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: 12 JUN 08 REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS : MIME 3470 Page 1

Grading Sheet
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Laboratory . 17
REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS
Students Names / Section
POINTS SCORE TOTAL
PRESENTATIONApplicable to Both MS Word and Mathcad Sections
GENERAL APPEARANCE 5
ORGANIZATION 5
ENGLISH / GRAMMAR 5
ORDERED DATA, CALCULATIONS & RESULTS
TABLE OF PROPERTIES FOR THE 8 STATES 10
PLOT IDEAL CYCLE (W/ BLOCK ARROWS) USING PRESSURES 3 & 8 10
PLOT ACTUAL CYCLE (W/ BLOCK ARROWS) 10

CALCULATE
COPOA &
COPOA 10
ideal act
TECHNICAL WRITTEN CONTENT
DISCUSSIONGENERAL DISCUSSION OF CALCULATIONS 5
EXPLAIN IN TERMS OF 1ST & 2ND LAWS THE DISCREPENCIES
BETWEEN THE TWO PLOTS ABOVE 10
ARE THE DISCREPENCIES IN THE PROPER DIRECTION(S)? 10
SHOULD THERE BE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ACTUAL &
IDEAL CYCLES? 10
CONCLUSIONS 5
ORIGINAL DATASHEET 5
TOTAL 100
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COMMENTS

GRADER d
MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory Q cond
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Condenser
Laboratory . 17 T Constant p
REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Expansion
Compressor

LAB PARTNERS: NAME NAME (Throttling )

NAME NAME Constant h Valve
NAME NAME W comp

Constant p

SECTION
EXPERIMENT TIME/DATE: TIME, DATE s
Evaporator
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Q evap

OBJECTIVEof this exercise is to determine the various Figure 1Schematic and T-s process diagram of an ideal
coefficients of performance, COP. Specifically, these are the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
and actual cycle COPs using the attached thermodynamic diagram ANALYSISThe performance of a refrigeration cycle is given in
for Refrigerant-12 (R12). terms of the Coefficient of Performance or COP and the cooling
INTRODUCTIONA refrigeration cycle is a cycle which capacity Q
evap . The overall COP for the cycle is
transfers heat from a low temperature sink to a high temperature
COP Q W (1)
sink by the application of energy from a third source. A OA evap comp
refrigeration cycle differs from what is commonly called a heat where, W =electric power to the compressor motor.
comp
pump in that the desired output is the heat transfer from the cold
From the First Law, the cooling capacity is

sink rather than the heat transfer to the hot sink.
The most common type of refrigeration cycle is the mechanical Q evap m
air c p Tin
evap air evap
Toutevap (2)
vapor compression cycle. This cycle is essentially a Rankine
Cycle run backwards. A schematic and a T-s diagram of the cycle where, m
air
evap =mass flow of air through the evaporator
appears in Figure 1. The cycle is referred to as a mechanical
compression because the compression process (States 1 to 2) is c pair = specific heat of air
accomplished by a mechanical compressor that is driven by an Tinevap = temperature of air entering the evaporator
external power source. This source is usually an electric motor.
Toutevap = temperature of air leaving the evaporator
The refrigeration cycle in Figure 1 is an ideal cycle. It is ideal
because the compression process is isentropic (States 1 to 2) and
there are no pressure losses across either the evaporator (States 4
to 1) or the condenser (States 2 to 3). The power to the compressor
and the cooling capacity for the ideal refrigeration cycle are
Last Rev.: 12 JUN 08 REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS : MIME 3470 Page 3

R h2 h1
W comp m (3) PROCEDURETurn on and study the cycle and the components of
the refrigeration unit shown in Figure 3. Trace the R12 flow path and
R h1 h4
Q evap m (4) identify the compressor, evaporator, condenser, and expansion valve
inlets and outlets. Make sure that the flow path is correct by opening
where, R = mass flow of refrigerant through the system.
m and closing the proper valves. For the unit to act on a refrigeration
Therefore, from Equation 1, the ideal COP is cycle, the flow from the evaporator must go to the top of the
Q
evap h h4 compressor.
COPOAideal 1 . (5)
W h2 h1 After the unit has stabilized, take temperature and pressure data
comp
for flows into and out of the
p2 Q cond a. Compressor (States 1 and 2)


Condenser b. Condenser (States 3 and 4)
T
c. Expansion valve (States 5 and 6)

d. Evaporator (States 7 and 8).

Compressor





p8

W comp
p1

Evaporator
s
Q evap

Figure 2 Schematic and T-s diagram for a vapor-compression

refrigeration cycle including irreversibilities in all components
The refrigeration cycle for an actual cycle is presented in Figure 2.
This cycle varies from the ideal in that the compression process is
non-isentropic (States 1 to 2) and there are pressure losses across
both the evaporator (States 7 to 8) and the condenser (States 3 to 4).
The cooling capacity, Q
evap , and the heat load from the condenser,

Q , are
cond
R h8 h7
Q evap m (6)

and R h3 h4
Q cond m (7) Figure 3 Refrigeration cycle experimental setup

and
Q cond m air c pair Tincond Toutcond (8)
Equation 8 is obtained from an energy balance across the air
side of the condenser. The temperatures Tincond and Toutcond are For the Report
the air temperatures in and out of the condenser. NOTE: This experiment is to be done in English units only.
Equation 3 would be valid for an actual cycle only if the This is because the only pressure-enthalpy diagram for Freon-12
compression and combination compressor-motor efficiencies were we have access to is in English units.
1. Make a table (supplied below) of state properties (p, T, v, h,
both unity. The compression efficiency, comp , and the and s) for the eight states of the cycle.
compressor-motor efficiency, c- m , are defined by 2. On the supplied p-h chart, plot the ideal cycle for the appro-
priate conditions of our experimental data. The student is to
h2 s h1 use Pressures 3 and 8 to determine the ideal cycle. Be sure to
comp (9)
h2 h1 indicate with block arrows across the lines the occurrences of
,Q , and W .
Q cond m evap m comp m
w R h2 s h 1
and c -m (10) 3. Redo Item 2 using the actual cycle data points. This plot
W comp should appear on the same sheet as that of Item 2.
Therefore, the cycle overall COP for actual cycle is
COPOA COPOA
h8 h7 4. Calculate
ideal
and
act
COPOA (11)

act h2 h1
5. Explain in terms of the First and Second Laws of
Thermodynamics, the nature of the discrepancies between the
cycle paths in Items 2 and 3. Are the discrepancies in the
proper direction(s)? Should there be differences between the
actual and ideal cycles?
ORDERED DATA, CALCULATIONS, and RESULTS REMEMBER: DO THIS ONE IN ENGLISH UNITS ONLY
Requirement 1: Make a table of state properties (p, T, v, h, and s) for the eight states of the cycle.
State
Data Compressor Compressor Condenser Condenser Expansion Expansion Evaporator Evaporator
Last Rev.: 12 JUN 08 REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS : MIME 3470 Page 4

In Out In Out Valve In Valve Out In Out

p(psi)
gage
p(psi)
absolute
(+14.7psi)
T(F)
v(ft3/lbm)
h(Btu/lbm)
s(Btu/lbmR)

Requirement 4.Calculate
COPOA and
COPOA .
ideal act
The student may want to use the Mathcad object (below) for this. Otherwise, feel free to delete the object.
MATHC AD OBJEC T--DOUBLE C KIC K TO OPEN

YOU MAY NOT CHOOSE TO USE MATHCAD ON THIS LAB.

THE OBJECT IS PRESENTED IF YOU WANT IT.
OTHERWISE DELETE THE OBJECT.

Last Rev.: 12 JUN 08 REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS : MIME 3470 Page 5

Requirements 2 & 3. On the supplied p-h chart, plot the ideal cycle for the appropriate conditions of our experimental data. The student is to
use Pressures 3 and 8 to determine the ideal cycle. Be sure to indicate with block arrows across the lines the occurrences of Q cond m ,

Q , and W .
evap m comp m Redo Item 2 using the actual cycle data points. This plot should appear on the same sheet as that
of Item 2.

Q cond
m

IDEAL CYCLE
ACTUAL CYCLE
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DISCUSSION OF RESULTS CONCLUSIONS

Explain in terms of 1 st and 2nd Laws the discrepencies between

the two plots.
Answer:

Are the discrepencies in the proper directions?

Answer:

Should there be differences between the actual and ideal

cycles?
Answer:
Last Rev.: 12 JUN 08 REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS : MIME 3470 Page 7

APPENDICES
APPENDIX ADATA SHEET FOR REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS
Q cond
NOTE: Condenser
1. THE CONDENSOR IS ON THE HIGH PRESSURE SIDE
WHILE THE EVAPORATOR IS ON THE LOW PRESSURE SIDE
2. ALL PRESSURE DATA ARE GAGE PRESSURES; HOWEVER,

THE PROPERTY TABLES USE ABSOLUTE PRESSUREBE SURE Compressor

TO CONVERT TO ABSOLUTE BEFORE LOOKING UP PROPERTIES.

Time/Date: ___________________________ W comp

Lab Partners: ___________________________ ___________________________ Evaporator
Q evap

___________________________ ___________________________

___________________________ ___________________________

State
Compressor Compressor Condenser Condenser Expansion Expansion Evaporator Evaporator
Data
In Out In Out Valve In Valve Out In Out
p(psi) d
T(F) d
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APPENDIX BR-12 (CCl2F2) THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES v(ft3/lbm), u(Btu/lbm), h(Btu/lbm), s(Btu/lbmR)

Saturated

Superheated
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Last Rev.: 12 JUN 08 REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS : MIME 3470
APPENDIX CBIOGRAPHIC SKETCHES
The Father of Cool
Willis Haviland CarrierThe History of Air Conditioning
By Mary Bellis
I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game even in
the laboratory. Willis Haviland Carrier on being practical.
In 1902, only one year after Willis
Haviland Carrier graduated from Cornell
University with a Masters in Engineer-
ing, the first air (temperature and humi-
dity) conditioning was in operation,
making one Brooklyn printing plant
owner very happy. Fluctuations in heat
and humidity in his plant had caused the
dimensions of the printing paper to keep
altering slightly, enough to ensure a mis-
alignment of the colored inks. The new
air conditioning machine created a stable
environment and aligned four-color
printing became possible. All thanks to
the new employee at the Buffalo Forge Company, who started on a
salary of only $10 per week.
The Apparatus for Treating Air (U.S. Pat# 808897) granted in
1906, was the first of several patents awarded to Willis Haviland
Carrier. The recognized father of air conditioning is Carrier, but the
term air conditioning actually originated with textile engineer,
Stuart H. Cramer. Cramer used the phrase air conditioning in a 1906
patent claim filed for a device that added water vapor to the air in
textile plantsto condition the yarn.
In 1911, Willis Haviland Carrier disclosed his basic Rational
Psychrometric1 Formulae to the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers. The formula still stands today as the basis in all funda-
mental calculations for the air conditioning industry. Carrier said he
received his flash of genius while waiting for a train. It was a foggy
night and he was going over in his mind the problem of temperature
and humidity control. By the time the train arrived, Carrier had an
understanding of the relationship between temperature, humidity
and dew point.
Industries flourished with the new ability to control the temperature
and humidity levels during and after production. Film, tobacco, pro-
cessed meats, medical capsules, textiles and other products acquired
significant improvements in quality with air conditioning. Willis and
six other engineers formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation in
1915 with a starting capital of $35,000 (1995 sales topped $5 billion).
The company was dedicated to improving air conditioning
technology.
In 1921, Willis Haviland Carrier patented the centrifugal refrigeration
machine. The centrifugal chiller was the first practical method of
air conditioning large spaces. Previous refrigeration machines used
reci-procating-compressors (piston-driven) to pump refrigerant
1
psychrometer n. : a hygrometer consisting essentially of two
similar thermometers with the bulb of one being kept wet so that the cooling
that results from evaporation makes it register a lower temperature than the
dry one and with the difference between the readings constituting a
measure of the dryness of the atmosphere. psychrometric adj.
psychrometry n.
NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH
psychometry n. 1 : divination of facts concerning an object or its
owner through contact with or proximity to the object.
psychometrics pl. n. but sing. in construction: the psychological
theory or technique of mental measurement
http://www.merriam-webster.com
Page 10
(often toxic and flammable ammonia) throughout the system. Carrier
desig-ned a centrifugal-compressor similar to the centrifugal turning-
blades of a water pump. The result was a safer and more efficient
chiller.
Cooling for human comfort, rather than industrial need, began in
1924, noted by the three Carrier centrifugal chillers installed in the
J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. Shoppers
flocked to the air conditioned store. The boom in human cooling
spread from the department stores to the movie theaters, most
notably the Rivoli Theater in New York, whose summer film
business skyrocketed when it heavily advertised the cool comfort.
Demand increased for smaller units and the Carrier Company
obliged.
In 1928, Willis Haviland Carrier developed the first residential
Weathermaker, an air conditioner for private home use. The Great
Depression and then WW2 slowed the non-industrial use of air
conditioning. After the war, consumer sales started to grow again.
The rest is history, cool and comfortable history.
Willis Haviland Carrier did not invent the very first system to cool an
interior structure, however, his system was the first truly successful
and safe one that started the science of modern air conditioning.
Special thanks given to the Carrier Corporation
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm
WILLIS CARRIER
by John H. Lienhard
It was a hot August day in San Antonio, Texas. I was there to name the
Milam Building as a Mechanical Engineering Landmark. I went from
the hot street into the cool halls of this fine old 21-story Art Deco
building. As if by magic, the weather changed from awful to pleasant
as I entered.
This was no ordinary magic. You see, this was the first air-
conditioned office building in the world.
Inside, I met representatives of the Carrier Corporation. They were
proud this day. In 1928, their company installed the original system
here. Of course everyone invoked the name of Willis Carrier.
Carriers mother had some of that creative magic. For she had a
mechanics instincts. Carrier learned about math and machines from
his mother.
Carrier was poor. He waited tables, earned scholarships, and sold
stereopticon slides to get through engineering school at Cornell. In
1901, he went on to work for the Buffalo Forge Company. There he
designed heating and cooling equipment.
He soon saw how little we knew about regulating the temperature and
humidity of air. He went to work on the problem. By 1911, hed written
the science of psychrometry. It describes air temperature and
humidity.
But Carrier did much more. Hed already begun creating a technology
for controlling air condition. In 1907, Buffalo Forge saw the value of
his work. They formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Corporation of
America as a subsidiary.
Air conditioning spread across America. First theaters and churches.
Then more complex structures. If youre old enough, you remember
the early air-conditioned movie theaters. They used to paint blue ice
cubes on their marquees.
Carrier died in 1950. Now the Houston temperature climbs. And I
too say Thank God! for the magic that makes this sultry climate
so pleasantall year round.
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Engines of Our Ingenuity, 688

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi688.htm