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Chapter 15

1. In the late 19th century, consciousness was studied primarily


a. by using introspection
b. with the EEG
c. by examining sleep and dreaming
d. by observing others behavior

2. Currently, brain researchers


a. are interested only in studying sleep as a form of consciousness
b. agree on a definition of consciousness
c. integrate philosophical, biological, and computer science perspectives to study
consciousness
d. agree that consciousness cannot be studied objectively

3. Which of the following animal species sleeps the LEAST?


a. bats
b. humans
c. lions
d. kangaroos

4. Which of the following statements regarding shift work is TRUE?


a. night shift workers perform their jobs as well as day shift workers
b. shift workers sleep less than day workers
c. night shift workers generally sleep through the day on their weekends or days off
d. job-related accidents are most likely to occur between 10:00pm and midnight

5. Which of the following baseball teams is LEAST likely to win a game?


a. the Boston Red Sox playing at the Houston Astros
b. the Houston Astros playing at the Boston Red Sox
c. the San Francisco Giants playing at the Atlanta Braves
d. the Atlanta Braves playing at the San Francisco Giants

6. Circadian rhythms for sleep and waking arise in the


a. suprachiasmatic nucleus
b. hypothalamus
c. pineal gland
d. medulla

7. The MOST significant zeitgeber for the sleep/wake cycles appears to be


a. moonlight
b. sunlight
c. clocks
d. social contact
8. Research suggests that in order to increase worker productivity, night shift workers should
a. sleep in complete darkness
b. work in bright light
c. take naps every 2 hours while working
d. a and b

9. Assuming that the day shift is from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., the swing shift is from 4:00 p.m. to
midnight, and the night shift is from midnight to 8:00 a.m., which of the following shift-rotation
schedules would be MOST beneficial to workers?
a. day shift to swing shift to night shift
b. day shift to night shift to swing shift
c. swing shift to day shift to night shift
d. night shift to swing shift to day shift

10. How have researchers explained evidence that the internal clock operates on a 25-hour cycle?
a. the effect is related to the 3-day lunar cycle
b. it is just an artifact of allowing people to use alarm clock to start their day
c. body temperature moves the cycle from 24 to 25 hours
d. none of the above

11. _____ is a hormone released by the pineal gland that induces sleepiness
a. Melanopsin
b. Adenosine
c. Melatonin
d. Hypocretin

12. All of the following are true EXCEPT:


a. mice lacking rods and cones are unable to show normal entrainment and cycling
b. light is able to activate the SCN by way of the retinohypothalamic pathway
c. the small percentage of ganglion cells that respond to light directly contain melanopsin
d. melanopsin is most sensitive to light that occurs at dusk and dawn

13. The circadian clock for sleep and waking


a. is found in the brain, but it may control clocks in other organs
b. involves a feedback loop of two groups of genes and their protein products
c. must be reset each day by light
d. all of the above

14. Which of the following cycle lengths would be considered an ultradian rhythm?
a. 24-hour
b. hour
c. 48-hour
d. 36-hour
15. The basic rest and activity cycle
a. is a circadian rhythm
b. is a 60-minute cycle that occurs throughout the day
c. shows up in a 90-minute daydreaming cycle
d. is controlled by temperature

16. Which of the following statements is NOT true about sleep?


a. it is an active proves
b. it is the cessation of activity due to fatigue
c. it involves turning some brain structures on and other structures off
d. it includes both active and inactive periods of brain activity

17. An EEG pattern showing low-amplitude, high-frequency (13-30 Hz) waves characterizes
a. alertness
b. relaxation
c. light sleep
d. slow-wave sleep

18. Sleep spindles and K-complexes are MOST likely to be observed in


a. REM sleep
b. Stage 4 sleep
c. Stage 2 sleep
d. Stage 1 sleep

19. What type of EEG characterizes Stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep?


a. alpha activity
b. beta activity
c. delta activity
d. theta activity

20. Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of REM sleep?


a. low-amplitude, moderate-frequency EEG
b. eye movements
c. arm and leg movements
d. genital erection

21. Dreams
a. occur only during REM sleep
b. are more vivid in slow-wave sleep
c. have no personal meaning
d. probably occur in all people
22. Someone who is deprived of REM sleep will
a. spend more time in REM and slow-wave sleep when allowed to sleep without
interruption
b. develop temporary narcolepsy or cataplexy
c. come to understand the symbolic contents of her dreams
d. spend more time in REM sleep when allowed to sleep without interruptions

23. The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming


a. states that dreaming is merely a by-product of spontaneous neural activity
b. was first proposed by Freud
c. involves brain stem areas that generate random activity, but not forebrain areas
d. suggests that dream content is not important or significant

24. Infants spend about ____% of their total sleep time in REM sleep
a. 10
b. 50
c. 20
d. 75

25. The developmental hypothesis of REM sleep


a. states that REM sleep promotes neural development during childhood, especially during
infancy
b. argues that REM sleep encourages maturation and myelination of higher brain structures
c. is supported by the finding that genes involved in neural plasticity are upregulated during
REM sleep
d. all of the above

26. Slow-wave sleep


a. promotes cerebral recovery, especially in the prefrontal cortex
b. occurs in response to low body temperature
c. occurs in response to low brain temperature
d. is not affected by caffeine, although REM sleep is

27. Learning and memory


a. decrease REM in the night following task
b. involve both REM and non-REM sleep
c. are related to the circadian cycle of sleep, but not the type of sleep
d. are linked to REM sleep in animals but not humans

28. Which of the following mammals does not experience REM sleep?
a. elephant
b. whale
c. echidna
d. feline
29. Which of the following hypotheses suggests that inappropriate neural connections are
discarded during REM sleep?
a. neural development
b. leaning
c. reverse learning
d. activation synthesis

31. Slow-wave sleep is LEAST likely to increase if a person


a. swims 25 laps in a chilly pool
b. runs 10 miles on a hot day
c. has a fever
d. works in an overheated office

32. Caffeine affects sleep by


a. facilitating the effects of adenosine in the preoptic area
b. stimulating the adenosine receptors in the locus coeruleus
c. activating the cells in the basal forebrain region
d. inhibiting adenosine in the preoptic area

33. Sleep involves all of the following structures EXCEPT:


a. the preoptic area of the hypothalamus
b. the basal forebrain region
c. the pons
d. the ventrolateral thalamus

34. Muscular paralysis accompanying REM sleep is moderated by the


a. magnocellular nucleus of the medulla
b. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
c. occipital cortex
d. basal forebrain area

35. Which of the following statements about the arousal systems of the brain is NOT true?
a. one arousal pathway originates in the pons and produces acetylcholine
b. one arousal pathway activates the cortex by the release of norepinephrine from the locus
coeruleus
c. cells in the raph that release dopamine are part of the arousal system
d. histamine from the tuberomammillary nucleus activates the cortex

36. Neurons in the lateral hypothalamus release ____ to stabilize the sleep and waking system
a. serotonin
b. orexin
c. histamine
d. acetylcholine
37. PGO waves
a. travel from the pons to the thalamus and on to the cortex
b. begin about 80 seconds before the start of a REM period
c. initiate the desynchrony of REM sleep
d. all of the above

38. All of the following are true about insomnia EXCEPT:


a. it is associated with disorders such as obesity
b. it is usually diagnosed in a sleep laboratory
c. it may involve cortisol release during the night
d. it is common in people with depression

39. The best treatment for delayed sleep syndrome is to


a. take benzodiazepine sleep medications
b. stay up later on consecutive days
c. increase your body temperature at bedtime
d. go to bed 3 hours earlier for a few days

40. Sleepwalking
a. occurs during slow-wave sleep
b. may have a genetic basis
c. is most common during childhood
d. all of the above

41. Narcolepsy is a condition in which a person


a. suddenly goes from being awake directly into slow-wave sleep
b. falls directly into REM sleep from wakefulness
c. has too much orexin
d. sleeps much more than people without narcolepsy

42. Someone who literally acts out dreams is probably experiencing


a. lucid dreaming
b. cataplexy
c. REM sleep behavior disorder
d. insomnia

43. All of the following are components that most researchers agree are part of consciousness
EXCEPT:
a. attention
b. personality
c. sense of self
d. awareness
44. Which of the following is evidence of learning without awareness?
a. recognizing that our unconscious mind is capable of motivating our behavior
b. following a coachs instructions for hitting a ball with a bat
c. using proprioceptive information to sit erect and walk
d. reading instructions for assembling a computer prior to putting it together

45. The Cheshire cat effect is an example of


a. binocular rivalry
b. lucid dreaming
c. binocular disparity
d. unconscious learning

46. Attention
a. is the same as awareness
b. is a concept rather than a physiological process
c. is a reflection of changes in brain activity
d. all of the above

47. Which of the following is LEAST likely to recognize herself in a mirror?


a. a 16-month-old human
b. an adult rhesus monkey
c. an adult chimpanzee
d. a 24-month-old human

48. All of the following contribute to the sense of self EXCEPT:


a. arousal
b. body mage
c. memory
d. mirror neurons

49. Phantom limb sensations may be experienced


a. by amputees
b. by people born with missing limbs
c. even before an individual has developed a learned body image
d. all of the above

50. Which of the following statements regarding confabulation is FALSE?


a. it often includes elements of real memories
b. it is often consistent and meaningful
c. it is usually intentional
d. it is associated with long-term memory loss
51. Split-brain patients
a. are unable to perform behaviors requiring coordination from both sides of the body
b. are able to give verbal descriptions of objects in both visual fields
c. clearly demonstrate that the left hemisphere is more highly conscious than the right
d. usually perform spatial tasks better with the left hand than the right

52. Which of the following statements regarding dissociative identity disorder is FALSE?
a. it is not included in the APAs Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
b. it was formerly called multiple personality disorder
c. it is believed to result from childhood abuse or trauma
d. individuals exhibit different physiological patterns when manifesting different identities

53. In which of the following conditions is default mode network activity most likely to be
normal?
a. coma
b. locked-in syndrome
c. minimally conscious state
d. vegetative state

54. A single center of consciousness may not exist, but the ____ has been proposed to be an
executive area that coordinates all of the areas involved in consciousness
a. thalamus
b. anterior cingulate cortex
c. claustrum
d. all of the above
BOOK

1. The most important function of sleep is


a. restoration of the body
b. restoration of the brain
c. safety
d. a, b, and c
e. uncertain

2. The bodys own rhythm, when the person is isolated from light, is
a. approximately 24 hr long
b. approximately 25 hr long
c. approximately 28 hr long
d. unclear because of conflicting studies

3. Jim is totally blind, but he follows a 24-hr day-night cycle like the rest of us and seems
comfortably adapted to it. Animal studies suggest that he relies on
a. a built-in rhythm in his SCN
b. nonvisual receptors in his eyes
c. clocks and social activity
d. a and b
e. b and c

4. According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, dreams are the result of a combination of


random neural activity and
a. external stimuli
b. wishes
c. concerns from the day
d. memories

5. Evidence that REM sleep specifically enhances consolidation is that


a. REM increases after learning
b. REM depravation interferes with learning
c. performance improves following REM sleep
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c

6. An executive sleep and waking center is located in the


a. rostral pons
b. lateral hypothalamus
c. preoptic area of the hypothalamus
d. magnocellular nucleus
e. none of the above

7. The magnocellular nucleus is responsible for


a. initiating sleep
b. waking the individual
c. switching between REM and non-REM sleep
d. producing atonia during REM

8. Cataplexy is
a. sleep without an REM component
b. a waking experience of atonia
c. a more severe form of narcolepsy
d. clinically significant insomnia

9. The binding problem is an issue because


a. there is no clear dividing line between consciousness and unconsciousness
b. we are unsure what the function of sleep is
c. there is no single place where all the components of an experience are integrated
d. we lack agreement on what consciousness is

10. An EEG at 40 Hz is associated with


a. binding
b. dreaming
c. consolidation
d. attention
11. The part of the brain where attention is shifted among stimuli may be the
a. basal forebrain
b. magnocellular nucleus
c. thalamus
d. raph nuclei

12. An explanation offered for confabulation links it to damage to the


a. locus coeruleus
b. temporal lobes
c. pulvinar
d. frontal areas

13. The credibility of dissociative identity disorder is increased by


a. the high frequency of its diagnosis
b. different patterns of physiological measures
c. patients lack of incentive to fake the symptoms
d. location of the damage in a particular brain area

14. Evidence supporting a network theory of consciousness is


a. the broader effect of a sensory stimulus during consciousness
b. than an executive for the networks has been identified
c. that there are several centers of consciousness
d. none of these
Chapter 15 Answers 45. A
46. C
1. A 47. B
2. C 48. A
3. D 49. D
4. B 50. C
5. C 51. D
6. A 52. A
7. B 53. B
8. D 54. D
9. A
10. D BOOK
11. C
12. A 1. E
13. D 2. D
14. B 3. B
15. C 4. D
16. B 5. E
17. A 6. E
18. C 7. D
19. C 8. B
20. C 9. C
21. D 10. A
22. D 11. C
23. A 12. D
24. B 13. B
25. D 14. A
26. A
27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. A
32. D
33. D
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. D
38. B
39. B
40. D
41. B
42. C
43. B
44. C

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