Foundations of Social Management in the Industrial Revolution: Reading and Criti

cal Assessment Author: Washington Jose de Souza, Marcos Dias de Oliveira Summary
historical bases of social management are addressed via the system of ideas and
experiments of Robert Owen appeared during the Industrial Revolution. Under the
criterion of the typical variety, Owen stands out in improving the quality of l
ife in the design of cooperative and issues related to environment and community
organization around, so the concepts that comprise the construct in question. F
ollowing a summary of the thought of Owen, are highlighted weaknesses common to
this construct and Social Management, for both departures from idealized assumpt
ions about the present stage of the social and organizational, not an accurate r
eflection of the nature of human relations with similar and with nature; articul
ate organizational management strategies aimed at minimizing adverse effects fro
m the type of relationship without question the prevailing social origins; give
shape to aesthetic elements of management which, in essence, favor substantive r
ationality to the time saving work processes and life that prevent - or delay -
an effective human emancipation, because of these weaknesses, display ideas and
judgments fractionated and therefore, do not compose a single coherent body of t
heory. 1. Introduction As a result of research developed by the International Ma
nagement and Organizations Group of Birmingham Business School, University of Bi
rmingham, a map of the grounds of Directors is outlined here, grouped under a cr
íticoreflexiva perspective, concepts that support the theoretical discussion of
the construct Social Management. The arrangement adopted is similar to that of t
he organizers of the Handbook of Organizational Studies: Reflections and new dir
ections (CLEGG, SR, HARDY, C. NORD, WR, 2001) when they admit that, however much
they are incomplete, the maps provide essential parameters in the evolution sci
entific fields for indicating the starting points and direction for innovation a
nd knowledge development, albeit subject to exclusion and bias. The Social Manag
ement is taken as the set of strategies and organizational policies promoting th
e welfare of individuals and communities, aimed at rebuilding ties of integratio
n similar to the human and the environment, joining under the ideal of human ema
ncipation, elements of substantive rationality to instrumental rational action.
Research undertaken departed from the understanding that not only fundamentals o
f Business Administration, but also the beginnings of social management, appear
linked to the Industrial Revolution. If, on the one hand, specialization, maximi
zing results and integrate the division of work experience in the manufacturing
of pins, narrated by Smith (1904) in 1776, on the other hand, cooperatives, disc
ussions about the living conditions of the working class, the social role of eli
te political and business and concern for the environment were also present at t
hat time (GRATELL, 1970). In the systematization of knowledge in administration,
however, there is little history of adoption as an epistemological basis, which
is the space where the text is relevant and important. The aim is to contribute
to the academic debate in the areas of Management Theory and Social Management,
through the redemption of social innovations undertaken at a crucial period of
economic and social development of mankind that precedes and defines the onset o
f Science in Management twentieth century. It is a tendency in the literature in
the field of administration to focus on the aesthetic elements of configuration
management inhibiting, among other facts, reading and trial of a context
socio-historical and ideological understanding of the actors involved. The const
itution of the scientific field of administration is thus composed primarily of
narratives fractionated, with typical examples the experiments undertaken by Tay
lor and Ford at the beginning of the twentieth century in the United States of A
merica and, later, those undertaken by the Toyoda and Ohno Japan Due to this cha
racter, and Lorschak Chevallier (1980, p. 17) recognize that the constitution of
Administrative Science is marked by style: [...] composite, because of the hete
rogeneity of the constituted successive contributions, because the fragmented st
reams that cross the study address the Board with concerns too different to be a
ble to fuse spontaneously into an integrated subject.€The aspect of fragmentatio
n that results is further emphasized by the diversity of national contexts in wh
ich the Science of Administration and has developed guidelines which gave it var
ied depending on the traditions and circumstances of each country. Similar idea
is discussed by Burrell (1999, p. 442) when it identifies, in addition to the fr
agmentation of the discipline in schools of thought, two other elements: the dif
fering explanations of problems designed differently - deficiency explanans shar
ed - and the mobile nature of the enterprise administration. The author, adoptin
g the terms and explanandum explanans to refer, respectively, the phenomenon to
be explained and explanatory framework, shows that the builders theorists organi
zations live in different cities and, therefore, the subject is global only in t
heir redoubts production: [...] Europe's concern with ownership, servitude, with
lack of land for the masses, with the aristocracy and monarchy, with the absolu
te weight of tradition, the beginning was not so alive and vibrant in the U.S..
What was seen in the arena of government, when we look carefully, is the confron
tation of the New World to the Old. How can they have the same views on how to m
anage people in their areas? Based on different assumptions, scholars of organiz
ations build propositions about an intercontinental blend, and for this reason,
such as with product exchange, it invites attempts at understanding how it opera
tes. Another barrier is related to the epistemological nature of knowledge itsel
f systematized mobile, which prints to the attention of the Administration a sta
te of permanent (re) construction, once composed of several pieces like a mosaic
: And that system is constantly in motion: arise new elements that alter the und
erstanding of the system, leading us to question, at least partially, the previo
us convictions and beliefs, creating new insighs and moments of understanding, l
eading us to compare and to seek understanding in an increasing level. (Motta &
Vasconcelos, 2002, p. 2) These challenges are brought to the whole of literature
in the field of Administration and in particular to Brazil. Therefore, in the w
orks for the National Management Theory - Smith (2002), Chiavenato (2000), Lodi
(1987), Kwasnicka (1996), Motta (1986, 1998, 2002) and two
Maximian (2000) - despite the recognized academic merit and dissemination, under
standing of the socio-economic factors that led to the emergence, for example, o
f Taylorism-Fordism and Toyota, is inhibited. A similar procedure is adopted whe
n they are approached management experiences developed during the Industrial Rev
olution. It is indeed the applicant restricted recovery of contexts and effects
of emerging technologies, or even later the implications of that phenomenon in t
he formation of the Science of Administration. Such challenges and conventions,
however, must increase the academic debate to allow that, gradually, to unravel
the rich base shifting (CHEVALLIER; LORSCHAK, 1980) that characterizes the field
of Management Science. The allusion to the merits of the nominated works is nec
essary for if you want, with this theoretical exercise, record trends assumed by
manufacturers known to the Administration, indicating points of reflection. Oft
en, the literature restricts the possibility of seizing the cycle and the transf
ormations in social structure and, in the specific context of the Administration
, the general conditions of work and strategies of working class resistance. As
a result of academic provision, sources of assistance in the field of social man
agement, including Social Responsibility, Quality of Working Life, Environmental
Management and the Third Sector, in the literature, or fashion, or otherwise, o
nly poorly linked to past tenses tests. In history, it should highlight the valu
e of innovations undertaken by the actors of the Industrial Revolution, especial
ly in the economic-administrative, despite the recognition that the beginning of
administration strategies are in command of the armies of medieval and implemen
ted in the management of buildings Pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China
or even the organization of the Catholic Church. Facts ancient tower handling h
igh volumes of resources, the rational decision regarding the purposes and hiera
rchical organization and coordination and control of the performance of signific
ant numbers of people in achieving results. The pioneers of the Industrial Revol
ution fell, however, the challenge of bringing together diverse strategies and m
ethods hitherto known,€into one. Highlights Pollard (1968) that, just as the gen
erals of ancient armies, they managed a mass of people, but without having the l
egal instruments of coercion. Just as the pyramid builders have achieved results
from the rational decision, but went further, controlling costs and making prod
ucts competitive to the final sale. Just as the ancient merchants, capital emplo
yed, however, incorporated into the job, transformed into a factor of production
and technological change tool. Finally, managed adversity inherent in the socia
l context of the time and resistance to the development of emerging industrial c
apitalism. Starting therefore from the premise that the Industrial Revolution is
privileged to rescue foundations of Directors, after exposure of the study meth
odology of historical character, the text provides outline the context and natur
e of the phenomenon at hand. Following is traced the path of Robert Owen, accomp
anied by a synthesis of ideas that allow the linking of notions of the Social Ma
nagement contemporary national agenda. Finally, the weaknesses listed theoretica
l construct of thought and analysis. 2. Methodological strategy Despite the wide
literature on the Industrial Revolution and the experiences of Owen, in particu
lar, one can not say the same regarding the integrated approach of both taking a
s object of study mapping the genesis of Social Management. Given this fact, the
research undertaken at the Birmingham Business School has resumed history pione
er to gather useful for the connection of ideas discussed today in the field of
Administration as Social Management. It is not, however, to rescue, restore or 3
reproduce the history of inventions and the actors of the industrial revolution,
or of its political, social and economic in its entirety. It is true that every
generation, this phenomenon attracts a new group of scholars, with a vast liter
ary output in the past and present (SERGEANT, 1860; SMITH, 1904; ENGELS, 1920; H
OBSBAWN, 1962; TANN, 1970; SMITH, CHILD & Rowlinson, 1990; Mokyr, 1999). If new
readings emerge, such an occurrence takes place, not because of new elements des
erve clarification, or to correct errors in reads preterit, or even simply becau
se a new generation to read history from a given set of assumptions. New reading
s occur, yes, because at every moment are sought answers to different questions
(Pollard, 1968), which, in this work included: - how emerging concepts in the fi
eld of Social Management are pronounced in the midst of innovations undertaken i
n Industrial Revolution, to be adopted based on the thought of Robert Owen? - Me
thodological strategy that makes it possible to systematize contextual foundatio
ns of the construct of social management and disseminated in terminology such as
Corporate Social Responsibility, Quality of Working Life, Environmental Managem
ent and the entire set of joint initiatives, generically called the Third Sector
? In order to establish a cutout to allow the one hand, upright, and, second, ob
jective answer to the questions above, a first methodological challenge was set:
to define the procedure for selecting pioneer of social management, considering
the extension in time and legacy of innovations produced in the period. The typ
ical variety - tipical Variety - previously adopted by Smith, Child and Rowlinso
n (1990) Reshaping Work: The Cadbury Experience has proved useful to admit: a) t
he design of profiles of individuals, b) the demarcation of spaces c ) exposure
scenarios, d) the characterization and description of specific objects, e) an in
dication of interfaces between the specific and generic. Based on this criterion
, among social innovators of the Industrial Revolution, the name of Robert Owen
(1771-1858) appears inextricably linked to the field of Administration and, in p
articular, the field is today called the Social Management. It is worth noting t
hat other names could be taken, since in this period, many entrepreneurs appear
aligned with similar initiatives, among which, Theodosia Crowley and Richard Cra
wshay (WALLACE, 1982). However, as discussed below, beyond the wit in financial
management and production, the literature of the time (SERGEANT, 1860) and later
(Pollard, 1968) points out, even in private social initiatives Owen in promotin
g quality of life of the worker . Owen tried, too, on topics relating to the pub
lic sphere, with a view closer to what today is called the Environmental Managem
ent and Integrated and Sustainable Local Development - DLIS. Moreover,€designati
on as typical variety is linked to the fact that Owen be referred to as Father o
f Cooperatives, which approximates the Third Sector, and have applied funds from
the business center in the constitution of New Educational Institution, which s
imultaneously would be a private foundation without profit - Third Sector - and
/ or intervention of Corporate Social Responsibility. The picture painted is the
refore limited to the particular experience of an innovative social revolution w
hose trajectory, for the reasons outlined above, is sufficient to obtain the fin
al result. This methodological approach was employed because of the magnitude of
the phenomenon in time and space and the wealth of technical innovations and so
cial development. The Social Management in the form as shown in the literature,
involves a diverse set of interventions funded both by private as by public and
nonprofit social organizations. Thus, the attempt to define the construct or con
cepts that integrate separately, is subject to obstacles. Despite this challenge
, the content of the topics discussed in a later portrays the substance of thoug
ht 4
Owen, summarized in Table 1, in line with the current agenda of the Social Manag
ement in Brazil. Exhibition was held in the sequence of the two texts taken as a
reference to Owen: A New View of Society and Report to the County of Lanark. Bo
th the formulation of Owen as contemporary, not a simple task to establish bound
aries between the themes of social management construct which makes possible the
use of other methodological devices, without impairing the validity of the theo
retical effort. Because of the immediacy of substance concepts like Corporate So
cial Responsibility, Quality of Life, Third Sector and Environmental Management,
the selected resource is punctual, with the understanding of its validity in th
e determination of cohesion and objectivity to the exhibition. 3. Context and na
ture of the Industrial Revolution in XV and XVI Centuries economic activity in t
he UK focused on land, this being the area of absorption of travelers from other
parts of Europe, which has boosted the flow of precious metals, rising prices s
timulating industrialization and strengthening the economy in monetary terms. Su
ch an expansion in business, and the simultaneous increase in currency in circul
ation, led to the emergence of financial institutions and credit. Thus, in the s
eventeenth century, the creation of the Bank of England (1694) grew capitalist r
elations and a new type of entrepreneur emerged from the former class consists o
f the merchant adventurers. Despite the existence of machines, the scanty and sm
all factories, wood, water and wind energy sources were known. The term Industri
al Revolution is usually used to mark social and economic changes that mark the
transition to a lifestyle centered on activities in agriculture and stable trade
for another focused on the mechanical speed of discovery and use of complex mac
hines in large plants by subjecting the country to the city. Is between the halv
es of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Earlier, five branches achieved g
reater prominence (Pollard, 1968): The mineral industry, the metallurgy associat
ed with the demands of engineering, procurement and investment in equipment for
the armed forces, to build roads, railways, docks, ports and channels and gas su
pplies, the textile activity, which takes the central role and whose growth brin
gs up the first problems related to production management in largaescala in fact
ories. Although the textile activity, from the mid eighteenth century, assumed a
decisive role in industrial development, other activities dictated the socio-ec
onomic transformation of the time. The development of plants, however, occurred
for several reasons. To Gras (1930), in the case of the textile industry, the ne
ed to articulate a wide range of machinery and the consequent demand for energy,
determined the size. In other cases, such as that narrated by Smith (1904) conc
erning the manufacture of pins, the demand for personnel to manage and maintain
the discipline was the determining factor of growth. In general, the pressure of
the growth came from the need to obtain competitive degree of efficiency in an
expanding economy (Pollard, 1968). Among the first major British companies, foun
ded in the previous period, the Mines Royal and Mineral and Battery Works, 1568,
are presented as examples of businesses developed under favorable conditions of
legal monopoly that, according to Pollard (1968) has used technical innovations
with the help of labor-qualified foreign workers,€addition to abundant capital.
In the context of facilities, a series of problems such as dishonesty, negligen
ce, misappropriation of public funds and alcohol abuse by managers, occurred. Al
so according to Pollard (1968) had in force two different economic patterns: the
first directed to the formation of corporations in search of easy profits throu
gh monopoly, with no concern for efficiency, harming the public interest; 5
another, reflecting the direction of large corporations turned to fraud and rewa
rd managers, harming the interests of proprietors. Although such practices were
common, the overall picture of business in the UK in the seventeenth and eightee
nth century contained other initiatives. According to Unwin (1927), the fervor o
f the disappointments of speculation and selfish greed of monopolies dazzled the
triumph of honest endeavors. In fact, early in the eighteenth century the expan
sion of population and wealth demanded more and better goods. In the productive
process, the use of coal enabled the advent of steam, whose invention was crucia
l to the Industrial Revolution as an energy source. As the first industrial acti
vities impact, spinning and weaving of cotton were favored by a series of invent
ions, among which, the water mill as an energy source by Richard Arkwright in 17
69, spinning by James Hargreaves, patented in 1770; the shuttle loom by John Kay
in 1733, the bobbin for making wire by Samuel Crompton (1779) and power-loom by
Edmund Cartwright, patented in 1783. The availability of vast quantities of coa
l and iron in the UK and nearby was a decisive factor in the rapid development o
f textile industry and later the rest. The mines of the beginning of the eightee
nth century grew in importance and the Black Country - whose name is linked to t
he proliferation of smoke - on the outskirts of Birmingham, has emerged in the e
conomic scenario at the time that Lancashire and Yorkshire became major textile
centers in the world. The number and size of plants grown demanding infrastructu
re. In the transport sector, from the early eighteenth century, investments were
earmarked for construction of canals and, subsequently, railroads, after the in
vention of the steam locomotive engine in 1803 by Richard Trevithick. It is ther
efore in this context embryo, the first challenges that arise in installations m
anagement of large-scale production, and also initiatives that later led to the
systematization of thought of the Administration. The fact administrative in bot
h branches of mining and construction as the first industrial activities (metall
urgy, chemicals and textiles), was centered in decision making on the recruitmen
t, selection and training of workers, management accounting and financial and lo
gistics production, involving the division of labor, efficiency, order and contr
ol. Such content, discarded aesthetic transformations, today constitutes the ess
ence of Administrative Science. 4. The trajectory of the life of Robert Owen was
born in May 14, 1771, childhood and youth of Owen in Newtown, Montgomeryshire,
region of northern Wales, coincides with the sudden and vast expansion of the ma
nufacturing processes of cotton in the United Kingdom. The son of a postal offic
er who held a small business as a child had a passion for reading and for seven
years, had received any education possible at the time and place. By age eight,
from the familiarity of a teenager who was studying at Oxford, who used to walk
through the woods of Newtown, Owen acquired sensitivity to the beauty of nature.
At nine, he left school after a period acting as a monitor, and was working as
a salesman in a store, without pay, as supposed Sergeant (1860). After interim p
rotection of a brother at the end of six weeks lived with the family McGuffog in
Stamford, to ten years. The master McGuffog, who had begun life as a street ven
dor and saved some money, kept commercial shop with a wide reputation for sellin
g products high standard of quality at low prices. It was an honest man, methodi
cal, and good-hearted liberal. In four years, Owen was introduced to the busines
s world, this experience has been of great value for your particular life trajec
tory (SERGEANT, 1860). 6
At fourteen he moved to London and worked in commercial store, set to sell goods
under popular prices and, therefore, had large numbers of customers. The journe
y was long, started at eight o'clock, and in some periods of the year, extended
until two in the morning. Shortly thereafter, by proposing a better salary, he w
ent to Manchester,€there remains in the activity of the seller until eighteen. T
he entrepreneurial path starts from the call to form a society, which whetted th
e ambition of Owen. Immediately contracted the loan from a brother in London for
the opening of a machine factory wiring under agreement for the sharing of half
the profit. Forty men were hired to work in wood, iron and bronze. Owen was res
ponsible for financial administration and accounting business. A year later, bro
ke up the company and opened its own factory, having given up the business the n
ext year to work as an administrator for the wealthy businessman Drinkwater. It
was an experimental venture in spinning cotton, with five hundred workers. Owen
had the twenty years to find answers to problems involving the purchase of raw m
aterials, production and spinning of cotton, salaries, product sale and final ac
counting and financial management. At that moment, the experience gained in Stam
ford was considered important, both for his zeal for honesty and order, as famil
iarity with the factory for excellence in quality - skills now required. After a
nalysis of the production system, Owen has perfected the machinery allowing the
manufacture of a type of wire with a thickness hitherto unknown. A millionaire w
ith satisfaction the work of young manager resulted in an invitation to the comp
osition of society which would involve also two children. It was agreed that the
equitable distribution of ¼ profit per partner and the use of the mark in Owen
manufactured goods. Progress in the factory system, a finding of moral integrity
and business acumen led the millionaire Owen Drinkwater to propose marriage to
her daughter and by the rejection, the partnership was dissolved. Owen, however,
had been known for innovations promoted in the spinning of cotton which, accord
ing to Sergeant (1860), becomes the source of his fortune. Another reading, howe
ver, indicates that different factors explain the fortunes of Owen. For Pollard
(1968), as a competitive advantage Owen was able to win the cooperation of emplo
yees. He paid them salaries attractions - apart from that policy in place - so t
heir success can be credited to the ability to handle administrative techniques
that were, at that time, completely different experiences of the pioneers of the
new form of social organization. So when Owen moved from Manchester to New Lana
rk, had an understanding of administrative management plant that should have bee
n, in large part, only at that time. After the dismantling of society with Drink
water and a period of transition - in manufacturing activities not stable - Owen
had the opportunity to visit New Lanark accidental, primitive village in Scotla
nd where the differential was the availability of water fall that generated ener
gy for four textile units. Manufacturing activity in the place had been started
by David Dale and Richard Arkwrigth in 1784 as one of the first of its kind in S
cotland. The visitor was delighted with the beauty of the place and traveling co
mpanion confessed to a desire to settle in there for that experience into practi
ce long pondered. After being introduced to industrialist David Dale, leased the
mills for twenty years. While settling in New Lanark and twenty-eight years old
in January 1799, found a system of living and working in full force. Children u
nder six years of age were subjected to a day of work for more than twelve hours
a day - six in the morning until seven at night - sequenced by a period of inst
ruction, which hampered the recruitment of manpower. The families lived undergoi
ng addictions, theft, debt, disease and poverty, in extreme poverty, consuming g
oods of inferior quality under high prices. Noting weaknesses in the quality of
life, Owen allocated 7
efforts to inaugurate a new management system whose purpose would be to reduce t
he ill-treatment, except the principle of justice and generosity, as belief itse
lf. After eight months living with the family of Dale, in September 1799 he marr
ied the daughter of a millionaire. Since then he dedicated himself to the ideals
and social experiments that ambition, recording the content in the form of essa
ys (essays). 5. The system of ideas of Robert Owen: Social gathering grounds of
the Management advocate of the idea that the physical and cultural environment s
hapes human character and a time not professing any religion, believing that fai
th contributes to the irrational and selfish man, Owen was sponsored education.
Although he attended school for a short period of time, and even then, become ed
ucated man and successful,€was always identified with the working class, albeit
from a perspective not revolutionary. As soon as a hit, amassing fortune, concei
ved the cooperative invested in schemes of education and development of communit
y life, became involved with socialism English, dealt with issues related to urb
anization and implemented innovative management strategies designed to promote t
he quality worker's life. They are vast, so the projects and social initiatives
of Owen, which contributed so much to capture fans - fans of the cooperative, fo
r example - and critics alike - the followers of Critical Theory. The core of th
e thought of Owen is in two pieces, having been used as a source for the synthes
is below, editing Gatrell (1970). A New View of Society has four tests. The firs
t, On the Formation of Character, was written in 1812 and published in early 181
3. The second, The Principles of the Former Essay Continued in Part and Applied
to Practice, was written and published in late 1813. The third and fourth tests
- The Principles of the Former Essay Applied to a Personal Situation and The Pri
nciples of the Former Essay Applied to Government - both were written and publis
hed for sale as a second edition in 1816, reaching a wide circulation among both
the main political leaders, literary and religious traditions of Great Britain,
and among the rulers of Europe and the United States. The other text, Report to
the County of Lanark, written in 1820, is considered the first statement of soc
ialist principles published in the UK, which provides the condition of Owen pion
eer theorist of socialism (SERGEANT, 1860). As the previous record, for mapping
fundamentals of Social Management, from the thought of Owen, the sequence of exp
osure of the two texts was maintained. Social action linked to economic results
The idea of social intervention in the form as it appears in A New View of Socie
ty, An Address in the introduction, is directly tied to principles such as maxim
ization of results and order. In addressing that makes the superintendents of fa
ctories, Owen questions the loss of time and financial resources resulting from
management schemes in place, ensuring that capital returns of up to 100% can be
achieved by not only investments in machinery and tools clean and well-care, but
also in people: a) trained, with energy and determination at work, b) treated g
enerously, so that the mental challenges do not cause conflict; c) dedicated to
performance, the most perfect possible, the charge d) fed with enough healthy fo
od and other necessities of life, and e) physically preserved in good working co
nditions, to avoid the absence or premature deterioration. Educational scheme fo
r the formation of character in the first test, whose central theme is the descr
iption of two general principles, Owen tackles poverty, addictions, crime and la
ck of educational opportunities for 8
workers, mostly children. Then says he portrayed the content is based on over tw
enty years of experience, during which the truth and importance of what he write
s has been proven in multiple experiments. The first principle asserts that the
character, from best to worst, the most ignorant to the most enlightened, may be
shaped in any community, through the application of appropriate media largely u
nder the command and control of those who have influence on human relationships
. The central idea put forward is that the procedures for training of character,
once implemented, provide for the welfare of society. Thus, children could be t
rained to acquire language, feelings and beliefs, or habits and customs, not con
trary to human nature. Instead of punishing crimes from the type of character so
cially shared, could be adopted to prevent, therefore, irritating and angry temp
ers, consequences of ignorance, would gradually be replaced by the more impartia
l and conciliatory trust and goodwill. It would be unfair, therefore, ensure tha
t a small group of individuals - the ruling elite - the right to enforce laws an
d punish when they deny training tools. Cooperation of the privileged class welf
are The second principle holds that individual happiness can only occur through
behavior patterns that ensure collective happiness. Moving from stage to stage o
f ignorance of intelligence, the man discovers that individual happiness expands
only to the extent that it actively strives to expand the happiness of everyone
around her. This principle€which does not admit or exclusion or limits, is base
d on the assumption that the extraordinary events of the time were contributing
to set the stage. Considering the fact that the essence of the wisdom of the pri
vileged classes would be in cooperation with the other, a little reflection on t
he part of the privileged ensure a line of conduct - no revolution without war o
r bloodshed - necessary for the preparation of the World to receive principles f
or the construction of a system of happiness. The governments of all countries s
hould, therefore, establish rational plans of education - training general chara
cter of the public - training children in good habits of all species. To the ske
ptics, who consider this charming and beautiful idea in theory, but visionary to
be put into practice, Owen shows practical example - the experience of three th
ousand inhabitants of New Lanark, in the early nineteenth century. Philanthropy
and charity The content of the second test is an explanation of the benefits ari
sing from the application of the principles presented in the first test. One of
the most important benefits, when put into practice the two principles, it would
be inducing the belief that every man should have charity - charity - for all m
en. The collective field arises, again, linked to the defense of the ordinary ci
rcumstances of life can be modeled by means of the particular organization of th
e individual and, moreover, the assertion that children can be trained together.
The principles presented, according to Owen, they are instruments for creating
feelings - without the use of force or the production of any contrary action - a
ble to lead the owners of a resource allocation, not just for friends and citize
ns, but also for the inhabitants of all parts of the earth. The irrational ideas
and practices of the time would be partial reflection of ignorance of ancestors
and contemporaries formed under the previous prescription. New rules for social
interaction The practical benefits of implementing the principles appear in the
narratives of the trajectory of the founding of New Lanark and overcoming adver
se circumstances, by the pioneer 9
David Dale, and further improvement of general condition of life of the village
after the implementation of social innovations by Owen himself. As stated, the i
nnovations implemented in the study left the full extent of the evils and charac
terization of the true causes and effects. For the thefts were not instituted le
gal instruments of punishment or prison, and yes, regular checks and standards f
or prevention. The child labor control scheme for absorption of child learners f
rom six years, received the public houses of charity, was discontinued, having b
een established the minimum age of ten to work. The children were studying in sc
hool in the village, from five to ten years of full age, without cost to parents
. Were taught in an environment of complete pleasure and delight, says Owen, bef
ore engaging in employment. Urbanization and health care collective investments
in children were monitored simultaneously by other care of basic needs, health c
are and urbanization of the village. The houses have become comfortable and plea
sant streets, with alleys and gardens. Supplies of better quality were available
for consumption at low prices. The gradual social change that advocates applyin
g the principles, Owen suggests, should start from detailed and comprehensive vi
ew of the stage of society. The causes of the evils must be drawn with precision
and means easier and simpler to be implemented immediately to remove it. To pro
duce better results, all the desired changes should be implemented gradually so
as seemingly imperceptible, because then the slope resistance is removed and to
be given time for reason to undermine the strength of existing harmful damage. R
emoval of the first ill prepares the way for the removal of the second and in ge
ometric progression, the leaders of the system will soon be graced by the magnit
ude of the benefits envisioned. National systems of employment and education is,
however, the need for government measures. In suggesting the government to crea
te a national system of training of character, Owen records that the government
should provide a source of employment to meet the demands of the working class.
These jobs should be linked to the national interest, so the public can take adv
antage in equal proportion to the costs required. Early childhood education in t
he third experiment are no comments about the New Institution€center intended pr
imarily to early childhood education, equipped with playground, whose creation w
as directed, among other reasons, to get children out of the customs and incorre
ct treatment of the parents (nãoeducados) putting them in safe situation in the
acquired better habits and principles. Leisure and weekly rest The human being n
eeds rest because of the daily occupation. All those who wish to provide happine
ss to humanity, not to fail in stemming entertainment and recreation. The design
of a day of rest per week - the Sabbath - has originally this purpose, and to r
emedy undue exploitation would require the introduction, on the other days of th
e week, measures innocent entertainment and recreation. Innocent, is 10
feasible to deduce the implied exclusion of entertainment involving drinking and
gambling, a topic on the agenda for the British at that time as well today. Amo
ng the measures of innocent pleasure, the villagers were available areas of gard
ening and planting of potatoes, to grow during periods of summer, in addition to
public tours. The beautiful natural scenery of New Lanark is described not only
as the most economical, but also as the most rewarding pleasure which the indiv
idual can enjoy and therefore all men can easily be versed to do so. Human emanc
ipation is easier to lead mankind to virtue, or to conduct rational, by offering
entertainment innocent than by way of unnecessary controls, which may be disgus
ted harming good qualities. According to Owen, in all times and territories the
man seems to have blindly conspired against the happiness and remain ignorant of
himself, as it was in relation to the solar system at times before Copernicus a
nd Galileo. The time for the emancipation of the human mind had not arrived by t
hen and the world was not prepared for this. However, from the great changes tha
t were processed, Owen believed that man made important steps towards another le
vel of intelligence that nature itself provided. Gender relations and definition
of social roles Pedagogy of the New Institution involved a conception of societ
y set the definition of social roles by gender. For the boys, teaching goal was
to read well, understand the writing, write legibly and understand and use the f
undamental rules of arithmetic. It was teaching the girls, too, to sew and make
costumes relatives. After mastering these skills, should attend the public kitch
en and dining rooms, and also learn to prepare food sparingly and keep the house
clean and well cared for. Education (and indoctrination) of youth and adults in
the evening occurred in the preparation of lessons for adults: a) on appropriat
e methods for raising children, making rational creatures, b) in how to allocate
the resources from the work, c) on how to reserve the leftovers. All were asked
about the progress in useful knowledge and had consented to questions and discu
ssions. The New Institution worked also as a temple, spreading an ideology by Ow
en considered factual. While critical of the Church, in answer to skeptics, drew
a primer of principles whose content would lift a religion vital - vital religi
on - able to bring peace and happiness to man operation via pragmatic character
formation. Volunteer Since not all act rationally, being taught the art of war f
rom childhood, the men of New Lanark were trained in defense tactics to use them
when attacked the community. Thus, the New Institution provided training in han
dling firearms that contribute to health and mood, giving proper posture for you
ng people, and habits of attention and order. Although Owen did not mention, it
is important to emphasize that this initiative was in line with a massive nation
al training for voluntary military associations, theme portrayed by Gee (2003) T
he British Volunteer Movement 1794-1814. Preventative health and pension fund Th
ere was expedient to ensure the individuals of a village gathering insurance in
retirement, under the provision and refuge in comfortable conditions. All employ
ees in 11
site contributed to a fund that supported the worker away by disease or when the
re was fulfilled life for industrial tasks. Fund housing Ensuring comfort in ret
irement involved the construction of houses whose possession by the employee, oc
curred without coercion by the monthly savings amount so that the end of a given
number of years, pay the full amount of property.€The community development fun
d set was also a kind of savings that financed the comfort of homes, surrounded
by gardens and sheltered by plantations and sidewalks. Once occupying the reside
nce, the worker would receive a financial value sufficient to support. This poli
cy aimed to increase the taxation of families in the village. Public policies to
combat poverty Owen discussed poverty, alcohol consumption, crime and gambling
among the poor, which led him to write letter of recommendations to the British
government, the object of the fourth test.
Table 1: Summary of interfaces between ideas and experiences of Owen and agenda
for the Social Management Agenda in contemporary Brazil Quality of Life in the e
ducational scheme for the formation of character education continued attention t
o basic needs and health aid transportation, food, housing and health fund Fundi
ng for the purchase or renovate the house itself Leisure and weekly rest Flexibi
lity of working hours and occupational health and preventive health fund pension
plan business health and pension fund Corporate Social Responsibility Social ac
tion linked to economic results linked to the Social Action class corporate imag
e Cooperation inside the welfare contribution to business alleviating social exc
lusion institution of social norms and ethical codes of conduct in organizations
control of child labor fight against child labor gradual social change social p
olicy articulation Third Sector Philanthropy and charitable organizations and ph
ilanthropic charities national systems of employment and education alternatives
for employment and income and training Education for children, youth and adults
Youth and Adult Education - Basic adult education and volunteer work volunteer w
ork and corporate volunteering Emancipation human organizations protect and defe
nd the rights of minorities Relations definition of gender roles and social cond
ition and women's rights public policy to combat poverty Zero Hunger regulation,
labor and public-private partnership wealth and income concentration Environmen
tal Management Urbanization and health care collective use of urban space, sanit
ation and public health Local Integrated Development Community Development and S
ustainable - DLIS Source: elaborated by the authors agenda Owen
Regulation, labor and wealth The content of the text Report to the County of Lan
ark has also públicogovernamental appeal with focus on the regulatory role of th
e state and the presentation of draft plan 12
action aimed at overcoming problems relating to employment of manpower in the fi
eld and in the city. Owen says that the availability of jobs, with earnings suff
icient to maintain a working family, and general aspiration is that this goal ca
n not be achieved until the government and the legislature to adopt measures to
remove obstacles that would otherwise keep the working class in poverty and unha
ppy, gradually contributing to the deterioration of the resources of the Empire.
The work is acknowledged as the source of all wealth. The markets, in turn, gro
w as a result of pay and the working class are more or less extended in proporti
on as this class is well or poorly paid. Evaluate, then, that the existing arran
gements would not be adequately remunerating the worker, and, consequently, the
markets would fail. We proposed the intervention of the government and legislatu
re, which is detailed in the form of a sketch plan. Here there is an attempt at
theorizing. Owen speaks in Social Sciences, Economics and Politics in the power
of knowledge, questioning the value system adjusted to gold and silver, to defen
d the work as a natural pattern of human value. Recourse, once again, the defens
e of education as a device to overcome poverty, political advising the legislatu
re and the government, the theoretical effort gets overshadowed. 6. Critical app
raisal and final reflections Considering the fact that was not the object of res
earch the theoretical justification of the construct and Social Management, yes,
a historical review of initiatives that are approaching this conception, the de
bate portrayed deserves counterpoints. It is pertinent to resume, the initial bo
undaries of the study. The reading and criticism, focusing on initiatives to Rob
ert Owen for reasons already mentioned, did not address other social innovators
of the industrial age and is limited to a period of time, the socio-economic and
political spaces-specific legal and physical. So do not try to erase the value
of innovations above narrated,€occurred in the distant past from the perspective
of Management Science. In particular trajectory of life, Owen introduced himsel
f as an entrepreneur successful, educational theorist and social reformer so tha
t readings about their initiatives invited to adopt caution. This is not an acad
emic or theoretical and perhaps this explains the lack of accuracy both in asses
sing the social context that has experienced both the assertions and alternative
s presented. The language employed is strong on the defense of an ideal system a
nd appealing on the explanation of personal examples to convince. The core of th
e work can be taken, as well as rhetoric, insufficient to the constitution of a
theory. If, on the one hand, criticized the greed and the accumulation of wealth
, on the other hand, took advantage of the situation and made a fortune through
the exploitation and appropriation of the result of the work of others. If, on t
he one hand, criticized the general conditions of living and working at the time
, otherwise termed as an act of benevolence concessions and innovations of the o
wners of the search for manpower - including those developed by himself . In the
 first test of A New View of Society, when addressing the British public support
s the idea that evil which he portrayed comes from errors of ancestors and that
once identified the causes, measures - the term he used is remedy - must be impl
emented so as to generate benefits and produce the least possible inconvenience.
In a message that addresses the superintendents of factories, describes corpora
te governance as a system composed of several parts where the hands are linked t
o equipment and machinery to produce the highest gain for the owners. The questi
oning about the ethical content of this social system of exploitation of man by
man, resulting from the revolution in the process - and not the past - is theref
ore neglected. 13
Owen's social policies were masterminded answer or at least shaped by opposition
movements. You put in the second test of A New View of Society that, just as in
other countries, had by the lower classes of Scotland intense prejudice to the
foreign authority, especially in English. With previous business in Manchester,
Owen faced strong aversions, compounded by having succeeded David Dale - under w
hose tutelage the workers acted in the way desired - by professing different rel
igious beliefs and that workers began to think that mechanisms of oppression wou
ld be imposed for extract more work results. The events of attacks and defenses,
according to states, lasted two years, are narrated not as mechanisms of resist
ance encountered that required the adoption of social measures, but rather as an
adverse circumvented by professional merit from abroad - a particular temperame
nt, patience and confidence in the validity of the principles underpinning the c
onduct itself. Owen advocates values - valuable principles - which, in essence,
starting from a peculiar point of view of changes occurred in British society be
tween the mid-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and personal preferences, idea
lizing and producing instruments that would cure the social ills of the time. Fo
r being taken off the investigation surrounding the effective causes that determ
ine the social, political and economic criticized for it, the work does not aris
e, even as a paradigm consistent among the concerns addressed and the answers -
Remedies - recommended. Words addressed to His Royal Highness the Prince Regent
of the British Empire in the first assay of A New View of Society, suggest other
weaknesses, as illustrated by the following statements: - the tests were writte
n to show that the source of misery can be located at ignorance of those who gov
ern and those who are governed - the principles revealed are qualified to develo
p a practice that, without much apparent change, and without any public disorder
, gradually remove the difficulties of those who in future will rule and the dis
content of those who should be governed . By shifting the origin of the problems
from the Industrial Revolution of the kind of socio-economic relationship estab
lished by locating it either in ignorance of rulers and ruled and now the blame
to the ancestors, Owen weakens the system of ideas drawn especially to defend th
at right appliance formation of human character happiness would spread throughou
t the social environment. Is poor defense that disease, poverty, crime and abuse
are the result of ignorance and that can be overcome through training.€It is al
so precarious the statement of faith that a given educational unit makes it poss
ible - without conflicts, without bloodshed and without war - a new social confo
rmation, through the dissemination of ideas such as cooperation, kindness and ch
arity and a peculiar conception of justice and equity, maintaining the operating
system. Owen does not discuss the need to overcome the prevailing economic orde
r and even questions the legitimacy of profit. Moreover, by proposing measures o
utside the system, both failed to formulate a critical theory as a theory of cha
nge in the legitimating process. By navigating between objections to the effects
of social economic model in force without opposing the main contents of the sys
tem, namely, the exploitation and appropriation of the objective result of the w
ork of others, from a certain type of social relationship, becomes an integral p
art of critical Engels (1920). Moreover, in the third test of A New View of Soci
ety and the knowledge and training of human character appear as a result of a na
tural development, deeply influenced by ideas and habits of ancestors, and only
subtly derived from the relation of man to the material world. The weaknesses id
entified in Owen did not differ, however, those that can be credited to construc
t social management, leading to the following observations: a) both start from i
dealized assumptions about the present stage of the social and organizational, n
ot 14
a rigorous reflection on the nature of the relations of man with nature and with
similar b) articulate organizational management strategies aimed at minimizing
adverse effects from the type of relationship without question the prevailing so
cial origins, c) give aesthetic form the management elements that, in essence, f
avor substantive rationality to the time saving and work processes of life that
prevent - or delay - an effective human emancipation d) because of the weaknesse
s above, appear in the form of fragments and not compose a single coherent body
of theory. In summary, both experiments preterit as those of Owen today clumped
around the construct social management, can be read as organizational innovation
s from which capitalism disseminates any awards, the time when individualism sed
iments itself as a belief, including for do not possess property (Gatrell, 1970)
. Dialectically, are also social gains achieved through technological progress i
n synchrony with movements of resistance and gradual recovery of human conscious
ness around the general conditions of the environment and life-like. Finally, it
is feasible to assert that the composition of the bases of the Administration,
regardless of theoretical perspective, should be located in time and space, in t
he political and legal contours - ideologies, resistance and work systems and va
lues in force - and conformation of the socio-economic development. It is also i
mportant for the design of biographies that can identify system and conventional
ideas of the actors involved. This provision has proved useful here, in general
terms, the reflection on the epistemology of Management Science and in specific
terms, the marking points of thought and study of the construct analyzed. Other
wise, the weaknesses do not override or theoretical relevance of the pioneering
work of Owen, in the way of thinking and conduct business, nor the attempt of sc
holars of organizations in the conformation of Social Management. Instead, it is
part of the commitment to consolidation of Science, showing the limits of admin
istrative reforms readings when detached from the analysis of the scenario in wh
ich they give. Are worthy of consideration, therefore, the issues discussed by O
wen and before today's corporate agenda, because, even if taken as hanger ideolo
gical influence the lives of several segments - revolutionary theorists, reforme
rs, entrepreneurs, workers, trade unionists, academics, legislators and rulers.
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