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Bidirectional Inverter with Buck/Boost MPPT

System for PV Application


ANUJA PRASHANT DIWAN PRANATI KATYAL M.ANANDAN,
PG student Associatet Professor, (o.gr), Associate Professor, (o.gr),
Dept of Electrical And Electronics, Dept of Electrical And Electronics Dept of Electrical And Electronics,
M.N.M Jain Engineering College, M.N.M Jain Engineering College, M.N.M Jain Engineering College,,
Jothi Nagar, Jothi Nagar, Jothi Nagar,
Thoraipakkam-600 097, Thoraipakkam-600 097, Thoraipakkam-600 097,
Tamilnadu,India Tamilnadu,India Tamilnadu,India
adiwan_p@yahoo.com

Abstract : In this paper, the working of bidirectional inverter with Fig. 1. Configuration of a dc-distribution system.
buck/boost MPPT system for PV application is described. In the dc-distribution applications, a power system, including
Bidirectional inverter is essential for the power flow control renewable distributed generators (DGs), dc loads (lighting, air
between dc bus and ac grid. Also bidirectional inverter is used for conditioner, and electric vehicle), and a bidirectional inverter,
the regulation of dc bus voltage within certain range of voltage.
is shown in Fig. 1, in which two PV arrays with two
Also , as the PV array voltage varies according to the
irradiation , cell temperature etc. MPPT is analysed using buck maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) are implemented.
boost converter to extract maximum available power from PV Since the iv characteristics of the PV arrays are nonlinear,
array. This also reduces the voltage stress on the inverter and they require MPPTs to draw the maximum power from
connected across it. The comparison between the conventional each PV array. Moreover, the bidirectional inverter has to
method and the proposed method is also presented. Finally the fulfill grid connection (sell power) and rectification (buy
simulation results for the proposed method is presented. power) and to control the power flow between dc bus and ac
grid, and to regulate the dc bus to a certain range of voltages.
Keywords Bidirectional inverter, buck/boost The existing method consisting of two-stage
maximum configuration having a boost converter to step up the PV-array
power point trackers (MPPTs), dc-distribution voltage close to the specified dc-link voltage, as shown in Fig.
applications. 2. The boost converter is operated in by-pass mode when the
PV-array voltage is higher than the dc-link voltage, and the
I. INTRODUCTION inverter will function as an MPPT. However, since the
characteristics of PV arrays are different from each other, the
SINCE past few years ,many types of renewable inverter operated in by-pass mode cannot track each
energy, such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, tidal, and geothermal individual maximum power point accurately, and the inverter
energy, have attracted a lot of attention . Among these natural suffers from as high-voltage stress as the open voltage of the
resources, being clean, quiet, pollution free, and abundant, the arrays. To release this limitation, an MPPT topology, which
PV energy is a main and appropriate renewable energy for combines buck and boost converters is proposed in this paper.
low-voltage dc-distribution systems.

Fig. 2. Conventional two-stage PV inverter system with boost-


type MPPTs.
The control algorithm for tracking maximum power points is fulfill either grid-connection mode or rectification mode with
based on a constant voltage method. The MPPT will switch PFC.
operation modes between buck and boost when the output DC-to-AC converters are known as inverters. The
voltage of a PV array is close to the dc-bus voltage. function of an inverter is to change a dc input voltage to ac
To eliminate leakage ground current circulating through PV output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. The
arrays and ground, several transformerless inverter topologies output voltage could be fixed or variable at fixed or variable
were proposed. Even though they can achieve high efficiency, frequency. A variable output voltage can be obtained by
they require more components than the conventional full- varying the input dc voltage and maintaining the gain
bridge topology. To regulate the dc-bus voltage for the grid- constant. On the other hand, if the dc input voltage is fixed
connected inverter,the controls, such as robust, adaptive, and and it is not controllable, a variable output voltage can be
fuzzy were adopted. When adopting these controls for the obtained by varying the gain of the inverter, which is normally
studied dc-distribution system, a heavy step-load change at the accomplished by pulse-width-modulation (PWM) control
dc-bus side will cause high dc-bus voltage variation and within the inverter. The inverter gain may be defined as the
fluctuation,and the system might run abnormally or drop into ratio of the ac output voltage to dc input voltage.
under or over voltage protection. Bulky dc-bus capacitors can
be adopted to increase the hold-up time and suppress the The output voltage waveforms of ideal inverters
fluctuation of the dc-bus voltage [15], but it will increase the should be sinusoidal. However, the waveform of practical
size and cost of the system significantly. Additionally, even inverters are non sinusoidal and contain certain harmonics.
though there are approaches to achieving fast dc-bus voltage For low-and medium-power applications, square-wave or
dynamics, the systems with load connected to the dc bus have quasi-square wave voltages may be acceptable; and for high-
not been studied yet [16], [17]. Therefore, to operate the dc- power applications, low distorted sinusoidal wave forms are
distribution system efficiently while reducing the size of dc- required. With the availability of high-speed power
bus capacitors, a droop regulation mechanism according to the semiconductor devices the harmonic conductor devices, the
inverter current levels is proposed in this study. harmonic contents of output voltage can be minimized or
In this paper, operational principle and control laws of the reduced significantly by using low pass filters.
system are first described, and the MPPT control algorithm,
working of bidirectional invereter is then addressed.
Experimental results from a single-phasebidirectional inverter
with two buck/boost MPPTs are presented. A. FORWARD MODE OF OPERATION

In forward mode of operation the inverter works as


DC-AC converter that converts DC voltage obtained from
solar panel and buck/boost converter into AC which can be
supplied to grid.

It consists of two arms with a two semiconductor


switches on both arms with antiparallel freewheeling diodes
for discharging the reverse current. In case of resistive-
inductive load, the reverse load current flow through these
diodes. These diodes provide an alternate path to inductive
current which continue so flow during the Turn OFF
condition.
The switches are T1, T2, T3 and T4. The switches in each
branch is operated alternatively so that they are not in same
mode (ON /OFF) simultaneously .In practice they are both
OFF for short period of time called blanking time ,to avoid
Fig. 3. Configuration of the studied PV inverter system with short circuiting . The switches T1 and T2 or T3 and T4 should
the buck/boost MPPTs. operate in a pair to get the output. These bridges legs are
switched such that the output voltage is shifted from one to
another and hence the change in polarity occurs in voltage
II. OPERATION AND WORKING OF BIDIRECTIONAL INVERETR waveform. If the shift angle is zero, the output voltage is also
zero and maximal when shift angle is .
To achieve the desired performance of the proposed PV
inverter system, its operational principle is first presented and
the control laws for the inverter operation are then derived.
Fig. 3 shows a configuration of the proposed single-phase
bidirectional inverter with two buck/boost MPPTs, which can
Figure 4. Single Phase Full wave Bridge Inverter
Figure 6 LC Filter
T1 T2 T3 T4 VA VB VAB . While designing L-C filter, the cut-off frequency is
ON OFF OFF ON + VS/2 --VS/2 VS chosen such that most of the low order harmonics is
OFF ON ON OFF + VS/2 + VS/2 --VS eliminated. To operate as an ideal voltage source, that means
ON OFF ON OFF + VS/2 --VS/2 0 no additional voltage distortion even though under the load
OFF ON OFF ON --VS/2 + VS/2 0 variation or a nonlinear load, the output impedance of the
Table 1 Switching States inverter must be kept zero. Therefore, the capacitance value
should be maximized and the inductance value should be
This is the basic type of inverter. Its output is a minimized at the selected cut-off frequency of the low-pass
alternating square wave. The harmonic content in this wave is filter. Each value of L and C component is determined to
very large. This inverter is not efficient and can give serious
damage to some of the electronic equipment. But due to low minimize the reactive power in these components
cost, it has some limited number of applications in household because the reactive power of L and C will decide the cost of
appliances. LC filter and it is selected to minimize the cost, then it is
common that the filter components are determined at the set of
a small capacitance and a large inductance and consequently
the output impedance of the inverter is so high. With these
design values, the voltage waveform of the inverter output can
be sinusoidal

Figure 5 Square Wave Inverter Output

So while designing a single phase inverter of rating


220V or 230V, the basic things we have to design is LC Filter Figure 7. output votlage of inverter with LC filter
and we have to choose an appropriate step-up Transformer.
B. REVERSE MODE OF OPERATION
LC Filter
When the solar energy is not sufficient of it
A low pass LC filter is required at the output terminal is not available , to regulate the DC line voltage , the supply is
of Full Bridge VSI to reduce harmonics generated by the taken from the grid (buy power). Which needs to convert the
pulsating modulation waveform AC power from the grid to the required DC voltage. That
means the inverter has to work as a rectifier.
To draw maximum power from PV arrays, constant voltage
for tracking maximum power points is adopted. If the
maximum power level of a PV array is
higher than the power rating of an MPPT, the two MPPTs will
be in parallel operation to function as a single MPPT. Thus, it
requires an online configuration check to determine the
connection types of the two MPPTs, separately or in parallel.

A. Constant Voltage method

The constant voltage algorithm is based on the


Figure 8 Circuit diagram for Reverse power flow observation from IV curves that the ratio of the arrays
maximum power voltage, Vmp, to its open-circuit voltage,
Thus , when the solar energy is less, the iverter takes Voc, is approximately constant: Vmp / Voc = K < 1. The
AC power from grid , convert it into DC and feed the Dc line. constant voltage algorithm can be implemented using the
In converting AC voltage to DC , the inherent diodes flowchart shown in Figure 9
connected aniparallel to MOSFET plays important role.
The solar array is temporarily isolated from the
Thus while operating in reverse mode of operation ,
MPPT, and a Voc measurement is taken. Next,the MPPT
the gate pulses to the MOSFETs are removed. So the switches
calculates the correct operating point and the preset value of
will be in bypass mode . now the diodes connected antiparallel
K, and adjusts the arrays voltage until the calculated Vmp is
will act as uncontrolled bridge rectifer , and converts AC to
reached. This operation is repeated periodically to track the
equivalent DC which will be supplied to load.
position of the MPP. Although this method is extremely
simple, it is difficult to choose the optimal value of the
III. OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED BUCK/BOOST constant K.
MPPTS The literature reports success with K values ranging
from 73 to 80%. Constant voltage control can be easily
implemented with analog hardware. However, its MPPT
The MPPT topology is formed from a buck converter and
tracking efficiency is low relative to those of other algorithms.
a boost converter.For various PV-array applications, the two
Reasons for this include the aforementioned error in the value
MPPTs will be connected separately or in parallel. The MPPT
of K, and the fact that measuring the open-circuit voltage
senses PV voltage vPV, dc-bus voltage vdc,and inductor
requires a momentary interruption of PV power.
current iLm into the single-chip microcontroller (16F84 A) to
determine operational mode and duty ratio for tracking the
It is also possible to use a constant current MPPT
maximum power point accurately. When voltage vPV is
algorithm that approximates the MPP current as a constant
higher than vdc, the MPPT is operated in buck mode, and
percentage of the short-circuit current. To implement this
switch M1 is turned ON to magnetize inductor Lm and thus
algorithm, a switch is placed across the input terminals of the
increase inductor current iLm. While switch M1 is turned OFF,
converter and switched on momentarily. The short-circuit
inductor Lm releases its stored energy through diodes D1 and
current is measured and the MPP current is calculated, and the
D2 . On the other hand, the MPPT is operated in boost mode
PV array output current is then adjusted by the MPPT until the
when voltage vPV is lower than vdc, and switches M1 and M2
calculated MPP current is reached. This operation is repeated
are turned ON to magnetize inductor Lm. While switchM2 is
periodically. However, constant voltage control is normally
turned OFF, inductor Lm releases its stored energy through
favored because of the relative ease of measuring voltages,
diode D2 .
and because open-circuiting the array is simple to accomplish,
but it is not practically possible to short-circuit the array (i.e.,
to establish zero resistance across the array terminals) and still
make a current measurement.
Thus, the control laws can be expressed as follows:

And
accurately, the proposed controller can track the maximum
power point precisely.

B. BuckBoost Mode Transition

Since the operation range of the dc-bus voltage is limited


in the dcdistribution system, operational-mode transition
between the buck and boost modes will be a critical control
issue to accommodate a wide PV input voltage variation (0
600 V). When the proposed MPPT is operated in boost mode
and voltage vPV is close to vdc, switch M2 is turned OFF and
the duty ratio of switch M1 starts to decrease (d) from
100%. With this control scheme, current iPV of the PV array
will charge input capacitor Cpv , and voltage vPV can be
raised up to a higher level to prevent mode fluctuation
problems. On the contrary, switch M1 is continuously turned
ON and the duty ratio of switch M2starts to increase (+d)
from 0%, when vPV drops toward vdc during buck mode.
Therefore, the MPPT can achieve smooth mode transition by
tuning the duty ratios of the active switches.
Figure 9 Constant voltage/current algorithm A flowchart of the buck/boost mode transition scheme is
flowchart shown in Fig. 10.

At the beginning, the controller will determine the operation


mode of the proposed MPPT. When the MPPT is operated in
boost mode, inductor current iLm is equal to output current
iPV of the PV array; thus, the output power of the PV array
can be expressed as follows:

PPV boost(n) = vPV(n) iLm(n).

On the other hand, when the proposed MPPT is operated in


buck mode, inductor current iLm is equal to output current io ;
thus, the output power of the PV array can be expressed as
follows:

PPV buck(n) = vdc(n) iLm(n).

With this control algorithm, the controller tracks the peak


power by increasing or decreasing the duty ratio periodically.
In this studied PV inverter system, there is a shared auxiliary Fig. 10. Flowchart of the buck/boost mode transition
power supply for the MPPTs and the inverter. Because algorithm.
the switching frequencies of the MPPT (25 kHz) and the
inverter (20 kHz) are different, their switching noises might
affect the accuracy of voltage and current sampling, especially V. SIMULATION RESULTS
under high-power condition. To avoid noise interference, the
MPPT are synchronized with the inverter, and the To verify the performance of the proposed method, the
controllerwill update the duty ratio of the MPPT power stage simulation results are shown. For simulation,
every ten line cyclesat the zero crossing of the line voltage. MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used.
Additionally, since the single-phase PV inverter system has a
twice line-frequency ripple voltage on the dc bus, this
synchronization approach can also eliminate the ripple voltage
effect and determine accurate output power of the PV arrays.
When the output power of the PV arrays can be determined
Figure 14 Forward Direction Power Flow

Figure 15 Input AC voltage

Figure 11 Circuit of Buck / Boost converter

Figur 16 Rectified output voltage

Figure 12 Input Voltage

Figure 17 Output Voltage across load

Figure 13 Boost output

Figure 18 output Current across load

Figure 19 Reverse Power Flow


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Figure 20 Input AC Voltage
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