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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 resonant modes of a single resonator. As discussed in [7], one
Frequency(GHz) can understand that the first three resonant frequencies, ranged
in the 3.1-10.6GHz band, can be properly adjusted to work
(b) together, aiming to make up the desired UWB passband.
Fig. 2. Ultra-wideband microstrip-line bandpass filter with 1-stage As the coupled-line length (d) increases, the S21-magnitude
EBG-embedded multiple-mode resonator. (a) geometry and (b)
simulated frequency responses under varied coupled-line lengths d. curve in the UWB band gradually rises up towards the ideal 0-
dB line. Fig. 2(b) shows that an ultra-wide passband is realized
under the case of d=4.3mm and its bandwidth is mainly
decided by the resonant frequencies of the 1st- and 3rd-order
modes [7]. In the meantime, the 4th-order mode occurs around
II. EBG-EMBEDDED RESONATOR AND UWB FILTER 12.7GHz that is close to the coupling zero of two interdigital
As shown in Fig. 1(a), the three-stage UVWTB filter is formed PCMLs. Thus, the spurious passband due to this 4th-order mode
by cascading input feed line, three EBG-embedded multiple- can be effectively eliminated as illustrated in Fig. 2(b). As
mode resonator (MMR) and output feed line via distributed studied in [10], the EBG structure in the constituted MMR has
parallel-coupled microstrip lines (PCMLs). According to the three open-circuited stubs can produce a preferable guided-
description in our previous works [7-8], the first three resonant wave bandgap frequency range or stopband. For the EBG with
modes of the constituted MMR need to be placed within the dimensions shown in Fig. 2(b), the bandgap or bandstop ranges
specified UWB passband, whereas the two PCML lines are from 16.3 to >20.0GHz and the relevant S21-magnitude at the
readily modeled to allocate the first maximum coupling degree 5th-order mode can be reasonably reduced by making effective
around the center of the concerned UWB passband, i.e., use of the wave attenuation in the bandgap [ 10]. As a
6.85GHz. Different from the initial MMR [7] with wide strip consequence, an extremely wide upper stopband, covering 11.0
width in the middle, the proposed EBG-embedded MMR is to 20.0GHz, is realized with an insertion loss higher than
formed by attaching three open-circuited stubs with the high- 20.0dB.
impedance microstrip line in the middle. The equal lengths of
these stubs need to be properly chosen so as to quasi-equally III. MULTIPLE-STAGE UWB BANDPASS FILTERS
allocate the first three resonant modes within the 3.1-10.6GHz
UWB passband while producing a wide bandstop above the In this section, three UVvB microstrip-line bandpass filters
dominant passband to suppress unwanted spurious passbands with one-, two- and three-stage EBG-embedded MMRs are
caused by high-order resonant modes. designed, implemented and fabricated. In design, two adjacent
EBG-embedded MMRs are capacitively coupled via parallel-
Now, let's start to have a look at the operating principle of coupled microstrip lines (PCMLs). The coupling-gap spacing
the proposed EBG-embedded MMR and multiple-stage UWB and coupled-line length of these PCMLs are properly adjusted,
bandpass filter through the numerical modeling of a single- aiming to achieve high return loss (>1OdB) within the UWB
stage MMR filter structures shown in Fig. 2(a). The EBG- passband while effectively eliminating the 4th_mode-caused
embedded MMR is firstly constituted and it is then linked with harmonic passband. The final layouts of these optimized filters
two 50-Q feed lines via interdigital parallel-coupled microstrip can be found from the photographs of the three fabricated
UWB bandpass filters as shown in Fig.3. The overall length of frequency range, but becomes tremendously varied as the
1-stage filter is only 12.5 mm, that is much smaller than that of frequency is moved to the lower and upper edges of an
the initial UVvB filter reported in [7], due to the slow-wave achieved passband. In particular, the group-delay variation in
behavior of the EBG section in center. In this aspect, the these frequency edges becomes larger and larger as more
overall lengths of the 2- and 3-stage filters are equal to about resonators are employed. It is predominantly caused by an
20.6mm and 28.8mm, respectively. inevitable tradeoff between the rejection skirt and group delay,
Fig. 4(a) and 4(b) are the simulated frequency responses of existed in any microwave filter block.
S21- and SI,-magnitudes as well as group delays for the three Fig. 5(a) and 5(b) show the measured frequency responses
optimized UWB filters shown in Fig. 3. As can be found from of S21- and SI,-magnitudes as well as group delay. They are
Fig. 4(a), the dominant ultra-wide passband of 3.1-10.6GHZ is found in very reasonable agreement with the predicted results
satisfactorily achieved in all the three cases and the return loss plotted in Fig. 4(a) and 4(b), thereby confirming the successful
in the concerned UWB passband is all higher than 12.0dB. realization of a few improved UWB bandpass filters with
These results convince us that these proposed EBG-embedded sharpened out-of-band rejection skirts and extended upper-
resonators can be utilized to make up a modified class of UWB stopband. The insertion and return losses at the UVvB center
bandpass filters with extended upper-stopband. As the stage (i.e., 6.85GHz) are lower than 1.5dB and higher than 20dB,
number is increased from 1 to 2 and 3, the out-of-band respectively. Unfortunately, we still can find slight
rejection skirts in both lower and upper stopbands get discrepancies between the simulated and measured results,
sharpened quickly, thus taking a step towards the FCC-defined displayed in Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 5(a). In fact, in order to realize a
UWB mask. Fig. 4(b) illustrates that the group delay in the tight coupling degree of coupled lines as inquired in the UWB
UWB passband rises up as the stage number increases due to filter design, the coupling gap or spacing is usually ranged
the stretched overall length. Its shape is very flat in the middle between 0.025 and 0.075mm and it is too small to be
0
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co
a
0
I _ 0
UO V6
tr-,
Co
rr (a) (a)
C
0 m
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Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
(b) (b)
Fig. 4. Predicted frequency responses of three ultra-wideband Fig. 5. Measured frequency responses of three ultra-wideband
bandpass filters. (a) scattering-matrix magnitudes and (b) group bandpass filters. (a) scattering-matrix magnitudes and (b) group
delays delays
accurately fabricated using the commercially available etching REFERENCES
process. In addition, the conductor thickness of 0.02mm is not [1] Federal Communications Commission, "Revision of part 15 of the
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via parallel-coupled microstrip lines (PCMLs). This MMR is [5] K. Li, D. Kurita, and T. Matsui, "An ultra-wideband bandpass filter
firstly studied to quasi-equally allocate its first three resonant using broadside-coupled microstrip-coplanar waveguide structure," 2005
modes within the concerned 3.1-10.6GHz UWB passband IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 2005, pp. 675-678.
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EBG line section itself is characterized to produce a wide pp. 230-233.
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predicted results in terms of insertion/return losses and group [9] Y.-C. Chiou, J.-T. Kuo and E. Cheng, "Broadband quasi-Chebyshev
delays over a frequency range of 1.0 to 20.0GHz. It is bandpass filters with multimode stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs),"
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stopband of 11.8- 20.0GHz is achieved with the insertion loss [10] L. Zhu, "Guided-wave characteristics of periodic microstrip lines with
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number of MMRs increases. The group delay has a flat shape
in the middle range of the achieved UWB passband and its
value rises up as more MMRs are utilized.