2016 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud, IEEE International Conference on High Performance
and Smart Computing, IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data and Security
Security-Aware Information Classications Using
Supervised Learning for Cloud-Based Cyber Risk
Management in Financial Big Data
Keke Gai1 , Meikang Qiu2 , Sam Adam Elnagdy3
1
Department of Computer Science, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA, kg71231w@pace.edu;
2
Department of Computer Science, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA, mqiu@pace.edu;
3
Department of Computer Science, Pace University, New York, NY, 10038, se85420n@pace.edu
AbstractWith the fast development of Web-based solu-
tions, a variety of paradigms and platforms are emerging
as value creators or improvers in multiple industries. This
trend has also enable nancial rms to improve their business
processes and create new services. Sharing data between
nancial service institutions has become an option of achieving
value enhancements. However, the concern of the privacy
information leakage has also arisen, which impacts on both
nancial organizations and customers. It is important for
stakeholders in nancial services to be aware of the proper
information classications, by which determining which infor-
mation can be shared between the nancial service institutions.
This paper focuses on this issue and proposes a new approach
that use combined supervised learning techniques to classify
the information in order to avoid releasing those information
that can be harmful for either nancial service providers
or customers. The proposed model is entitled as Supervised
lEarning-Based Secure Information Classication (SEB-SIC)
model, which is mainly supported by the proposed Decision
Tree-based Risk Prediction (DTRP) algorithm. The proposed
scheme is a predictive mechanism that uses the historical data
as the training dataset. The performance of our proposed
mechanism has been assessed by the experimental evaluations.
Index TermsCybersecurity insurance, supervised learning
technique, cloud computing, big data, risk management, cy-
bersecurity
I. I NTRODUCTION
Contemporary nancial service institutions have an in-
creasing desire of using Web-related technologies to up-
grade service qualities and facilitate new services. This
development trend has been remarkably impacting on the
industrial growth and new technologies implementations
[1][4]. As an emerging marketing paradigm, information
sharing has become an important approach for nancial
rms to enlarge their views and create values from multiple
perspectives. Cloud computing is an alternative platform
for nancial rms to exchange or share information in a
scalable manner [5][12]. The system congurations can be
M. Qiu is the corresponding author of this paper. Email address:
mqiu@pace.edu.
This work is supported by NSF CNS-1457506 and NSF CNS-
1359557. (Prof. M. Qiu).
978-1-5090-2403-2/16 $31.00 2016 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/BigDataSecurity-HPSC-IDS.2016.66
switched based on the practical demands, which is delivered
by the cloud vendors. This trend has empowered the means
of information sharing in the nancial industry with a quick
response to the markets [13][18].
Despite many strong desire of using new techniques for
exchanging information, systems using Web-based solutions
still encounter a variety of interferences, such as disruptions,
unauthorized alterations, and unexpected usage [19][21].
The core businesses of each nancial enterprise usually
consist of sensitive information, which need to be pro-
tected from any unanticipated operations or data retrievals.
Moreover, classifying individual information or dataset is
insufcient since many associated data may contain sen-
sitive information [22][28]. Financial companies concern
about the data sharing since it is challenging to be aware
of which information can be shared without triggering any
harmful effects to both nancial service institutions and
their customers [29][36]. Having an effective approach
that can identify whether the target dataset can be securely
shared among nancial rms is an urgent issue, which needs
to be solved for dismissing the obstacle of executing the
information exchanges.
To deal with this problem, we propose the Supervised
lEarning-Based Secure Information Classication (SEB-
SIC) model, which is designed identify the datas shara-
bilities among diverse nancial stakeholders. Our proposed
model creates a secure mechanism that distinguishes data
for the purpose of protecting privacy information. This goal
will be achieved by using supervised learning techniques to
predict whether the information sharing will be hazardous
for any relevant parties. The prediction process will be
executed by the proposed algorithm, Decision Tree-based
Risk Prediction (DTRP) algorithm.
Our DTRP algorithm uses decision tree technique to assist
nancial organizations to perceive when and which data can
be securely shared with other institutions. The determina-
tions are based on the data labels and the purposes of data
sharing. With using the training dataset, a deterministic label
will be generated to suggest the datas sharability level. The
197
algorithms executions are within our proposed architecture.
Fig. 1: The three-layer architecture of the proposed SEB-
SIC model.
Fig. 1 represents a high level architecture of our proposed
model. There are three layers in this architecture, including
Financial Stakeholders (FSD), Security Manager (SMG),
and Data Sharing (DSI) layers. FSD layer refers to a group
of nancial institutions that intend to share some data with
each other for specic purposes. The DTRP algorithm will
be implemented at SMG layer, in which ensures the data
security before the data sharing is processed. DSI layer
represents a series of mechanisms of data sharing, such
as data transmissions, data storage, exchange channels, and
data validation methods.
Moreover, our research work is signicant for both re-
searchers and practitioners in the nancial security domain.
The main contributions of this paper are twofold:
1) We propose a novel scheme that can secure data sharing
via executing information classications for increasing
the security level of privacy protection.
2) Our model is a cloud-based solution that is a new
attempt aiming to improve the quality of risk manage-
ment in the nancial industry. The proposed scheme
can be used as a reference for establishing an effective
cybersecurity insurance policy for nancial rms.
The rest of this paper is organized by the following sec-
tions. First, we accomplish a survey in the relevant domains
in Section II. Next, we represent the detailed descriptions
of our model in Section III. Furthermore, algorithms are
displayed in Section IV and the experimental congurations
as well as the evaluation results are given in Section V.
Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section VI.
II. R ELATED W ORK
Using cloud-based approaches for empowering nancial
risk management is an alternative for current nancial
service providers, which has been researched in recent
years. We focus on two dimensions in this section in order
to provide sufcient research background and theoretically
support our proposed mechanism. Two dimensions include
supervised learning and big data analytic techniques.
198
A. Supervised Learning in Financial Risk Management
As one of the common tools in machine learning, super-
vised learning can be considered a group of techniques using
labeled training set that produce functions for data analyses,
such as classications and regressions. Executing this ap-
proach can assist to group target data into a few categories.
The performance improvement of using supervised learning
techniques has been addressed by many recent researches.
First, supervised learning techniques can improve the
classication performance by the advanced training set
congurations [37]. As the matter of fact, the classication
generation is a challenging issue in practice since the model
highly depends on the training sets. Whether or not the
training set can accurately represent the features of the
target objects is complex when the analysis can be done
across multidisciplinary applications with multiple labeled
data [38]. One optimization has been proposed to utilize the
shared tasks from multitask learning [39].
Next, in the nancial industry, the companies use super-
vised learning for predicting potential risks based on the
nancial history records [40], [41]. Financial rms intend
to use supervised learning technique to detect insecurity op-
erations, decisions, or investments [42]. This approach can
prevent data from further loss once the unusual operations
are revealed. However, most prior researches have focused
on detecting improper behaviors in the system, instead of
proactively protecting data from information leakage.
Moreover, many prior researches also addressed semi-
supervised learning methods. For instance, a learning ap-
proach has been proposed for increasing the detection ratio
of the unknown objects in a video stream [43]. Another
problem was solved by using semi-supervised learning,
which was reducing the semantic gaps in image annotations
[44]. Similarly, many prior researches have proved that
using semi-supervised learning can dramatically reduce the
error ratio, which can be used in searching, monitoring, and
supervising data or systems [45]. Nevertheless, most prior
explorations cannot be used to protect data before the data
are shared between organizations.
B. Big Data Analytic Techniques
Mass storage and Internet have also enabled nancial
organizations to extract features from phenomenon, which
can assist enterprises to recognize the causes of the risks or
threats [46]. Cyber vulnerabilities can be detected through-
out an analysis maneuver based on a large volume of data
[47]. The main benet of using big data in increasing
information protection eld is that nancial service institu-
tions can not only inspect structured data but also examine
unstructured data, by which unexpected actions may be
detected.
This advantage empowers the usage of multimedia and
various applications across different operation platforms,
such as data sciences, Internet-of-Thing (IoT), and cloud
computing [48][50]. Cyber security inspectors can utilize
multiple data analytic techniques to obtain unusual infor-
mation or behaviors occurred in the system, such as super-
vising images, investigating audios, assessing videos, and
examining texts. Moreover, using state-related techniques
for identifying objects status is an effective approach for
nding the relations between the observable factors [51].
Next, in a big data manipulative environment, cyber
threats can take place when using the user-level side attacks
to expose information workow systems [52]. Multiple data
retrieval channels provide adversaries with various opportu-
nities to invade users systems [53]. For instance, malicious
attack can take place while the big data transmissions are
monitored and interrupted. Adversaries can pretend to being
single or multiple normal users to spread harmful messages.
One of the solutions is to use data analytic tools to assess
the operators of the system, such as clustering manipulative
plots by using k-mean-based algorithms and identifying
incidents relations with using associated rules [54], [55].
Moreover, some researchers attempted to increase the
computing efciency of deploying big data techniques. One
of the research directions has been explored in enhancing
the performance of MapReduce, such as using the data
anonymization approach [56]. Meanwhile, prior research
also addressed the time-aware energy minimization by using
dynamic programming [27].
In summary, being aware of harmful information sharing
is still at its infancy stage in spite of many accomplished
research work in vulnerability detections by using machine
learning techniques. For contemporary nancial rms, gen-
erating an effective mechanism that can proactively prevent
risks is more important than threat detections, because any
threat occurrences can result in serious consequences. Our
model concentrates on this reality and aims to protect
nancial enterprises by identifying secure data sharing. The
following section represents our model and main concepts.
III. C ONCEPTS AND THE P ROPOSED M ODEL
We present our proposed model, SEB-SIC, which aims
to identify the potential risks of sharing data by using
supervised learning techniques. We select decision tree
as the main technique for identifying the possible threats
because of its wide adoptability in predictions. This section
represents the dened main problem that we aim to solve
as well as the explanations of the proposed model.
A. Problem Formulation
Our model is designed to solve the data sharing security
problem that usually take place in the normal data exchanges
without awarenesses. For instance, sharing users birthday
information individually will not affect privacy. However,
sharing users birthday information along with users infor-
mation will be considered privacy leakage. Therefore, for
protecting privacy, data sharing should concern not only
199
individual data set transmissions but also the entire prior
shared data set.
Based on this cognition, we dene the problem as the PO-
tential Data-sharing rIsk (PODI) Problem and the problem
statement is given by Denition 1 as the following.
Denition 1. Inputs include a labeled training set, T,
consisting of n instances. Each instance Ii has m ordered
binary attributes that is associated with an output state
label, S. Each attribute A refers to whether or not this type
of data is shared. Each Si S refers to the information
classication type. The output will be a decision tree, DT.
Our target problem is to identify each Si s type in infor-
mation classication, which will be used for determining
whether the information can be shared.
As mentioned in Denition 1, the main input is a train-
ing set from each rm, which will be used to generate
information classication criterion. We dene that there is
a labeled training set T that contains a group of instances
Ii that are associated with a few attributes as well as their
information classication type Si . In specic, there are m
ordered binary attributes in each instance and the binary
attributes are aligned with one output state in T.
Moreover, the information classication needs to follow
the nancial privacy protection regulations, such as con-
dential, restricted, ofcial, or normal data. Financial enter-
prises will dene which level of the information leakage
can be considered a harmful sharing. Assume that there
are x states for S, which has S = {S1 , S2 , . . . , Sx }. The
mathematical expression of the input D is given by Equation
1.
A A2 . . . Am S
1
I1 A11 A12 . . . A1m S1
I A21 A22 . . . A2m S2
D= 2 ...
(1)
... ... ... ...
In An1 An2 . . . Anm Sn
Where Aij {0, 1}, Si {S1 , S2 , . . . , Sx }.
Next, the main output is a decision tree DT, which
will be used for identifying the risk level of data sharing.
There are many well developed approaches for generating
a decision tree, such as ID3 and C4.5 algorithms [57].
B. Model Description
We represent the main manipulative processes in our
proposed model. Fig. 2 illustrates the manipulative process
workow structure of SEB-SIC model. A training set is
required for the purpose of the assessment, which is set on
the cloud server. The generation of the training set can be
processed by using Monte Carlo simulation [58]. The cloud
vendors will regularly update the decision tree to involve
continuous merging risks. As shown in the gure, there are
three main required phases before the decision tree is gen-
erated. They are Information Classication Congurations,
Preprocess, and Attributes Extractions:
Fig. 2: Manipulative process workow structure of Supervised lEarning-Based Secure Information Classication (SEB-SIC)
model with main operational components.

Information Classication Congurations: At this Algorithm IV.1 Decision Tree-based Risk Prediction
phase, nancial rms need to dene the informa- (DTRP) Algorithm
tion classications, which may include condential, Require: T, A, S, I, T
restricted, ofcial, or normal data, as shown in the Ensure: SF inal
gure. 1: Input T, A, S, I
Preprocess: A few tasks need to be done at this phase. 2: if T then
Data sharing purposes need to be identied in order 3: Output
to clarify a few facts: between which organizations the 4: else if all variables in T refer to the same output
data will be shared, why the data need to be shared, information classication type Si then
what the relevant laws and regulations are, and what 5: Return a single node with the classication type
relationships are between the involved stakeholders. 6: end if
Attributes Extractions: Leverage privacy-oriented 7: if attributes A1 , A2 , . . . , Am then
searching method to list all sensitive data and their 8: for each Ai do
related data. Based on the history data usage, extract 9: Compute the InfoGain [57]
attribute entities from both secure and insecure 10: Select the maximum value of the InfoGain and
operations. choose this attribute as the root
Once these phases are accomplished by the nancial 11: end for
rms, a decision tree can be created by using the out- 12: Dividing T to generate new training sets
comes of the phases above. By cognizing the output state 13: end if
label, nancial companies can make rm decisions with 14: Repeat the process until the decision tree DT is created
the awarenesses of data sharings possible consequences. 15: Input T
The following section gives descriptions about the main 16: for all attributes in T do
algorithm used in our model. 17: if The values of all attributes in T have a match from
DT then
IV. A LGORITHMS
18: Return the corresponding SF inal
The purpose of DTRP algorithm is to produce a decision 19: else if There is no match then
tree that can be used to referee whether the data sharing 20: Return
combinations can be harmful for nancial enterprises or 21: end if
their customers. Since the generation of the decision tree is 22: end for
a well developed eld, our model can be achieved by many 23: Output SF inal
existing decision tree algorithms. The algorithm proposed
in this paper derive from ID3 algorithm, which shows the
main idea of the risk prediction methods. 3) Input the objective set. Search and determine whether
The inputs of our algorithm include the training set T and the objective sets attributes have a match in DT.
the objective set T . The output is the labels corresponding 4) Output the information classication label SF inal if
with the information classications. The pseudo codes of there is a match. Otherwise, output an empty set.
DTRP algorithm is given in Algorithm IV.1.
The main phases of our algorithm include: V. E XPERIMENT AND D ISCUSSIONS
1) Input the training set T as well as instances I, attributes We assessed our proposed scheme by simulations. The
A, and classication labels S main objective of the experimental evaluations was ex-
2) Generate decision tree DT by using the training set. amining the accuracy performance. A virtual training set

200
was generated to produce a decision tree. The target set
was made, which consisted of the same attributes in the
training set. Two assessment means were selected, including
Precision and Recall.
Fig. 3: Simulations for evaluating the accuracy performances
Fig. 3 depicts comparisons of the accuracy performances
by processing 15 input objective data set. Based on the
illustration of the gure, our scheme had a better result in
Precision evaluations with an average of 79.28%. Mean-
while, the average of the Recall assessment was around
65.64%. This result implied that our model could effectively
predict most risks but it might cause extra computation
workload.
Based on the experimental results, current solution had
been proved as an effective approach for predicting the se-
curity level for the data sharing inquiries. A few limitations
also existed:
1) Evaluations were done in the experimental environment
so that real-world assessments would be required for
testing the practical performances.
2) The computation workload would be heavy when the
data volume became large.
We will address these issues in our future work, which is
also described in Section VI.
VI. C ONCLUSIONS AND F UTURE W ORK
In this paper, we utilized decision tree techniques to pre-
dict the potential risks of the data sharing between nancial
service institutions. We aimed to reduce the chances of
privacy leakage when multiple datasets were shared. The
proposed model was entitled as SEB-SIC that was supported
by our proposed DTRP algorithm. Our experimental evalu-
ations had proved that our scheme could perform good in
Precision examinations but additional computation workload
might be caused.
Meanwhile, our current research is an opening for ex-
ploring supervised learning techniques in identifying secure
data sharing between nancial enterprises. Future work will
focus on the following dimensions:
201
1) Generate an optimized decision tree generation algo-
rithm that requires shorter computation time.
2) The training set updates will be addressed in the
future work, by which an optimized mechanism for
establishing cyber incident data repository.
3) Efciency-aware approaches bridging up security man-
agers and cloud-based data sharing side will be ex-
plored, too. Our future work will improve this issue
from the perspective of cloud resource management.
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