Research Proposal

On
Prevention Of Wild Animals Entering Into The Agricultural Field

Submitted to,
Ministry Of Environment And Forest (MOEF)
University Grants Commission
BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI-110 002.

Submitted by,

Mr. YATHISHA. L
Assistant professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, A.T.M.E
College of Engineering, Bannur Road, Mysuru, Karnataka 570028.

&

Mr. DILIP KUMAR M.D

UG Student, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, A.T.M.E
College of Engineering, Bannur Road, Mysuru, Karnataka 570028.

FEBRUARY 2017
 PROPOSAL FOR MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT
PART-A
1. Broad Subject : Engineering
2. Area of Specialization : Image Processing
3. Duration : 5 months
4. Investigator
a) Name : Mr. YATHISHA. L
b) Sex : Male
c) Date of Birth : 17/01/1985
d) Category: (GEN/SC/ST/OBC) : GEN
e) Qualification : M Tech, (Ph.D).
f) Designation : Assistant Professor
g) Address
Office : Dept. of Electronics and Communication Eng.
A.T.M.E College of Engineering, Bannur Road,
Mysuru, Karnataka 570028.

Residence : #315 18TH Cross, vijayanagar 3rd stage,

Mysuru, Karnataka 570017

Email : yathisha.171@gmail.com
5. Co Investigator(s)
a) Name : Mr. DILIP KUMAR M.D
b) Sex : Male
c) Date of Birth : 14/03/1993
d) Category (GEN/SC/ST/OBC) : OBC
e) Qualification : Diploma, (B.E)
f) Designation : UG Student
g) Address :
Office : Dept. of Electronics and Communication Eng.
A.T.M.E College of Engineering, Bannur Road,
Mysuru, Karnataka 570028.
Residence : #38,19th cross, Hoysala Circle, Vijayanagar 2nd
Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570017
Email : dilipkumar.mds@gmail.com

6. Name of the institution where the project will be undertaken:

a) Department : Dept. of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
b) College/University : A.T.M.E College Of Engineering, Bannur, Mysuru,
Karnataka 570028
c) Whether the institute is located in rural/backward area: YES
7. Whether the University/College/Institution is approved under section 2 (f) and 12 (B)
of the UGC Act?
NO
8. Teaching and Research Experience of Principal Investigator :
a) Teaching Experience: UG 7.5 Years
PG 1.5 Years
b) Research Experience: 5 Years
c) Whether the project has been approved by the University for the Doctoral Degree? if
so, please indicate: NO
I. Date of Registration : N/A
II. Name and designation of the supervisor approved by the University: N/A
III. Name of the University where registered: N/A
d) In case the teacher holds a doctoral degree : Pursuing (Writing Thesis)
I. Title of the thesis: Optimal Switching Strategy for Power System with FACTS
Based Controllers.
II. Year of the award of degree : N/A
III. Name of the University :Visvesvaraya Technological University
e) Publication :
Accepted: International Journals: 10
National Journals: 0
Communicated: 7

Books Published: N/A

Accepted: N/A
Communicated: N/A

PART-B
 1) Project Title:

Prevention of wild animals entering into the agricultural field

Introduction:
Food is the most important requirement for living beings. The main products of our food come directly or
indirectly from agriculture. Now a days security of agricultural field is very important. Corp damage by wild animals
is a severe problem in most of the areas all over India. Field surveys showed that on an average 36% of the crop were
damaged by wild animals. The incident of damage was very high in crop fields adjacent to forest areas; this resulted
into direct conflict between people and wild boar.

The aim of this research is to develop an automated system to prevent the wild animals entering into the
agricultural field. The protection system includes Image processing technique to capture the particular animal using
Raspberry PI image processing technique. Later, the captured image of particular animal is informed to the
microprocessor to create the irritation sounds of particular animal. Alternatively, also using GSM technology, if the
animal crosses specified limit the message will be sent to the owner of the farm and nearest forest department.

Literature Survey:

In [1] the authors demonstrated the several reasons for crop-raiding, including the increased destruction and
fragmentation of habitats due to developmental projects. Figure 1, shows the elephant entering into banana plantation.

Figure 1: Elephants raiding a banana plantation near Bannerghatta, Karnataka NishanthSrinivasaiah

As a consequence, there has been a constant increase in the retaliatory killing of elephants. In Karnataka alone 16
elephants were killed in 200607, 46 in 200809 and 41 in 200910. The compensation paid by the Karnataka Forest
Department for loss to life and crops was about Rs 4.2 crore in elephant-bearing forest areas during 200809, which is
a 290 per cent increase compared to 200506.

Author in [2], Defense methods are actions taken by farmers to deter wildlife from attacking crops. Coping strategies
are specific actions taken by farmers to overcome the effects of crop raiding as well as to avoid crop raids on their
farms. Figure 2, shows the monkeys destroying the fruits.
Figure 2: Monkeys are destroys the crops in himachalPradesh and Karkalataluk.

On December 23, 2006, more than 200 people gathered in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, to protest the government's inaction
regarding crop depredation by wildlife, especially monkeys, in the state. Simultaneously, 48 such meetings were held in the
state, in which about 9,000 farmers participated. The Himachal GyanVigyanSamiti (hgvs), a Shimla-based organization,
which has been working on the issue for the past year, was instrumental in organizing the protest.

The conflict between ever-increasing population pressure and wildlife seems to have become acute at Karkalataluk,
about 55 kilometers away from Mangalore. Farm land on the fringes of Western Ghats is now facing attacks from
hordes of monkeys, causing crop damage and even endangering the safety of residents.

The farmers watch helplessly while the monkeys damage their crops. Alarmed by these developments, some elders in
the society, under the guidance of the forest officials, have devised a plan to drive them back to the forests. If that
doesnt work they plan to catch and rehabilitate them at Kudremukh National Park.

Author in [3], Automated animal monitoring with energy efficient wireless devices mounted on the animals can
improve efficiency of farming industry and increase its profitability by decreasing reliance on human labor. We
discuss the practical deployment of delay tolerant store and forward cattle monitoring architecture that provides data
retention, detecting custom events, notification issuing, remote and in-situ queries answering. The core of this
architecture, a novel energy efficient, disruption tolerant, Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocol
(EERD), provides offloading data for long term storage by sending data to farm servers via sinks that are a part of a
MANET and handles in-situ queries issued by users collocated with the animals. The energy efficiency is achieved by
dynamic adaptation to the current behavior of the animals carrying the monitoring devices.

The Authors in [4], [5] & [6], Farmers are facing a lot of difficulties because of the increasing monkey menace in the
Indian Agricultural land. The massive fruit and vegetable crops worth crores of rupees were fully damaged and
destroyed by the monkeys. In an opinion survey that was conducted based on the monkey menace, it was discovered
that monkeys are becoming a threat for public health, crop and property. Most people in the monkey menace prone
zones are convinced that these monkeys should be trapped and moved to some other place. The existing detection
systems such as Light and Camera Option, Infra sound and Seismic Communication Option are very highly expensive
and very less effective. The proposed detection system comprises of wireless sensor network which is coupled with
ultrasonic sound generator to ward off monkeys. The sensor node senses the movement of the monkey into the land
and notifies the sink node by broadcasting alarm tones using our application specific flooding algorithm. The Sink
node triggers the attached ultrasonic sound generator which produces ultrasonic sound in the range of more than 20
kHz which irritates monkeys and forces them away from the field. We evaluate the performance of our flooding
approach using ns2.35 simulator and show that our algorithms performs better in terms of number of broadcasts, end
to end latency and battery life of sensor nodes.

In [7] & [8], Crops damaged by wild animals is a severe problem in some parts of Kerala. Field surveys showed that
on an average 20% of the crop was damaged by wild animals in Kerala. Fort seven species of crops were vulnerable
to animal damage. Highly nutritious crops like paddy, plantains and coconut were more vulnerable. According to
Sukumar (1988).Balasubramanian et al. (1993) and Ramesh Kumar and Sathyanarayana (1993) raggi and paddy were
major crop items raided by elephants in the forests of Karnataka and Nilgiris. But in Kerala. Coconut palm. Sugar
cane, cocoa. arecanut and paddy were the main crops raided by elephants. Field surveys and information collected
from the Forest offices showed .high incidence of crop damage at Northern regions followed by Southern areas. In
most of the Forest Divisions wild boar is causing heaw destruction. This can be compared to the crop depredation
created by over abundant population of nilgai and black buck in Haryana and Madhya Pradesh (Chauhan and
Sawarkar, 1989).

Drawbacks of the Existing Techniques:

The existing techniques for the prevention of wild animals entering into the agricultural field are to develop electric
barriers, crackers & forced throat water on the boundaries of agricultural area. This techniques will harmful for the
wild animals like elephant, pigs, monkeys, etc. Figure 3, shows the Elephant died picture due to electric shock and
Figure 4, shows how the electric field fence are surrounding in agricultural fields.

Figure 3: Elephant died due to the electric shock

Figure 4: Electric fence in agricultural fields
In the current research, taking care of wild animals an intelligent based barrier protection system is planning to
develop, which has harmless compared to the earlier techniques. In the survey of wild animals it informs that with
some sounds wild animals will irritate and run away from that place. The some of the irritate sounds for two animals
are shown below:
The Asian elephant (Elephas Maximus) is highly threatened by habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, and human-
elephant conflict. India hosts 60% of Asian elephant population, nearly two-thirds of the elephant population lives
either close to or within human-dominated landscapes. Southern India harbors half of Indias elephant population
containing about 6300 elephants [9]. The increase in human population in India propelled by agricultural and
industrial growth has led to the conversion of the forest lands into human settlements. Due to this, the wild elephant
and other animal populations face acute shortage of resources such as water and food, making them move often into
the human habitat. Hence, there has been severe man-elephant conflict. The conflict has been on the rise in the forest
border areas with herds of wild pachyderms straying into human habitation [10]. The surveillance and tracking of
these herds are difficult due to their size and nature of movement. The time to recover from the danger is negligible;
hence, the loss due to destruction in the farms is more. The elephants are also subject to attack by humans resulting in
danger to the life of elephants. According to the authors in [11], poaching for ivory had indeed become a threat with
100150 tuskers being lost annually to illegal killings.

Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a key example of the growing competition between people and wildlife for space
and resources throughout Africa and Asia. This study explores the correlation of reported HEC incidents within 58
villages between 80km from the boundary of Kallar to Walayar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, and India. Habitat loss and
fragmentation is the biggest threat to the continuing survival of Asian elephants in this region. In addition to food
crops, forests are being logged for their timber or cleared to make space for cash crop plantations such as rubber, tea,
and palm. As the human population has inexorably risen, the forest wild lands in which elephants live have been
disappearing. Human-elephant conflict is on the rise and it is a battle that the elephant is losing. As elephant habitat
diminishes, the elephants are pushed into increasingly smaller areas. This increases the population density to beyond
sustainable levels and food availability grows short. The shortage of fodder has a negative impact on rates of
reproduction; hence, normal birth rates begin to decrease. The serious consequence of the shortage of wild food leads
to a corresponding increase of crop raiding and incidents of human-elephant conflict [11].
Human-elephant conflict is a rapidly expanding area of research, with conservationists working hard to understand the
circumstances under which tensions are the highest between humans and elephants. A number of factors contribute to
such conflicts, including population density of humans, elephant habitat structure, weather, time of year, and animal
life [12]. A study made in the region of interest shows that elephants move into human habitation due to many reasons.
(i)Fences and trenches compromised by people who need access to forests.(ii)Farm lands may funnel them to
unprotected adjacent villages.(iii)Badly planned barriers that do not take elephant behavior into consideration.
(iv)Denying elephant access to a critical water source or foraging area.(v)Human activities create abundant secondary
vegetation that brings elephants closer to human settlements.(vi)Artificially maintained water sources attract elephants
during drought.(vii)Traditional migration routes severed by human intervention (e.g., canals, power installations, and
cattle fences).

The obvious conclusion to be drawn is that there is no single cause or explanation to account for human-elephant
conflict; situations are circumstantial and complex. Rather, elephants and agriculture mix in numerous ways with
varying consequences. Human population growth and land occupation for settlement may heighten conflict with
elephants. However, it is generally the borders of forests that are the focal points of conflicts. Minimizing human-
elephant conflict to reduce the risk of life of both human beings and elephants is of utmost importance. Elephant
conservation issues can be divided into two distinct categories:(1)activities that affect elephants directly such as
hunting/poaching and capture;(2)developmental activities and human activities leading either to the loss of elephant
habitat or its qualitative degradation.

Many methods are followed to avoid HEC. Construction of elephant proof trenches is being done all over the world.
In [13], Fernando et al. discussed solar fencing to avoid elephant-human conflict. In [14], King et al. presented the
concept of using beehives to mitigate elephant crop depredation. In [15], Loarie et al. discussed about the role of the
artificial water sources which allow elephants to reside in forests during dry seasons. In [16], the authors discussed the
potential use of satellite technology for conflict mitigation. The elephants tagged with radio collars react violently and
damage it and even the elephants die. In [17], Venter and Hanekom proposed the possibility of using the elephant-
elephant communication (elephant rumbles) to detect the presence of a herd of elephants in close proximity, In this
work, the authors have recorded the low frequency infrasound pattern, but they do not compare with that of other
animals to confirm an elephant occurrence. In [18], Vermeulen et al. proposed unmanned aircraft system to survey
elephants, in which the elephant images are acquired at a height of 100 m but the small flight time and being
expensive do not make it viable. In [19], Dabarera and Rodrigo proposed appearance based recognition algorithms for
identification of elephants. Given the frontal face image of an elephant, the system searches the individual elephant
using vision algorithms and gives the result as, already identified elephant, or as a new identification. In [20], Ardovini
et al. present an elephant photo identification system based on the shape comparison of the nicks characterizing the
elephants ears. In [21], Goswami et al. addressed identifying elephants from photographs, and comparing resultant
capture recapture-based population parameter estimates using supervised visual identification of individual variations
in tusk, ear fold and lobe shape. The authors show that this is a reliable technique for individual identification and
subsequent estimation of population parameters. But in real time, the capture of elephants front image is not possible.
It is easier to chase elephants before they enter fields and therefore most damage can be averted [11]. Guarding from
watch towers, patrolling, and trip wire alarms provide farmers with advance warning of approaching elephants. Once
the animals are detected, active crop guarding devices using light and noise are deployed to chase them away. An early
warning system to minimize the human-elephant conflict in the forest border areas is proposed in this paper. The
system helps mitigate such conflicts in two ways: (i) providing warning to people about the anticipated entry of
elephants into human habitation; (ii) providing advance information to the authorities to take action to chase the
pachyderms back to the forest.
An early warning system to minimize the human-elephant conflict in the forest border areas using image processing is
proposed in this paper. The system helps to detect the elephants even in the presence of other wild animals like Bison,
Tiger, and Deer, and so forth. The system also identifies the elephants coming in groups. The reliability of elephant
detection is tested and the time to detect the elephant images is optimized with the proposed optimized distance
metric.
Elephants: Its a myth that elephants are afraid of mice, but new research shows that they are not too keen on bees.
Even though they fearlessly stand up to lions, the mere buzzing of bees is enough to send a herd of elephants running
off.

Monkeys: We can play predator animal sounds like tiger, lion etc. multiple variations of loud roaring sounds will be
very effective.

With this preliminaries, a robust protection system is designed for the wild animals entering into the agricultural field
by capturing the particular wild animal using image processing technique and creating that irritation sound for
particular wild animals. Alternatively, a massage also sent to the owner and forest department if the wild animals
crosses the limit.

References

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2) Objectives
a. To develop a user friendly system aimed at rural people to use easily.
b. To develop protection for agricultural field as well as taking care of safety of wild animals.

3) Methodology
a. The aim of our project is to detect the elephant using image processing on Raspberry Pi board and
send an alert to the authorized person via GSM module.
b. The capturing/sample of image compared using image processing system.
c. The Raspberry pi based Elephant detection system. Our project system can be capture the image and which is
used for identifying or comparing the images in the database. Camera module: Camera module is interfacing
to the raspberry pi module. It is used for captures an image and send captured image to the Raspberry pi
module. Raspberry pi module: Raspberry pi B+ module is small computer board. When image taken by the
raspberry pi it is compared with database image.
d. After comparing images output is positive/negative then it gives commands to GSM module. GSM module:
GSM module is used to sending a message to the authorities after comparison output is positive or negative. If
output is positive then Elephant detected then message send to the authority person using GSM.
e. The audio unit consists of a microcontroller, audio player, memory to store tracks and the speakers. The
microcontroller will be programed such that when the camera detects an animal and send an image, a
MOSFET will close a normal open circuit for a particular amount of time (say 35-45 seconds).
f. GSM used to send the message to the owner of the farm and the nearest forest department if the animals
crosses the specified limit.

4) Month-wise plan of work and targets to be achieved.

1st month: Literature Survey.
2nd month: Purchasing the components and equipments and rig up in the Raspberry Pi board.
3rd month: Programming using python language for Linux operating system.
4th month: Demonstrating the project.
5th month: Writing report and publishing highly indexed journals.
5) Details of collaboration, if any intended
9. Financial Assistance required

Budget
Item
1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4thmonth 5thmonth Total

A Recurring
1. Field work & 2,000 5,000 2,000 1,000 5,000 15,000
Travel
2.Contingency 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 5,000
Total

B Non-Recurring
1.Any major or 40,000 15,000 5000 - - 60,000
minor (Personal
instruments Computer
with
Books and
Printer)
Journals

Total (A+B) 80,000

Overheads @ 8,000
10%

Grand Total 88,000

10. Whether the teacher has received support for the research project from the UGC under Major, Minor,
and scheme of support for research or from any agency? If so, please indicate: YES
a. Name of the agency from which the assistance was approved: VGST, Bangalore.
b. Sanction letter No. and date under which the assistance was approved: VGST/132/2014-15
c. Amount approved and utilized: 30,000
d. Title of the project for which assistance was approved: AUTOMATION OF SHOPPING CART TO
EASE QUEUE IN MALLS BY USING RFID.
e. In case the project was completed, whether the work on the project has been published: Yes (Grade:
Good performance).
f. If the candidate was working for the doctoral degree, whether the thesis was submitted and accepted
by the University for the Award of degree: NO.
g. If the project has not been completed, please state the reasons
NA
 11. (a) Details of the project/scheme completed or ongoing with the P.I
Name of Year Total Equipment/Infrastructura
The agency Started Completed l
Facilities obtained
VGST 2014-15 1 YES.

(b) Institutional and Departmental facilities available for the proposed work:
Equipment:
Other Infrastructural facilities available
Water & Electricity
Laboratory Space/Furniture
Power Generator
Telecommunication including e-mail & fax
Information facilities like Internet/Library
Computational facilities

To certify that:
a. The University/College is approved under section 2(f) and 12(B) of the UGC Act and is fit receive
grants from the UGC. Yes
b. General physical facilities, such as furniture/space etc., are available in the Department/College. Yes
c. I/we shall abide by the rules governing the scheme in case assistance is provided tome/us for the
above project. Yes
d. I/we shall complete the project within the stipulated period. Yes
e. The above research Project is not funded by any other agency.

Name & Signature (a) Investigator

(b) Co-Investigator(s)

(c) Head of the ECE Department

(d) Registrar/Principal
 Book Chapter Published:
1. Yathisha L & S Patil Kulkarni Optimum LQR Switching Approach for the Improvement of STATCOM
Performance Springer LNEE, Volume 150, August 2013, pp. 259-266. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3363-
7_28.

International Journals

1. Yathisha L & S Patil Kulkarni Optimal Switching Strategy Method Performance in the Design of UPFC
Controllers International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, International Science Press, Vol. 9,
Issue 37, ISSN: 0974-5572, 2016, pp. 909-921.
2. Yathisha L & S Patil Kulkarni Optimal Switched Feedback Controller Design For the Simultaneous
Coordinated Design of UPFC & PSS in Power System Journal of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnia
University, Romania, Vo. 16, Issue 4, December 2016, pp. 408-414.
3. Sai Shankar, K T Veeramanju & Yathisha L Application and Comparison of Optimum Linear Quadratic
Regulator Controllers for the Improvement of Static Synchronous Compensator Performance Journal of
Mechatronics, Volume 3, Number 2, September 2015, pp. 1-4.
4. Yathisha L & Shashidhar S Gokhale Relation Between Two Standard Switching Algorithms and Optimum
LQR Switching Approach for the Improvement of STATCOM Performance Journal of Mechatronics,
Volume 3, Number 1, March 2015, pp. 58-61.
5. Yathisha L, Automated Smart Cart for Retail Marts, International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2016, pp. 1327-1330.
6. Yathisha L, Harshith & Abhishek Automation of Shopping Cart To Ease Queue In Malls By Using RFID
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 02, Issue: 03, June-2015,
pp. 1435-1441.
7. Yathisha L, Shabaz Khan & Ganesh P Eco-Friendly Car Using Solar and Electrical Energy, International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 02, Issue: 03, June-2015, pp. 2162-
2167.
8. Yathisha L, A C Pavithra & Shashidhar S Gokhale Novel Optimal LQR Switching Control Method for the
Speed Control of DC Motor International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Emerging Technology
(IJAEET), Vol. 5, No. 6, August 2014, ISSN 2321-452X, Emerging Research Library, pp. 248-257.
9. S R Bhagyashree & Yathisha L Design of UPS using PSOC Technology International Journal of
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Systems (IJEECS): ISSN (2347-8616, 2347- 8521, 2348 - 117X), Jan-
2014.
10. Yathisha L & S Patil Kulkarni Optimal Feed-Back Switching Control for the UPFC based Damping
Controllers ACEEE International Journal on Control System and Instrumentation (IJCSI), Vol. 3, Issue: 2,
March 2012. DOI: 01.IJCSI.3.2.79, pp. 49-53.
IEEE Conferences
1. Yathisha L, Kourosh Davoodi & S Patil Kulkarni, Optimal switching control strategy for UPFC for
wide range of operating conditions in power
system, 3rd Indian Control Conference (ICC), 2017, IEEE Xplore, IIT Gawhati, pp. 252-232.
2. Yathisha L & S Patil Kulkarni Application and comparison of switching control algorithms for power
system stabilizer IEEE International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC),
IEEE Xplore, May 2015, Pune, pp. 1300-1305.DOI: 10.1109/IIC.2015.7150949.

International / National Conferences

1. Yathisha L, S Patil Kulkarni and R S Ananda Murthy, Hybrid Modeling and Switching Algorithm for Power
System with FACTS Based Controllers, Proceedings of International Conference on System Dynamics and
Control, pp. 367-372, 2010.
2. Yathisha L & S Patil Kulkarni Optimal Feed-Back Switching Control for the UPFC based Damping Controllers
Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Advances in Engineering Technology AET 2011,
Noida, pp. 145-149. DOI:02.AEE.2011.02.79
3. Yathisha L, Shashidhar S Gokhale & A C Pavithra Optimal Switching Control for the Speed Control of DC
Motor First National Conference on Intelligent Computing in Instrumentation and Communication (NCICIC-
2013), Mar -2013, Chennai, pp. 9.
4. Yathisha L & Shashidhar S Gokhale A Novel Method for the Design of LQR Controllers in speed Control of DC
Motor Proceedings of IX Control Instrumentation System Conference 2012 (CISCON) held on 16-17, November
2012 at the Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal. pp. 62-65.