MOVEMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND Reconceptualization of

A reconceptualization of the MOVEMENT FOR SOCIAL SERVICES AND THE PROCESS OF REN
EWAL OF CRITICAL OCCUPATION FROM THE DECADE OF 1980 IN BRAZIL. VALÉRIA RABBIT OM
ENA * INTRODUCTION
Social work is a profession whose construction process did not happen in a conti
nuous and linear, its genesis to its socio-historical trajectory, have complex c
haracteristics, which are not always perceived and understood by society and eve
n within their own categories, seizures differ as to its transformation process
and professional performance. In this paper we want to learn a profession that a
rose within the Catholic Church, which had its theoretical basis of moral concep
ts, the neo-Thomist confessional, in the midst of a socio-historical and institu
tional context, is now in its theoretical and practical method dialectic of Karl
Marx to understand the process of renewal of critical social work is necessary
to denounce conservatism punctuated professional, initiated in the 1960s and dev
eloped in the decades from 1970 to 1980, under the influence of the Movement of
Social reconceptualization Latin American, contextualizing the historical junctu
re of the season in the world and especially in Latin America.
DEVELOPMENT
1.1 PROFESSIONAL CONSERVATISM
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
r of Social Work at the Federal University of Alagoas, Specialist in Social Work
in Oncology Institute of Cancer / RJ and Master of Social Work from the UFAL.
2 Social Services has in its genesis, in monopoly capitalist society, by the nee
ds of socio-technical division of labor, characterized by a set of variables ran
ging from alienation, contradiction of antagonism. In this context, Brazil, Soci
al Services sought to assert itself as a historical practice of humanitarian nat
ure, through the legitimization of the state and protect the Church from the 194
0s. The Conservatism professional can be identified in practice this season, whi
ch consisted of professional action in the form of intervening in the lives of w
orkers, although its base was the volunteer work, but its effects were essential
ly political: through the "framework for workers in social relations force, enha
ncing mutual cooperation between capital and labor "(Iamamoto, 2004, p. 20). As
Iamamoto (2004, p. 20-21) notes that unlike the traditional charity, which was l
imited to the reproduction of poverty, the proposed occupation: An educational a
ctivity, preventive and curative social problems through its action along the Wo
rking Families ; Unlike public assistance, by ignoring the uniqueness and charac
teristics of individuals, the Social Service is to guide the "individualization
of legal protection, understood as educational assistance tailored to individual
problems; An organizational action among the working population within the Cath
olic militancy as opposed to workers' movements that have not joined the Catholi
c associations. Iamamoto Carvalho and conceptualize the professional conservatis
m as:
[...] A form of ideological intervention that relies on philanthropy as a suppor
t action whose effects are essentially political: the framing of the poor and ne
edy, which covers all of the exploited classes. There can also be disconnected f
rom the wider context in which it is the policy position taken up and developed
by all the bloc's Catholic: a close alliance with the 'national fascism' to cons
titute itself as a polarizer of the view right through the defense of a deeply c
onservative program, the constant and relentless struggle against socialism, the
uncompromising defense of current social relations (CARVALHO, in Iamamoto and C
ARVALHO, 1988: 221-222).
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
Through these three elements, the author emphasizes that the "Social Service eme
rges as an activity with more doctrinal bases than scientific, in the midst of a
movement of reformist-conservative slant" (Iamamoto, 2004, p. 21). And even wit
h the process of secularization and expansion of technical and scientific suppor
t of the profession, with the development of schools and faculties of Social Ser
vices, under the influence of Social Sciences in March of conservative thought,
the American Social Services. With the economic development process in Brazil, m
ainly the development of the automotive industry in the 1950s, the problems of "
social issue"social workers demanded a share professional approach to individua
l, group and community. The EU approach Ammam was defined as:
A process through which people's own efforts to join the government authorities,
in order to improve the economic, social and cultural communities, to integrate
these communities into national life and enable her to contribute fully to the
country's progress . (1984, p.32 aput UN 1962, p.25)
With the incorporation of theoretical and methodological approach in the Communi
ty Social Services, as Netto (2005) the professionals started to feel greater se
nsitivity regarding the macro issues, in addition, the author emphasizes that th
is form of intervention was "more consonant with the needs and the characteristi
cs of a society like Brazil - where the "social question" had massive magnitude
elementally. This new professional reality will mark the beginning of the erosio
n of the bases of Social Work "traditional" in which "the social worker wishes t
o be an 'apostle' to invest is the condition of 'change agent'" (2005, p . 138).
In this context Netto (2005, p. 139), points out three elements relevant to the
erosion of Social Services' traditional: 1. "The recognition that the professio
n or tune in to 'the demands of a changing society and growing' or they risk see
ing their professional 'relegated to the background";
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
4 2. "Raises the need 'to improve [...] the conceptual apparatus of social servi
ces and raise the standard [...] technical, scientific and cultural professional
s in this field of activity" 3. "The claim of executive functions not only in th
e planning and implementation of development projects." However, according to Ne
tto, still can not openly identify a crisis of traditional social work, this was
only possible in subsequent years with the folding of four specific factors in
the professional category: 1. Professional maturity and their relationship in mu
ltidisciplinary teams; 2. Shutdown of parts of the Catholic Church and the more
traditional dumping of the more progressive Catholic groups, 3. Participation of
the student movement in the schools of Social Work, 4. The "proper approach sig
nificant part of the social sciences of the period, critical dimensions and magn
et for national-popular" (NETTO, 2005, p. 140). Subject to the factors set out h
ere, Miranda and Cavalcanti (2005, p. 7) emphasize that there has been a "crisis
of ideology, policy and effectiveness" in the professional category in which th
e Social Service questioned its bureaucracy, "its character and its import conne
ction with the ruling classes. " Consequently he was appointed three projects fo
r the profession: The maintenance of conservative and traditional matrix; A cons
ervative modernization; And the break with conservatism, this project, inherited
by the Movement of reconceptualization of Social Work in Latin America.
1.2 MOVEMENT reconceptualization
The Movement was a movement reconceptualization of what happened in Latin Americ
an countries (Chile, Argentina, Peru and Uruguay), according Faleiros (1981), co
nsisted of a movement of criticism of positivism and functionalism and grounds o
f the Marxist view on the history and structure of Social ______________________
________________________________________________ * Bachelor of Social Work at th
e Federal University of Alagoas, Specialist in Social Work in Oncology Institute
of Cancer / RJ and Master of Social Work from the UFAL.
5
In the '60s, movements and social struggles, the development of reform experienc
es in Latin America, the emergence of the Cuban revolution, a guerrilla struggle
and reflection around the process of addiction have emphasized the dissatisfact
ion of many social workers who saw themselves as' firemen ', called to extinguis
h small fires, to act on the effect of poverty, establish contacts without effec
tively contribute to improving the lives of everyday people. (FALEIROS, 1981, p.
117).
In Chile, according Faleiros the participation of the student movement in the gl
obal political confrontation, and specifically in social work, is extremely rele
vant, what resulted in the reorganization of the School of Social Service, whose
goal was to "transform the practice of Social Work, starting by fostering new p
ractices from the stage, and institutions in a new sizing teóricopolítico (FALEI
ROS, 1981, p.114).This professional guidance has not happened alien social rela
tions, on the contrary, since the internships going on inside the "industries, i
nstitutes of agrarian reform, unions, urban social center," thus indicating a "n
ew social and political context in which the popular forces of workers, peasants
and urban movements were in the ascending phase (FALEIROS, 1981, p.114) In the
midst of class struggle and demands of workers and social movements, the School
of Social Work in Chile "began to organize the teaching of Social Work in a dyna
mic new alliances with the forces of social transformation, popular within the p
roject of building a socialist society" (FALEIROS, 1981, p.114), it was necessar
y for a profession's commitment with the working class, which featured second Fa
leiros "in a break with the Social Service or merely paternalistic developmental
" (FALEIROS, 1981, p.115).
Questioning social, political, social movements and new demands of capital accum
ulation, from the postwar order placing the Social Work profession in a position
to - contemporary with his time, giving favors, rather than service on the basi
s of consensus of the religious class collaboration (FALEIROS, 1981, p.115).
The Movement reconceptualization brought social workers to identify political an
d ideological existence of opposing sides - two classes ________________________
______________________________________________ * Bachelor of Social Work at the
Federal University of Alagoas, Specialist in Social Work in Oncology Institute o
f Cancer / RJ and MSc in Service Social by UFAL.
6 antagonistic social - dominant and dominated by denying therefore the neutral
professional who had historically oriented profession. This revelation opened th
e possibility in the category of professional approach to the design of the clas
ses, beginning the collective debate about the political dimension of the profes
sion. In this context we can say that the Movement for the reconceptualization o
f Social Work in Latin America constituted a break with the expression of social
service traditional and conservative, and the possibility of a new professional
identity with actions geared to the demands of the working class whose axis of
its "concern for the particular situation the general relationship - private," a
nd is replaced by "a political vision of interaction and intervention" (FALEIROS
, 1981, p.133).
The Movement of reconceptualization is created and develops from the political a
nd ideological identity of the profession by capital and the denial of a conserv
ative social work practice, saying a political compromise with the lower class.
(Silva and Silva, 1995, p. 86 aput MOTA, 1987, p. 15-16)
But the Movement for the reconceptualization of Social Work in Latin America was
interrupted by the repression of the military dictatorship in Latin America, be
coming so, according to Netto (2005) and contained an unfinished movement in its
history, especially with regard to academic teaching, research and extension .
However, despite the asphyxiation caused by the dictatorship in the key countrie
s of Latin America, notes that Netto
[...] This inconclusiveness of the movement has not done something intransitive,
which do not refer more than himself. Unlike, for over ten years, the sequence
of the 1970s, the most significant reconceptualization of renewing the spirit, c
ritical processes, which were fed the most advanced in Latin American profession
al process. (2005, p. 15).
This movement of political unrest leading to the construction of a concrete prop
osal for action by defining the object and purposes of Social beyond conservatis
m, by bringing with marxismo1 hitherto non-existent. As Netto (2005, p. 145-146)
.
The reconceptualization is without any doubt, part of the process of erosion of
social service "traditional" and therefore to that extent, share the Marxist tra
dition in social work is richly discussed by Netto in the journal Social Work an
d Society, Year X, No. . 30, São Paulo: Cortez, 1989.
1
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
7
characteristics and their causalities. As such, it can not be conceived without
reference to the overall framework (economic, social, political, cultural and st
rictly professional) into which it develops. However, it is presented with clear
peculiarities, coming from Latin American features, in our latitudes,"The brea
k with the traditional Social service falls within the dynamics of the severance
of ties imperialist struggle for national liberation and transformation of the
capitalist structure exclusionary, concentrating" (NETTO, 2005, 146 and aput Fal
eiros, 1987, p. 51).
Moreover, the Movement of Social reconceptualization of Latin American brought t
o the Brazilian Social contributions that were decisive in the process of accele
rating the breakdown of traditional social work, as can be seen below. The renew
al process Critical Social Service has linked its brand to the circuit socio-pol
itical history of Latin America and the 1960s, a period marked by the ferment of
social movements, both determined by the global crisis of capitalist accumulati
on patterns generated after World War II as the insertion of the Latin countries
in the new international division of labor with the implementation of developme
ntal economic policy that came to enlarge the contradictions and inequalities. A
mid all this political turmoil, there is still the impacts of the Cuban Revoluti
on and the political movements linked to socialism and Marxism as the experience
of Chile. All these were decisive factors in social workers' concern about thei
r professional role by the expressions of "social issue". The professional actio
ns began to be questioned as to its effectiveness by the Brazilian social realit
y, as well as the theoretical and methodological underpinning their practice. Th
e union that resulted in a large heterogeneous group of professionals "intereste
d in effectively promoting the economic and social development," thus marking th
e first steps to renew professional. (NETTO, 2005, p.10). This heterogeneous gro
up of social workers was composed of two segments:
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
8 • The First: pointing to an adaptation or renewal of Social forward
to a new reality, according to Netto, this group (strictly developmental) suppor
ted the possibility of modernizing Social tied to development projects is what t
his author calls "Aggiornamento2 Social Service" • The second group consisted of
young radicals who sought to "break with
the professional past in order to tune the profession with the projects exceeded
the social structures of exploitation and domination "(NETTO, 2005, p. 10). Acc
ording Netto these segments further divided into two blocks: • • Reform Democrat
s (radically developmental) Radical Democrats (to which the development was supp
osed to overcome the
-exploitation and imperialist domination native) (NETTO, 2005, p. 10).
CRITICAL PROCESS FOR RENEWAL OF SOCIAL SERVICES FROM THE BRAZILIAN 1980s.
The renewal process Critical Social Service is also known as the process of rupt
ure of Social Work professional with traditionalism. This process did not happen
immediately, but started from questions and think critically about their conten
t and methodology of professional practice, thus making explicit the conflicts a
nd contradictions, setting up new possibilities for action aimed at the working
class.
Aggiornamento is an Italian word, which according to George Fobes (1996) was con
secrated by Pope John XXIII, on call, on January 25, 1959, goal was to renew the
Catholic Church to elevate the level of the world. Available in http://www.jorg
eforbes.com.br/br/contents.asp?s=23&i=48 access 22/05/2007.
2
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
9 However, as Netto, the military dictatorship installed in Brazil in 1964 and s
ubsequently in other countries of America - America, has stalled the process of
reconceptualization of Social Work in Latin America who had 10 years of ferment.
In the mid-1970s, the renovation work embodied in the reconceptualization found
himself frozen: his case had not occurred for over a decade. And its demise was
not due to any exhaustion or depletion immanent, but rather was the product of t
he brutal repression which then fell on critical thinking in Latin America (NETT
O, 2005, p. 10).
However, this legacy of reconceptualization was the basis for the critical renew
al of Social Brazil in the 1980s,as Netto (2005) "contained and even pressed th
e limits of a decade, the reconceptualization marked the Latin American Social S
ervice," and can point to at least four victories this season due in Brazil: 1.
Professional interaction and exchanges with other countries "to answer issues th
at are common in Latin America, a unit built independently, without the tutelage
confessional or imperialists." 2. The explanation of the political dimension of
professional action: professional action until then was a small "claim ideologi
cal cleansing" 3. A critical dialogue with the social sciences: a reconceptualiz
ation incorporase with the critique of traditionalism, laying the groundwork for
"a new discourse of social services with social sciences, opening the new flows
(including the Marxist tradition) and synchronizing with diverse trends of cont
emporary social thought then "4. The inauguration of professional pluralism, "th
e letter reconceptualization of citizenship granted to different conceptions of
the nature, object, mission, goals and practices of Social Services, including a
s a result of the use of diverse theoretical and methodological arrays. (NETTO,
2005, p. 1112). Netto as the main achievement of Motion
Reconceptualization was the refusal of social workers in characterizing solely _
_____________________________________________________________________ * Bachelor
of Social Work at the Federal University of Alagoas, Specialist in Social Work
10 technical staff in implementing social policies. Through the process of upgra
ding especially with the introduction of these professionals within the academic
research was possible to break with the "division of labor among dedicated soci
al scientists (theorists) and social (professional practice)" (NETTO, 2005, p. 1
2) However, as it should be, despite all theoretical and political effort to tun
e in Social Work with a rationality críticodialética was still possible to ident
ify some misconceptions, limits and contradictions of the profession in this per
iod, as Netto (2005, p. 13) "political activism that has obscured the boundaries
between the profession and political activism - where sometimes the hypostasis
of the political dimensions of professional practice, post office then as heroic
and / or messianic" and the "denial theories imported," and "Confusion ideologi
cal" resulting from this reading of the various misinterpretations of the writin
gs of Marx. Besides these, Silva and Silva (1995, p. 90-91) points out the reduc
tion in welfare assistance and denial of institutionalization, etc.. In Brazil t
hat Netto highlights the impacts of reconceptualization were typical:
[...] The displacement of "Social service traditional" bias for developmental-co
mpatible modernizing became the renewal of Social Service with the requirements
for the project dictatorial and allowed the consolidation of a professional prof
ile quite distinct from traditionalism. (2005, p. 16)
Paradoxically, the military dictatorship in Brazil provided the strength of cons
ervatism within the profession, was also responsible for the first time a renewa
l modernizing the profession even under a fascist direction imposed by this junc
ture, also allowed the emergence of the renewal of the professional category, an
d start the process of breaking professional in resonances of the trends which,
reconceptualization, pointed to a radical critique of traditionalism.
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
11 The resumption of conservatism can be seen in the documents and Araxá Teresóp
olis3 - these mark the structural-functionalist approach - maintaining values tr
aditionalists, like the neo-Thomist, associated procedures positivists, retrieve
d from the American influence in the profession. We observe the necessity of com
bining scientific knowledge, through the seizure of positivist social science, i
nstrumentation technique for doing business with the redemption value of the ind
ividual, solidarity, individualized communication. As Netto highlights:
[...] Combining common sense, common sense and knowledge drawn from theoretical
contexts; empirical manipulating variables according to priorities established b
y theoretical inference or willingness burocráricoadministrativa;legitimizing t
he intervention with a speech that mixes valuations from different species, poli
tical goals, and theoretical, using the technical procedures and operations expe
dients dictated by circumstances; appealing to institutional resources and reser
ves and episodic emergency - accomplished and thought from this heterogeneous st
ructure, syncretic practice puts the apparent versatility (NETTO, 1992p. 103).
However with the reactivation of social movements and operáriosindical in mid-19
70 to 1980, amid the political climate of debate and struggle for the democratiz
ation of the country, a critical culture is promoted and accepted by the profess
ional sectors. Social Work in this context is responsible for the impetus to a b
reak with traditionalism, a portion of social workers, who are investing so much
in the organization of the profession and in academia, with the theoretical and
methodological development driven by the dialectical method Marxism. As Netto,
[...] Developing a critical perspective, both theoretical and practical, which w
as formed from the mind's own reconceptualization. This was not a simple continu
ation of the ideas reconceptualized [...] before, what has occurred was a critiq
ue of the revival of traditionalism from the achievements of reconceptualization
(2005, p. 17).
The rupture process was only possible from the political opening since the milit
ary dictatorship in previous years had imposed many difficulties
3
CBCISS, 1986.
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
12 policies for the movement to break happen. It is noteworthy that this thought
was not hegemonic, since many professionals were still operating under the aegi
s of the guidelines and modernizing the revival of conservatism whose theoretica
l - was the predominant philosophical phenomenology. Worth noting that the ruptu
re process took its first steps through the academy, because amid the military-f
ascist dictatorship, this was the professional space as possible and less insecu
re, for the development of Marxist critical thought, not only in the classroom,
but also through research and extension projects, thus enabling a closer relatio
nship with professional practice. In this context we should mention some importa
nt factors in the process of renewal of critical social services in the 1980s: t
he approval of new curriculum fuck, by the Federal Council of Education in 1982,
represented a significant gain for the prospect of intention to break, the appr
oach Social service "of the discussion about everyday life, by authors such as L
ukacs and Heller, Goldman, Lefèvre." (BAROQUE, 2006, p. 174) and the presence of
Gramscian influence in several productions this season and has allowed new rein
terpreted the possibilities of critical renewal, thus influencing the developmen
t of the Code of Professional Ethics of 1986 that formed a significant element i
n the process of breaking work, especially in political and theoretical aspects,
expressing the influence of Marxist thought in Social Work. (BAROQUE, 2006, p.
170). Among the first formulations of the rupture process that can punctuate the
experience of the BH method, considered a milestone in its intention to break t
he Brazilian Social Service, where it is possible to identify a proposed interve
ntion professional alternative to traditional practices, pointing to a social se
rvice approach conference, mobilizing, encouraging social organization in the cl
aims of the needs of the working class. According to Netto, the BH method was co
nfigured for,
[...] Addition to the ideological critique of the epistemological and methodolog
ical and denounces the refusal of the practices themselves from traditionalism,
involving all these steps, he crowned his passing in designing a full profession
al design comprehensive, offering a staff dedicated to giving paradigmatic
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
13
account including the number of academic support for the training of technical s
taff and for the intervention of Social Service (NETTO, 2005, p. 276).
Another formulation indicated by Netto in the construction of the intention to b
reak the reflection is produced by Marilda Iamamoto Villela, published in 1983 b
y her and Raul de Carvalhoentitled: Social Relations and Social Services in Bra
zil: A tentative interpretation of historical methodology. Signaling the "majori
ty of the intellectual perspective of rupture - the crowning point of inflection
of the consolidation of academic design and mediation to break their deployment
beyond the boundaries of university" (NETTO, 2005, p. 275). This entire process
presented here will result in the construction of a new project - ethical profe
ssional politician linked to a societal project, proposing a new social order, f
ocused on equity and social justice perspective of universal access to goods and
services relating to the policies social. In this context the search profession
's commitment to the working class, through the intellectual improvement, based
on academic qualification and design based on theoretical and methodological cri
tique and solid.
CONCLUSION
Finally, the Marxist tradition linked to the Social Services occurred in both th
e advanced capitalist countries and in North America and Western Europe, as in d
eveloping countries in Latin America. This relationship did not happen by chance
, was the result of the crisis of the profession with the heritage conservative
traditionalist, the pressure exerted by social movements and also by revolutiona
ry action of the student movement. This relationship of Social Work with the Mar
xist theory was possible to understand the social significance of the profession
, contribute to the reflection of socio-professional intervention and, above all
to support the theory and practice. Whose
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
14 fundamental achievement was "conscious of its status as a professional worker
who bounces in the organization's political class and the Marxist thought that
gradually appropriates the social reality, learning the job as a supporting elem
ent of social life" (BAROQUE, 2006 ). As seen Social Work in Brazil is character
ized by the legacy of the Movement of reconceptualization because, as well says
Netto (2005), it is impossible to imagine the critical Social without harness hi
m to this heritage, even though the conviction that there a theoretical and ideo
logical plurality, diversity which is itself formed the professional category, a
lbeit under the aegis of an ethical-political project which makes the critique o
f traditionalism.
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
15 REFERENCES
AMMAM, S. Bezerra. Ideology of Community Development in Brazil. 4th ed. São Paul
o: Cortez, 1984. BAROQUE, M. L. S. Ethics and Social Work: Ontological Foundatio
ns. - 4th ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2001. FALEIROS, V. P. Methodology and Ideology
of Social Work. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 1981. FALEIROS, V. P. Reconceptualiza
tion of social services in Brazil: a matter in motion? Rev. Social Work and Soci
ety, no. 84. São Paulo: Cortez, 2005, p. 2136. Iamamoto, M. CARVALHO, R. of, Soc
ial Relations and Social Services in Brazil: A tentative interpretation of histo
rical methodology. - 6th ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 1988. Iamamoto, M. V. Renovation
and Conservatism in Social Work. - 7th ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2004.
MARTINELLI, M. L. Social Services: identity and alienation. - 7th ed. São Paulo:
Cortez, 2001. MIRANDA, A. P. R. and Cavalcanti, P. B. Social Services and their
professional ethics. Magazine Now In: Public Policy and Social Work, Year 1, no
. 2. July 2005. Available in http://www.assistentesocial.com.br access June 20,
2007. NETTO, J. P. Monopolistic Capitalism and Social Service. 2nd ed. São Paulo
: Cortez, 1992. NETTO, J. P. Dictatorship and Social Work: An Analysis of Social
Work in Brazil after 64. 8th ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2005.
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
16 NETTO, J. P P. The reconceptualization Movement - 40 years later. Rev. Social
Work and Society, no. 84. São Paulo: Cortez, 2005, p. 21-36. Silva and Silva, M
. O. (Coord.). The Social Work and People: rescue theoretical and methodological
design professional break. São Paulo: Cortez, 1995.
______________________________________________________________________ * Bachelo
r of Social Work at the Federal University of Alagoas;Specialist in Social Work

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