STATE UNIVERSITY OF Londrina-UEL

Veterinary Medicine Course

More suitable for cattle pasture (Cut and milk) and Equine
Forage
Prof Dr Marcia Regina Rennet.
Introduction
-The main source of food for animals, which provide the bulk of the production o
f meat, milk, leather, wool, and other is based primarily on the use of pastures
(QUARRY & MELLO, 2000).
Beef cattle grazing
EVOLUTION OF RACES
Zebu x Taurus
1
Effect of heat stress on the animal
Shadow insufficient Thermal Stress
Effect of heat stress on the animal
Effect of heat stress on animal reproduction
Tropical heat acts with different intensity in males and females.
Reproduction
Males:
a) Decreased testes weight, b) seminiferous tubules come into degradation, c) pr
oduction of sperm of lower quality d) reducing the total volume of semen, e) the
concentration decreases, f) increase in abnormalities g) Decreased metabolic ac
tivity of semen;
Males:
The pouch or scrotum, where the testes are, serves to lodge Ios, Ios protect and
maintain the testicular temperature, about 4 ° C lower than body temperature. T
his facilitates spermatogenesis. The main adverse effect of heat stress by heat,
in males, is about the testicles such as:
Reproduction
Reproduction
2
Reproduction
Females
Females are affected with less intensity than males, but have changes in reprodu
ctive behavior: a) Delay in puberty; b) causes anestrus c) Decreases the rate of
conception, d) induces abortion; e) Increased perinatal mortality .
Strategy in the Tropics
1.2 - Handling the Environment
The reduction in growth rate in hot environments are more experienced in Europea
n breeds of animals, than in zebu. However, there are some ways of manipulating
the environment to avoid a reduction in growth rate.
1.2.1 - Shadow
It is the simplest and most economical way to provide thermal comfort for cattle
. The shading in the creation of pastures, can be natural, as the formation of s
mall woods in the fenced area or near the water cooler and salt and, if confined
animals, you can use artificial coverings.
1 - Strategy in the Tropics
1.2 - Handling the Environment
1.2.2 - Spray or Spray
It is very efficient for cattle breeding and milk production, but seems not to h
ave large effects on growth (Berbigier, 1986).
Environmental factors that influence the behavioral expression
Learning Hierarchy social pressure heat race Environment Management
2.2.3 - Other techniques
Cold water ventilation
Effects of Social Hierarchy
Major races
3
NELORE - Standard
Nellore-owl
BRAHMAN
Guzerá
Indubrasil
Tabapuã
4
ANGUS
LIMOUSIN
Simmental
Marchigiana
Caracu
RED-ANGUS
5
Canchim
CATTLE CUTTING IN BRAZIL
• Brazil has the largest commercial cattle herd in the world with approximately
195 million head, of which 80% of the herd is constituted by a genetically zebu,
mainly Nelore (MRCOALHO, 2005). • Brazil currently accounts for 16% of global m
eat production, with an estimated production for the year 2005 to 1.6 million to
ns of carcasses, according to forecasts from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA, 2004).
Etc..
Introduction
Pasture for beef cattle
Sources:
a) native and cultivated pastures b) Expansion of cultivated pastures: land-valu
ation;-need for greater productivity, new-planting techniques;-adapted species a
nd cultivars, plus c) Aspects to be considered for the production of beef cattle
: -climatic conditions and soils;-use form of forage;-production system;-pasture
for different categories
6
MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE CUTTING
Forage Species Selection of good fodder production potential, persistence and ad
aptation to environmental factors, climatic and soil, and growth habits, etc.. D
ifferentiation between grasses and legumes grasses: grasses and grasses are incl
uded. Possession creeping (g) passing through the medium-sized (grass), even the
tall (maize, sorghum, sugarcane, etc.).. Are used as pasture, hay, silage, and
grasses. Legumes: These are of variable size, very rich in protein. They are als
o used for green manure, because of its nitrogen level of nodule bacteria in the
ir roots.
MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE CUTTING
Forages commonly used in pastures in Brazil
A) Colonião by planting seedlings in the grooves have a depth of 15 to 20 cm, sp
aced 1 to 2 meters at most, spending up 4 Ton of seedlings per ha. Seed at plant
ing is recommended for 15-20 kg seeds / ha.€In the case of planting broadcast sp
ending will be 30% more seeds. Should be handled with the animals enter 60 to 80
cm and remove them when downgraded to 30-40cm, not to compromise future regrowth
. Must have occupation period 70-10 days, with rest period of 35 to 40 days in w
ater, carrying capacity in waters 2-3 AU / ha. Yields about 40-50 Ton / MV / ha
/ year in 3-4 cuts, produces about 150-200 kg of seed / ha and 8-13 Ton / DM / h
a / year
MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE CUTTING
Tanzania Production: MV / ha / year = 60 Ton DM / ha / year = 26 Ton Production
Mombasa MV / ha / year = 60 Ton DM / ha / year = 33 Ton Tobiatã (+ unwieldy) MV
/ ha / year = 60 Ton DM / ha / year = 30 Ton
7
Rotational grazing in Mombasa
Most used forage grazing cattle in Brazil B) Jaraguá Vegeta well in poor soil, i
t has great resistance to fire, trampling and clearcuts, but not very tolerant t
o drought and low temperatures. Attacker has habit. Planting is done in the spri
ng, broadcast or machinery, using 15-20 kg seeds / ha. Consorts well with Legumi
nosae, soybeans and perennial Centro. Should be grazed at most 30-40 in height,
because in a short space of time becomes fibrous and lowers it to 10 to 15cm. Ab
le to support medium for water 2 AU / ha. The yield of green is about 40-50 ton
/ ha / year in 4-5 cuts. The cut for hay should be done when the grass is 40 to
45 days old. Produces 150-200 kg of seed / ha.
C) elephant grass (Camerom, Miner, Napier, Puerto Rico and Taiwan) Proliferation
is by cuttings and seeds, the best for changes and those with 100 days of age (
mature). The depth of grooves is spaced at 15cm and 50cm, spending on average 2-
4 Ton / ha. As pasture should be divided the plots up to 5 ha (rotation), occupi
ed by 3-7 days and rest 35-45 days. The animals come with 60 to 80cm high and co
me out when is lowered to 30 to 40cm. A good elephant grass pasture supports 3-4
AU / ha in water. The grasses must be cut to 1.30 m to 1.50 m high, with 15-20
cm of soil, providing 20-25 Ton MV / ha / cutting. Above 1.5 m is well below its
VN and high in fiber. Usually with 3-4 cuts per year can produce 75-100 Ton MV
/ ha / year. This grass responds well to nitrogen and organic-based 30-40 Ton of
manure per ha
D) Brachiaria decumbens Fits broad range climate, rainfall 800-1500 mm per year.
Resistance to drought, cold, fire, trampling, tolerate damp, and is not demandi
ng in fertility. Your biggest problem is the sharpshooters. The planting can be
done through decumbens seedlings and seeds. The seeds of decumbens has six month
s of dormancy. The quantity of seeds: 240-320-480/VC, machine-haul plane, respec
tively. Because he's a very aggressive grass its intercropping with legumes is v
ery difficult, more may be consorting with stems of legume shrubs and trees. Sup
ports heavy grazing with seating for 2-3 AU / ha. The handling of input is 30 to
40 cm and output with 10 to 15cm and rest 30-35 days.
E) Brachiaria brizantha - Brachiarão
It is perennial, does not agree strongly, form clumps with 1 to 1.2 m tall. Fits
under tropical and humid climates, resists drought and tolerate soil slightly m
oist. Is not demanding in soils. Planting is done by cuttings and seeds. Machine
(240/VC) haul (320/VC) and air (480/VC) Height management: entry of animals wit
h 70-80cm and withdrawal with 30-40cm Production: MV / ha / year: 50 Ton and MS
/ ha 10-12 Ton
8
The legumes) Soy is perennial perennial, stems thin, long, creeping, vigorous ro
ot systems and deep, reaching 3 m deep. Seeds should be scarified and inoculated
(inoculation of Cowpea group I), is sown in rows far apart 50 cm with 40-50 see
ds per meter. Consorciase well with elephant grass. Spent on seeds: 320/VC (inte
rcropping) and 800/VC (database of protein) The management is done by placing th
e animals when you are 25 to 30cm and removes them when lowered to 10 to 15cm. P
roduction: MV / ha / year = 35Ton DM / ha / yr = 5-6 Ton
B. decumbens
B) Leucaena Perennial, shrub, reaching up to 10 to 12m high, deep roots. It is d
rought resistant and excellent capacity and fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Th
e planting is in spring with 4-6 kg of seed / ha in furrows spaced 2 to 3m. It w
as recorded production of 12.5 ton / MS / ha / year with protein content 21-24%.
It should be la-manages about 1.5 m cutting of hands, thereby enabling a greate
r engalhamento side of the plant. It has a toxic principle known as mimosine, wh
ich can cause loss of hair on the rump, tail, head and ect ..
C) Perennial pigeon pea, bush form 2 to 3 m high, much branched,€vigorous and de
ep root system, this gives it great resistance to drought, does not tolerate ver
y low temperature, is not demanding in soil, so it is called the zebu of legumes
. Planting in furrows 30 to 40cm from each other, spending is 10-15 kg / seed /
ha. To treat the trough is cut to 10 cm of soil with a maximum height of 50cm. P
rovides 12 Ton MV / ha / cutting, and may suffer 3-4 cuts per year and produces
enough up to four years and then regresses
9
D) Calopogonio Perennial, cycle short, creeping, mat grass 50-60 cm high. His ap
pearance is very similar to the perennial soybean. It legumes of tropical and hu
mid with high drought tolerance and low tolerance to low temperatures and soakin
g the median, is more demanding in soil, and vegetating on poor soils and sandy.
Cutting height of 20 cm (remove the animals) Production of 35 Tons / MV / ha /
year with 16-18% CP Suitable for grazing, intercropping and protein database
Grazing systems
Objectives: To provide the cattle _ feed more regular and nutritious all year. _
Increase the forage yield per unit area. _ Reduce the degradation of the pastur
e. _ Keep the soil fertility systems:
Continuous Alternating Rotated postponed
Systems pickets
MINERAL AND PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT: Supplementation roughage for cattle
Objective and rationale Seasonality of forage foods of better quality during sto
rage methods of fodder: grasses silage Hays In many regions, is one of the major
factors related to the low productive and reproductive performance of cattle. I
n tropical conditions, the beef cattle depends almost exclusively on pasture as
a source of nutrients necessary for their maintenance. Knowledge of disability d
etermined the necessity of preparing a mineral and protein, to supply the pet al
l the nutrients that are essential in quantity and quality.
10
Mineral deficiencies in animals:
Under the regime of pasture, nutrition of the ruminant animal is given by the su
m of mineral intake through grazing, drinking water, ingestion of soil and event
ually into the trough to meet nutritional requirements. The functions of mineral
s are: cellular metabolism, formation of tissues (bone, skin and glandular), pre
ssure
Types of troughs
Troughs for feeding (forage more concentrated) = rounded edges and corners, slop
e 0.15% to 0.20%, width of 0.6 to 0.8 m, depth of 0.40 to 0,60 m, the surface is
not rough. The length varies by the number of animals, arrival area per animal
on average is 0.70 m. Troughs for salt = 20% slope, width 0.4 to 0.5 m, depth 0.
3 to 0.4 m, must contain the lower holes that can not collect liquid, the length
varies by the number of animals and size must be at least 1.80 m. Must have a c
over (clay tiles, asbestos cement or zinc) with high ceiling height of 2.80 m.
osmotic cell excitability, formation of enzymes, vitamins, secretions, hormones,
and working as
carriers.
Water Fountain:
Drinkers may be of different types, which may be constructed of masonry, prefabr
icated cement or Australian type.
Drinkers are more convenient because they prevent the cattle drink water directl
y into the watery, watery due to be a source of contamination, as the animals en
ter this defecating, urinating and causing quagmire.
The arrival area of the trough is 50-10% of the total number of head, the height
of the trough rotates around 0.5 to 0.7 m, should have buoys to control the wat
er level and must be enclosed inside with one or two strands of wire to prevent
entry of animals. Drinkers should not be one of the other more distant than 1 km
, it is practical to make the cattle do not walk much.
11
Major Disease and Health Protection First Aid diseases most commonly known are t
he main causes for the decline of national plans and fall of exports of cattle t
o countries in Europe, Asia and America, so they should be made known and prophy
lactic measures in their respective decreases in scene of domestic livestock. Ob
jective: To state clinical symptoms and the most common illnesses and emergency
treatments: (eg, anaplasmosis, FMD, rabies, tuberculosis,
FMD
Brucellosis, anthrax, mastitis, Intoxication
FMD
Anger
TB
Control of ectoparasites and endoparasites
Parasites are organisms that live on the surface or inside the body of a larger
organism called the host. The damage to the host may be insignificant, significa
nt or intolerable, it will depend on the number of parasites, the kind and degre
e of injuries that they entail and vigor and nutritional status of the host.€Amo
ng them we have:
Ectoparasites: Lice, scabies, ticks, myiasis (bookies), cloth, horn fly.
Endoparasites: They are in very high numbers they are the lungworm, stomach and
intestinal
12
Major milk producing countries
INTRODUCTION
Pasture for dairy cattle
European Union United States India Ukraine Russia +
119.4 75.1 45.2 36.4
24.9% 15.6% 9.4% 7.6%
Brazil
Poland New Zealand Australia Argentina Other
20.8
13.7 12.0 10.8 9.6 137
4.3%
2.9% 2.5% 2.3% 2.0% 28.5%
Total
Source: USDA; CNA
480
100%
Brazil
Sector that generates more jobs (more than construction) 5 million people employ
ed on dairy farms 6th largest producer of milk (193-producing countries) 3rd lar
gest herd in the world Leite world's cheapest: $ 0.16 / liter
Current Panorama
Migration production → Midwest (<costs, food)
Current Panorama
10 years: SP ↓ 18.7% ↑ 78% in the North.
Main milk breeds
13
DUTCH
JERSEY
Brown Swiss cattle (SCHWYZ)
GIR
Girola
MILK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN BRAZIL
INTENSIVE
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT 100% fed into the trough
SEMI-EXTENSIVE
COCH + Pasta Pasta
EXTENSIVE
14
INTENSIVE SYSTEM
Semi-intensive system
SYSTEM EXTENSION
PURPOSE OF CREATION IS THE LARGEST MILK PRODUCTION
High Quality Milk
SCC <200 000 CS / mL; absence of antibiotics, a low level of sediment, without a
dulteration; Good flavor and odor; Every day, all year long.
15
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON DAIRY CATTLE
The environment has become the focus of studies in recent years. Concern of tech
nicians and producers with the physical environment and the consequences of this
on productivity.
Do not Drink Milk Stand up!
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON DAIRY CATTLE
Consequences of heat stress for dairy cows.
Damage animal breeding; Reduction in dry matter intake; Change in behavior, and
Fall in milk yield.
PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE: Reduction in food consumption Water consumption Milk com
position
Indicative of heat stress
Respiratory rate
Animal-tachypnea
16
Indicative of heat stress
Indicative of heat stress
Behavior
Behavior
Indicative of heat stress
Indicative of heat stress
Behavior
Behavior
17
Resources HVAC x Milk production
Resources HVAC x Milk production
18
Resources HVAC x Milk production
Resources HVAC x Milk production
PASTURE PLUS INDICATED FOR DAIRY COWS
Pastures of Cynodon (Coast-cross Tiftons, Star afrinaca) Pastures of Brachiaria
(Brachiaria brizantha etc. ..) Pastures of the genus Pennisetum purpureum (eleph
ant grass) pastures of the genus Panicum maximum (Mombasa, Tanzania, Centennial,
Winner) Oats Ryegrass
Elephant grass cv. Pioneer
Elephant grass cv. Purple
19
Trench silo on earth
Pre-dried silage
20
Irrigated sorghum silage
Maize silage
Spoiled silage
21
Dystocia or Difficult Various are the causes that can lead a cow having a diffic
ult birth: Genetic Problems: can cause a malformation of the calf, making it imp
ossible to be completely deformed his exit through the birth canal. Bad embeddin
g of the calf: The calf is not positioned properly in the womb, not putting his
head between members and putting them in leaving the uterus. Incompatibility of
races: you must select players with roughly equal weights and sizes. Bulls of la
rge breeds prone to give dystocic. Lack of exercise of cows. Vitamin and mineral
deficiencies.
History ...
Pastures for Horses
History
All peoples of the world remains a passionate affair with the horse. No other an
imal has helped both to humans in almost all activities, over several eras. Myth
ology, Ancient Greece (Centaur). The horse has grown to its present form for a p
eriod 58 million years. It is believed that the earliest ancestors originated in
the Americas in the ice age, as proven by fossils, about 1 million years ago.
Featured Horse
22
Anatomical characteristics
Major races
Paint Horse
Arabic
English Thoroughbred
Andaluz
23
Percheron
Appaloosa
Quarter-mile.
Campolina
Mangalarga
Mangalarga Marchador
24
Brazilian Creole
CRAMPING
Prevention
(Grains and bran) to provide food? How to provide? How to provide?
Most suitable pasture for horses
25
Habits of the horse grazing
Pastures most appropriate:
Coast-cross, bahiagrass, puerto rico, black grass, African star grass, rhodes gr
ass. Hay (Coast-cross and alfalfa) pastures unless indicated: (Brachiaria - swol
len face)
Prehension of food: lip + incisors + head movements.€Cutting the pasture: low, u
sually the choice should fall to the stoloniferous species and / or rhizomatous.
Grazing: daytime (12 hours or more). Water intake: (ranges from 20 to 76 liters
/ head / day) depending on animal type, climate, diet, etc.. Defense of territo
ry: (Demarcation with feces, these areas are not grazed, stallions defecate in t
he same location is necessary to make rotation grazing). Leader: Stallion Mare o
r more Erada.
Types of Arrangements
26
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
27
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
28
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
29
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
Types of Arrangements
End
Appendices
Carrying capacity (cattle and milk) is n ° head that supports a farm. For this c
alculation is used as the unit animal unit (AU), in terms of kg corresponds to a
n animal of 450 kg liveweight. When the plot was to have animals of different (h
eterogeneous) transformation into the AU must meet the following schemes:. An ad
ult cow ................................. 1.00 AU
Construction of the trench siIo (beef and dairy)
Example: 100 cows, providing 20 kg / head / day for 6 months. The amount of sila
ge needed would be: pounds of silage = number of cows x pounds / head / day x nu
mber of days Kilos of silage = 100 x 20 x 180 pounds of silage = 360 000 kg Cons
idering that 1m3 of silage weighs 500 kg: 1m3 ------------------- --------------
-------- 360 000 x 500 Kg = Kg x 720m3 silage
Males and females from 3 to 4 years ..... 1.00 AU Males and females of 2 to 3 ye
ars ..... 0.75 AU Males and females of 1 to 2 years ..... 0.50 AU Males and Fema
les of the 1 year ..... ............................... 0.25 AU Players 1:25 AU
....
30
Construction of the trench siIo (beef and dairy)
Dimensions: B = basic major (mouth), b = smaller base (bottom), h = height, C =
Length A smaller base should be at least one and half times the gauge of the tra
ctor. Therefore, b = 2.5 m Barranco allow a height of 3m. Therefore, h = 3m For
the slope of the wall of the silo is 25%, one should consider that: B = b + 1 /
2 XH, therefore, B = 2.5 + 1 / 2 B = 3 x 4m
The area (m2) cross section is: S = B + bxh 2 S = 4 + 3 = 2.5 x 6.5 x 3 = 9.75 m
2 February 2
The length of the silo, which can be obtained by the formula: Volume (m3) = Area
(m2) x length (m) where C = V / S
C = 720 / 9.75 and C = 74m
31