Blood flow

What is blood? What is the heart?

2. Blood 5 liters of blood circulate in the body. The various components of bloo
d provide different functions: The plasma carries the elements ... ... ... ...
of the intestines to the organs. White blood cells clean and defend the body
against ... ... ... ... .. . Red blood cells carry the ... ... ... ... ... to
the lungs. The blood circulates through the body ... ... ... ... .. blood. When
the blood flows through the ... ... ... ..., red blood cells "take care" of oxyg
en and "discharge" of carbon dioxide. Then when it happens in a body "file" oxyg
en and "recovered" from carbon dioxide. 3. The heart is a hollow muscle divided
into parts ... ... .... It works like a ... ... ... ... and circulates blood thr
ough the body. Blood enters the atria and ventricles by fate. Using your diction
ary, find the elements cited and note them on the diagram below.
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
Blood is composed of many elements including four main areas: - white blood cell
s (+ - 7500 / mm ³), they defend the body against microbes - blood red (+ - 4.5
million / mm ³), they carry the oxygen and carbon dioxide - the plates (+ - 250,
000 / mm ³), they can stop bleeding - blood plasma fluid portion of blood yellow
ish roles of blood are to transport nutrients, carry the oxygen to cells and car
ry waste from cells to the alveoli. substances carried by blood are: 1. oxygen,
2. carbon dioxide, 3. non-gaseous waste and 4. nutrients removed from the diet.
Our heart is a pump, because it sends blood throughout the body, here is a diagr
am of the heart and the course of blood: 1. aorta 2. pulmonary vein 3. left atri
um 4. valves 5. left ventricle 6. péricorde 7. pulmonary artery 8. Superior vena
cava 9. right atrium 10. IVC
11. right ventricle
(C) Biodidac | I. livingstone
Diagram of blood flow:
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
The characteristics of the human bloodstream as blood passes twice through the h
eart to return to any point in the bloodstream: the movement is called twice. Th
e oxygen-rich blood and blood carrying carbon dioxide does not mix at any level
in the bloodstream: the movement is said to be complete. The entire route of the
blood is channeled through blood vessels: the movement is called closed. Note:
There are parallel to the circulatory system, lymphatic system. These two system
s work together
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
Blood is continuously moved by the double heart pump (right heart and left heart
) whose activity is easily identifiable by external events (sounds, rhythm). The
heart is a hollow muscle located in the anterior mediastinum, a cavity bounded
by the lungs and diaphragm slightly to the left of the plane of symmetry of the
body. Its contraction is automatic and results from the rhythmic activity of a p
articular tissue in which it is provided, the nodal tissue.
Morphology and structure of the heart
The heart is a double pump consisting of two independent halves. Each includes a
n atrium and a ventricle. The atria have thin walls and drain the blood from the
veins. The ventricles have thick muscular walls and eject blood into the arteri
es (Fig. 1):
Figure 1 - Schematic of the heart
The right heart
It is the pump that circulates the blood in the so-called "little movement", con
sisting of pulmonary arterio-venous system (Fig. 1 *). The right atrium receives
the two venae cavae (superior and inferior) vena cava and the coronary (heart m
uscle irrigation itself). The right ventricle is separated from the right atrium
through a valve consisting of three blades (tricuspid valve), which opposes the
reflux of blood into the atrium during cardiac contraction. It ejects the blood
into the pulmonary artery provided an aortic valve that opens when the ventricu
lar ejection and then closes to prevent backflow of blood into the ventricle.
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
The left heart
It is the pump that circulates the blood in the so-called "high traffic" or gene
ral circulation of the body (Fig. 1 *). The left atrium receives four pulmonary
veins.€The left ventricle is separated from the atrium through the mitral valve
(Fig. 4). It ejects the blood into the aorta of aortic valve fitted which contai
ns the openings of two coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself
. The left heart (especially the ventricular muscle tissue) is more developed th
an the right heart, because the work required to generate enough pressure to the
systemic circulation is much greater than that done by the right heart to the p
ulmonary circulation.
The pumping effect is exerted by the interplay of active contractions punctuated
by the automatic nodal tissue located at the right atrium and the inter-atrial
septum. It generates a stream of blood the ventricle to the atrium, made irrever
sible by the set of valves (Fig. 2):
Figure 2: Schematic of the journey covered by the blood stream.
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
The circulation
The circulation assures continuity of trade in organs. Blood flows one way in ve
ssels: arteries, veins, capillaries that form a closed system. The blood is move
d by the heart muscle hollow, septate, functioning rhythmically. The proper func
tioning of the cardiovascular system is stimulated by physical activity and a di
et too rich, stress ... are the cause of cardiovascular disease.
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
Vocabulary:
Heart: hollow muscle contractions which provide the setting in motion of blood i
n the vessels. Artery: blood vessel in which the blood circulates from the heart
to various body organs. Hair: very small and vessels connecting arteries and ve
ins purposes. Vein: blood vessel in which the blood circulates from one organ to
the heart. Ear: Parts of the heart where the wall is very thin. It receives blo
od from the veins and propel it into the ventricles. Ventricles: parts of the he
art where the wall is thick. They receive blood from the atria and propel it int
o the arteries. General circulation: blood path between the left heart and right
heart. Pulmonary circulation: path of blood between the right heart and left he
art. Infarction: heart attack due to poor irrigation of the heart muscle.
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
HEART MOVEMENT
© 2000-2001 haplosciences
The heart is no bigger than a fist but it is the most powerful muscle in the bod
y. It pumps the blood it sucks from the atria and the ventricles rejects, this a
bout 70 times per minute, passing through the lungs.
The other folder is inside a hollow muscle that works like a pump. He is respons
ible for setting in motion the blood in the circulatory system. It is partitione
d into two
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Parties (2 cores) welded to each other. The left heart pumps blood oxygenated (r
ed) throughout our body to provide oxygen to the cells of this one. Nutrients an
d oxygen are necessary for their metabolism. The cells consume oxygen and produc
e more waste carbon dioxide. The blood (blue) lies right in the heart responsibl
e for carbon dioxide. The role of the right heart is to propel the vitiated bloo
d to the lungs to exchange for new carbon dioxide (returned at the end) cons of
oxygen (absorbed during inhalation). The route left heart - body - is called the
right heart circulation. The term right heart - lungs left heart is called the
lesser circulation. The great movement to go with a longer course, also the left
heart is it more powerful than the right heart. These are the contractions of t
he muscular wall (myocardium) of the heart, to circulate the blood. The contract
ion causes a muocarde pressurized blood in the atrium, then into the ventricles,
and ejection in the arteries. The heart contracts on average 70 times per minut
e. Each contraction produces a heartbeat.
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
The arteries of the heart and will leave the organs. The veins leaving the bodie
s and go to the heart. The reoxygenated blood is returned into the left atrium b
y pulmonary veins. From the left atrium is driven into the left ventricle and th
en distributed throughout the body. The tainted blood back into the right atrium
through the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava and then returned int
o the right ventricle and returned to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to
comply reoxygenation. The capillaries form an extensive network of very fine ves
sels that supply the organs.
© haplosciences.€The left ventricle pushes blood rich
oxygen in the circuit of circulation. This circuit consists of many branches der
ived. A branch supplies the left arm, another his right arm, another his left le
g, right leg, kidney, intestine and liver, the placenta when the mother is expec
ting a baby, the brain. The oxygen-poor blood rich in carbon dioxide back to the
left ventricle before being sent to the lungs where gas exchange has a link: Th
e blood is oxygenated before returning once again the left ventricle.
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
DID YOU KNOW?
•
heart weighed 300 g and pump an average of 5 liters of blood per minute (8000 li
ters per day). the number of heartbeats varies by age of the individual.
•
The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood to remove waste. The waste is ex
creted as urine. The kidneys filter up to 2000 liters of blood per day. We have
two kidneys but we can live with one. They are placed at the hip and are each th
e size of the heart.
On the drawing below cons oxygenated blood is red and from the heart. It nourish
es all the organs of the body (also in red). In blue blood returns to heart stal
e to be propelled into the lungs. Blood send the body all the substances necessa
ry for its nutrition and eliminate those which are unnecessary thanks to the kid
neys.
June 2001: A team of U.S. researchers have designed a new artificial heart that
does not require connection to an external battery. The first operation took pla
ce at the University of Louisville, Kentucky. The heart was designed by a team o
f the company Abiomed Inc. .. The battery is recharged inside out using a device
that is worn on the belt and regularly sends waves inside the artificial rechar
ging. The device, which
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works like a pump, costing $ 70,000 but should save 100,000 people a year in the
U.S.. Each year 700,000 people die of heart problems in the U.S.. The artificia
l heart is designed to overcome the shortage of donor hearts. Source of informat
ion: CNN.COM
e human heart is a hollow muscle, the shape of a triangular pyramid. It is anato
mically located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, in an area called the
mediastinum. The weight of normal adult human heart is 250 g. It is a body compr
ising an outer layer (pericardium), a muscular layer (myocardium) and an inner l
ayer (endocardium).
The heart pump
Atria, ventricles, valves. The heart is composed of two functionally and anatomi
cally distinct parts, the right heart and left heart. Each of these two parts is
itself divided into atrium and ventricle. The right heart and left heart functi
on synchronously.
The blood has a sense of the left heart to right heart. There exists among the d
ifferent parts of the circulation system of valves (sort of "gate") that prevent
s blood from flowing backward. The atria and ventricles are separated from each
other by valves that open into the ventricular cavity and prevent backflow into
the atria. These valves are fibrous, non-muscle and muscle attached to the pilla
rs which ensure the opening phase. The cardiac cycle The cardiac cycle consists
of a contraction and ventricular filling. The ventricles, and especially the lef
t ventricle functional elements are crucial. With each beat, they contract: the
systolic and they are emptied of their blood through the aorta, then fill from t
he atria: the diastole.
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Jean-Philippe Solanet
The
system
circulatory
of
heart
The coronary arteries and veins as every heart has a blood supply with clean art
eries and veins, called coronary arteries. The coronary arteries are the first o
f the arterial vascular tree. The right and left coronary arteries arise on the
ascending thoracic aorta. The left artery is more important than the right arter
y, it has two branches: the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex a
rtery, arterial blood supply to each branch its own territory. A collateral circ
ulation composed of small branches can grow to circumvent a bottleneck because o
f arterial deposits (atheroma). The blood vessel is propelled in nearly 100,000
miles of blood vessels by a pump which is particularly successful: the heart.€We
can compare the heart to pump pressure / suction and the network of vessels to
"pipeline" for irrigation and oxygenation of tissues and organs. The cardiovascu
lar system consists of two parallel networks of vessels: arteries and veins. The
arteries are the network of vessels supplying oxygen, the veins forming the net
work said "back" of blood to the heart and lungs (blue blood as instructed in CO
2). The arteries are vessels susceptible to various hormonal stimuli. They play
an essential role in maintaining blood pressure, optimal blood pressure for irri
gation of all points of the body even more remote. Fitted with a their own muscl
es (smooth muscle cells), they can alter the state of tension of the wall and th
ereby regulate the pressure (or blood) pressure. Veins are vessels without the p
ossibility of intervention on blood pressure, they suffer more compared to arter
ies. As a result, they leave more easily distended by the pressure, the mechanis
m of venous return of blood to the heart is a passive mechanism, which is likely
to fall off as regards the return of the lower body.
The
system
electric
of
heart.
The heart is animated contractions that occur at varying intervals, counted in b
eats per minute. The average heart rate of 70-75 beats per minute (bpm), each co
ntraction to eject a heartbeat The volume of 60 cm3. The heart has a nervous sys
tem independent of the rest of the body (own internal tissue electrical conducti
on).
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The contraction flow starts in the sinus node, also called "pacemaker" (the unit
of the same name plays the same role of current initiation of contraction). In
fact, some heart cells are able to cause birth s'autoexcitées an electric curren
t, which will spread throughout the atria. Then the current reaches a relay (atr
ioventricular node), then print it one main network (His bundle) and it spread a
round the ventricles, causing their contraction and thus the ejection of blood.
The autonomic nervous system stimulation of the heart can be influenced by nervo
us stimuli reaching it from the peripheral nervous system through hormones (like
adrenalin to the sympathetic nervous system) that increase the frequency and fo
rce of contraction ( during a sporting effort will increase the heart's blood fl
ow, ie the total volume of blood ejected into the aorta, the heart can charge up
to five times more blood than at rest). Other incentives from the parasympathet
ic nervous system, through other hormones (such as acetylcholine) instead will e
xert a moderating influence on the "work" of the heart (and thus slowing the pac
e of contraction frequency) .
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Jean-Philippe Solanet