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Part1 Fundamentals
Dr.StephenA.Hambric
ASMEIMECE2009
Orlando,Florida
Overview
Instructor
StructuralVibrations
Modesinbeamsandplates
Mobility
Soundradiatedbystructuralwaves
Radiationefficiency
Structuralwavesgeneratedbyimpingingsound
Transmissionloss
Briefintroductiontonumericalmethods
FE,BE,SEA
Instructor
Dr.StephenA.Hambric
AppliedResearchLab,PennStateUniversity
AlsoProfessorinPennStatesGraduateProgramin
Acoustics
AssociateDirector,PennStateCenterforAcoustics
andVibration(CAV)
Accompanyingmaterials:
StructuralAcousticsTutorials,Parts1and2,from
AcousticsTodaymagazine
Downloadatwww.hambricacoustics.com
Motivation
Structurescanamplify(andattenuate)sound
sourcessubstantially
SoundSource TransferFunction SoundatReceiver
dB dB dB
StructuralAcousticTransferFunctions
Definetransferfunction:
Prad Soundpower
F2 Appliedforce2
Howisitdefined?
2
Prad v Prad Fluid
= 2
o co A impedance
F2 F 2 o co A v
Surface Soundpower
averaged radiation
mobility efficiency
2
v
SurfaceAveragedMobility F2
Averagedsurfacevibration
amplitudescausedbyknown
forces(mobilities)
Peaksinthemobility
functionarecausedby
modesofresonance
ModesofResonance
Superpositionofforwardandbackwardtravelingwaves
Exampleforflexureofsimplysupportedbeam:
2 EI m 2 2 EI
m = k m = 2
A a A
Forotherboundaryconditions,wavenumberschange,
e.g.,forfreeboundaries:
2 (2m 1) 2 EI
m
4a 2 A
ModesofResonance
CanalsobecomputedwithFiniteElement(FE)
modelsormeasured
Measuredandsimulatedresonancefrequenciesseldom
matchexactly
Glassplates
withfree
boundary
conditions
MobilityasaSummationofModes
Astructuresmobilityfunctionisasimple
seriessummationofmodalresponsestoa
drivingforce
Example:simplysupportedrectangularplate
v ( x, y ) i 1 m x n y m x0 n y0
= 2 sin sin sin sin
F ( xo , yo ) ha b m =1 n =1 mn 2 a b a b
4
Becausemn iscomplex,duetodamping
Forlightlydampedsystems:
mn mn 1 + i
2
where isthelossfactor
DampingMechanisms
Thinsheetsofrubberadhered
tothesurface,orsandwiched
betweenstructures
Adjoiningstructures
Couplinglosses
Jointlosses(friction)
Soundradiation
EffectsofDamping
onModalResponsePeaks
Peak(andantipeak)amplitudesdecreasewith
increasingdamping
Mobilityapproachesthemeanlevelsofaninfiniteplate
Howcanmobility
ofaninfiniteplate
becomputed?
InfiniteStructureMobilities
Astructureiseffectivelyinfinitewhen
wavesreflectedfromboundariesare
veryweakwithrespecttotheoriginal
wavesemanatingfromasource
1
Forplates: Yinf = ( v / F )inf =
8 D h
Usefulfor:
scalingmobilities
performingengineeringestimatesof
proposedmaterialchanges
Checkingmobilitymeasurementaccuracy
InfiniteStructureMobility
ScalingExample
Twopanelswithidenticalgeometriesand
differentmaterials
Lexan(plastic)andAluminum
InfiniteStructureMobility
ScalingExample
Measuredmobilitiesofbothpanels
InfiniteStructureMobility
ScalingExample
AluminumpanelmobilityscaledtothatofLexan
f Al c Al E Al / Al
= =
f Lexan cLexan ELexan / Lexan
Prad
2
RadiationEfficiency o co A v
Peakradiation
=1
1.0
(f) Structureradiates
poorly
fc f
CriticalFrequency,where
bendingandacoustic
wavespeeds match
Coincidence
Bendingwavesare
dispersive,slowerthan
acousticwavesatlow
frequencies(subsonic),
andfasterathigh
frequencies(supersonic)
RadiatingFlatBaffledPanel
BelowCoincidence
Pressures
Odd/Odd>
Odd/Even>
Even/Even
RadiatingFlatBaffledPanel
IncreasingFrequency
Intensities
(proportional
tosquareof
pressure)
RadiationEfficiency Effectsof
CoincidenceFrequencyShifts
Stiffer,lighter
structurewith
fasterwaves
1.0 Higher
(f)
fc fc f
RadiationEfficiency Effectsof
CoincidenceFrequencyShifts
Flimsier,heavier
structurewith
slowerwaves
1.0
(f)
Lower
f
fc fc
SoundPowerTransferFunctions
Combiningsurfaceaveragedmobilitywith
radiationefficiencytellsushowwella
structureradiatessoundwhendrivenbya
knownforce
(1,1)mode>
loudspeakermode
AcousticWavesImpingingon
Structures
SoundTransmissionLoss
ofanInfinitePanel
Damping
importantat
coincidence
=0
2
=
[ 2 0 c0 sin ]
4 2
2 0c0 sin +( D ) ( k0 sin ) +
2
h( D ) ( k0 sin )4
=90
Massimportant Stiffness
Dipsoccurwhen below importantabove
massandstiffness coincidence coincidence
termscancel (masslaw)
SoundTransmissionnearCoincidence
FiniteElement(FE)Analysis
Usedgenerallytomodel
structures
Plates,beams,andsolids
Alsosometimesusedto
modelacousticregions,
usuallyinsideanobject
Manycommercial
softwarepackages
available
BoundaryElement(BE)Analysis
Usedtomodelthe
boundaries ofacoustic
regions
Insideoroutsideavibrating
surface
Oncesurfacepressuresand
velocitiesareknown,the
acousticfieldanywheremay
becomputed
Somecommercialsoftware
packagesareavailable(not
asmanyasFEpackages)
CoupledFE/BEAnalyses
Impedancematricesofstructures(fromFE)and
acousticregions(fromBE)maybecoupled
Enforcecontinuityofnormalfluctuatingvelocityalong
boundary
StatisticalEnergyAnalysis(SEA)
SEAmodelstheenergyexchangebetweenlarge
groupsofresonancesininterconnected
structuresandacousticregions
Usuallyusedathighfrequencies,wheremodecounts
areveryhigh
Exchangeofenergyismodeledstatistically
Getcalculationsaveragedoverlargeregions,andoverwide
frequency(usuallyonethirdoctave)bands
Fastcomputations,independentofincreasing
frequency
VaOnesoftware