2.

WALLS shuttered concrete

2.1. DEFINITION
The walls are poured concrete vertical concrete structures, poured into forms ca
lled "formwork" in their final location in the building. These walls typically i
nclude reinforcement of behavior, they are armed but considered that they contai
n, in addition, frames calculated to contribute to their stability.
2.2. DESIGN
The design of a poured concrete wall should enable it to fulfill the functions d
efined under 1.3,1. and in particular, the sealing walls that are exposed to rai
n (as 1.3,2.). The DTU applicable to such walls include our DTU 20.1, 21 and 23-
1 (see [4.1] [4.2] and [4.3]) as well as the following: - Rules amended BAEL 91
99 [4.4]. - Rules FB (DTU-Fire) [4.5]. - Rules relating to climatic loads (NV65
amended Rules 1999 and amended 2000 NV 84 [4.7]) - Rules of earthquake-resistant
construction: PS Rules apply to buildings, said Rules PS 92 [4.8] and Recommend
ations AFPS 90 [4.9].
2.3.MISE IMPLEMENTATION
2.3,1. General
The provisions listed below have their origins in our DTU 20-1, 23-1 and 21 (see
[4.1]. [4.2] and [4.3]). They may complement those provided in Chapter 1, "Gene
ral".
2.3,2. concrete
In general, the cement content of concrete should not be less than 300 kg/m3. Th
is provision becomes imperative for the exterior walls placed in normal conditio
ns of exposure or protected by a coating reported. The dosage should be 350 kg/m
3 if the walls are exposed to salt spray or salt spray. The measured concrete sl
ump cone Abrams accordance with standard NF P 18-451 [4.10] should be between 8
and 16 cm.
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2.3,3. shuttering formwork
1) Key features • Obtaining desired facings. These faces are classified by the D
TU 23.1 [4.3] (Specifications) in: - Basic siding - siding ordinary - current si
ding - siding treatment. The characteristics of the various faces are grouped in
the table below, extracted from DTU: Table 4.2
Local flatness reglet reported a 0.20 m (point of maximum in this reglet) seals
off
Siding
Flatness of all reported at! A 2 m rule No specification. 15mm
Characteristics of the epidermis and tolerances aspect
Elementary
No specification No particular specification. Uniform and homogeneous 6 mm. Hone
ycombing or sandy areas ragréées. Balèvres flush by grinding. Individual surface
bubbles less than 3 cm2. Depth less than 5 mm. Maximum extent of the clouds of
bubbles 25%. Edges and gathered ground and erect. Same as current cladding, the
extent of the clouds of bubbles is reduced to 10%.
Ordinary
Current
7mm
2mm
Neat
5mm
2mm
• Strength Formwork and shoring must be rigid enough to withstand, without settl
ement or deformation detrimental to the expenses and effort of any kind they are
liable to suffer during the execution of work including efforts generated by se
tting and tightening of the concrete. 2) lateral pressure exerted by fresh concr
ete method of calculation below has been developed by CIRIA (Great Britain). Mea
surements in the Netherlands works on running have upheld. It is described in th
e Manual of technology "Formwork Council International Building [4.11]. This met
hod is applicable to concrete cement CPA, without additives or other additions t
hat may affect the curing rate. The lateral pressure p to take into account the
point concerned the formwork is limited to the lowest of three values: p1: hydro
static pressure with height of concrete levees, p2: Effect of arc on the walls,
p3: limit imposed by the hardening of concrete.
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The maximum thrust practice can be taken equal to 150 kN/m2. It therefore follow
s that p = min [p1, p2, p3] ≤ 150 kN/m2 The tables below show the limit values p
1, p2, p3, rounded to 5 kN/m2 close (greater accuracy would be illusory) . a) Ef
fect of height H (m) of the concrete lift: p1 The hydrostatic pressure is taken
as admitted to 25 kN/m2 per meter of height, which leads to the following values
: H (m) P1 ( kN/m2) b) Effect of arc p2 This effect occurs only when three condi
tions are simultaneously satisfied: - the minimum thickness of the wall is not g
reater than 50 cm - the concrete slump is at most equal to 80 mm - there is no e
xternal vibration (the formwork). The value of P2 depends on the speed of fillin
g the formwork R,€expressed as a vertical meter per hour. In the case of impleme
ntation of concrete with a clamshell performing successive rotations, velocity R
is evaluated as follows: Let V (m3) of concrete pouring volume V (m3) volume of
the bucket n number of bins necessary (that is to say the next whole number gre
ater than V) vt cycle time in minutes and full vertical height h to be concreted
in m 1 25 2 50 3 75 4 100 5 125 ≥ 6150
R =
60 h t (n - 1)
(M / h)
The following table gives the values of p2 kN/m2 depending on the thickness of t
he wall and the rate R:
R (m / h) (cm) 15 20 30 40 50 1 p2 = 35 40 50 60 70 2 35 40 50 60 70 3 40 45 55
65 75 4 45 50 60 70 80 5 45 50 60 70 80 6 50 55 65 75 85 8 55 60 70 80 90 10 60
65 75 85 95 15 75 80 90 100 110 20 90 95 105 115 125 30 120 125 135 145 150 40 1
50 150 150 150 150
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c) Effect of hardening concrete: p3 The following table gives the values of p3 i
n kN/m2 according to the collapsed concrete, the internal temperature of the lat
ter, and the filling rate R: Collapsed ( mm) (1) 50 concrete temperature (° C) 5
10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 R (m / h)) 3 4,135,100 75 55,150,125 95 70,150,1
50,110 80,150,135,100 70 150 150 125 90 150 150 150 110
1 50 40 40 35 60 50 40 35 70 55 45 35
1.5 70 55 45 40 85 65 50 40 100 75 60 45
2 95 70 55 45 110 85 65 50 130 100 75 55
2.5 115 85 65 50 140 105 80 60 150 120 90 70
5 150 150 125 90 150 150 150 115 150 150 150 130
6 150 150 150 105 150 150 150 135 150 150 150 150
7 150 150 150 125 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
75 100-150
≥ 8 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
(1) according to NF P 18-451 [4.10]. Notes: 1. It is not normally necessary to t
ake an additional margin to reflect the effect of impact on the implementation o
f concrete. 2. Some additives (resin-based melanin or pulverized fly ash) should
be taken p = p1, irrespective of R or H. 3. Concrete pumped lead to high veloci
ties R, which must be considered. Similarly, if the concrete is put in place by
a dip tube whose end is immersed in fresh concrete, there is increasing pressure
on the formwork. For posts, the introduction of concrete under pressure from th
e base increases by 50% compared to the hydrostatic pressure. 4. The thrust is g
reater as the time elapsing between the manufacture and implementation of concre
te (higher transport delays) is itself shorter. 3) Security personnel working on
the plan forming material should be equipped with necessary safety of the workf
orce during the various operations of the cycle of concrete (handling and storag
e). These devices (gateways, stands, jacks, etc..) Not only ensures safety in th
e work plan but did improve the yields. 4) Seal The seal must be sufficient to h
ave no harmful oozing milt. The loss of milt cause the formation of rock pockets
and fall of concrete strength. The seal between the elements of the formwork an
d formwork and between parts of works already cast can be secured by adhesive ta
pe or better with strings compressible.
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5) Establishment of Implementation forms of formwork must be specific enough tha
t the work done has set the dimensions with tolerances: • Tolerance on a toleran
ce level allowed on the distance between two walls is ± 2 cm. This tolerance is
± 1 cm for the thickness of the walls. • Change of location of walls with vertic
al siding same axial plane. The implementation gap e1 maximum measured horizonta
lly between the trace on their floor common axial planes of two superimposed wal
ls shall not exceed 1 / 15 the thickness of the wall thinner, with a maximum of
3 cm.
In addition the gap e2 maximum measured horizontally between the traces of plane
s of the faces of the walls on either side of a floor should not exceed 2 cm (Fi
g. 4.13). • Accumulation of differences over the height of a wall No point of th
e axial plane of the wall deviates by more than 6 inches (measured horizontally)
of its theoretical plot plan. • Change the vertical siding on a wall on a high
floor. This gap can not exceed 2 cm (Fig. 4.14).
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2.3,4. available frames
The DTU 23.1 [4.3] requires that the reinforcement of a poured concrete wall is
suitably stiffened, possibly by bars arranged diagonally. This condition is auto
matically satisfied if one uses the wire mesh. In determining the types of panel
s to adopt, see Title 5.€Welded wire mesh panels and other fittings shall be pro
vided at locations on plans and not be displaced during concreting. To ensure co
rrect positioning, using shims positioning (Fig. 4.15) and distance or stiffener
s welded mesh. (See Chapter 1 page 16). Fig 4.15
Example of positioning wedge of plastic.
Worker Safety: The Issue 65A [1.2] requires to take steps necessary to ensure th
e safety of staff towards the pay of risks posed by free reinforcements on stand
by. One can, for example, arrange for a wire distribution is close to the end of
son waiting, or cover them by a cover.
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