Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
CAMHS-UA.162.1.001
Who should you
marry?
YES.
At least for ourselves.
In Arkansas, in the year after Covenant
Marriages became available, only 600
marriages were done this way, out of
100,000
Divorce is losing
popularity for some
people, but so is
marriage
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NEW
MARRIAGES
10
World
World War II Vietnam
War I Great Baby War
Depression Boom 5
NEW
DIVORCES
NEW
MARRIAGES
10
World
World War II Vietnam
War I Great Baby War
Depression Boom 5
NEW
DIVORCES
Vignette One
We agreed to see other people, but not
to love other people
Confusing Times
Vignette Two
I use Tinder for Hook-ups, and
eHarmony to date
Confusing Times
Vignette Three
I wish someone had told me to get
married when I was 27
Is Marriage Important?
Mildred Jeter & Richard Loving, married in
June 1958 in Washington DC and then
returned to Virginia
October 1958 they were indicted for
violating Virginia's ban on interracial marriages.
On January 6, 1959, the Lovings pleaded guilty
to the charge and were sentenced to one
year in jail
Loving v.Virginia (1967)
The trial judge suspended the sentence for a
period of 25 years if the left the State. His
opinion:
"Almighty God created the races white, black,
yellow, malay and red, and he placed them on
separate continents. And but for the interference
with his arrangement there would be no cause for
such marriages. The fact that he separated the
races shows that he did not intend for the races
to mix."
Marriage
Sydney Shope
Tazin Babu
Molly Brog
nyucod.youcanbook.me
email
18" 17"
16"
14"
12" 11"
Frequency"
10" 9"
8" 8" 8"
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6" 6" 6"
6" 4"
4" 3" 3"
2" 2" 2" 2"
2" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1"
0" 0" 0"
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72"73"74"75"76"77"78"79"80"81"82"83"84"85"86"87"88"89"90"91"92"93"94"95"96"97"98"99"100"101"
Grade"
Evaluations
Reflect:
Coming to all the classes AND paying
attention
Doing most of the reading
Digesting it into a meaningful story
Evaluations
All at 9pm
Next Class
Letter by Susan Patton, to Daily Princetonian
Companionship?
ts official Twitter account, Tinder took issue with the reports sugges
ating app was fueling a culture of casual sex.
Tinder Follow
@Tinder
185 236
or Individualism gone
too far?
Dating apps are the free-market economy come
to sex.
Society Sex
Children
Work
Marriage Self-fulfillment
Self
Who Wears the Pants?
cu
20 A
11
9
7 m
3
pr
0 an
Currently married for the first time Currently cohabiting
ye
SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 20062010. Table 1 in this report.
at
an
Figure 1. Current marital and cohabiting status among women 1544 years of age, (F
United States: 1982, 1995, 2002, and 20062010
wo
Society Sex
Children
Work
Marriage Self-fulfillment
Self
The Super
Relationship
While marriage is losing much of its broad
public and institutional character, it is
gaining popularity as a SuperRelationship, an
intensely private spiritualized union,
combining sexual fidelity, romantic love,
emotional intimacy and togetherness.
NEW
MARRIAGES
10
World
World War II Vietnam
War I Great Baby War
Depression Boom 5
NEW
DIVORCES
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The Male Breadwinner Female Homemaker
model of marriage is preferred by only 30%
Egalitarian marriage (both working)
preferred by 62%
Yet 66% agree that men need to be good
providers to be good marriage mates
Only 33% think that women need to be
good earners to be good spouses
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Class Based Decline in
Marriage
Marriage gap aligns with Income
(Education) Gap
Marriage is declining in general, but remains
the norm for adults with college education
and good income
The less-advantaged WANT to marry, but
DO SO less often
Class and Education
College graduates - 64% married
High school only - 48% married
Income Gap between married and
unmarried has grown dramatically. Partly
due to more wives working (61% in 2008
vs. 32% in 1960) and partly due to
education. Income Gap between HS and
College grads:
1960 - 12% (College ed > HS ed)
2008 - 41% (College ed> HS ed)
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Children and Marriage Dont
go Together Anymore
1960 - 5% of children born to unmarried
mothers
2008 - 41% !!
Contributes the decreasing fraction of
children living in two parent households
Education
Percentage of women married when they
give birth to their first child
Education level %
College 92
Some College 62
High School 43
Sex and Stigma
ng of
Birthrates
who Fewer women are becoming mothers, and those who Birthrate
do are having fewer children. Per 1,000 women
in each age group
tudies
ied a
100
ALL WOMEN
Age 1544 75
more TEENAGERS
as Age 1519
50
lies Vietnam
Baby
World War
Boom
War II UNMARRIED 25
Great
Depression WOMEN Great
Age 1544 Recession
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
More than 40 percent of American babies are now born Number of births
to unmarried women, mostly women in their 20s and In millions
early 30s.
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
More than 40 percent of American babies are now born Number of births
to unmarried women, mostly women in their 20s and In millions
early 30s.
4
TO ALL
WOMEN
3
Great
Recession
Vietnam
Baby War 2
TO UNMARRIED
World Boom WOMEN
War II
Great
1
Depression TO TEENAGERS
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Source: National Center for Health Statistics
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2000
NYT - I Do
The secret to their success resides in part in
old-fashioned math: strength in numbers.
Together, the Faulkners earn nearly three
times as much as what Ms. Faulkner earns
alone. Their high five-figure income ranks
them near the 75th percentile hardly rich,
but better off than nearly three of four
families with children.
The Fading Allure of
Marriage
<18 yrs 29 48 59
18-19 24 40 49
20-24 17 29 36
>25 yrs 15 24 35
0.8 0.78
0.65
0.6
Probability
0.54 0.54
0.49 0.47
0.39 0.41
0.4
0.2
0.0
Women Men
SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 20062010. Tables 5 and 6 in this report.
Figure 5. Probability that a first marriage will remain intact (without disruption) for 20
years among women and men 2244 years of age by education: United States, 20062010
Page 8 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 49 n March 22, 2012
Percent married at age
.5
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80
var1
High School and Below Some College
College or more
WOMEN'S EDUCATION AND FAMILY BEHAVIOR: TRENDS IN MARRIAGE, DIVORCE AND FERTILITY
Adam Isen Betsey Stevenson
Working Paper 15725 http://www.nber.org/papers/w15725
1
1 1960
.5
.5
0
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 20
var1
High School and Below So
College or more
0
20 40 60 80
Percent Curren
2007
Whites, 1960 Whites, 1980
1
.5
0
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80
var1
High School and Below
College or more
80 20 40 60 80
Divorce Risk: Education
Probability (%)
After 5 yrs After 10 yrs After 15 yrs
Total 20 33 43
Less than HS 24 42 51
HS 22 36 45
More than HS 17 29 38
VC
UC
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Page 8 National Health Statistics Rep
0.8 0.78
0.65
0.6
Probability
0.54 0.54
0.49 0.47
0.39 0.41
0.4
0.2
0.0
Women Men
SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 20062010. Tables 5 and 6 in this report.
Figure 5. Probability that a first marriage will remain intact (without disruption) for 20
years among women and men 2244 years of age by education: United States, 20062010
Page 8 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 49 n March 22, 2012
Class Based Decline in
Marriage
Marriage gap aligns with Income
(Education) Gap
Marriage is declining in general, but remains
the norm for adults with college education
and good income
The less-advantaged WANT to marry, but
DO SO less often
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Marital Decline
Hypothesis
Marriage as an institution is weaker than
before
Largely due to Individualisms impact
The decline of marriage is bad for adults,
children and society
Society needs to intervene
Marital Resilience
Hypothesis
Marriage has changed, but not necessarily
for the worse
We are not excessively selfish or
individualistic
Recent changes in marital life have had
few negative consequences
We should support all types of families
Should We Get
Married?
Child
Dating Husband
??
***
Wife
Learning Objectives
To be able to summarize Coontzs account
of the evolution of dating
To be able to describe three ways in which
a gender double standard continues to
exist in todays romantic culture
To describe the data that shows how
variable the term hook up is
Readings
England et al., Hooking Up and Forming Romantic Relationships on Todays College
Campuses, in The Gendered Society Reader, ed. Kimmel & Aronson, 2008.
Armstrong, et al., Is hooking up bad for young women?, contexts, vol. 9 (3), pp. 22-27,
2010
Taylor, Kate Sex on Campus: She Can Play that Game, Too NYT July 12, 2013
Wood, Molly OKCupid Plays with Love in User Experiments NYT July 28, 2014
Kitroeff, Natalie, In Hookups, Inequality Still Reigns NYT Nov 11, 2013
Eastwick, Paul & Hunt, Lucy So Youre Not Desireable NYT May 16, 2014
Leland, John Think of Him as a Wingman for Hire NYT May 16, 2014
Schoeneman, Deborah Whats He Really Like? Check the Lulu App NYT Nov 20,
2013
Fre
1988 1995 2002 20062010 confidence interval
Act
70
60
60 55
expe
51 least
49 they
50 46 46
43 42 Rece
com
40
Percent
STD
perc
30
time
2006
20 and
for n
10 2006
with
0 with
Female Male
mon
NOTE: See Table 1.
SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 20062010.
for m
of th
Figure 1. Never-married females and males aged 1519 who have ever had sexual 37%
intercourse: United States, 19882010 signi
2006
What Is Actually Happening?
30
20
10
0
1-3 4-9 10+
Total # of Hook-Ups in College, by Senior Year
Types of sex act in
40
most recent hook-up
n=2,904
30
20
10
0
Kissing & Petting Groping Genitals Oral Sex Intercourse
Level of Sex Behavior England, et al., 2007
How well do you know
your hook-up?
Number of prior hook-ups with most recent hook-up partner
60
50
40
Percent
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Ive hooked up with this same person this many times before last time
Dating Didnt Die
Hook-ups have not replaced relationships
69% of seniors report having been in a
college relationship of at least six-months
duration
The distinction is around issues of
exclusivity and the label girlfriend or
boyfriend
What IS New?
Not that youth are doing it, but perhaps the
way in which they are doing it
Oral sex is seen as a less risky form of sexual
activity, and thus more common
Friendship is prioritized over romance
(friends with benefits)
Is the prioritization of friendship reflective of
the companionate ideal?
What Is New
The value of a relationship in the sense of a
committed girlfriend/boyfriend experience is
diminished
A growing number of women surveyed report that
they dont necessarily want relationships in college
Obligations of friends, working, and studying leave
little time for the work of commitment and
intimacy
Women and men both report feeling burdened by
demands of a partner
Who needs a boyfriend?
On one hand, a hook up culture allows young
women in particular to participate in sex without
compromising newly found gains in education and
work
In theory a hook-up culture should promote greater
equality between the sexes - a truly value free
market model of sexual exchange
But its more complicated...
The Gender Double Standard
What percentage of men or women achieved orgasm during their last hook-up?
100
n=2,693
75
Percent
50
25
0
Hand Oral Intercourse Both
Women Men
Double Standards
Did the Woman Orgasm: Male/Female Report from Last Hook-Up by Type of Sex Act
80
n=2,630
60
Percent
40
20
0
Hand Oral Intercourse Both
n=2,931
45
Percent
30
15
0
I Have Respected Someone Less I Have Felt Less Respected
Female Male
Women have better sex in
relationships
For Women, First Hook-Up Orgasm vs. Relationship Orgasm, most recent sex act
90
Hook Up n=1,865
Relationship n=1,276
67.5
Percent
45
22.5
0
Hand Oral Intercourse Both
Hook Up Relationship
Who asks Who out?
On Your Most Recent Date, Who Initiated The Date?
90
n=2,870
67.5
Percentage
45
22.5
0
The Woman The Man
Children of Divorce
More Marriage Data
&
How to understand Marital Quality
Organizing questions
How are educational attainment, marriage,
economic attainment, and marital quality
inter-related?
Why would the following lead to greater
marital satisfaction and lower risks of
divorce:
An older age of marriage
Greater educational attainment
Greater economic attainment
Chief Justice Waite
Marriage, while from its very nature a sacred
obligation, is nevertheless, in most civilized nations, a
civil contract, and usually regulated by law. Upon it
society may be said to be built, and out of its
fruits spring social relations and social
obligations and duties, with which government is
necessarily required to deal. In fact, according as
monogamous or polygamous marriages are allowed,
do we find the principles on which the government
of the people, to a greater or less extent, rests.
7K!
,.!
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Distribution of US Labor
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Force by Gender 1948-2009
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<18 yrs 29 48 59
18-19 24 40 49
20-24 17 29 36
>25 yrs 15 24 35
0.8 0.78
0.65
0.6
Probability
0.54 0.54
0.49 0.47
0.39 0.41
0.4
0.2
0.0
Women Men
SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 20062010. Tables 5 and 6 in this report.
Figure 5. Probability that a first marriage will remain intact (without disruption) for 20
years among women and men 2244 years of age by education: United States, 20062010
Page 8 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 49 n March 22, 2012
Percent married at age
.5
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80
var1
High School and Below Some College
College or more
WOMEN'S EDUCATION AND FAMILY BEHAVIOR: TRENDS IN MARRIAGE, DIVORCE AND FERTILITY
Adam Isen Betsey Stevenson
Working Paper 15725 http://www.nber.org/papers/w15725
1
1 1960
.5
.5
0
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 20
var1
High School and Below So
College or more
0
20 40 60 80
Percent Curren
2007
Whites, 1960 Whites, 1980
1
.5
0
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80
var1
High School and Below
College or more
80 20 40 60 80
What is a Good
Marriage?
Marital Instability over Life
Course (MIOLC) Study
Survey in 1980 and 2000, asking the same
questions of a nationally representative
sample of Americans
During this period, the divorce culture
seems to have stabilized
MIOLC: Methods
Divorce proneness
Demographic Trends
Age
Cohabitation
Gender Roles and Work
Financial stability
Age
Young marriage
Less time choosing a good partner
Fewer financial resources
Less mature psychologically (conflict resolution
and problem solving)
Younger age -> more problems
Possible explanation for leveling of divorce rates
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Money & Feminism
4% 8%
23%
31%
61%
73%
Intact 2
17 27 34
parents
Other 27 43 53
70
66
52.5
47
35
17.5
0
Marriage Surivival Rate
65
63
60
58
55
53
50
Marriage Surivival Rate
65 65
63
60
55 55
50
Marriage Surivival Rate
70
63
58.3
52.5
42.1
35 39.5
36.6
17.5 20
15.5
11.6
6.8 5.5
0
Cohabitation Rate Marriage Rate
Cohabitation
Why would cohabitation before marriage
lead to lower marital quality?
Why do people cohabit?
What happens once they cohabit?
Vampires & Humans
80
79 78
60
53 54
51
40
20
0
Marriage Survival Rates
Education level %
College 92
Some College 62
High School 43
Whats so great about
college?
College Education
Economic security?
Selection for certain personality traits that
do better in relationships?
Calmer, less impulsive, lower rates of
substance abuse, etc.
Do you actually learn things that make you
better at relationships?
Same Sex Marriage
Children of Divorce
USA
I opposed gay marriage believing that children have the right, insofar as society makes it
possible, to know and to be cared for by the two parents who brought them into this world. I
didnt just dream up this notion: the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,
which came into force in 1990, guarantees children this right.
Marriage is how society recognizes and protects this right. Marriage is the planets only
institution whose core purpose is to unite the biological, social and legal components of
Blankenhorn: Respect for
Love
An Institutional Marriage?
A Companionate Marriage?
An Expressive Individualist Marriage?
Hawaii - Defense of
Heterosexual Marriage
Eggebeen: Well, to me its the... the conclusion is
clear that marriage represents a gateway to
becoming a parent. When people get married, by
an extraordinary margin they intend to become
parents.
2008- CT marriage
Windsor v. US