UPSC Civil Services Main 1996 - Mathematics

Calculus
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics
Panjab University
Chandigarh

January 9, 2010

Question 1(a) Find the asymptotes of the curve

4(x4 + y 4 ) 17x2 y 2 4x(4y 2 x2 ) + 2(x2 2) = 0

and show that they pass through the points of intersection of the curve with the ellipse x2 +
4y 2 = 4.

Solution. The curve has no asymptotes parallel to the coordinate axes as the coefficients
of x4 and y 4 are constants, note that these are the highest powers of x, y present in the
equation.
If y = mx + c is an asymptote, then m is a root of 4 (m) = 4(1 + m4 ) 17m2 = 0
this can be obtained by dividing by x4 and letting x , noting that xy m.
Thus 4m4 17m2 + 4 = 0 m2 = 4, m2 = 14 m = 2, 2, 21 , 21 .
Let 3 (m) = 4(4m2 1), then c is given as follows (provided it is determinate):

3 (m) 16m2 4
c= =
04 (m) 16m3 34m

Thus
64 4
m=2 c= =1
128 68
64 4
m = 2 c = = 1
128 + 68
1 44
m= c= =0
2 2 17
1 44
m= c= =0
2 2 + 17

1
Hence the asymptotes are y = 2x + 1, y = 2x 1, 2y = x, 2y + x = 0.
Let P4 = 0 be the joint equation of the asymptotes, then
P4 = (y 2x 1)(y + 2x + 1)(2y x)(2y + x)
= (y 2 (2x + 1)2 )(4y 2 x2 )
= 4y 4 17x2 y 2 16xy 2 4y 2 + 4x4 + 4x3 + x2
Thuis the points of intersection of the given curve (f (x, y) = 0) and the joint equation of
the asymptotes lie on f (x, y) P4 = 0 = x2 + 4y 2 4. Thus the points of intersection lie on
the ellipse x2 + 4y 2 = 4.

Question 1(b) Show that any continuous function defined for all real x and satisfying
f (x) = f (2x + 1) must be a constant function.
n
Solution. Clearly f (x) = f ( x1
2
) = f ( x2 12 ) = f ( 2x2 14 12 ) = . . . = f ( 2xn 2 21
n ) =
x1
f ( 2n 1).
Since f is continuous, limn f (xn ) = f (limn xn ) for any convergent sequence of real
numbers. Thus
x 1   x 1 
f (x) = lim f 1 = f lim 1 = f (1)
n 2n n 2n
Thus f is a constant function.

Question 1(c) Show that the maximum and minimum of the radii vectors of the sections
of the surface
x2 y 2 z 2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 = 2 + 2 + 2
a b c
by the plane x + y + z = 0 are given by the equation
a2 2 b 2 2 c2 2
+ + =0
1 a2 r 2 1 b 2 r 2 1 c 2 r 2
Solution. We have to find extreme values of r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the constraints
x2 y 2 z 2
1 = 2
+ 2 + 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 = 0
a b c
2 = x + y + z = 0
Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 1 + 2 , where 1 , 2 are the undetermined Lagrange
multipliers. For extreme values:
 
F 2x 2
= 2x + 1 2 4xr + 2 = 0 (i)
x a
 
F 2y 2
= 2y + 1 2 4yr + 2 = 0 (ii)
y b
 
F 2z 2
= 2z + 1 2 4zr + 2 = 0 (iii)
z c

2
The operation x (i) + y (ii) + z (iii) gives us
 2
y2 z2

2 x 4
2r + 21 2 + 2 + 2 2r + 2 (x + y + z) = 0
a b c
1
Thus r2 + 1 (r4 2r4 ) = 0 1 r4 = r2 1 = r2
. Now from (i), (ii), (iii), we get

2 2 2 2
x= 1
= , y = , z =
4r2 a22 2r2 2 1 a21r2 2 1 b21r2 2 1 c21r2






r2

Substituting x, y, z in x + y + z = 0, we get that r2 is given by the equation

a2 2 r2 b2 2 r 2 c2 2 r 2
+ + =0
a2 r 2 1 b 2 r 2 1 c 2 r 2 1
or
a2 2 b 2 2 c2 2
+ + =0
1 a2 r 2 1 b 2 r 2 1 c 2 r 2
as r2 6= 0. Note that extreme values do exist and are roots of the given equation.
x2 y 2 z 2
Additional: If the surface under consideration is 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 instead on the one
a b c
2 2 2 2
above, then 1 = r , x = r2
, y = r2
, z = r2
and the equation giving
2 a2 1 2 b2 1 2 c2 1
radius vectors of the sections is
a2 2 b 2 2 c2 2
+ + =0
r2 a2 r2 b2 r2 c2
x2 y 2 z 2
Particular case: If the surface is + + = 1 then a2 = 4, b2 = 5, c2 = 25. If the
4 5 25
plane is z x y = 0, then = 1, = 1, = 1. The above equation becomes
4 5 25
+ 2 + 2 =0
r2 4 r 5 r 25
or
4[r4 30r2 + 125] + 5[r4 29r2 + 100] + 25[r4 9r2 + 20] = 0
75
or 34r4 490r2 + 1500 = 0 r2 = 10, 17 .
x y z
u u u
Question 2(a) If u = f , , , prove that x +y +z = 0.
y z x x y z
Solution. This follows from Eulers theorem on homogeneous functions.
Theorem (Euler): If f (x, y, z) is a homogeneous function of degree n i.e.f (x, y, z) =
n f (x, y, z) then
f f f
x +y +z = nf (x, y, z)
x y z

3
 Proof: Differentiating f (x, y, z) = n f (x, y, z) partially with respect to , we get

f f f
x (x, y, z) + y (x, y, z) + z (x, y, z) = nn1 f (x, y, z)
x y z

(assuming of course that differentiation is possible.) Putting = 1, we get

f f f
x +y +z = nf
x y z
Q.E.D.
In the current case, n = 0 because
x y z x y z
f( , , ) = 0 f ( , , )
y z x y z x

Thus x u
x
+ y u
y
+ z u
z
= 0u = 0.
Note: The converse of Eulers theorem is also true if f (x, y, z) has continuous partial
derivatives of the second order, and
f f f
x +y +z = nf
x y z
then f is a homogeneous function of degree n.
Proof: Let (x0 , y0 , z0 ) R3 . Let () = f (x0 , y0 , z0 ), defined for > 0. Then

f f f n
0 () = x0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) + y0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) + z0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = f (x0 , y0 , z0 )
x y z

from x f
x
+ y f
y
+ z f
z
= nf , which evaluated at the point x0 , y0 , z0 ) becomes

f f f
x0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) + y0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) + z0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = nf (x0 , y0 , z0 )
x y z
Thus
0 () = nf (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = n()
Differentiating n () with respect to , we get

d n
( () = n 0 () nn1 () = n [0 () n1 ()] = 0
d
Thus n () = C some constant, so () = Cn . For = 1, (1) = C = f (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
Thus
() = f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = n f (x0 , y0 , z0 )
Thus f is homogeneous of degree n.

4
Question 2(b) Evaluate

ey
Z Z
dy dx
0 x y
Solution. See 2006 question 2(c).
Question 2(c) The area cut off from the parabola y 2 = 4ax by the chord joining the vertex
to an end of the latus rectum is rotated through 4 right angles about the chord. Find the
volume of the solid so formed.
Solution.
(a, 2a)L
R a The volume
2
of the resulting solid is V =
0
(P M ) d(OM ) where P M is perpendicu- P
lar to the chord y = 2x. M
Let P = (x, y). Then
|y 2x|
PM =
5 O (a, 0)
(OM )2 = (OP )2 (P M )2
y 2 4xy + 4x2
= x2 + y 2
5
4y 2 + 4xy + x2
=
5
2y + x 4 ax + x
OM = = y = 2 ax
5 5


2 xa + 1 2 a+ x
d(OM ) = dx = dx
5 5x

y 2 4xy + 4x2 4ax 4x 4ax + 4x2
(P M )2 = =
Z 5a
5
4 2 2 a+ x
V = (ax x 4ax + x ) dx
5 5 Z0 x
4 a
= (a 4ax + x)(2 ax + x) dx
5 5 Z0
a
4
= (x2 4ax + ax + 2a ax) dx
5 5 0
4 h x3 3ax2 3 3 2 ia
= + 2a 2 x 2
5 5 3 2 3 0
3 3
4 a h 3a 4 i 4 a3 2a3
= + a3 = =
5 5 3 2 3 5 5 6 15 5

5
 Paper II

Question 3(a) A function f is defined in the interval (a, b) as follows:

1 p
q2 , when x = q

q
f (x) = q13 , when x = pq


0, otherwise

where p, q are relatively prime integers. Is f Riemann integrable? Justify your answer.

Solution. See 2001, question 4(a).

Z Z
2 2
Question 3(b) Evaluate sin x sin1 (sin x sin y) dx dy
0 0

Z
2
Solution. We first evaluate I1 = sin x sin1 (sin x sin y) dy.
0
Let sin x sin y = sin z, so that sin x cos y dy = cos z dz, when y = 0, z = 0 and when
y = 2 , sin z = sin
Z xx z = x, as in the given Zintegral 0 x 2 , 0 y 2 .
x
z cos z dz z sin x cos z
Thus I1 = sin x q = p dz and the given integral
2 2 2
0 sin x 1 sinsin z
2x
0 sin x sin z
Z Z x
2 z sin x cos z
becomes p dz dx.
0 0 sin2 x sin2 z
We now change the order of integration in
the right hand side. Now x varies from z to
z ( 2 , 2 )
2
and z varies from 0 to 2 . Thus the given
integral is x=z

x=
Z Z
2 2 sin x 2
z cos z p dx dz
0 z sin x sin2 z
2
Z Z
2 2 sin x
= z cos z dx dz
0 z cos z cos2 x
2
z=0 x
Z   Z
2
 cos x  2 2
= z cos z sin1 dz = z cos z sin1 (1) dz
0 cos z z 0
Z   2
2  
= z cos z dz = z sin z + cos z = 1
2 0 2 0 2 2