time. Its formulators sought to assess comprehensively the role of entrepre
neurship as a driver of economic growth. The primary unit of measure on entrepre
neurship in the TEA or the Initial Rate of Entrepreneurs, which is the percentag
e of the population that is actively involved in creating new ventures or in fro
nt of enterprises with up to 42 months of existence. The survey provides reliabl
e data on entrepreneurial activity in Brazil and the other 41 countries surveyed
annually. The 42 countries participating in the 2006 cycle of the GEM research
together just over two thirds of world population, or 4.6 billion people. The re
search is formed by adults, people between 18 and 64 years, totaling 2.7 billion
people. The GEM divides the countries surveyed in two groups according to GDP p
er capita (considered by purchasing power parity): a. Middle-income countries: G
NP per capita less than $ 20,000.00. b. High-income countries: GDP per capita ex
ceeding $ 20,000.00.
Table 3.1: GEM countries surveyed in 2006, by income groups
Middle income countries India Jamaica Peru Philippines Indonesia China Thailand
Mexico Brazil Turkey Colombia Uruguay Russia Malaysia 2006 GDP (PPP) per capita
3,546 4,474 4,552 4,956 6,299 8,005 8,212 8,663 8,855 9,032 10,544 10,609 11,912
12,895 high-income Countries Countries Singapore Slovenia Greece Spain Italy UK
Germany France Sweden Netherlands Japan Belgium Australia Finland 2006 GDP (PPP
) per capita 23,071 24,422 28,345 29,310 29,705 31,219 31,475 31,545 31,610 31,7
76 31,924 32,609 32,739 32,850
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Croatia Latvia Chile Argentina South Africa Czech Republic Hungary N = 21
12,899 12,933 13,685 13,997 14,211 17,995 19,435
United States Canada Iceland Denmark Ireland Norway United Arab Emirates N = 21
35,166 35,920 37,643 43,356 44,192 44,593 53,448
Average GDP (PPP) per capita in U.S. dollars = 10.367
Average GDP (PPP) per capita in U.S. dollars = 34.139
Source: World Economic Outlook Database (July 2006), http://www.imf.org
The data that support the research were collected from samples of the adult popu
lation, experts in entrepreneurship, and also in other studies and data availabl
e in the countries surveyed.
2.2. Ranking of entrepreneurship
Figure 3.1 shows the TEA of the 42 countries surveyed. Peru leads the ranking, w
here the initial entrepreneurial activity in 2006 was 40.2 percent. There are gr
eat female participation (49% of total activity) in entrepreneurial activities.
The Peruvians are very creative and when facing adversity, quickly become involv
ed in any entrepreneurial activity to survive because they can not expect govern
ment support to help them get jobs or any kind of pension.
Chart 3.1: Rate of entrepreneurship in selected countries
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Belgium (BE) Japan (JP) Sweden (SE) Italy (IT) United Arab Emirates (AE) Germany
(DE) France (FR) Slovenia (SI) Singapore (SG) Russia (RU) Finland (FI) Mexico (
MX) Africa South (SA) Denmark (DK) Netherlands (NL) United Kingdom (UK) Hungary
(HU) Turkey (TR) Latvia (LV) Canada (CA) Spain (ES) Ireland (IE) Czech Republic
(CZ) Greece (GR ) Croatia (HR) Norway (NO) Chile (CL) United States (U.S.) Argen
tina (AR) India (IN) Malaysia (MY) Iceland (IS) Brazil (BR) Australia (AU) Urugu
ay (UY) Thailand (TH) China (CN) Indonesia (ID) Jamaica (JM) Philippines (PH) Co
lombia (CO) Peru (PE)
%
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Explanatory
Entrepreneurship in Peru
The
possibility of a Free Trade Agreement with the United States and other countries
led to the promotion of entrepreneurship. Universities, NGOs, private companies
, financial institutions, public institutions and the media have been organizing
a series of forums, conferences, courses and other activities to stimulate nasc
ent ventures.
Source: GEM (2006).
Multimedia
The
s annual GEM research is available at www.gembrasil.org.br. See the report and d
eepen their knowledge on the subject.
Photo: Renata Vittoretti
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2.3. Entrepreneurship in Brazil
The Initial Rate of Entrepreneurs (TEA) in Brazil in 2006 was 11.7%, remaining v
irtually unchanged from the previous year, 11.3%, table, in general, has been re
peated since 2001 . Of every 100 Brazilian adults, approximately 11 are developi
ng some entrepreneurial activity. The stability of TEA suggests that the dynamic
creation of Brazilian business has structural features influenced by the macro
and micro economy, its politics and culture. Change this status quo is needed to
expand entrepreneurship, especially entrepreneurship by opportunity. It is hope
d that with the implementation of major changes, as the new General Law of Micro
and Small Enterprise (in force since July 2007, whose main objective is to faci
litate the opening of new businesses), the business environment in the country i
mproves, attracting new entrepreneurs.
The research identified the phenomenon of joint enterprise between the Brazilian
adults. The main measure used is the proportion of Brazilians involved in condu
cting business. To get to it in 2006, investigators interviewed two thousand ind
ividuals, between 18 and 64 years, all Brazilian regions, selected at random-tio
n. In comparison with other countries, Brazil is ranked 10th.
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Chart 3.2: Evolution of the Initial Rate of Entrepreneurs (TE) in Brazil - 2001-
2006
25%
14.21%
13.52%
12.89%
13.48% 11.30% 11.65%
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: Survey (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006).
Explanatory
Key findings of GEM
The
study confirmed some assumptions and challenged preconceived beliefs about the r
elationship with the Brazilian business. Confirmed, for example, the fact that w
e have a highly entrepreneurial people, either by identifying opportunities or b
y the need to survive, but it faces various political and economic barriers to o
pen their businesses. Thus, the GEM can confront the common sense that would, in
Brazilian culture, a sharp devaluation of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. D
ifferently, Brazilians value their business and those who lead. And not least, t
he annual rounds of the survey show that socioeconomic factors affect occasional
cyclical, with greater or lesser degree, the dynamic entrepreneur in several wa
ys.
Source: GEM Brazil (2006).
2.4. Motivations for undertaking
Many people are surprised by the outcome of this research, which indicates that
1 in every 10 Brazilians are undertaking the creation of a business in the last
42 months. Is it really that there is so much Brazilian opening your own busines
s? It is important to clarify that since the first time this survey was conducte
d, a curious aspect drew the attention of researchers: the existence of a large
contingent of people working as autonomous in the informal economy, especially i
n countries
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77
development - are peddlers, manicures, peddlers and others who take care of your
own business but do not get a job with a formal contract. People in this situat
ion are called entrepreneurs by necessity.
Figure 3.1: The seller of hats is one example of an entrepreneur.
Those who open a business because they see an opportunity to explore an activity
are called successful entrepreneurs by opportunity. In this case the individual
chooses the path of entrepreneurship by opening your own business, even if info
rmal. Possibly, you, you're doing this course will be an opportunity for entrepr
eneurs because it is preparing to open his own business someday. To identify the
se two types of motivation, GEM research categorizes projects according to two g
uidelines: opportunities and the perceived need created by the lack of a satisfa
ctory alternative employment and income. The fact is that in middle income count
ries and poor countries, the pursuit of economic survival combined with the rela
tively poor systems of social insurance and assistance requires huge numbers of
workers to take to get their material survival. Therefore, by necessity entrepre
neurship is more common in these countries.
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In high-income countries, the opportunity for entrepreneurship is the most commo
n and the average of entrepreneurship by chance is 8.9% versus 3.3% in entrepren
eurship out of necessity. Brazil is a middle income country. Here the opportunit
y for entrepreneurship has remained in the house from 6%, which puts the country
in 20th position in the ranking. The need for entrepreneurship has not varied s
ignificantly over time and from 5.3% in 2005 to 5.6% in 2006, as presented in th
e following figure. In the ranking, Brazil went from 4th to 6th place in the wor
ld, is considered the opportunity for entrepreneurship. That is, in Brazil, for
each individual who undertakes opportunity exists for another it does by necessi
ty. In all countries surveyed, the initial entrepreneurs motivated by opportunit
y are the majority.
Figure 3.3: Evolution of the rate for Entrepreneurship Motivation in Brazil from
2001 to 2006
25%
8.5% 5.7% 0 2001 Opportunity
7.5% 5.8% 2002
6.8% 5.5% 2003
7.0% 6.2% 2004
6.0% 5.3% 2005
6.0% 5.6% 2006
Need
Source: Field Study - GEM Brazil (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006).
ACTIVITIES 2. Manuel is a well known plumber in a condominium in the South Zone
of Rio de Janeiro. The building to which it serves and has 102 apartments, as it
was built in 1973, there is always a leak happening. Every time someone has a p
roblem of plumbing, Manuel calls her. One day, the receiver caught the following
exchange with the plumber:
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Question: Why Manuel has not accepted the job offer? He was not an entrepreneur
by necessity?
Annotated Response
Manuel, though it is autonomous and has a customer service specialist. He has de
veloped a way to work independently. He's not a plumber unattended for lack of c
hoice, because if it were, would have immediately accepted the invitation and wo
uld have the security of formal employment. The fact is that Manuel saw his work
in a job opportunity more attractive than a permanent job. So Manuel is an inde
pendent entrepreneur who is exploring with the market power of plumbing services
. He chose this activity, despite having a job. Soon, he is undertaking because
it saw an opportunity, not lack of choice. Manuel is an entrepreneur by chance.
3. Considering the concepts in this class, how do you rank the choices made by B
eatrice, the owner of Rwanda Flowers?
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81
Annotated Response
She also chose to undertake.ÂIt is an entrepreneurial opportunity for. She seiz
ed an opportunity, saw the opportunity to make a profit, generate employment and
create wealth through the production of flowers for her, its employees and thei
r country. Needed to take the risks inherent in the business and move forward to
build a successful company. The case of Beatrice is an example of initiative th
at several researchers have suggested as a means of reducing poverty in the worl
d. Developing people's ability to wage is one way to go. Therefore, one of the e
arliest scholars of entrepreneurship, Professor Jeffrey Timmons, said: "Entrepre
neurship is a quiet revolution that will, for the 21st century, more than the In
dustrial Revolution was to the 20th century."
So too does the Sebrae (Brazilian Service to Support Micro and Small Enterprise)
by stating that: Entrepreneurship is not the privilege of private initiative, e
ntrepreneurship is the attitude of a people.
Sergio Moreira, former president of Sebrae, 2002, quoted in Ruiz.
Multimedia
P
esearch www.casosdesucesso.sebrae.com.br stories on the site of Brazilians who h
ave changed their reality from entrepreneurship.
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Returning ...
specializes in lending money to poor people, a system that became known as micro
credit. The Bangladeshi professor Muhammad Yunus was thinking how it could help
reduce poverty in Bangladesh and wondered if people who had capital to invest in
something that they knew how, could produce and create your own sale. This init
iative has changed the lives of many people and became a unique experience to de
velop poor places, through the development and financing of entrepreneurial skil
ls of people. The bank operates as a private self-sustaining and has generated p
rofits in almost every year of its operation, except in the year of its founding
and in 1991 and 1992. The Grameen Bank won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 along
with its founder.
T
erhaps you have not heard of the Grameen Bank. This bank is different from every
one else we know in Brazil. He
Make sure that you are able to:
â ¢ Define the term entrepreneurship from the economic view. â ¢ Define the term ent
repreneurship from the behavioral approach. â ¢ Compare Rate Initial Entrepreneurs
(TEA) from Brazil with other countries studied by the GEM research.
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References
BARBOSA, Fernando Mauro Buleo. Entrepreneurship in Brazil: a study of Brazilian
entrepreneurs and their characteristics. 2006. Completion of course work (MBA Sp
ecialization in Business Management) - IBMEC, 2006. BRAZIL GEM. Available at: <h
ttp://www.gembrasil.org.br> Acesso em: 10 dez. 2007. ROSSI, Clovis. Flowers and
Rolex. Folha de S. Paul. SÃ£o Paulo, 10 out.2007. Sachs, Jeffrey. The cure for p
overty. Veja magazine. SÃ£o Paulo, 6 April 2005. Interview to Veja magazine, edi
tion 1899. FILION, L. J. Differences between management systems for entrepreneur
s and small business operators. Journal of Business, Sao Paulo, v. 39, n. 4, Oct
. / Dec. p. 6-20. 1999. PAIVA JUNIOR, Fernando Gomes de; LAMB, Adriana Tenorio.
Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship: an analysis of the evolution of studies i
n the Brazilian academic production. In: MEETING OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN MANAGEMENT (ENANPAD), 26., 2002, Rio de Janeiro. Anais ...
Rio de Janeiro: ANPAD, 2002. SEARCH Field: 2001 to 2006. GEM Brazil. Available a
t: <http://www.gem brasil.org.br> Acesso em: 10 dez. 2007. URIARTE, Luiz Ricardo
. Profile ID Intrapreneurship. FlorianÃ³polis, Brazil: UFSC, 2000. Dissertation
submitted to the Graduate Program in Production Engineering at UFSC. SEBRAE. Ava
ilable at: <http://www.sebrae.com.br>. Accessed: 2 mar. 2005. MUELLER, Mark et a
l. Entrepreneurship in Brazil - 2006. Curitiba: IBQP, 2007. 228 p. Available at:
<www.gembrasil.org.br>. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2007.

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Sandra R. H. Feder Veronica Mariano Mayer

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