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INSTRUMENTS QUESTIONS

1. What does the Altimeter measure?


Barometric height
2. What is static pressure at sea level called?
QNH
3. What happens to static pressure as altitude increases?
Decreases
4. With Aneroid bellows Meter what is significant about small
pressure changes at low level compared to high level?
Small height change low level, large height change high level
5. What is Dynamic pressure?
Difference between total +static pressure
6. In a Pneumatic Airspeed Indicator what is the movement of
bellows proportional to?
Dynamic pressure
7. How does the Total pressure vary with speed?
Higher speed higher pressure, lower speed lower pressure
8. What does a Vertical speed indicator show?
Rate of climb or descent in ft/min
9. Which pressure does it use?
Static
10. How is static pressure connected to sealed case?
Via a calibrated metering unit or capillary tube
11. Where are static ports always located?
Area of smooth air flow
12. Where can ports be located?
Fwd fuselage
13. What protective measures must be carried out with static
ports?
Kept clean and smooth
14. What is the difference between measured static and real
pressure called?
Static source error
15. What is this dependent on?
Fuselage shape, airspeed, angle of attack, flap gear
positions
16. What flight condition influences measured static?
Side slip
17. How is this compensated?
One static port on each side, cross connected equalizes
pressure
18. What is pitot pressure used for?
Airspeed indicator
19. Which direction does pitot probe point?
Into airflow
20. What must you ensure about the probes leading edge?
Always in good condition
21. How are water and foreign objects prevented from entering
probe?
Baffle in front of tube
22. How is ice prevented?
Heater in probe
23. What must be fitted on the ground?
Cover
24. What do some pitot probes include?
Static ports
25. What is altitude alert system used for?
Warn of deviation from clearance height
26. How is this checked?
Compares actual height with pilots selected height
27. How much deviation normally triggers system?
Over 300ft
28. What are the warning indications?
Chime, flashing altitude alert light, window around Alt in
PFD flashes
29. When is the alert system inhibited?
Clearance height being changed, during approach when a/c
intercepts Glide slope, when AP active
30. When else is the alert triggered?
900ft before selected altitude
31. How is this indicated?
Short audio, steady light pulsing alt on PFD
32. What are the overspeed warning indications?
Audio warning from cockpit loudspeaker or Clacker
33. When is overspeed warning generated?
Whenever airspeed higher than maximum operating speed
34. What is this always independent of?
Indicated airspeed
35. How is stall detected?
Compares actual angle of attack with alpha max
36. What does Alpha max depend on?
Flap/slat position
37. How many systems are there normally?
2 for redundancy
38. What happens when critical angle of attack is reached?
Stick shaker activated, sometimes audio warning, some a/c
stick pusher
39. What is required by Law to fly?
Flight Data Recorder
40. What does it record?
Time, heading, altitude, airspeed, vertical acceleration,
pulse when PTT is pressed, last 30yrs engine, flight
control, system status
41. What are the 2 types of storage device?
Magnetic tape, solid state
42. Do they need maintenance?
No. Only store data of last 25hrs
43. What colour are they?
Bright yellow or orange
44. What are devices protected against?
G-loads up to 1000G, temperatures up to more than 1000
45. What other location device do they all have?
Underwater Locator Beacon
46. How long does battery of ULB last?
30 days
47. What depth can recorder and beacon withstand?
3000M
48. Where do A/C system signals first get fed to?
Flight data acquisition unit
49. What does a Vertical gyro provide?
Attitude indication
50. What does a directional gyro provide?
Heading indication
51. What does a rate gyro provide?
Rate of turn indication
52. What sort of gyro do newer systems have?
Laser gyro
53. What 3 factors does stability depend on?
Mass evenly distributed around spin axis, rotational speed,
distance between axis and centre of mass
54. What does a force against the axis produce?
Precession
55. What else are precession forces present in?
All rotating components
56. How many degrees of freedom does a gyro with 1 gimbal have?
2 degrees
57. How many degrees does a gyro with 1 gimbal and a spring have?
1.5
58. What sort of gyro is this?
Rate gyro
59. What is a gyro with 3 degrees of freedom called and why?
Space gyro, always keeps axis direction with reference to
space
60. What are 2 types of gyro error?
Topple, drift
61. What is the topple rate at equator?
15/hr
62. What is the topple rate at pole?
0/hr
63. What sort of topple is this?
Apparent
64. What is drift rate at equator?
0/hr
65. What is drift rate at pole?
15/hr
66. What other drift and topple exists?
Real
67. What is this caused by?
Mechanical imbalances, bearing forces generating precession
68. What does real drift or topple increase with?
Age or mishandling
69. What eliminates drift or topple in aircraft systems?
Erection system
70. In flight what does the vertical gyro axis correspond to?
Vertical axis of A/C
71. When cant gyro erection system work correctly?
During accelerations
72. How are incorrect indications during acceleration avoided?
Gyro erection system limited to 3 per minute
73. What must be avoided because gyro topple cannot be
compensated?
Long accelerated turns
74. What axis are rate gyros named after?
Sensitive axis
75. When is full rate of turn deflection displayed?
When turn takes 2 mins called standard turn
76. When is this indication accurate?
When gyro at full speed
77. What is rate of turn supplemented with?
Slip indication
78. Where does STBY Horizon get power from?
A/C battery in case of power supply failure
79. What sort of erection system does it use and why?
Mechanical for usable horizon after power loss for 20 mins
run down period
80. What is required for horizon after power activation?
Caging
81. When can caging be carried out and why?
When gyro runs full speed or stopped
82. Where does ADI get its attitude information from?
IRU
83. What sort of indicator is it?
Electromechanical
84. What else does it display?
FD bars
85. What is DH lamp for?
Decision Height
86. What is fast/slow pointer for?
Preselected landing speed
87. What does full deflection up indicate?
10 kts too fast
88. When does ADI get gyro valid signal?
When gyro at full speed
89. What happens if Pilot or F/O gyro fails?
3rd gyro feeds signal
90. What else does vertical gyro feed?
AP, weather radar
91. What safety feature is built into system?
System comparison
92. How is alert indicated?
Check Attitude on PFD at top
93. How big a difference triggers alert?
>5
94. What is magnetic variation?
Difference between true and magnetic north
95. What magnetic lines can compass use?
Horizontal
96. Where is compass not usable?
Above 70
97. What is used instead?
DG or Inertial stabilized system
98. Where is direct reading compass located?
Centre of windscreen
99. What is it filled with and why?
Fluid to dampen movement
100. Where does Remote compass get stable heading information
from?
DG
101. What is used to measure direction of magnetic field?
Flux valve
102. What is displayed on indicator?
Difference between direction of magnetic field and heading
103. How is heading distributed?
Pilot and co-pilot get heading signals from both systems
104. How are they displayed?
HSIs or NDs show own compass, RMIs show other system
105. What is shown when signal not valid?
Heading warning flag

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